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  • Articles  (224)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (224)
  • Engineering General  (224)
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  • SPACE RADIATION
  • 1980-1984  (224)
  • 1970-1974
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (224)
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  • Articles  (224)
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (224)
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  • 1
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 45-55 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The work presents an exact expression for the Hankel transform of the surface displacement of a rigid circular body performing harmonic vertical vibrations on a homogeneous elastic half-space of arbitrary Poissn'S ratio interrupted at some depth by a frictionless horizontal plane. The limiting case of the uninterrupted half-space is recovered in each of the extreme cases when the frictionless plane coincides with the surface or sinks to an infinite depth. Furthermore, the static case is derived in the limiting case of zero frequency and it is shown that the result agrees with the limiting case of zero gradient shear modulus variation for the static case of the incompressible non-homogeneous half-space.It is also established that Poisson'S ratio effect is linear, and the important proposition is again sustained that only surface shear modulus dominates vibrations on elastic media whereas any other factor such as the interruption of the frictionless plane as in the present case, merely constitutes a negligible secondary parameter.
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  • 2
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 97-100 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 3
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 513-517 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A method is devised for measuring soil thermal diffusivity in situ. It is based on direct experimental simulation of the finite difference approximation to the one-dimensional heat conduction equation.The method does not require the soil to be homogeneous except between the three thermometers that are used, at depths z + d, z and z - d. Nor need the energy input curve be sinusoidal. However, it must be fairly smooth for the finite difference approximation to be accurate.Experimental results for London Clay are presented, obtained using thermometers at depths of 1, 6 and 11 cm to give a mean thermal diffusivity of 0.0074 cm2/s at a depth of 6 cm. This value is consistent with other estimates of diffusivity for clay soils.The method is capable of automation, and should be suitable for use on engineering sites, at low cost.The method is capable of generalization to other linear diffusion equations containing one independent parameter. The same limitation also applies to its application to constitutive or geometrical non-linear one dimensional diffusion equations, and each equation requires individual study to assess feasibility of use of the method.The method in effect uses the usual finite difference approximation, not to prepare a numerical solution, but to design an experiment carried out essentially within the finite difference ‘molecule’. The measured parameter of the diffusion equation is the usable product of the method.
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  • 4
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 519-529 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The pressure versus settlement response is highly non-linear for soils, in general. In the present study, a cubic equation of the type p = K1w - K2w3 is suggested to incorporate the non-linear behaviour. A trapezoidal footing with constant depth resting on a subgrade having non-linear response is analysed. The resulting fourth order non-linear differential equation with variable coefficients is solved by using the Galerkin technique and beam characteristic functions are employed to obtain faster convergence. The results are presented in the form of non-dimensional charts for valid ranges of footings and soil parameters.
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  • 5
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 297-303 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A variational principle and the corresponding finite element equations for determination of the stream function for soil seepage problems is given using the standard finite element potential solution as data. The procedure is very simple and independent of the element type employed. Generalization of the method to multiply connected domains is included.
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  • 6
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 325-342 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: An analytical solution is presented for the time-dependent stresses and displacements in plane strain around a circular hole when it is loaded by an axisymmetric internal and far-field pressure. The material is assumed to be elasto-viscoplastic with dilatant plastic deformations according to a non-associated flow rule. Strain softening is considered by a modified St. Venant slider which is characterized by Mohr-Coulomb yield conditions for both the peak and the residual strengths.
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  • 7
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 409-409 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 8
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 445-455 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: An analytical solution to the problem of a load applied to a portion of the wall of a circular tunnel installed deep in a homogeneous isotropic material has been found. The solution is obtained by taking a Fourier transform, in the axial direction, of the field quantities and then representing these as a Fourier series in the polar angle. The integration which is necessary for the inversion of Fourier transforms has to be performed numerically using Gaussian quadrature.The solution has been used to analyse the problem of uniform normal loading applied over rectangular patches of the tunnel wall. An indication of how the solution can be applied to the tunnel jacking problem is given.
