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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 15 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The object of this paper is to define criteria for distinguishing between self-assembly and template-based assembly in plant cell walls. The example of cellulose shows that cell wall polymers biosynthesized at a membrane may retain parallel chain packing arrangements that are thermodynamically unstable and cannot be reproduced in vitro, making the experimental testing of the self-assembly hypothesis difficult. Also, natural cellulose is ordered on a number of scales of pattern, each of which may be constructed by either self- or template-based assembly independently of the rest. These conceptual problems apply equally to the self-assembly of complete cell walls and other cell wall polymers. It is suggested that the self-assembly concept should be applied only to one stage or level in the synthesis of a cell wall, and that an additional concept of parallel assembly may be useful for understanding the synthesis of some polysaccharides.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 61 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Collenchyma fibres from celery (Apium graveolens L.) were extracted with detergent and phenol-acetic acid-water to leave the intact cell walls, free from active enzymes. Under a small, constant stress the cell wall fibres showed elastic and plastic extension and viscoelastic deformation, but viscous flow was observed only at high stresses close to the breaking stress. After complete removal of calcium ions with cyclohex-anediamine tetraacetic acid (CDTA) and incubation for 18 h, comparable levels of these extensibility components were observed at much lower stresses. However, partial removal of calcium ions with citrate did not increase the plastic, elastic or viscoelastic components even when the residual calcium was reduced to 3.5% of the exchange capacity. The breaking stress of the fibres was rather more sensitive to calcium removal, being reduced by 50% at 7% calcium saturation. CDTA-extracted fibres broke by cell separation at very low stress. These characteristics did not appear compatible with removal of calcium ions, or their displacement by protons, as a mechanism for auxin-induced growth in this material: however such mechanisms are not excluded in other tissues or under other conditions. Strong chelating agents which remove enough calcium to weaken cell walls should be avoided in experiments on other mechanisms of auxin-induced growth.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 26 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Adhesion between plant cells is a fundamental feature of plant growth and development, and an essential part of the strategy by which growing plants achieve mechanical strength. Turgor pressure provides non-woody plant tissues with mechanical rigidity and the driving force for growth, but at the same time it generates large forces tending to separate cells. These are resisted by reinforcing zones located precisely at the points of maximum stress. In dicots the reinforcing zones are occupied by networks of specific pectic polymers. The mechanisms by which these networks cohere vary and are not fully understood. In the Poaceae their place is taken by phenolic cross-linking of arabinoxylans. Whatever the reinforcing polymers, a targeting mechanism is necessary to ensure that they become immobilized at the appropriate location, and there are secretory mutants that appear to have defects in this mechanism and hence are defective in cell adhesion. At the outer surface of most plant parts, the tendency of cells to cohere is blocked, apparently by the cuticle. Mutants with lesions in the biosynthesis of cuticular lipids show aberrant surface adhesion and other developmental abnormalities. When plant cells separate, the polymer networks that join them are locally dismantled with surgical precision. This occurs during the development of intercellular spaces; during the abscission of leaves and floral organs; during the release of seeds and pollen; during differentiation of root cap cells; and during fruit ripening. Each of these cell separation processes has its own distinctive features. Cell separation can also be induced during cooking or processing of fruit and vegetables, and the degree to which it occurs is a significant quality characteristic in potatoes, pulses, tomatoes, apples and other fruit. Control over these technological characteristics will be facilitated by understanding the role of cell adhesion and separation in the life of plants.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 21 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Turgor pressure tends to force plant cells towards a spherical form, thus separating them at the angles from adjacent cells. In cooked vegetables containing starch, the swelling pressure of starch gelatinization generates analogous cell separation forces. A theoretical analysis of the relationship between internal pressure and cell separation forces is presented. Apart from the effect of internal pressure, cell separation forces increase with the diameter of the cell and decrease with the number of cell sides. Cell separation forces are reduced by the introduction of intercellular spaces and decrease further as these expand. The relationship between intracellular pressure and cell separation forces provides a basis upon which the strength of intercellular adhesion can be measured by experiment.