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  • Articles  (65)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (65)
  • wheat  (33)
  • Solanum tuberosum  (15)
  • Oryza sativa  (14)
  • Animals
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
  • phosphorus
  • temperature
  • Springer  (65)
  • 1975-1979  (65)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (65)
  • Philosophy
  • Geography
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • Articles  (65)
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (65)
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  • Springer  (65)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; sprout inhibition ; bacterial soft rot ; tuber moth disinfestation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe von Versuchen mit zehn indischen, im Handel bedeutsamen Kartoffelsorten wurde von 1971 bis 1975 durchgeführt, um die Verluste nach der Ernte zu bestimmen, die auf verschiedene Faktoren während der Lagerung von gammabestrahlten und unbestrahlten Knollen unter tropischen (28–32 C) und kühlen (4, 10 und 15 C) Bedingungen zurückzuführen sind. Einzelheiten über die Muster im Versuch 1975 sind in Tabelle 1 angegeben. Die Knollen wurden in einem60Co-Bestrahlungsgerät bestrahlt und in weitmaschigen Jutesäcken eingelagert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 bis 9 und den Abb. 1–3 dargestellt. Bei tropischen Umgebungstemperaturen wurde die Bakterien-Nassfäule, verursacht durchErwinia carotovora var.atroseptica, als der Hauptfaktor befunden, der bei eingelagerten Produkten im Verlauf von 3 bis 4 Monaten Verluste von 50 bis 70% brachte. Das Waschen der Knollen in Natriumhypochlorit-Lösung (200 mg verfügbares Chlor pro Liter) oder Verbesserung der Lüftung durch Lagerung in Harassen verminderte das Vorkommen von Nassfäule unter diesen Bedingungen nicht (Tabelle 5). Die mengenmässigen Verluste infolge Auskeimens. Ausschwitzens und Veratmung während der viermonatigen Lagerung bei Umgebungstemperaturen schwankten von 8 bis 13%. Obwohl die Gammabestrahlung bei 10 krad das Auskeimen bei allen Sorten vollständig unterdrückte, ist die Lagerung von bestrahlten Knollen bei tropischen Umgebungstem-peraturen wegen der hohen bakteriellen Verderbnis nicht möglich. Nassfäule kann durch Lagerung der Knollen bei 10 oder 15 C bedeutend verringert werden; bei diesen Temperaturen wird jedoch das Auskeimen beschleunigt, die Knollen werden nach 3 Monaten Lagerung schrumpfig und unbrauchbar. Allein das Gewicht der abgenommenen Keime verursacht einen Verlust von 8 bzw. 16% des Anfangsgewichts der Knollen nach 3 bzw. 6 Monaten Lagerung (Tabelle 6). Eine Kombination von Bestrahlung, gefolgt von Lagerung besonders bei 10 C, scheint eine Alternative zu bieten, und die Lagerverluste auf ein Mindestmass herabzusetzen, obwohl die Verluste im allgemeinen grösser als die unter der konventionellen Kühllagerung bei 2–4 C beobachteten sind. Je nach Sorte und Jahreszeit schwankten die gesamten mengenmässigen Verluste bei bestrahlten Knollen während sechsmonatiger Lagerung bei 10 oder 15 C zwischen 7 und 30% gegenüber 5 bis 18% bei unbestrahlten Knollen und 2–4 C Lagertemperatur. Verwendung von Sorten mit besseren Lagerungseigenschaften und Auswahl gut verkorkter und gesunder Knollen für die Bestrahlung kann die Lagerverluste bei 10 bis 15 C weiter verringern. Bestrahlung bei 10 krad eliminierte auch die Eier und frühen Larvenstadien der KartoffelmottePhthorimaea operculella Zel., die eine der zerstörerischten Schädlinge bei eingelagerten Kartoffeln in den Tropen ist (Abb. 1).
    Abstract: Résumé Une série d'essais portant sur dix variétés commer-cialement importantes, cultivées en Inde, a été réalisée de 1971 à 1975, pour évaluer, après la récolte, les pertes provoquées par différents facteurs pendant la conservation de tubercules irradiés et non irradiés et placés dans une ambiance tropicale (28–32 C) ou réfrigèrée (4, 10 et 15 C). Le détail des échantillons étudiés en 1975 est donné dans le tableau 1. Les tubercules ont été traités au Cobalt 60 et stockés dans des sacs de jute à grandes mailles. Les résultats sont présentés aux tableau 2 à 9 et figures 1–3. Dans une ambiance tropicale, la pourriture bacté-rienne provoquee parErwinia carotovora var.atroseptica est principalement responsable de 50 à 70% des pertes au cours de 3 à 4 moins de stockage. Le lavage des tubercules dans une solution d'hypochlorite de sodium (200 mg litre de chlore libre) ou l'amélioration de la ventilation en conservant dans des caisses de bois à claire-voie ne réduit pas l'importance de la pourriture sous ces conditions (tableau 5). Les pertes de poids provoquées par la germination, la transpiration et la respiration pendant 4 mois de conservation à température ambiante se situent entre 8 et 13%. Bien que l'irradiation gamma à 10 krad supprime totalement la germination de toutes les variétés, la conservation des tubercules irradiés dans une ambiance tropicale est irréalisable en raison des pertes élevées d'origine bactérienne. La pourriture humide peut être fortement réduite par une conservation à 10 ou 15 C. Cependant, à ces températures, la germination est accélérée, les tubercules se rident et sont inutilisables après 3 mois de stockage, les pertes de poids dues à la germination représentant 8 à 16% après respectivement 3 et 6 mois de conservation (tableau 6). La combinaison de l'irradiation et d'un stockage à 10 C permet de minimiser les pertes bien qu'en général, elles soient plus élevées que celles observées à 2–4 C. Suivant la variété, la saison, les tubercules irradiés perdent en 6 mois de conservation, à 10 ou 15 C, 7 à 30% de leur poids contre 5 à 18% pour les tubercules non irradiés stockés à 2·4 C. L'utilisation, pour l'irradiation, de variétés de bonne conservation choisies parmi celles dont les tubercules se cicatrisent bien, permet à 10 15 C, de réduire les pertes. L'irradiation à 10 krad élimine également les ocufs et les larves précoces de teignePhthorimaea operculella (Zeller) qui est un des insectes qui provoque le plus de dégâts dans les stockages de pommes de terre sous les tropiques.
    Notes: Summary Experiments with ten potato varieties revealed that soft rot due toErwinia carotovora var.atroseptica is the major factor causing 30 to 70% losses during 2 to 4 months storage at tropical temperatures (27 32 C). Sodium hypochlorite wash or increased ventilation did not reduce the incidence of soft rot. Storage at 10–15 C markedly reduces soft rot but accelerates sprouting. Gamma irradiation at 10 krad completely suppresses sprouting regardless of storage temperature. Storage of irradiated potatoes under tropical temperatures is not feasible due to bacterial spoilage. However irradiated tubers can be stored with reduced losses (7 to 30%) for 5–6 months at 10–15 C. Irradiation also eliminates the egg and early larval stages of the tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), a serious pest of stored potatoes in tropics. Irradiation followed by storage at 10 C thus offer an alternate method for potato storage in tropics.
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  • 2
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    Potato research 22 (1979), S. 365-369 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; sprout inhibition ; varieties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A comparative study of nine Indian potato varieties showed a good correlation between their total carotenoid content and the tuber flesh colour. Regardless of varietal differences, carotenoid level showed an increase during storage at ambient temperature (25–30°C) and to a lesser extent at 2–4°C and 15°C. Tubers exposed to an irradiation dose of 10 krad for sprout inhibition showed decreased levels of carotenoids during storage, particularly at 15°C where 50% loss was observed after 6 months of storage. Irradiated tubers stored for seven months at 15°C, on reconditioning at 34–35°C for 6 to 12 days showed a 2- to 6-fold increase in their carotenoid content.
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  • 3
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    Potato research 22 (1979), S. 69-73 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; suberisation ; water permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A rapid and simple method for assessing wound healing in dises of potato tuber tissue has been developed. The rate of water loss is measured when batches of six dises are briefly exposed in a stream of air. The rate of water loss shows little change during the early stages of wound healing but decreases rapidly later.
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  • 4
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    Plant and soil 51 (1979), S. 233-246 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Active iron ; Active manganese ; C-A values ; Iron contents ; Lowland rice ; Manganese contents ; NPK-nutrition ; Oryza sativa ; Root precipitates ; Soil pH ; Upland rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The combination of low Mn levels and high Fe levels in tissues of lowland rice varieties, as often encountered when rice is grown on acid soils, is not likely to result from an antagonistic effect of Fe on the uptake of Mn. Experiments with rice plants growing on sand, supplied with Fe and Mn, and subjected to various pH levels and moisture regimes, made it clear that under acid anaerobic conditions the absorption of Mn by rice plants is little affected by the presence of large quantities of Fe, and that under acid aerobic conditions the absorption of Fe by rice plants is little affected by the presence of large quantities of Mn.