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  • 9
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 427-444 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Numerical solutions have been obtained for stresses and displacements in a linear elastic half space due to distributed loads of circular, rectangular and elliptical shapes. The technique primarily involves use of a multi-dimensional numerical integration technique to integrate point load solutions over the distributed loading after discretizing the area into a finite number of elements. Both uniform vertical and shear loads have been considered as well as vertical conical loads and inward shear loads. The technique evolved facilitates the determination of stresses and displacements by the use of mini-computers and is neither as tedious and cumbersome as the use of tables and charts nor as costly as FEM solutions.A detailed comparison has been presented between the results obtained by the numerical solutions and those of the existing analytical solutions wherever they are available. It is found that the agreement between the two is within one per cent for displacements at all depths for the different cases studied. The matching is also good in the case of stresses, except at shallow depths.
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  • 10
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 399-407 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A simple and effective extension to the boundary element method for solving Laplace'S equation (∇2u = 0) for boundary value problems is presented to solve steady confined and (or) steady unconfined seepage problems in zoned anisotropic mediums. Sample problems indicating the accuracy of results are given.
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  • 11
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 411-426 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Circular ring footings on an elastic stratum are considered. The static and dynamic stiffnesses are calculated using an efficient numerical technique. The results indicate that the static torsional and rocking stiffnesses of a ring footing do not deviate significantly from the corresponding stiffness of the circular footing for values of the inner-radius-to-outer-radius ratio up to about 0.75. The static horizontal and vertical stiffnesses change considerably only for values of this ratio greater than about 0.60. The change in the stiffness and damping coefficients is small for values of the ratio between 0 and 0.5.
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  • 12
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 13
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 567-588 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A computational procedure for simulating heat conduction in fractured rock masses is proposed and illustrated within the context of the finite element method. The procedure makes use of simple local models for conduction in the vicinity of a single open fracture. The local models allow effective thermal properties for fractured rock to be expressed in terms of fracture characteristics such as spacing, orientation and aperture. The distributions of fractures and fracture properties within the finiteelement model are derived from a statistical representation of geological field data. The procedure is demonstrated to satisfactorily reproduce heat transfer results across single fractures and provide an efficient means of representing conduction in formations with multiple fractures.
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  • 14
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 19-43 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The idea of using a thin solid element, called a thin-layer element, in soil-structure interaction and rock joints is proposed. A special constitutive model is used and various deformation modes such as no slip, slip, debonding and rebonding are incorporated. The shear stiffness is found from special laboratory tests and the normal stiffness is assumed to be composed of participation of the thin-layer element and the adjoining solid elements. A parametric study shows that the thickness of the thin-layer element can be such that the ratio of thickness to (mean) dimension of the adjacent element is in the range of 0.01 to 0.1. A number of simple and practical problems are solved to illustrate the success of the thin-layer element for soil-structure interaction problems.
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  • 15
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 167-185 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The restrictions imposed by the form-invariance principle on the structure of the elasto-plastic constitutive law for small strains are examined. It is shown that the yield and plastic potential functions may depend on the joint invariants of the stress and plastic strain tensors in addition to their dependence on the direct invariants of these tensors and additional scalar hardening parameters such as the plastic work; inclusion of the joint invariants as parameters in the constitutive functions allows for induced anisotropy during plastic deformation. It is demonstrated that the physical meaning of the joint invariants is related to the deviation of the principal directions of the stress tensor from those of the plastic strain tensor. It is also shown that only three cases of anisotropy (orthorhombic, transverse and isotropy) are possible in the types of material models discussed herein. The model proposed in this paper does not imply coaxiality between the principal directions of the stress and, plastic strain increment tensors; however, implications of the assumption of coaxiality on the structure of the constitutive equations is investigated. It is shown that coaxiality does not necessarily imply isotropy, but no deviations from coaxiality can be expected in isotropic materials.
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  • 16
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 201-224 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The erosion model computes the rill and inter-rill flow over a surface with random roughness, and the erosion caused by this flow. The measured roughness of a surface is analysed and used to generate random surfaces for the simulation process. Computations are carried out over a number of time intervals; the steady state condition is assumed for each interval. Changes in the surface geometry due to erosion during an interval are used to revise the surface for the subsequent interval. The model includes simplified mechanisms to simulate ponding, deposition and failure of side slopes of rills.
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  • 17
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 305-306 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 18
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 19
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 20
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 157-166 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: This paper examines the problem of the flexure of a strip of finite width which is embedded in bonded contact with an isotropic elastic medium of infinite extent. The analysis of the problem is applicable to flexible beams of narrow width which experience flexure only in the longitudinal direction. Numerical results are developed for the maximum flexural moment induced in the embedded beam due to the action of a concentrated force.