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 10 (1987), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Light is used commercially to prevent the sprouts on seed potatoes from growing so long that they are knocked off at planting. We investigated the relationship between wavelength and growth inhibition, using a very long irradiation time of 23 d with a 12-h photoperiod. The inhibition showed a narrow peak of far-red activity centered on 707 nm, with a shoulder in the red whose size depended on the degree of inhibition chosen as standard, because the log photon-fluence rate/response lines were not parallel. There was also inhibitory activity in the blue (〈 500 nm). In many respects the wavelength relationship resembled the action spectra for growth inhibition in dark-grown seedlings, but in the latter the red peak is, or quickly becomes, more pronounced than the far-red peak: this did not happen with potato sprouts. Blue light caused a positive phototropic response at similar or lower fluence rates. Greening became visible only at the highest fluence rates, between the two spectral regions inhibitory to growth. Broadband sources had much less inhibitory activity in the 650–750-nm region.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 187 (1992), S. 218-220 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Anisotropy (cell wall) ; Apium (cell wall thickness) ; Cell wall (thickness, charge density) ; Collenchyma ; Stress, mechanical (cell wall) ; Pectin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Near-isotropic stresses were generated within collenchyma cell walls of celery (Apium graveolens L.) by exchanging K+ for Ca2+ ions, varying the ionic strength and de-esterifying the pectic carboxyl groups, treatments that changed the free-charge density of the pectic polysaccharides. The collenchyma strands swelled radially with increasing free-charge density but there was very little longitudinal swelling. Depolymerising the pectins by β-elimination also induced much more radial than longitudinal swelling. Supported by earlier work on Nitella, these results indicate that pectins control the interlamellar spacing in cell walls and hold them together across their thickness, particularly against turgor stresses tending to delaminate the walls at the cell corners.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cell wall ; Polysaccharide separation ; Solanum (cell wall)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cell walls of potato tubers were fractionated by successive extraction with various reagents. A slightly degraded pectic fraction with 77% galacturonic acid was extracted in hot, oxalate-citrate buffer at pH 4. A further, major pectic fraction with 38% galacturonic acid was extracted in cold 0.1 M Na2CO3 with little apparent degradation. These two pectic fractions together made up 52% of the cell wall. Most of the oxalate-citrate fraction could alternatively be extracted with cold acetate-N,N′,N′-tetracetic acid (CDTA) buffer, a non-degradative extractant which nevertheless removed essentially all the calcium ions. This fraction was therefore probably held only by calcium binding, and the remainder of the pectins by covalent bonds. Electrophoresis showed that both pectic fractions contained a range of molecular types differing in composition, with a high arabinose: galactose ratio as well as much galacturonic acid in the most extractable fractions. From methylation data, the main side-chains were 1,4′-linked galactans and 1,5′-linked arabinans, with smaller quantities of covalently attached xyloglucan. Extraction with NaOH-borate removed a small hemicellulose fraction and some cellulose. The main hemicelluloses were apparently a galactoxyloglucan, a mannan or glucomannan and an arabinogalactan.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 154 (1982), S. 344-346 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Apium ; Cell walls ; CA-bound pection ; Cucumis ; Lepidium ; Lycopersicon ; Pection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The amount of pectin held in cell walls by ionic bonds only was determined by extraction with cyclohexanediamine tetraacetic acid (CDTA) at room temperature, to remove calcium ions without degrading the galacturonan chains. Enzymic degradation was avoided by extracting the cell walls with phenol-acetic acid-water during preparation. From cell walls of celery petioles, cress hypocotyls and tomato and cucumber pericarp CDTA extracted 64–100 mg g-1 pectin, leaving 80–167 mg g-1 uronic acid in the residue. An additional extraction at high ionic strength was used to make the galacturonan chains more flexible and thus detach any pectins held by steric interactions, but the amount released in this way was small. Most of the residual uronic acid polymers could be extracted by cold alkali and remained soluble on neutralisation, showing that it was not water-insolubility that prevented their extraction with CDTA. Covalent bonding was thought more likely.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 44 (1976), S. 129-140 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The vertical distribution of extractable iron, aluminium, and manganese in soil profiles on a heather-bracken transect indicates a less advanced stage of leaching under the bracken than under the heather. Evidence that the bracken is advancing into the heather is presented, and implies that the leaching process, like the accumulation of a mor humus layer, is reversed by the presence of the bracken.