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  • 5
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    Plant and soil 52 (1979), S. 19-29 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chlorophyll content ; Fe nutrition ; Mn excess ; Mn nutrition ; N form ; Oryza sativa ; P nutrition ; Rice ; Si nutrition ; Water culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In three water-culture experiments, the effects of variations in pH, N form, and Si- and P level on the uptake and translocation of Fe and Mn, and on the chlorophyll contents of lowland rice were examined. It was found that Mn uptake increased with increasing pH, that it was not affected by variations in N form (NO3 or NH4), and that Si has a suppressive effect on Mn uptake. With increasing pH, the translocation of Fe to the shoots was reduced. This pH effect might be indirect, in that Fe translocation is hampered by excessive Mn uptake induced by high pH. Variations in N form and in Si level did not influence Fe uptake and- translocation. A combination of high P-and high Mn levels in solution proved to reduce the translocation of Fe to the rice shoots. Precipitation of Mn phosphate on the roots is likely to occur at high concentrations of both Mn and P in the root medium. A negative correlation was found between chlorophyll content and Mn content of the leaves. The chlorophyll content was not related to the iron content of the leaves. It is likely that chlorosis of rice leaves in an early growth stage can be caused by several combinations of the following factors: 1. high Mn supply, 2. NO3 nutrition inducing an increase in solution pH favouring a further increase in Mn uptake, 3. absence of Si which exerts a suppressive effect on Mn uptake, and 4. high P supply. These factors can induce chlorosis, with and without exerting a concomitant influence on the uptake and translocation of Fe.
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  • 6
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    Plant and soil 53 (1979), S. 245-249 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ion-exchange ; nethod Organic ; soil Plant-available ; phosphorus ; Sub-antarctic ; soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An anion-exchange procedure in which soil samples are shaken with polyester-netting bags containing a strongly basic resin has proved to be the only method too date which yields reproducible ‘plantavailable’ P estimates on Marion Island soils. Available P determinations using chemical extractants are hampered by high iron, aluminium and organic matter contents in these soils. Resin-extractable soil P levels correlated strongly with plant leaf P contents at a wide variety of sites.
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  • 7
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    Euphytica 28 (1979), S. 765-768 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum verrucosum ; Solanum tuberosum ; potatoes ; haploids ; colchicine ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Monohaploid plants of S. verrucosum (2n=x=12) were induced in anther culture. Axillary buds from these plants were treated with colchicine in shoot tip culture for 48 hours and then transferred to a colchicine free medium. The resulting plantlets were scored for diploidy by stomatal chloroplast counts and root tip cytology and it was found that doubling of the chromosome number had occurred.
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  • 8
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    Euphytica 28 (1979), S. 319-323 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; scent ; genetics ; linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of scent in rice and linkage relationship of genes governing scent with those controlling leaf sheath colour, ripening hull colour and apiculus pigmentation were studied in a cross between Pankaj (nonscented) and Kalabhat (scented) rice cultivars. The scent was identified by leaf analysis. Two dominant complementary genes Sk 1 and Sk 2 were found to be responsible for controlling scent. Either of the genes produce mild scent, the presence of both Sk 1 and Sk 2 is necessary for production of parental type scent. The genes were independent of other genes controlling leaf sheath colour, ripening hull colour and apiculus pigmentation.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; S. vernei ; Globodera pallida ; genotype x environment interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The standard root-ball test for assessing quantitative resistance of Globodera pallida in host material derived from Solanum vernei has produced variable results. This study of two sets of clones shows that genotype x environment interactions are responsible and that linear regressions (b) of phenotypic means on environments may enable good predictions to be made of the effects of the interactions. A relationship between the regression value (b) and phenotypic mean is shown for this material. The implication of this for a screening procedure in a potato breeding programme aimed at increasing potato cyst nematode resistance in adapted cultivars of S. tuberosum is discussed.
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  • 10
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    Euphytica 28 (1979), S. 37-40 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; selection ; single seed descent ; early generation yield tests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary If selection based on F3 yield tests is to be effective, the yield tests must be successful in discriminating among yield genotypes. The available literature indicates that simple tests with limited or no replication are not very effective, although more extensive, replicated tests may be. Data from an experiment comparing F3 yield tests with a single seed descent procedure showed that F3 selection based on a two-replicate test with single seed descent procedure did not justify the extra work involved.
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  • 11
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    Euphytica 28 (1979), S. 89-91 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; stem solidness ; Cephus cinctus ; wheat stem sawfly resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Stem solidness in the wheat plant provides resistance to the wheat stem sawfly, a pest of wheat in Montana and North Dakota, but some agronomists have been concerned that stem solidness might be related to low grain yields. We evaluated 17 spring wheat crosses for stem solidness, grain yield, and other agronomic traits in F2 through F4 generations from 1972 to 1975. Highly significant correlation (0.735) and regression (0.731) coefficients between F2 and F3 generations verify previous studies showing that stem solidness is highly heritable and that selection in F2 should be successful. Solid-stemmed F4 composites yielded more than hollow stemmed composites at Bozeman and equal yields were obtained at Huntley, indicating that stem solidness is not a deterrent to high grain yield.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; amylose content ; induced mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ninety local cultivars and 124 induced grain shape mutants were screened for their amylose content and gelatinisation temperature as indexed by the alkali disintegration patterns. The amylose content was high in most of the local cultivars and ranged from 19.2 to 32.0% and from 12.3 to 33.2% in the mutants. Wide variation was also observed for the alkali disintegration values and most of the varieties had low alkali values. A positive but low correlation between alkali values and amylose content and a negative correlation between alkali values and protein content was observed. The preliminary studies suggest that the amylose content at different milling levels increased with an increase in the level of milling. Some of the local cultivars and induced mutants were found to be superior with high amylose and high gelatinisation temperature and could be utilized in breeding programmes directed towards improving the cooking quality of high yielding varieties.
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  • 13
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    Euphytica 28 (1979), S. 435-443 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Rice ; inheritance ; flowering ; growth habit ; pigmentation ; linkage ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genetic analysis of ten characters in a rice cross M 18 × T979 revealed the interaction of duplicate, complimentary, inhibitory and anti-inhibitory genes in conditioning pigment in eight characters and in determining flowering and growth habit. The action of genes and their interactions indicated by complex ratios for all the ten characters are claimed to be the first reports. pleiotropic action of two complementary genes and four duplicate genes has been detected. Two linkage groups, one with three genes (Ai-Plg-Ai-Pau-Pja) and the other with nine genes (Plga-Pina-Era-Efa-I-Plg-Pg1-Pn1-Pr1-Pnr1) have been constituted. The three-gene group is tentatively placed in the IV ‘mp’ group and the other with nine genes is assigned to the X ‘fh’ group. As a result of the present investigation Ai-Plg is an addition to the IV ‘mp’ group and Plga, Pina, Era, I-Plg, Pg1, Pn1 Pr1 and Pnr1 are contributions to the X ‘fh’ group.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; backcrosses ; breeding behaviour ; genetic correlation ; heritability ; heading date ; inheritance ; plant height ; Septoria tritici
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We examined the inheritance, heritability, and breeding behaviour of resistance to Septoria tritict in the spring wheat cultivars Seabreeze, Veranopolis, and IAS-20 in crosses to the susceptible Australian spring cultivar Gamenya. Resistance in Seabreeze was higher than that in Veranopolis and IAS-20. Inheritance of resistance in Seabreeze seems to be determined by at least three recessive genes. Resistance in Veranopolis and IAS-20 might be due to a single gene. Similarity of inheritance patterns and breeding behaviour of the resistance from Veranopolis and IAS-20 and the common ancestry of these two cultivars suggest that they may carry the same gene. Standard unit heritabilities of Septoria scores, as measured by correlation of F2 plant with F3 family mean data, were high (57–68%). Parent offspring genetic correlations confirmed previously reported associations between resistance and lateness and resistance and tall plant height, but correlations were not sufficiently high to be a major obstacle to selection. Resistance in Veranopolis and IAS-20 were easily recovered in first backcrosses while that in Sea breeze was more difficult to recover.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia graminis ; stem rust resistance ; inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The genetic constitution of two bread wheat accessions from the International Spring Wheat Rust Nurseries (E 5883 and E 6032) has been studied for reaction to four Indian races of stem rust. Analysis of E 5883 has revealed that for each of the races 15C, 21 and 40 a single dominant gene operates for resistance. The dominant gene against race 15C was identified as Sr6. The dominant genes for resistance against races 21 and 40 were found to be different from the genes described so far. Resistance against race 122 is controlled by a single recessive gene producing characteristically a ‘2’ type of reaction. This gene was identified as Sr8. The resistance of E 6032 against each of the races 15C, 21 and 40 is controlled by two genes, one dominant and one recessive, which act independently. Dominant genes effective against 15C, 21 and 40 were conclusively identified as Sr6, Sr5 and Sr9b, respectively. From the correlated behaviour against races 15C and 40 as well as from the phenotypes of the resistance reactions rhe same recessive gene, undescribed so far, operates against the two races. The second recessive gene operating against race 21 was also observed to be different from those so far designated. E 6032 was, however, found to be susceptible to races 122. The presence of Sr6 both in E 5883 and E 6032 against race 15C was further confirmed through F2 and F3 segregation data.