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  • 21
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 243-257 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A smoothing technique is developed to remove the oscillatory errors in initial nodal pore pressures, associated with the use of quadratic isoparametric elements to model soil consolidation. Numerical results using this technique are compared with the performance of other types of element in problems of one-and two-dimensional consolidation.
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  • 22
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 287-296 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The dispersion of torsional surface waves in two types of inhomogeneous elastic media is discussed (1) in a half-space with shear modulus varying linearly with depth and with constant density (Gibson'S half-space) and (2) in a half-space with shear modulus varying with the square-root of the depth co-ordinate and with constant density. Inhomogeneous media with constant shear wave velocity are also reviewed and the obtained solutions are discussed in relation to appropriate boundary conditions.
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  • 23
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 311-323 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Constitutive models for description of the non-linear stress-strain behaviour of engineering materials are often developed and presented in forms which cannot be employed directly in non-linear matrix computer analysis codes. Presented herein is a procedure for developing the incremental stiffness matrix for an elasto-plastic material model with multiple, intersecting yield surfaces. Associated or non-associated flow may occur on the individual yield surfaces. The material stiffness matrix is non-symmetric if non-associated flow occurs on any one of the yield surfaces. In order to illustrate the matrix forms which are generated, the case of a recently developed model with two yield surfaces is presented in detail. This model involves associated flow on one and non-associated flow on the other yield surface.
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  • 24
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 473-492 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A simple rigid block model has been developed for analysing the stability of caverns and tunnels in jointed rock. Rigid block interactions are idealized as linear edge-to-edge contacts with a zero joint tension constraint and a Mohr-Coulomb friction law. In the method, the minimum friction angle for stability is determined by sequentially eliminating tension and then minimizing the shear. It is demonstrated through examples that the minimum joint friction angle which results in a stable configuration is independent of the stiffness of the joint, and depends only upon the loading and geometry of the jointing and cavern. This insensitivity of stability to the normal and tangential joint stiffnesses, which can be difficult to obtain, is very useful for design purposes.
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  • 25
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 511-511 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 26
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 605-605 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 27
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 28
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 306-308 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 29
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 308-309 
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  • 30
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 359-379 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The most flexible and generally applicable methods for elasto-plastic analysis are those based on an incremental-iterative form of the initial stress approach, but such methods often exhibit slow convergence. The acceleration procedure known as the alpha-constant stiffness method is reconsidered and some modifications are proposed. The principal difference in the present approach lies in the use of a single acceleration parameter, rather than a diagonal matrix of acceleration coefficients. The new scheme shows a significant improvement in numerical stability and converges three times faster than the standard initial stress method. Some practical aspects associated with the method are discussed and a number of applications are presented.
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  • 31
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 381-398 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The general forms for the field equations governing the transient response of poroelastic media given by Biot and by Zienkiewicz are compared and relations between the material constants are obtained. A one-dimensional analytical solution is presented for the situation where the solid and fluid materials satisfy Biot'S dynamic compatibility relation. The transient response of porous media is illustrated for varying degrees of solid and fluid compressibility when subjected to step, cyclic and short duration spike surface tractions. The results obtained (for the special situation where the materials are dynamically compatible) exhibit the overall characteristics of wave propagation in porous media and will provide representative test problems which allow a quantitative evaluation of the accuracy of various numerical solution methods (e.g. finite element models).
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  • 32
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 33
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 589-604 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The analysis of mechanisms which could control the growth of fractures in non-homogeneous regions is of paramount importance. One such mechanism is the behavior of the fracture as it reaches a frictional interface; coupled with this is the question of re-initiation, e.g. whether a fracture can be contained within the region of initiation. Though the problems of slippage have been dealt with by other investigators, the present paper gives a more comprehensive picture and detailed treatment: effects of various frictional models at an interface are considered for a crack which intersects it at any angle; specialization then allows comparison with existing results in the literature.The problem of re-initiation, after slippage has occurred at a frictional interface, is also considered, using two different models. First, by introducing microcracks in the adjacent stratum and looking at the effects on propagation criteria and, secondly, by examining the actual distribution of the stress tangential to the slip surface; detailed computations are performed and a simple criterion for re-initiation is given, relating the re-initiation stress dominantly to the confining stress on the interface.