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 28 (1985), S. 91-99 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: water loss ; suberization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zweck dieser Versuche war herauszufinden ob die Intensität der Wundheilung unmittelbar nach der Ernte bei unreifen Knollen beeinträchtigt war und ob irgendwelche Effekte nach Lagerung erhalten blieben. Knollen der mittelfrühen Sorte Red Craigs Royal und der späten Sorte Record wurden um 22. August bis zum 14. Oktober 1979 in Intervallen geerntet. Am 22. August wurde die Hälfte der Parzellen mechanisch abgetötet, der Rest starb auf natürliche Weise ab. Das natürliche Absterben war bei der Sorte Red Craigs Royal am 22. August und bei Record am l. Oktober fast komplett. Am Tage nach jeder Ernte wurden 11×4 mm starke Scheiben aus dem Mark entnommen, nach 10 Tagen die Entwicklung der internen Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen Wasserverlust durchgeführt. Diese Massnahme stellt ein Mass der Suberinisierung der Schnittfläche dar (Jarvis & Duncan, 1975). Die Knollen von Red Craigs Royal waren zum ersten Erntetermin reif und zeigten danach wenig Änderungen in der Wundverheilungsrate. Die Knollen von Record hatten unreif eine langsame Wundverheilungs-Rate, bei späteren Ernteterminen wurde das Wundverheilen progressiv schneller, hauptsächlich bei Knollen aus den abgetöteten Parzellen, und erreichte zum l. Oktober ein Maximum (Abb. 1). Abbildung l basiert auf über 10 Tage Wundheilung summierter interner Widerstandsfähigkeit, aber die Unterschiede zwischen den Behandlungen über die Wundheilperiode hinweg waren durchweg einheitlich (Abb. 2). Nach 5–7 Monaten Lagerung bei 10°C entwickelte sich interne Resistenz schneller als nach der Ernte, und blieb bei Record schneller als bei Red Craigs Royal. Die Unterschiede zwischen den Erntezeitpunkten waren jedoch nicht mehr eindeutig (Tabelle 1). Folglich ist die langsame Wundheilung bei unreif geernteten Knollen nur ein Kurzzeiteffekt. Beim Gewicht der Scheiben während der Wundheilung ergaben sich keine beträchtlichen Änderungen (Tabelle 2). Dies zeigt dass sich der Wassergehalt, welcher die Wundheilrate beeinflussen kann, nicht änderte.
    Abstract: Résumé Le but de cette étude est d'étudier l'influence du niveau de maturité des tubercules sur le taux de cicatrisation des blessures immédiatement qprès récoltés à différentes dates, entre le 22 août et le serve également après conservation. Des tubercules de la variété demi-précoce Red Craigs Toyal et de la variété principale Record ont été récoltés à différentes dates, entre le 22 août et le 14 octobre 1979. Sur la moitié des parcelles, un défanage mécanique a été réalisé le 22 août et le reste a été maintenu jusqu'à maturité. La senescence naturelle était pratiquement atteinte au 22 août pour la variété Red Craigs Royal et au ler octobre pour la variété Record. Des lamelles de 11 mm × 4 mm dans le tissu médullaire des tubercules sont réalisées un jour après prélèvement et l'évolution de la résistance interne à la perte en eau, comme mesure de la subérisation à la surface des la melles, a été observée pendant 10 jours (Jarvis & Duncan, 1979). Les tubercules de la variété Red Craigs Royal étaient mûrs à la première date de récolte, et par conséquent, peu de différence dans le taux de cicatrisation a été observé. Les tubercules de la variété Record ont un faible taux de cicatrisation lorsqu'ils sont immatures, mais aux dernières dates d'arrachage la cicatrisation s'accélère, notamment pour les tubercules des parcelles défanées, quiatteint un taux maximal de cicatrisation vers le ler octobre (fig. 1). La figure l donne le total de la résistance interne pour 10 jours de cicatrisation, mais la différence entre les traitements est demeurée nette tout au long de cette période (fig. 2). Après une conservation de 5 à 7 mois à 10°C, la résistance interne à la perte d'eau s'effectue, plus rapidement qu'après la récolte et elle demeure plus forte avec la variété Record qu'avec Red Craigs Royal, mais la différence observée entre les dates d'arrachage ne paraît plus évidente (tableau 1). Donc, la lente cicatrisation des blessures pour les tubercules non mûrs n'est qu'un effet à court terme. Aucune modification substancielle n'est apparue dans le poids des lamelles pendant la période de cicatrisation (tableau 2), ceci montre que la teneur en eau qui peut influencer le taux de cicatrisation n'a pas évolué.
    Notes: Summary Potatoes of cvs Record (maincrop) and Red Craigs Royal (second early) were harvested at intervals from 22 August to 14 October. Half of the plots were mechanically defoliated on 22 August, by which date haulms of cv. Red Craigs Royal were largely dead. Tubers of cv. Record were immature at the first lifting date and matured thereafter, particularly after defoliation. Wound healing rates were assessed from the ability of discs of tuber tissue, cut the day after harvest, to become resistant to the loss of water vapour as suberization progressed at high relative humidity. Cv. Red Craigs Royal showed little variation in wound healing rate. Wound healing in cv. Record became more rapid with increasing maturity, particularly after defoliation when it reached a maximum by 1 October. After storage until March in the following year, the effect of maturity at lifting on wound healing rate was no longer evident.
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