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  • 16
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    Euphytica 28 (1979), S. 697-704 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; gamma-radiation ; temperature ; mutation frequency ; heading date
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dry seeds of rice, Oryza sativa L., containing about 13 percent moisture, were exposed to 60Co gamma raysat extremely low temperature (−196°C). M1 damage on survival rate, seedling height and seed set were found to become much smaller in the cooling treatment than in the not-cooled control. Chlorophyll and heading date mutation frequencies in the M2 generation were not affected by the decreased M1 damage caused by the cooling treatment, and the mutation frequencies could be significantly increased by applying higher doses combined with the cooling treatment. Frequency of sterile or semi-sterile mutants in the M2 generation was found to be significantly lower in the cooling treatment than in the not-cooled control. It is assumed from the experimental results that extremely low temperatures during irradiation could reduce the amount of physiological damage and gross chromosome aberrations. This results in an increased efficiency of producing minute deletions and/or point mutations.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; spikelet number ; spikelet initiation ; development response ; quantitative inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of spikelet number per ear and rate of spikelet initiation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) was studied in the ‘land race’ spring wheats, 8–23 and 8–27 from Afghanistan, under controlled temperature and photoperiod. Spikelet number per ear was found to be under simple genetic control with dominance for high spikelet number. It is suggested that the gene determining spikelet number does so by determining the rate of spikelet initiation.
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  • 18
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    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 95-107 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia graminis ; wheat stem rust ; black rust resistance ; inheritance of slow rusting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of the slow rusting character was studied on F5 progenies from seven spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum) crossed in all possible combinations without reciprocals. The cultivars and their progenies were evaluated for slow rusting in 1974 and 1975 in epidemics of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, races 15 and 151, and traces of other races. Slow rusting varied significantly among the parents and among the F5 progeny of each cross. Transgressive segregation occurred in each cross, i.e. some progeny rusted more slowly than the parents and some faster. In crosses with both Idaed 59 and Kenya 58 the progeny distributions were skewed towards slow rust development but the distributions in the other crosses were normal. The genetic control of slow rusting was predominantly additive, and narrow sense heritability was approximately 80 percent. The number of segregating genes having an effect on slow rusting was estimated to be 2 to 12 pairs depending on the cross. Correlation between slow rusting and maturity was usually negative but in most crosses the relationship was small.
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  • 19
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    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 117-126 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum durum ; wheat ; genotypic variance ; environmental variance ; protein content ; nitrogen fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of N fertilizer, irrigation and location on genotypic and environmental variances of barley and wheat varieties were studied in a series of trials. Genotypic variance for crude protein content, as well as for grain yield, tended to be higher under high N fertilizer rate (80 kg N/ha). The effect of N fertilizer rate on environmental variance varied with variety and location. Increase in crude protein content resulted in decrease in environmental variance for only a few of the varieties tested. The effect of quantity of irrigation water on genotypic and environmental variance for crude protein content was small.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; self-compatibility ; dihaploid ; linkage ; virescens ; translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three dihaploids of Solanum tuberosum (two self-compatible, one self-incompatible) were found to be heterozygous for a monogenic recessive virescent mutant. Intercrossing resulted in the expected 3 : 1 ratio only in crosses involving one self-compatible and one self-incompatible parent. Self-compatible x self-compatible matings produced F1's in which 6:1 was found. The same ratio was observed in the self progeny of the two self-compatible dihaploids. This significant deviation could be explained by assuming linkage (25% crossing-over) between v and an S-bearing translocation. This translocation causes self-compatibility in the dihaploids used and early lethality when homozygous.
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  • 21
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    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 529-540 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Self-pollinating cereals ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; differential resistance ; durable resistance ; genetic control ; horizontal resistance ; non-race-specific resistance ; partial resistance ; race-specific resistance ; slow rusting ; specific virulence ; uniform resistance ; vertical resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The rust pathogens of cereals exist as populations of races that differ in their ability to attack various varieties. Varieties that are resistant when first released often become susceptible later due to the spread of previously undetected races but the time taken for this to occur in very variable. It often occurs so rapidly as to curtail the commercial use of otherwise satisfactory varieties. Some varieties, however, are widely grown for many years and remain adequately resistant to the prevalent rust diseases. They may aptly be described as having durable resistance. This durable or long-lasting resistance can be detected without any assumptions about, or detailed knowledge of, whether durability depends on any particular mechanisms of resistance, on various degrees of racespecificity or on many or few genes. Cappelle-Desprez is given as an example of a wheat variety with durable resistance to yellow rust. The most powerful test for the detection of durable resistance occurs when a variety is widely grown commercially for several years. A much weaker test is obtained by growing varieties in small disease nursery plots even when the test is repeated for several years. Usually, resistance which is durable is also partial or incomplete. Often, however, partial resistance of wheat to yellow rust has not been durable. Thus the observation that resistance is partial is not, of itself, a satisfactory criterion for the detection of durable resistance. It is suggested that the most obvious sources of durable resistance for use in breeding programmes are varieties which have been widely grown and have displayed this character. The transfer of such resistance during breeding may be achieved if the creation or incorporation of higher levels of resistance that have not been tested for durability is avoided. It should then be possible to derive resistance from the durably. resistant parent. Methods of achieving this are discussed.
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  • 22
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    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 461-464 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia graminis ; stem rust ; resistance ; inheritance ; monsomic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genetics of rust resistance against stem rust race 122 in ‘Chhoti Lerma’ was studied both by conventional and aneuploid analysis. Observations on F1, F2 and F2 backcross progenies revealed the operation of two recessive genes, controlling resistance in ‘Chhoti Lerma’. Monosomic analysis confirmed the operation of two recessive genes conferring resistance to race 122 located on chromosomes 1D and 7D. A minor gene or modifier was also located on chromosome 1B. This was concluded from the fact that F2 of mono's x ‘Chhoti Lerma’ exhibited skewness in favour of resistant plants.
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  • 23
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    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 511-519 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita ; leaf rust ; resistance genes ; data base
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Monogenic lines resistant to leaf rust of spring and winter wheats were grown in the world wheat-producing areas from 1970 through 1975. Lines containing the alleles Lr9 (Wi), Lr9 (Tc), and Lr19 (Tc) were more resistant to the leaf rust pathogen than those containing Lr1 (Tc), −1 (Wi), −1,3 (Wi), −2A (Tc), −2A (Wi), −2D (Tc), −3 (Tc), −3 (Wi), −10 (Tc), −16 (Tc), −17 (Tc), −18 (Tc), or −2D (Pld). Monogenic line Lr1 (Wi) possibly has more than one gene for resistance and resistance properties similar to cultivars with ‘field resistance’. A computer data base was created to produce the information used in this paper.
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  • 24
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    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 541-551 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; ploidy ; gene-flow ; ‘triploid block’ ; crossability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The formation of triploids in 4x×2x crosses was studied in primitive potato varieties from the Andes of Peru and Bolivia. Triploid frequencies were as high as 80–100% in some crosses, although the actual number of seeds was low. The ‘triploid block’ varied according to the tetraploid parent, and was never entirely absent. The likelihood of triploid formation was studied in 4x×2x crosses where pollen from both tetraploids and diploids of known genotype was used. Even though the diploids were chosen for their non-production of 2n gametes, as detected in pollen grain size, 66% of the hybrids were tetraploid. The amount and probability of gene-flow between the tetraploid and diploid gene-pools, either directly through 2n gametes or through ‘triploid bridges’ was examined. Most of the 20 cultivars of S. x chaucha produced seed in crosses with tetraploids and diploids, although the fertility of the latter crosses was four times higher. The female fertility of some of the triploids thus allows them to exchange genes with the tetraploids and diploids, although gene-flow occurs more rapidly through direct transfer from diploids to tetraploids via 2n gametes.