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  • 34
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 35
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 71-96 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The basic equations of motion for porous media were established by Biot and despite many subsequent rederivations, are, with minor modifications, relevant today. However, some changes of variables and approximations are on occasion useful, and this paper discusses the alternative forms available and their relative efficiency of solution in the numerical context. Here penaity methods prove once again useful. The paper is illustrated with examples covering phenomena of different periods ranging froms hock excitation to slow consolidation which are treated in a single unified program.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 125-140 
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    Notes: An analytical solution for rapid (undrained) expansion of a long cylindrical cavity from initially zero radius is presented. A simple rate-type soil model possessing the salient features of the modified Cambridge critical state model is used. Application of the solution to determination of the stress field surrounding a pile immediately after driving is discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 259-286 
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    Notes: A large proportion of the constitutive models currently employed in Geomechanics are based on the theory of plasticity. Owing to the limitations of the data obtained from conventional testing equipment, arbitrary assumptions are often made about the behaviour of the material in generalized stress space.In this paper it is shown that the Lode angle of the stress state at failure in plane strain deformation is dependent on the shape adopted for the plastic potential. The influence of the shape of the plastic potential in the deviatoric plane on the predicted behaviour of two boundary value problems both prior to and at failure is then considered. In both cases a form of the Modified Cam Clay model is employed to describe the soil behaviour, and numerical predictions are obtained using a finite element computer code. For drained situations it is shown that the Lode angle of the stress state at failure has a dominating influence on the predicted behaviour. However, for undrained cases the effects are not so important as long as the correct undrained strength at failure is enforced.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 141-155 
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    Notes: The stress and deformation resulting from rapidly applied axial traction on the face of a cylindrical cavity in a saturated soil are analysed. A simple rate-type constitutive model is used for the effective stress response.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 197-199 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 409-409 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 493-502 
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    Notes: A differential slice technique is applied in order to obtain the solution for the pressure distribution on rigid retaining walls. The technique is based on a statical analysis of a plane differential slice, for which only the global equilibrium is required. An analytical solution to the problem is found for a non-cohesive material and a linear slip surface. For more complicated cases the numerical solution is required.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 531-548 
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    Notes: A number of computations have been performed in order to gain an insight into whether or not the non-linear finite deformation theory must be applied in consolidation problems. These numerical experiments were preluded by tests to determine the correct model size and the fineness of the discretization. For this an analytical solution served as a gauge. The conclusion is that with stiffnesses of the order of ten times the external load, moderate deviations appear in both the effective stresses and the pore pressures.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 549-566 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: An approximate step-by-step procedure is presented for the finite element analysis of transient unconfined flow problems. At each step the free surface is modelled by means of segments coinciding with sides of the elements. This leads to an approximate but extremely simple solution scheme which can be readily incorporated into standard codes for confined analysis. The solutions of some significant problems are presented and compared with other non-approximate solutions. They show that the technique, in spite of its approximation, is capable of giving meaningful results from an engineering viewpoint.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 1-17 
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    Notes: Most deposited sands exhibit anisotropic behaviour. A plasticity model has been proposed with the capacity for simulating such anisotropic behaviour. The proposed model contains a number of coefficients of anisotropy. Methodology for determination of the coefficients of anisotropy has been discussed. Using experimental data, the coefficients of anisotropy have been determined for a number of well-known sands. Stress-dilatancy has been modelled by using the ‘normalized work’ and it has been shown that the normalized work is independent of inherent anisotropy. Finally, some reasonably close comparisons between experimental results and model simulations have been reported.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 101-123 
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    Notes: We employ a finite element method to consider the numerical solution of Aifantis' equations of double porosity.1-5 The physical and mathematical foundations of the theory of double porosity were considered in two previous papers, 6,7 where analytical solutions of the relevant equations are also given. For practical purposes and for the completeness of the presentation, we re-derive the basic equations without resorting to the more rigorous scheme of multiporosity theory.1-6 Instead, we follow the more familiar approach of Biot8,9 which we now extend from the case of single porosity to the case of double porosity. Then a general finite element formulation of the relevant eqations is thoroughly discussed and explicitly described for the two-dimensional case where four-node rectangular non-conforming isoparametric elements are employed. Three numerical examples are presented in detail to illustrate the method and assess the differences between single and double porosity models in consolidation.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 606-606 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 187-196 
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    Notes: Localization of deformation in elastic-plastic solids subject to plane strain deformation are investigated numerically. It is shown that the localization may be captured accurately in finite element models by employing (1) the elastic-plastic material stiffness to form the global stiffness, (2) in the case of symmetrical configurations, an imperfection in the form of a weak element, and (3) in the case of incompressible materials, a reduced selective integration scheme which alleviates mesh ‘locking’. Accuracy of the technique is demonstrated by applying it to analyse the classical punch and slope stability problems. Its versatility is illustrated by applying it to analyse finite deformation problems and shear bands formations in associative and non-associative elastic-plastic solids.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 225-241 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A set of coupled field equations is developed for transport of liquid brine in natural rock salt. The natural rock salt consists of individual crystals brought together so that only a portion of the crystal faces or grain boundaries contribute to the hydraulically connected pore space. Transport of brine inclusions within individual crystals is considered to be thermally driven; whereas transport along crystal interfaces or grain boundaries is considered to be pressure driven. The field equations for both transport mechanisms are developed and incorporated in a finite element program. An analytical solution to a one-dimensional boundary value problem is derived and compared to the finite element solution. An application of the finite element code to radioactive waste emplacement is briefly discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 457-471 
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    Notes: A rheological model which is able to explain the delayed failure phenomenon has been proposed and applied to the analysis of the time dependent behaviour of deep tunnels. The model is the three element Voigt type before yielding and becomes the five element Voigt type after yielding. This means that the stiffness of the model is decreased by yielding. It is assumed that the yielding takes place when the stored elastic energy density of distortion reaches a certain maximum value. Some experiments to determine material constants are proposed. The numerical results clearly exhibited a delayed failure state of the rock masses around the tunnel surface. It was found that the extension of the yielding zone due to tunnel excavation depends on the opening method.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 503-509 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 57-70 
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    Notes: The paper deals with the propagation of shock waves at the surface of soils. Heterogeneity and damping are introduced into analytical half-space solutions. The suggested model explains two phenomena, often observed with shock propagation in actual soils, that differ from the behaviour of the homogeneous half-space: the pronounced decay of the disturbances with distance and the elongation of the disturbance into a train of waves. The effects of heterogeneity and damping are discussed quantitatively.The response of footings on heterogeneous soils has been investigated by several authors. Awojobi4 considered the Gibson soil in which the shear modulus increases linearly with depth. Luco5 and Gazetas and Roesset6 investigated a multi-layered soil, the shear modulus being constant within each layer. Gazetas7, using a technique suggested by Gupta8 extended this method to layers with linearly varying shear modulus. Little work is available on the propagation of waves in heterogeneous bodies. Some results concerning the modes and the mode shapes in heterogeneous soils were reported by Ewing, Jardetzky and Press9 and Bath.10 The modes have to be superposed in an appropriate way to obtain the displacement field at the surface. This has been approximately achieved by the finite element formulations of Lysmer, 11, Lysmer and Waas12 and Waas.13 Auersch14 applied this method to a homogeneous layer on a rigid base. He found some dispersion of the Rayleigh wave within a narrow frequency range. Finite elements combined with discrete Laplace transforms, however, consume much computer time. Rao and Goda15 and Rao16 calculated surface vibrations of a half-space with exponentially varying shear modulus and density. Their method is similar to Lamb'S1 procedure for the homogeneous half-space. Only one mode-the Rayleigh wave-occurs in their heterogeneous half-space. The examples show the considerable effect of heterogeneity on wave propagation. In the present paper, more general variations of the shear modulus are considered.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 8 (1984), S. 343-357 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. ii 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 435-455 
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    Notes: The consolidation problem in a plane strain porous elastic medium is treated by adopting a consistent formulation of the finite element model. To this purpose, the fluid-phase behaviour is modelled in static terms through a piecewise linear description of the pore pressure field and the behaviour of the two-phase medium is consistently modelled through rigorously equilibrated piec̰ewise linear stress distribution.Incompressibility of the pore fluid and of the skeleton grains is assumed, as is linear elastic behaviour of the solid phase.After a compact description of the model, the governing equations for the continuum problem are recalled and the solution system for the discretized problem is obtained following Galerkin's method of weighted residuals. Some examples are finally illustrated, in order to assess the reliability of the approach and to introduce possible comparisons with other methods.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 209-223 