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  • 25
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    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 577-580 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Truicum aestivum ; wheat ; Septoria tritici ; Septoria leaf bloth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Septoria leaf blotch readings, date of heading and plant height appeared strongly correlated in six variety trials with 25 varieties each. Three trials were conducted in 1972 and three in 1976. The taller and later the cultivars, the lower its Septoria leaf blotch score tended to be. The yields also were less strongly reduced in taller and later cultivars, as calculated from another experiment.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Self-compatibility ; genetics ; dihaploids ; Solanum tuberosum ; translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two self-compatible (sc) dihaploids, G254 and B16, and one self-incompatible (si) dihaploid, G609, from Solanum tuberosum L. were intercrossed reciprocally. Segregation ratios sc : si : pc (pseudo-compatible) were determined in all 6 F1's in three successive years and critically tested and discussed. Genotypes at the S-locus could be assigned to the dihaploid parents and the S-allele on the translocation in sc G254 identified as S 1. Using these genotypes all sc and si genotypes were derived which could be expected in the F1's. Incompatibility groups were detected in each F1 from the results of complete diallels involving si plants. The genotype of each group was identified by test crosses. Compatibility groups could be both detected and identified by crossing in each F1 the sc plants as females with the already identified si sibs. In this way a complete series of 6 si testers and corresponding sc genotypes was obtained involving four alleles at the S-locus and S 1 and S x on the translocation. Certative disadvantage of pollen carrying the translocation could be ruled out as a possible cause of unexpected ratios. The hypothesis of an S-bearing translocation as the cause of self-compatibility could account for all results on the assumption that translocation homozygotes are lethal and the S-allele on the translocation is active in the pollen only.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; incompatibility ; dihaploid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Investigations of the genetics of self-compatibility and self-incompatibility in dihaploids and diploid derivatives from cv. Gineke revealed the presence of S 1, S2 and S 3 at the S-locus of Gineke and in addition an S 1-allele on a translocation. By means of a complete tester set involving the S-alleles S 1, S2 and S 3 (all from Gineke) and S 4 (from Black 4495) it was demonstrated that some Gineke dihaploids were compatible with all six testers. This indicated a fourth S-allele in Gineke, which differs from those in the tester series and was therefore assigned S 5. Additional evidence was obtained from an analysis of F1's from crosses of two S 5-bearing dihaploids and one of the testers. So the S-genotype of cv. Gineke was identified as S 1S2S3S5/S1, the second S 1 being the S-allele on a translocated fragment.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum durum ; wheat ; durum wheat ; nitrogen harvest index ; harvest index ; grain protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a field experiment, plant (excluding roots) and grain nitrogen at harvest were estimated in 15 durum wheat cultivars varying in their grain protein concentration. They showed significant variation in grain yield, grain protein concentration, biological yield, total plant nitrogen at harvest and residual nitrogen in straw. Harvest index and nitrogen harvest index were calculated from this primary data. Nitrogen harvest index varied from 57 to 83%. Plant nitrogen showed significant positive correlation with biological yield, grain yield and grain protein yield, but the correlations with grain protein concentration, harvest index and nitrogen harvest index were not significant. Nitrogen harvest index was positively correlated with harvest index indicating that the distribution of N between straw and grain to a large extent, but not entirely, depends upon the partitioning of dry matter between the two. Grain protein concentration was neither correlated significantly to plant nitrogen nor to nitrogen harvest index.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; kernel protein content ; tyrosinase enzyme ; aneuploid analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A study was conducted to locate the genes responsible for the determination of kernel protein content and tyrosinase activity in a hexaploid wheat variety UP 301 using Pb. C591 monosomic series. Genes located on chromosomes 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 3D and 7D of UP 301 controlled protein content of UP 301. Of these the B genome chromosomes were found to have genes for increased protein content while the D genome chromosomes were found to carry genes for low protein content. A major gene coding for tyrosinase enzyme was detected on chromosome 6B of UP 301 and a modifier on chromosome 5B. This indicated the possibility of improving these quality characters through chromosome manipulation.
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  • 30
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    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 361-368 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; genetic divergence ; D2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sixty-seven potato varieties/hybrids were grouped in 15 clusters on the basis of D2 values. The clustering pattern was not influenced by the geographic diversity of the varieties. However, a segregation between varieties of the Tuberosum and Andigena type varieties was observed. The exotic potato varieties and also the Indian varieties bred from Tuberosums showed a poor divergence. In contrast, the divergence in the varieties developed from Tuberosum-Andigena crosses was much greater. The inter-cluster distance of such varieties, with respect to Tuberosum and Andigena clusters, appeared to be influenced by the cytoplasm they carried. The varieties with Tuberosum cytoplasm were closer to clusters having Tuberosum varieties and those with Andigena cytoplasm were closer to clusters having Andigena type varieties. The characters least influenced by the selection during the course of evolution of the present day varieties were found to be mainly responsible for adding divergence to the population. A breeding plan involving varieties from different clusters has been outlined.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Self-compatibility ; dihaploids ; Solanum tuberosum ; lethality ; translocation homozygotes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Self-compatible (sc) plants from an I1 of the sc dihaploid G254 and from the reciprocal F1's of crosses between G254 and another sc dihaploid, B16, were crossed with the self-incompatible (si) dihaploid G609. The 34 progenies thus obtained were tested for self-compatibility. Only 2 progenies consisted merely of sc plants, the remaining ones showing a homogeneous series of 1 : 1 ratios. It is concluded that homozygosity for the S-bearing translocation mostly leads to lethality. Evidence is presented, that lethality takes place in the very early stages of the embryo and endosperm development. On the basis of the results the expected sc : si ratios in G254 × B16 and reciprocal are calculated to be 3.3 : 1. This ratio was found indeed in our experiments. These findings support the hypothesis put forward in earlier publications in this series, that self-compatibility in G254 and B16 is based on the presence of an S-bearing translocation.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Symptom ; potato virus Y ; temperature ; detection ; serology ; A6 test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Klimakammern wurde der Einfluss der Temperatur auf die Symptomausbildung und die relative Viruskonzentration in Kartoffeln der Sorte Erstling, die mit PVYN und PVYO infiziert waren untersucht. Die relative Viruskonzentration. angegeben als Reziprokwert der grössten Verdünnung, bei der noch Reaktionen beobachtet wurden, wurde mit dem Mikropräcipitintest (van Slogteren, 1972) und dem A6-Biatttest (de Bokx. 1972) bestimmt. Folgende Informationen konnten erwartet werden: 1. über die Beziehung zwischen der Viruskonzentration und der Symptomausbildung. 2. über die Empfindlichkeit des Mikropräzipitin- und des A6-Blatttestes für die Feststellung von PVY. Die Pflanzen standen in Klimakammern (4 Pflanzen pro Kammer) bei einer Tag Nachttemperatur von 10/7, 14/9, 18/12, 22/17 und 26/21°C und einer Photoperiode von 15 Stunden bei 15000 lux. Eine Woche später wurden alle Blätter von 2 der 4 Pflanzen trocken mit PVYN inokuliert, die übrigen 2 mit PVYO. Die Verdünnungsreihen (unverdünnt, 1/4. 1/16, 1/64, 1/256, 1/1024) wurden aus Pressaft der obersten, vollständig entfalteten Blätter infizierter Pflanzen 22, 33, 48 und 61 Tage nach der Inokulation hergestellt. Pflanzen, die bei 22°C und 26°C gewachsen waren, zeigten 2 Wochen nach der Inokulation mit PVYN oder PVYO deutliche Mosaik- und Kräuselsymptome. während in Pflanzen, die bei 14°C und 18°C wuchsen, die Symptome schwächer waren und erst nach ungefähr 4 Wochen auftraten (Abb. 1). Pflanzen, die bei 10°C aufwuchsen, zeigten nach Inokulation mit PVYN bis zum Versuchsende, d.h. 8 Wochen nach der Inokulation, keine Symptome und nach Inokulation mit PVYO nur schwaches Mosaik. In Pflanzen, die bei 14 bis 26°C gehalten wurden, nimmt in den frühen Wuchsstadien die Konzentration von PVYN zu und mit der Abreife der Pflanzen wieder ab PVYN konnte in Pflanzen, gewachsen bei 10°C, serologisch nicht nachgewiesen werden (Tabelle 1), was mit den Ergebnissen von Bode (1959) übereinstimmt. Die Vermehrung von PVYO in Kartoffelpflanzen verläuft wie die von PVYN mit der Ausnahme, dass die Konzentration von PVYO während des gesamten Versuches in Pflanzen, gewachsen bei 14°C und 18°C auf einem hohen Niveau bleibt und die selbe Konzentration von Pflanzen, bei 10°C gewachsen, 61 Tage nach der Inokulation erreicht wird. Das Auftreten der Symptome war mit der relativen Viruskonzentration korreliert. Keine Korrelation wurde zwischen der Zahl der Kokalläsionen auf A6 nach Inokulation mit PVY und der serologischen Nachweisbarkeit des Virus gefunden. Daraus kann geschlossen werden, dass der A6-Test, wie andere biologische Prüfungen (Beemster 1958), für die Nachweisbarkeit von PVY empfindlicher ist als der Mikropräzipitintest (Tabelle 1).
    Abstract: Résumé L'effet de la température sur l'expression des symptômes et sur la concentration en virus chez la variété Eersteling infectée par PVYN et PVYO et cultivée en serre a été étudié. La concentration relative en virus donnée par les dilutions limites. est déterminée par la méthode de microprécipitation (van Slogteren, 1972), et le test foliaire sur A6 (de Bokx, 1972). Le but de cet essai était d'obtenir des informations sur: 1) la relation entre la concentration du virus et l'expression des symptômes: 2) la sensibilité de la microprécipitation et du test foliaire sur A6 pour la détection du virus Y. Les plantes ont été placées dans des chambres de culture (4 plantes par chambre) à des températures jour/nuit de 10/7, 14/9, 18/12, 12/17 et 26/21°C et une photopériode de 15 heures à 15 000 Lux. Une semaine plus tard toutes les feuilles de deux plantes de chaque lot ont été inoculées par projection d'un mélange de carborundum et de PVYN; les feuilles des deux autres plantes ont été inoculées de la même manière avec PVYO. Une gamme de dilution (pur, 1/4, 1/16, 1/64, 1/256, 1/1024) a été préparée à partir des feuilles complètement déployées du sommet des plantes infectées 22, 33, 48 et 61 jours après l'inoculation. Des symptômes de mosaïque et de frisolée ont été observés chez les plantes cultivées à 22 et 26°C deux semaines après l'inoculation avec PVYN ou PVYO, mais les symptômes ont été plus faibles et ne sont pas apparus avant environ quatre semaines, chez les plantes cultivées à 14 et 18°C (figure 1). Les plantes cultivées à 10°C n'ont pas donné de symptômes jusqu'à la fin de l'expérience lorsqu'elles ont été inoculées avec PVYN; infectées par PVYO elles ont présenté seulement une faible mosaïque. Il a été montré que dans les plantes placées à 18 et 26°C, la concentration de PVYN augmente dans les premiers stades de la croissance des plantes mais diminue quand celles-ci arrivent à maturité. PVYN n'a pas été détecté sérologiquement dans les plantes cultivées à 10°C (tableau 1). Ceci est en accord avec les travaux de Bode. 1959. Généralement, le processus de multiplication de PVYO dans la pomme de terre est le même que celui de PVYN. Toutefois, la concentration de PVYO reste à un taux élevé dans les plantes cultivées à 14 et 18°C, pour l'ensemble de l'expérience, et atteint une teneur analogue dans les plantes cultivées à 10°C aprés 61 jours d'inoculation. L'expression des symptômes est en correlation avec la concentration relative en virus. Aucune correlation n'a été observée entre le nombre de lésions locales provoqué par PVY sur A6 et la limite de détection du virus en sérologie. Onpeut en conclure que le test foliaire sur A6. de même que d'autres tests biologiques (Beemster, 1958), est plus sensible pour la détection de PVY que le test de microprécipitation (tableau 1).
    Notes: Summary Potato plants cv. Eersteling, grown in growth chambers with various day night temperatures, were inoculated with PVYN or PVYO three weeks after planting. Two weeks later there were clear symptoms in plants grown at 22/17°C and 26/21°C, but after four weeks there were only weak symptoms in plants kept at 14/9°C and 18/12°C. At 10/7°C 8 weeks after inoculation, only those plants infected with PVYO had developed symptoms. Virus concentration correlated well with the rate of symptom expression, and was similar with both strains, except that it was high 8 weeks after inoculation in plants infected with PVYO and grown at 10/7°C. For both strains the A6 leaf test was more sensitive than the serological test.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; Solanum verrucosum ; monohaploid ; chromosome doubling ; parthenogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dihaploid and dihaploid derived clones of Solanum tuberosum and diploid genotypes of S. verrucosum produced 85 viable monohaploids by female parthenogenesis. All were induced using diploid S. phureja clones, homozygous for embryo spot, as pollinator. Frequency of S. tuberosum monohaploids per 100 berries was rather constant in three successive years (14, 17 and 17 respectively). No male and female fertility was found in flowering monohaploids. Colchicine-induced chromosome doubling yielded homozygous s. tuberosum diploids with low pollen quality but good seed fertility. Two diploid self-incompatible species (S. multidissectum and S. berthaultii) produced no monohaploids. The presence of genes for female parthenogenesis in some dihaploids is discussed.
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  • 34
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    Euphytica 26 (1977), S. 475-479 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; anthocyanins ; centromere ; chromosome mapping ; crossover units ; dominant genes ; monosomics ; partially dominant ; purple coleoptile ; suppressors ; telocentric chromosome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The association of genes for purple pigment in the coleoptile with the chromosomes of the winter wheat variety Mironovskaya 808 was investigated using monosomic F2 analysis. The segregation ratio for F2 hybrids of Chinese Spring monosomics x Mironovskya 808 seems to indicate that the purple colour of the coleoptile is determined by two dominant genes, Rc3 and Rc4, which are located on the chromosomes 7D and 6B respectively, and which reinforce each other. Apart from these two genes, suppressors found on the chromosomes 2A, 2B, 2D, 4B and 6A also play a role in the intensity of the purple colour. With the aid of a Chinese Spring telocentric chromosome marker it was observed that the Rc3 gene is located on the chromosome arm 7DS, at a distance of 16±4.23 crossover units from the centromere.
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  • 35
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    Euphytica 26 (1977), S. 739-744 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; flag leaf area ; grain yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Five spring wheat crosses were evaluated over a 6-year period using comparisons between F2 and F3 data and between near-isogenic F4 populations selected for flag leaf area. Nonsignificant r values for F2 vs. F3 flag leaf measurements may be due to the effect of environment on flag leaf area, but are probably also an indication of low heritability for this plant character. Near-isogenic populations selected on the basis of flag leaf area showed little difference in grain yield, an indication that other plant parts must be more influential in determining grain yield. Flag leaf area, by itself, appears not to be a good index to plant performance.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lactuca sativa ; butterhead lettuce ; temperature ; analysis of growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Since 1950 growth of lettuce for winter production has been improved considerably by breeding. It has been investigated whether this improvement must be attributed to a more rapid leaf production, to larger leaves or to both. To this end the differences in growth between the cultivars Meikoningin. Proeftuin's Blackpool, Rapide, Deci-Minor and Valentine were analysed at a range of temperatures (10, 14, 17 and 20°C) under natural light conditions in autumn. The last four cultivars represent successive improvements in growth of lettuce for winter production. From the experiments it can be concluded that the improvement in growth of lettuce for winter production was initially brought about through increasing the rate of leaf production and there-after through increasing leaf size. At the same time the heat requirement for optimal growth has become higher.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; pre-harvest sprouting ; Tom Thumb derivatives ; GA3 response index ; apparent α-amylase synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Segŕegating populations of the cross Tordo (a spring white-grained Tom Thumb derivative) and Tr 454-16 (a spring white-grained Sonora-Gabo derivative) were studied for plant height, apparent α-amylase synthesis (AAS) and response to gibberellic acid. Means, variances and heritabilities for these characters were computed and their association was studied by computing correlation coefficients. Plant height showed high heritability while AAS and response to GA3 showed moderate heritability. Plant height was positively correlated with AAS and response to GA3. The results pointed out the importance of using Tom Thumb as a source of pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in a wheat breeding programme, particularly in areas where wheat breeding is restricted to evolving white-grained cultivars.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; stem rust ; Puccinia graminis tritici ; generalized resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four morphological characteristics of wheat peduncles were evaluated for genetic and environmental variability. The thickness of the epidermis and the amount and distribution of chlorenchyma tissue in the peduncle were measured. The genetic variability was estimated to be large, whereas the environmental variability was small. It was also concluded that cultivars could be screened for morphological characteristics of the peduncle that contributed to non-specific resistance to stem rust with a minimum sample size of about 10 plants per replication from a single location.
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  • 39
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    Euphytica 26 (1977), S. 129-139 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; grain yield ; tall plant ; semidwarf plant ; adaptation ; dryland ; regression analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary With a view to determining the comparative adaptation of semidwarf wheats to rainfed conditions, adaptation analyses were carried out on grain yield data of the 6th and 7th International Spring Wheat Yield Nurseries of the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre. Sites were chosen which had not received irrigation: across a combined total of 44 such sites, yield variation was closely related to growing seasonal rainfall. Using these sites, yields of thirty-three common cultivars. Norin 10-derived semidwarf cultivars plus tall ones, were regressed against site mean yield to give a regression slope (b) and deviations from the regression (sd 2) for each cultivar. Semidwarf cultivars generally showed higher mean yields and larger regression slopes (b 〉 0.9) than tall cultivars from lower latitudes. Tall cultivars from higher latitudes showed the lowest mean yields and the lowest b values (〈 0.7). No consistent trends in sd 2 were evident. Despite the greater regression slopes of semidwarf wheats, the best yields under all but the lowest yielding (driest) conditions were given by certain semidwarf cultivars; these had high mean yields and b values close to 1.0 (for example Tobari 66, Inia 66, Pato ArGentino and Sonalika). In contrast other semiwdarfs (notably Chenab 70) of similar mean yield, plant height and phenology, were not well adapted to the drier conditions as indicated by b values close to 1.3. The usefulness of the regression technique and the implications of these results for selection of semidwarf wheats adapted to drier conditions are discussed.