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    Notes: This paper examines the interaction between a rigid circular foundation resting in smooth contact with an isotropic elastic halfspace and a concentrated surface load which acts at a finite distance from the foundation. Owing to the action of the external load the rigid foundation experiences an extra settlement and a tilt. The expressions for the extra settlement and the tilt are evaluated in exact closed form. It is also shown that these deformations due to the external load satisfy Betti's reciprocal theorem. The auxiliary solution required for the application of the reciprocal theorem is derived from the analysis of the problem of a rigid circular foundation resting in smooth contact with an elastic medium and subjected to an eccentric load. The, results developed for the interaction between the rigid circular foundation and the external concentrated load are utilized to generate, among others, solutions for the settlement and tilt induced at a rigid foundation due to its interaction with uniformly or non-uniformly distributed loads with circular and square plan shapes.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 283-285 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 286-286 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 305-320 
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    Notes: An anisotropic hardening model for sand or other granular materials is presented. The state of initial densification is represented by a configuration surface and the state of loading by a loading surface in the stress space. The domain of elastic response may not exist and the irreversible strain is assumed to occur for both active and reverse loading. The derived constitutive equations are applicable both for dense and loose sands. Some model predictions are compared with available experimental data for triaxial compression and extension under undrained condition.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 321-336 
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    Notes: We extend the well-known Houblt method for dynamic vibration problems to a class of methods suitable for a variable-order variable-step computer program implementation. We discuss the numerical stability properties of these methods and derive a family of extensions with improved stability properties. Finally we present some numerical results which compare a variety of Houbolt methods with other well-known Backward Differentiation methods, demonstrating in passing the practical value of the stability, concepts.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 371-384 
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    Notes: A simple friction-contact interface element is introduced which simulates frictional slippage, separation, and re-bonding of two bodies initially mating at a common interface and subsequently deforming with an arbitrary static loading schedule. Constraint equations between initially mating node pairs and the general principle of virtual work are used to formulate the interface element for a finite element solution procedure. Some advantages of the interface element include; easy implementation intostandard finite element programs, direct determination of interface forces without round-off problems, and the generality afforded by the virtual work formulation to include other non-conservative models in the system.The application of the interface element to an idealized buried culvert problem illustrates that the model behaves properly. A second application, for a long-span culvert installation with incremental soil loading, demonstrates the importance of modelling slippage at the culvert-soil interface in order to conform with experimental observations.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 419-433 
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    Notes: This paper presents the complete formulation for the application of the Boundary Element Method to solve non-tension material problems. The formulation is based on including an extra term due to an initial stress field into the boundary integral statement. This is then used to iterate the solution until a state of non-tension is achieved. The resulting iteration process is very simple to apply and basically consists only of a single matrix-vector product. The applications show that accurate resultscan be obtained for boundary discretizations involving a small number of unknowns. Whenever possible, results are compared with analytical solutions or finite elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 499-499 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 500-501 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 139-140 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 143-171 
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    Notes: Computational procedures for implementing some constitutive models are described and introduced in three-, and two-dimensional finite element procedures; here variable moduli, Drucker-Prager, critical state and cap models are considered. Consistent numerical schemes are presented with applications to a number of example problems. These procedures can provide successful results with advanced constitutive laws for three-dimensional analysis of a wide range of non-linear problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 225-243 
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    Notes: A three-dimensional finite element program has been prepared to study the behaviour of Infiernillo dam during construction and filling of the reservoir. A linear stress-strain behaviour of materials has been assumed. The parameters are deduced from the movements measured during construction, checked with the results of oedometer tests at the laboratory. The no tension strength of granular materials has been introduced following Zienkiewicz et al.9 Collapse of the upstream shell is introduced into the calculation in a simple way from the settlement observed upon flooding under constant stress at the oedometer.A good agreement is found between measured and calculated movements.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 285-285 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 101-115 
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    Notes: Two simple constitutive laws appropriate for elastic-plastic deformation up to peak load of low porosity rocks are presented. Both laws account for mean stress dependence of yield hardening between yield and peak strength and non-associative plastic straining. The two constitutive laws are based on the Mohr-Coulomb and the Mises-Schleicher yield criteria. The yield criteria are matched at axisymmetric compression and the relationships among the constitutive parameters are given. The parameters are then evaluated for two evaporite rocks anhydrite and polyhalite based on axisymmetric compression data. Comparison of predicted stress-strain laws with those measured in the laboratory show that these laws can be used for engineering analysis.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 140-141 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 71
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 173-186 