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  • 40
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    Euphytica 26 (1977), S. 299-308 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; pre-harvest sprouting ; components of resistance to sprouting ; complex resistance (RCP) ; α-amylase synthesis ; GA3 response ; wheat endosperm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The problem of pre-harvest sprouting in wheat is very intricate. New concepts in breeding for resistance to pre-harvest sprouting regard many components such as α-amylase production potential, response to gibberellic acid and inhibition in the bracts as important as dormancy. In the research work carried out at The University of Sydney's Plant Breeding Institute, we found varietal differences for each of these components. We also developed criteria for screening breeding material for these components. The implications of our findings in planning efficient breeding programmes to evolve varieties with multiple resistance to pre-harvest sprouting have been discussed briefly.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Oryza glaberrima ; cytoplasm substitution ; male sterility ; sporophytic type ; gametophytic type ; anther dehiscence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Interspecific cytoplasm substitution lines of Oryza sativa and O. glaberrima, i.e. (sativa)-glaberrima and (glaberrima)-sativa, have been bred by means of successive backcrosses, using three japonica varieties of sativa and two glaberrima strains. In all the six substitution lines with the cytoplasm of the glaberrima strains, the fertility increased with succeeding backcrosses, and eventually completely fertile plants whith the characteristics of the parental japonica variety appeared. This indicates that the glaberrima cytoplasm exerted no effect on the genome manifestation of these japonica varieties. Of the five substitution lines with the cytoplasm of each of the japonica varieties, four lines produced male sterile (M.S.) plants only in the backcross generations. In the remaining substitution line with the cytoplasm of the japonica variety Akebono, there was simultaneous segregation for male sterile (M.S.) and pollen fertile plants bearing indehiscent anthers (ID.M.F.) in the backcross generations. In the compulsively selfed progeny of ID.M.F. plants, pollen fertile plants with dehiscent anthers (D.M.F.) occurred with M.S- and ID.M.F. plants. Morphologically, these three types were supposed to have the same genetic background as the glaberrima parent. It was established that D.M.F.-and ID.M.F. plants were homozygous and heterozygous for a dominant nuclear gene restoring pollen fertility, respectively, and the M.S. plants and the two glaberrima strains used in this study carried a recessive gene for pollen sterility in homozygous condition. The restorer gene was assumed to derive from the japonica variety Akebono. The expression of the restorer gene was of the sporophytic type. The pollen sterility of the substitution lines that possessed the cytoplasm of the japonica varieties was of cytoplasmon-genic nature.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; inheritance of resistance ; brown planthopper ; grassy stunt ; bacterial blight ; glutinous endosperm ; linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Five hundred F3 lines derived from the cross TN1/IR2061-464-6 were examined for the nature of endosperm and resistance to bacterial blight, brown planthopper, and grassy stunt. TN1 has non-glutinous endosperm and is susceptible to bacterial blight, grassy stunt, and brown planthopper. IR2061-464-6 has a glutinous endosperm and is homozygous resistant to bacterial blight, grassy stunt, and brown planthopper. The F3 data fit the 1:2:1 ratio expected for monogenic control of each trait. A two-way classification for all the traits indicated that these four traits are inherited independently. Thus, it should be possible to recombine these four traits in various combinations in rice varieties.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; monohaploids ; dihaploid ; anther culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Monohaploid Solanum tuberosum plants were produced from the anthers of a dihaploid genotype. From another dihaploid genotype plants containing 36 chromosomes were obtained. For plantlet production anthers containing pollen at the uninucleate microspore stage were inoculated on a Linsmaier and Skoog-based medium supplemented with 1 mg/1 indole-3-acetic acid and 1 mg/1 benzyl aminopurine. Anthers from donor plants grown either in the summer or in the winter responded similarly on a range of media. Anther response in the form of callus induction and root formation was at least partly dependent on the genotype of the donor dihaploid plant.
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  • 44
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    Euphytica 26 (1977), S. 427-432 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; linkage ; anti-inhibitory genes ; pigmentation ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inheritance studies of purple pigmentation in T-160 x AC-177 revealed that purple colour in the coleoptile is based on four genes (Pc 1 , Pc2, I-Pc, Ai-Pc), in the internode on two genes (Pin a1 , Pin a2 ), in the junctura on three genes (Pja, Pjb 1 , Pjb 2 ) and in the apiculus on three genes (Pa, I-P, Ai-P). For panicle density monogenic segregation (Lx) was obtained. Linkage was established between the genes for the apiculus (Pa and Ai-P), panicle density (Lx), the internode (Pin a ), the coleoptile (Ai-Pc) and the junctura (Pja), in that sequence. This linkage group forms part of the IV ‘mp’ group of Misro et al. (1966) which corresponds to the ‘g’ group of japonica. The two anti-inhibitory genes Ai-Pg and Ai-Pau of the linkage group Ai-Pg=Ai-Pc=Ai-Pau reported earlier (Dhullappanavar et al., 1975) are also allotted to the IV linkage group of Misro et al. (1966) since Ai-Pc is placed in that group in the present studies.
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  • 45
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    Euphytica 26 (1977), S. 441-450 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; rice collections ; indica-japonica rice ; racial classification ; genetic diversity ; genetic resources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A total of 1407 japonica and 488 indica accessions representing nine countries were randomly drawn from the International Rice Research Institute catalog of germ plasm resources for an analysis of diversity. The qualitative gene frequencies as well as means and coefficients of variation for quantitative traits for each race and country in general confirmed the widely recognized pattern of indica-japonica differentiation but suggested more overlap than often realized. Use of a diversity index showed indica to be more variable than japonica, but with different countries having similar levels of diversity. A multivariate analysis based on 39 characters showed divergence among countries within each race but with a great amount of overlap in the scatter of individual entries. This study was carried out simply to illustrate some genetic resource analyses and it is therefore discussed in relation to the documentation aspects.
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  • 46
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    Euphytica 26 (1977), S. 89-95 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Heterodera avenae ; cyst nematode ; resistance breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The use of soil. naturally infested with Heterodera avenae, to select resistant heterozygotes in backcross progenies of wheat, was tested for reliability. Selfed progenies from plants selected as resistant were cultured monoxenically in test tubes with nematodes hatched from single cysts, while backcross progenies from the same parent plants were grown in pots of naturally infested soil. Cyst counts were made after two months' growth. The results showed that over 50% of the backcross lines, screened in previous generations with naturally infested soil, had been erroneously selected as resistant. The test tube cultures clearly differentiated lines carrying resistance from those which were susceptible and corroborated results from pot tests.
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  • 47
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    Euphytica 26 (1977), S. 103-112 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; hybrid wheat ; male sterility ; cross pollination ; seed production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Several chemicals were evaluated for their gametocidal properties to control pollination in hybrid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) seed production. In a preliminary study, four chemicals were applied to three cultivars of spring wheat at two application times. RH-532 was the most effective of the four gametocides, reducing fertility to a 0 10% level for all three cultivars. In a second experiment, RH-532 was applied to one cytoplasmic male-sterile and three normal spring wheats at four rates (0.56, 1.12, 2.24, and 4.48 kg/ha) and at two times of application. Alternate strips of pollinator were planted throughout the experiment. All treatments decreased fertility. plant height, and spike length of the three normal wheats. RH-532 did not inhibit spike emergence of two semidwarf cultivars or one of conventional height. Cultivars did not respond similarly to treatments. Yields of cross-pollinated seed were only 1 21% of the normal yield when fertility levels on treated plants reached 0 10%. Hybrid seed content of the harvested seed ranged from 2 55%. On the treated male-sterile line, yield was significantly reduced in comparison with the open-pollinated check. Inhibitory properties of this chemical suppressed the fertilization potential of the female as well as inducing male sterility. The differential response of genotypes to treatments indicates that cultivars should be screened for male and female sensitivity to this chemical. If differential sensitivity is found, breeding and selection to improve this trait may be possible. Different environmental conditions may alter the response of cultivars to this chemical, with less effect on the female structures.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; intergeneric cross ; fertilization ; early post-fertilization developments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fertilization and early seed development was studied in the variety Chinese Spring of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) after pollination with rye (Secale cereale L.) and selfing, and in the common wheat variety Hope after selfing. In all three combinations the first pollen tube reached the micropyle in about 40 min after pollination. When pollinated with rye the migration of the sperm nuclei to the egg cell and the polar nuclei was delayed by about an hour. In the subsequent development until 72 hours after pollination the average cellular and nuclear doubling times of embryo and endosperm were about 16 and 8 hours for the interspecific combination. 18 and 9 hours for Chinese Spring selfed and 20 and 12 hours for Hope selfed.