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    Notes: The yield locus governing the stress-strain response of a soil may degrade during rebound at high overconsolidation ratios. The cause can be attributed to a breakdown in bonding. A Cam-Clay model is applied to account for the degrading yield locus, and the influence of this degradation is assessed using a theoretical approach for friction pile capacity. Stress changes in the soil continuum due to pile installation and setup are simulated by cylindrical cavity expansion and radial consolidation, anda segment loading model is used to determine the effective stress change in the soil at peak load transfer under undrained conditions. The results indicate that plastic rebound affects peak load transfer to at least the same extent as shear strength.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 397-418 
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    Notes: A new framework for the development of constitutive models based on certain aspects of physical theories of plasticity is proposed. The resulting Multi-laminate model of clays has the same response as the Critical state model provided no rotation of principal stress axes takes place during plastic flow.The influence of rotation of the principal stress axes on the volumetric and deviatoric plastic strains has been numerically evaluated. In undrained saturated, normally consolidated clays considerable excess pore pressure may build up due to rotation of the principal axes only. Numerical studies of the collapse of footings indicate that significant rotations do not take place in this class of problems and consequently the collapse load is only marginally reduced.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 469-484 
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    Notes: A constitutive model is described for the prediction of dynamic crack formation in geological media. The model includes a simple tensile failure criterion for crack formation and a soil plasticity model for both deviatoric and volumetric plasticity. Numerical results are presented which show that the model reproduces the observed dependence of fracture formation on loding rate for dynamic pressure loading of boreholes. The use of the model as a numerical tool for design is demonstrated through two example parameter studies.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 500-500 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 19-38 
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    Notes: The combined isotropic-kinematic hardening rule for clays is presented using the concept of a multisurface model discussed previously in Reference 1. The mechanical behaviour of clays after one-dimensional consolidation is next simulated for the axisymmetric stress stress state. A general three-dimensional formulation of constitutive relations is also presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 75-86 
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    Notes: Two finite element algorithms suitable for long term simulation of geothermal reservoirs are presented. Both methods use a diagonal mass matrix and a Newton iteration scheme. The first scheme solves the 2N unsymmetric algebraic equations resulting from the finite element discretization of the equations governing the flow of heat and mass in porous media by using a banded equation solver. The second method, suitable for problems in which the transmissibility terms are small compared to the accumulation terms, reduces the set of N equations for the Newton corrections to a symmetric system. Comparison with finite difference schemes indicates that the proposed algorithms are competitive with existing methods.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 135-139 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 245-268 
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    Notes: Using the correspondence principle of viscoelasticity the Displacement Discontinuity Method has been extended to model the rate-dependent behaviour of a jointed rock mass. The intact rock is assumed to behave as a linear viscoelastic material while, in general, a non-linear rate-dependent behaviour of the rock joints can be accounted for. A number of numerical examples are presented which illustrate the accuracy and potential of the method for analysing complex engineering problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 273-281 
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    Notes: In many cases the analysis of the consolidation of axi-symmetric bodies subjected to non axi-symmetric loading may be carried out without recourse to a full three-dimensional treatment. Advantage may be taken of the axi-symmetric nature of the body and field quantities such as displacement and pore pressure can be given a Fourier representation. The problem is then reduced from one in three spatial dimensions (r, θ, z) and the time domain to one in two spatial dimensions (r, z) and the time domain.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. i 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 337-356 
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    Notes: A theory describing plastic deformation of granular (purely frictional) materials is presented. The theory is developed from postulates for energy dissipation and for the mode of plastic deformation. The postulates are based on some restrictions for the properties of granular materials and on a frictional analogy. A distinction is made between the description of plastic behaviour of a locally homogeneous and a locally non-homogeneous material. An interpretation of the deformation process is presented which implies that the theory accounts for the changes in the density of some local non-homogeneities underlying a plastic hardening effect. Based on this interpretation, an analogy between elastic-plastic behaviour of granular materials and frictional, sliding of two solid bodies is assumed. In the general case, the presented constitutive equations describe two hardening (softening) effects and are capable of describing both initial and advanced plastic deformations. A special, simplest form of the constitutive equations is examined in detail and a yield condition and a stress-strain relationship are derived. An example of elastic-plastic stress-strain-strength behaviour is presented for the cuboidal loading conditions.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 395-395 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. i 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 485-492 