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  • 49
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 107-115 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; response to day length
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of time-to-flowering, plant height, tiller number, spikelet number and flag leaf area was studied under day lengths of 10 and 14 hours in a diallel cross of six rice varieties. Early flowering was dominant to late in both environments but the varieties flowering early in one environment were late flowering in the other. Analysis of F1 and F2 data from the cross of Heenati-310 x IR-8 suggested a digenic control of early flowering in short days with complementary interaction. It is considered that while relatively few genes control time-to-flowering in rice a previous proposal that separate genes for time-to-flowering and photoperiod sensitivity exist is unnecessary on present evidence. Whereas culm length, tiller number and flag leaf area were increased by longer days, the number of spikelets per panicle was reduced. The length of the panicle was little affected by changing environment, and throughout certain characters and varieties, such as tiller number in I-geo-tze, were more stable than others. Varietal crosses of Heenati-310 x IR-8 and Tainan x MI-273(m) appeared to give high yield potential.
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  • 50
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 387-391 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; screening nursery ; distance between control plots ; protein content ; correlation coefficient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Correlation coefficients were calculated in two seasons, between protein content of control plots of ‘Kyperounda’ durum wheat and ‘Athenais’ barley sown at distances of from 0.6 m to 68.4 m. Simple correlation coefficients were high (0.737, 0.710 and 0.311) and significant at the 1% level of probability for plots 0.6 m apart, but decreased rapidly with increasing distances between plots. The correlation in four nurseries was significant for plots 7.2 m, 4.2m, 4.2 m and 1.8 m apart. It was concluded that a control plot provides a fairly good measure of the protein content of adjacent plots.
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  • 51
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 375-386 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; gametocide ; pollen stainability ; male sterility ; female sterility ; hybrid seed ; hybrid wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The gametocidal effects of RH-531, RH-532, and RH-2956 were studied with three rates and times of foliar application on two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties, Anza and Yecora 70. RH-531 and RH-532 applied at or before booting stage caused rather large reduction in plant height while RH-2956 had a small effect on height. Application of any of the three chemicals on ‘Anza’ at meiotic stages reduced self-pollination (SP) fertility by 97–99%. If 90% SP fertility reduction is acceptable, the application time could vary from premeiosis to postmeiosis for ‘Anza’. ‘Yecora 70’ was less sensitive than ‘Anza’ to gametocide treatments. The lowest SP fertility obtained in ‘Yecora 70’ with RH-531, RH-532, and RH-2956 was by treatment at booting (4 kg/ha), at premeiosis (2 kg/ha), and heading (8 kg/ha), and the corresponding SP fertility reductions were 74, 89, and 71%. Pollen stainability-determined by aceto-carmine, IKI, and Alexander's stains-was not affected by gametocide treatment and was not useful in evaluating sterility induced by these chemicals. For the RH-531-treated ‘Anza’ and ‘Yecora 70’ and the RH-532-treated ‘Anza’, more than 94% of the seeds produced by open-pollination on treated plants were from self-or sib-pollination as determined by progeny testing. However, RH-532-treated ‘Yecora 70’ and RH-2956-treated ‘Anza’ and ‘Yecora 70’ did result in more crossed seeds, with a maximum of 20% outcrossing. It was believed that spike compactness induced by the chemicals and the related poor flower opening were the major limitations for outcrossing. Artificial pollinations made to the test varieties showed that RH-531 induced both male and female sterility and was undesirable for practical use. RH-532, however, could be applied at the booting stage to avoid severe female sterility, and RH-2956 clearly was the best of the three chemicals, with the female fertility very close to those of the untreated checks of both ‘Anza’ and ‘Yecora 70’. Of the three chemicals, RH-2956 gave the highest percentage of hybrid plants in the progeny of hand-or open-pollinated spikes. Its practical use for hybrid seed production, however, will depend largely on improvement of methods to increase cross pollination in wheat.
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  • 52
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 457-461 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; leaf angle ; erect leaves ; diallel ; additive gene effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A 6×6 diallel was prepared to study the inheritance of leaf angle in T. aestivum L. Genetic analysis in terms of diallel cross parameters and graphic analysis indicated the control of additive gene effects in the expression of this character. The results of F1 analysis were supported by the analysis of F2 data.
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  • 53
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 489-498 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; photoperiodic sensitivity ; maturity ; genetics ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Photoperiodic respose, as assessed by a regression technique, exhibited complete dominance averaged over the crosses of an eight parent diallel in the vernalized condition. Photoperiodic response as final leaf number for the vernalized 8-hour photoperiod diallel was closely related to photoeriodic response of the regression method. However, the diallel analyses of both sets of data showed little agreement in terms of respectieve array positions. The inheritance of photoperiodic response in diallels using regression values showed little agreement between the vernalized and unvernalized conditions. This difference was postulated to be due to interaction of vernalization and photoperiodic response in the unvernalized situation. In the unvernalized condition photoperiodic response exhibited non-allelic interaction, attributable mainly to the cultivar Pinnacle in general behaviour in its crosses. Its removal gave a situation of high average dominance for photoperiodic response with a clear indication that high photoperiodic sensitivity was dominant to comparative insensitivity. Days to ear emergence (vernalized and 18-hour photoperiod) exhibited non-allelic interaction in its expression, due mainly to the general behaviour of the cultivar Pinnacle in its crosses. Removal of its array gave a situation of a moderately strong degree of overdominance in the expression of days to ear emergence. Maturity differences amongst parents and F1's, vernalized and under 18-hour photoperiod, are postulated to be due to a factor other than vernalization or photoperiodic response beheved to be growth temperature in differentially in fluencing growth and/or developmental rates between genotypes.
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  • 54
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 565-576 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; chromosome substitution lines ; kernel hardness ; baking absorption ; dough stability ; baking quality ; genetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An attempt was made to identify the chromosomal location of genetic control of a few components of wheat quality, using chromosome substitution lines of Cappelle Desprez, Cheyenne, Hope, and Timstein into the recipient variety Chinese Spring. Major factors for kernel hardness and increased baking absorption were found on chromosomes 5D of Cheyenne and Hope, and on 3B, 5D and 7D of Timstein. In Timstein, the presence of one of these chromosomes sufficed to make the wheat kernels hard. Factors for favourable dough properties were identified on a few other chromosomes, different in various varieties. These were 1A of Cappelle Desprez and Cheyenne, 3B of Hope, and 2D of Timstein. All but one of these chromosomes showed an increase in loaf volume to a level in-between those of the recipient variety Chinese Spring and the donor varieties. No relationship was found between kernel hardness and dough-making and baking properties. It was assumed that wheat quality is due to a combination of kernel hardness and favourable dough-making properties. As the genes for these factors are located on different chromosomes, it should not be too difficult to introduce both factors in existing varieties with poor baking properties. In a wheat breeding programme, the quality of new lines can be assessed in a rather simple way by determining kernel hardness and dough stability.
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  • 55
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 663-670 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; potato ; coagulable protein ; screening method ; breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary From tubers of 34 varieties of Solanum tuberosum, extracts were prepared and analysed for crude protein and coagulable protein by the Kjeldahl method. Content of coagulable protein was 0.37–1.24%. From the same material, juice was prepared with a juice centrifuge and analysed for coagulable protein by the Kjeldahl and microbiuret method. The average amount of coagulable protein in the juice was 81.8% of the total coagulable protein. The correlation coefficient between coagulable protein in the juice and total coagulable protein was 0.956. The correlation coefficient between Kjeldahl and microbiuret data for coagulable protein in the juice was 0.956. Analysis of tuber juice by the microbiuret method is recommended as a rapid screening technique for coagulable protein. Relationships between protein data of the 34 varieties and earliness, yield and content of dry matter were analysed statistically. Content of coagulable protein in fresh material correlated with content of dry matter (rs=−0.756), yield of fresh potatoes (r=−0.615) and earliness (r=−0.361) but not significantly with yield of dry matter (rs=−0.309). Coagulable protein in dry matter correlated with fresh yield (r=−0.525), but not significantly with content of dry matter (r=−0.260), yield of dry matter (r=−0.131) and earliness (r=−0.054). Path coefficient analysis showed that 67% of the variation in coagulable protein in fresh material was statistically determined by earliness, content of dry matter, fresh yield and content of uncoagulable protein in fresh material, whereas only 34% of the variation in content of coagulable protein in dry matter was determined by these components. A high content of coagulable protein in fresh or dry matter can be combined with early maturity and with high yield of dry matter. Coagulable protein in dry matter seems to be a more suitable criterion of selection than coagulable protein in fresh material.
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  • 56
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 415-418 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; germination ; immature grains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The results indicated that acceleration of generation time in wheat was practical. The method developed by Mukade et al. (1973) was improved by extending the hydrogen peroxide treatment at low temperature.
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  • 57
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 425-441 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; O. glaberrima ; rice ; origin ; evolution ; history of cultivation ; dissemination ; diversification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Available evidences drawn from biosystematics, evolutionary biology, biogeography, archaeology, history, anthropology, paleo-geology and paleo-meteorology are pooled to reconstruct the series of events that led to the cosmopolitan cultivation of the Asian cultivated rice (O. sativa) and the regionalized planting of the African cultigen (O. glaberrima) in West Africa. The genus Oryza originated in the Gondwanaland continents and, following the fracture of the supercontinent, became widely distributed in the humid tropics of Africa, South America, South and Southeast Asia, and Oceania. The two cultivated species have had a common progenitor in the distant past. Parallel and independent evolutionary processes occurred in Africa and in Asia, following the sequence of: wild perennial→wild annual→cultivated annual. The weed races also contributed to the differentiation of the cultivated annuals. The corresponding members of the above series are O. longistaminata Chev. et Roehr., O. barthii A. Chev., O. glaberrima Steud., and the ‘stapfii’ forms of O. glaberrima in Africa; O. rufipogon Griff., O. nivara Sharma et Shastry, O. sativa L., and the ‘spontanea’ forms of O. sativa in Asia. The differentiation and diversification of the annuals in South Asia were accelerated by marked climatic changes following the last glacial age, dispersal of plants over latitude or altitude, human selection, and manipulation of the cultural environment. Cultivation of rice began in many parts of South and Southeast Asia, probably first in Ancient India. Cultural techniques such as puddling and transplanting were first developed in north and central China and later transmitted to Southeast Asia. Wetland culture preceded dryland culture in China, but in hilly areas of Southeast Asia, dryland cultivation is older than lowland culture. The planting method progressed from shifting cultivation to direct sowing in permanent fields, then to transplanting in bunded fields. Widespread dispersal of the Asian cultigen led to the formation of three eco-geographic races (Indica. Sinica or Japonica, and Javanica) and distinct cultural types in monsoon Asia (upland, lowland, and deep water). Varietal types changed readily within the span of a millenium, largely due to cultivators' preferences, socio-religious traditions, and population pressure. Genetic differentiation developed parallel to the ecologic diversification process. The African cultigen developed later than the Asian cultigen and has undergone less diversification. The wild races in South America and Oceania retain their primitive features mainly due to lack of cultivation pressure or dispersal. Both the African and Asian rices are still undergoing evolutionary changes at habitats where the wild, weed, and cultivated races co-exist.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; chromosome substitution ; protein content ; grain weight ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The 21 intervarietal chromosome substitution lines of the cultivar Hope in Chinese Spring were used to analyse the genetic differences between the two cultivars Hope and Chinese Spring in grain protein content and grain weight. Only one chromosome of ‘Hope, 5D’, significantly influenced grain protein content of ‘Chinese Spring’. Its influence was of only minor effect and was to decrease protein content expression of ‘Chinese Spring’. It has been postulated that the genetic control of protein content, in this instance, is most likely due to many genes each of small effect. Five chromosomes of ‘Hope’ influenced the 1000 grain weight value of normal ‘Chinese Spring’, all increasing its expression. Chromosomes 1A, 4A and 5B were of major effect and 3A and 6A of comparatively minor effect. A minimal estimate of five genes determines the difference in grain size between these cultivars. The possible evolutionary significance of the contribution of the A genome of bread wheat to grain size determination is discussed. On the basis of certain findings of this study, proposals are made for breeding for increased grain size in hexaploid wheat.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; potato dihaploids ; self-compatibility ; S-bearing translocation
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two highly fertile and self-compatible dihaploids (2ns=2x24) from Solanum tuberosum L. (2n 4x 48) were investigated to elucidate the genetic basis of their self-compatibility. To this end the two dihaploids were selfed and reciprocally intercrossed and the resulting I1 and F1 plants tested for self-compatibility. Reciprocal backcrosses of I1-plants and F1-plants were made. Complete diallels both within self-compatible and within self-incompatible F1-plants were carried out as well as reciprocal matings between self-compatible and self-incompatible F1-plants. From the wealth of data it could be concluded, that the dihaploids have two intact S-alleles, one being common to both. Six hypotheses were tested for explaining self-compatibility in these particular dihaploids. All but one had to be discarded. It is concluded that the self-compatibility most likely is brought about by the presence of an S-bearing translocation, which is not linked to the S-locus. The ratio sc :si in the F1's point either to certative disadvantage of translocation-bearing pollen or to lethality of translocation homozygotes. The importance of this self-compatibility mechanism for genetic and breeding research in potato is discussed.
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  • 60
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 769-775 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Alternaria triticina ; leaf blight ; resistance ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genetics of field resistance to Alternaria triticina was studied in a diallel set of crosses using ten cultivars of wheat which included eight resistant and two susceptibles. Susceptibility if NP 830 was found to be controlled by a dominant gene and that of NP 891 by two dominant complementary genes. The resistant cultivars NP 824, NP 835, NP 852, C 281, E 5477, E 5550, E 5878 and UP 303 carry the recessive alleles of the genes present in NP 830 and NP 891. All the resistant cultivars used in the study carried identical gene(s) for resistance to A. triticina. The gene(s) responsible for resistance appear to have come from NP 4 and Turkey, both of which seem to have evolved simultaneously in nature. The gene(s) for susceptibility in NP 830 and NP 891 were found to be different. It is assumed that these genes come from either Motia (Triticum durum) or Khapli (T. dicoccum) in NP 830 and from Gaza (T. durum) in NP 891.
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  • 61
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Heterodera avenae ; cyst nematode ; resistance breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The progress of a backcross breeding programme to introduce resistance against the cereal cyst nematode into wheat is described. Methods of resistance screening and criteria for selection are detailed and the results discussed with reference to alternative procedures for the introduction of new resistance genes into major breeding programmes.
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  • 62
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 587-595 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; yield ; yield components ; heterosis ; varietal hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Yield and yield components of F1 hybrids were studied in three experiments at 30×30 cm spacings and in one experiment at 15×15 cm spacings. In the 30×30 cm experiments, 10 of the 41 hybrids tested significantly outyielded their high parents. However, only 2 hybrids significantly outyielded the best cultivar: one hybrid yielded 23 % and the other 16 % more than their respective check cultivars. The four hybrids in the 15×15 cm experiment yielded only 59 to 92% as much as their high parents. In areas where rice is transplanted at relatively wide spacings, the observed levels of F1 heterosis in selected hybrids may be sufficient to warrant production of hybrid rice, if enough hybrid seed can be produced. For direct-seeding at the high rates normal in the USA, the relatively small levels of heterosis and the difficulties of hybrid seed production preclude use of F1 hybrid rice cultivars at present. None of 19 bulk F2 and F3 hybrids in two experiments yielded significantly more than its high parent. Similarly, none of the 12 mixtures included in one experiment yielded significantly more than its high parent. On the basis of yield alone, using bulk F2 or F3 or simple mixture populations is not merited.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; intergeneric cross ; crossability ; pollen grain germination ; pollen tube growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The crossing of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with rye (Secale cereale L.), and especially the action of the crossability genes of wheat, was studied using the readily crossable wheat cv Chinese Spring (genotype kr 1 kr 1 kr 2 kr 2 〉), the poorly crossable wheat cv Hope (genotype Kr 1 Kr 1 Kr 2 Kr 2 ), as well as the disomic substitution line of chromosome 5B of Hope into Chinese Spring (CS/Hope 5B, genotype Kr 1 Kr 1 kr 2 kr 2 ). By comparing crossability and actual fertilization, the poor crossability with rye of both cv Hope and the CS/Hope 5B substitution line was shown to result from absence of fertilization. Studies of pollen grain germination and pollen tube growth showed that the dominant alleles of the crossability genes manifested themselves through retardation and eventually inhibition of pollen tube growth at the style base and in the ovary wall. In Hope the growth of all pollen tubes was inhibited, whereas in CS/Hope 5B rarely fertilization was achieved. The recessive alleles of the crossability genes do not seem to have an influence on the growth of rye pollen tubes in wheat pistils.
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  • 64
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 659-662 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; scent ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of scent in rice and its association with pigmented characters were studied in T-141 × K-44-1. Four complementary genes appeared to control scent, one of them showing linkage with a complementary gene for glume colour and a supplementary gene for red pigment in apiculus. This group formed part of V (Prp)linkage group of Misro et al. (1966) in which case Pg and P were additions.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; seedling emergence ; coleoptile length ; plant height ; genetic control ; phenotypic correlations ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seedling emergence was closely correlated with coleoptile length and plant height among parents, F2 and F3, populations of crosses involving dwarf wheats Olesen Dwarf (CI 14497), Norin 10 derivative D6301, Tom Thumb derivative D6899, and the standard-height varieties Ramona 50 and Nainari 60. Genetic mechanisms that governed plant height also influenced coleoptile length, but the relative effects of genes showing dominant or epistatic effects appeared to be different. With respect to the two parents involved in each of 15 crosses, mean F2 coleoptile lengths were consistently closer to the low parent value than were corresponding mean F2 plant heights. A slight curvilinear relationship was also found between coleoptile length and plant height of F3 lines. The results suggest that selection of semidwarf wheats with long coleoptiles and improved emergence properties from crosses involving the dwarf wheats of this study would be unlikely.
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