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    Notes: This paper deals with the plane plastic equilibrium of a cohesive frictional material in the case of a jump non-homogeneity. Three types of interface separating rigid-plastic bodies with different material parameters are distinguished: (i) a perfect adhesion contact, (ii) a thin layer of a material different from the adjacent bodies, (iii) a combined frictional-adhesive contact. A sliding along the interface may occur if certain conditions are satisfied. For the first two types of joint, the direction and propagation of the velocity jump vector along the interface follow from the classical theory of plane plastic flow. In the third case, the potential sliding rule relating the velocity jump vector to the limit condition of the joint, or to the potential different from the limit condition, may be adopted. The direction of the velocity jump vector results from such a rule.The problem of stability of a slope, being continuously non-homogeneous in one region, and homogeneous in another, is shown in an example. The two regions of the slope are separated by the interface, a thin layer of a different material, (type ii). The associated flow law for both regions of the slope and for the material of the interface is assumed.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 117-127 
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    Notes: A coupled finite element-rigid block model for the transient analysis of caverns in jointed media is presented. This coupling permits the modelling of lined openings in a jointed rock mass as well as the propagation of stress waves to the cavern. Both the finite element and the rigid block algorithms employ explicit time integration; an efficient, stable scheme is developed for coupling the two algorithms. Two numerical examples are given: one is a simple validation, the second is a representation of a lined cavern in a sparsely jointed medium.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 457-468 
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    Notes: This paper sets forth the theoretical background and basic numerical expressions for the incorporation of elastic-plastic constitutive equations for ductile rock into a finite element computer code. The derivation of an expression for the total strain rate is performed both for a total stress formulation and for a formulation that employs the concept of effective stress for inelastic behaviour. Specific expressions for the incremental strain rate are presented for the case of a porous material having a quadratic initial yield surface and observing the associated flow rule with a special hardening law for subsequent plastic deformation. A final section of the paper summarizes the expressions required to insert the quadratic yield surface model into a finite element code.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 493-498 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 1-7 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The Finite Element Method is frequently used to analyse problems involving an ‘infinite domain’. A typical problem is an underground excavation in prestressed infinite medium in either tunnelling or mining operations or a foundation in an infinite half space.This paper examines the implications of mesh truncation on the accuracy of the accuracy of the solution.At the same time, a more economical and accurate method of analysing these problems using special ‘infinite domain’ Finite Elements is presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 57-74 
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    Notes: The problem of an impervious dam on a poro-elastic foundation is solved analytically. Using the known solution for the fluid pressure in the pores, the elastostatic stress field in the solid skeleton is analysed by reduction to two simpler problems whose solutions can be obtained by complex variable techniques. For welded contact, the rotation of the dam base is then found along with the stresses and strains in the ground. Modification for finite friction along the base is outlined in the appendix.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 187-207 
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    Notes: The behaviour of a cylindrical liquid storage tank resting on a deep homogeneous elastic layer is examined. The analysis employs a substructure approach and proceeds by examining the behaviour of the tank base, the tank walls and the soil separately and developing flexibility matrices for each of these components. These flexibility matrices are then assembled and the complete soil structure system analysed.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 39-55 
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    Notes: The theory of consolidation is extended to partly saturated clay soils, and formulated for finite element analyses. This formulation couples the effects of both stress and flow. It takes account of variations of this permeability of the soil and compressibility of the pore fluid with changes in void ratio, and the non-linear stress-strain behaviour of soil. The Cam Clay model is revised to model the stress-strain behaviour of compacted soils. The compressibility of pore fluid is derived using Boyle's Law and Henry's Law, taking into account the effect of surface tension. An empirical equation is developed for permeability of pore fluid. An example of settlement of a footing on partly saturated soil is described and discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 87-100 
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    Notes: A characteristic common to most mine tailings dam failures is that the mine tailings tend to liquefy and flow over substantial distances, with the potential for extensive damage to property and life. In order to be able to assess the potential for damage in case of such a failure, it is necessary to be able to predict the characteristics of the flow and the possible extent of flood movement. A procedure that has some potential for such flow analyses is described in this paper. When fluid resistanceis neglected, the solution of the simple dam-break problem is readily found using the shallow water theory. However, near the head of the mine waste dam-break flood wave the laminar resistance resistance effects are appreciable. In this paper the retardation of the wave-front behind the position predicted by the inviscid shallow water theory is found.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 129-134 
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    Notes: The problem of the critical height of a vertical cut in a purely cohesive medium has been repeatedly dealt with by several authors and, in spite of its apparent simplicity, the characterization of satisfactory solutions has presented, for a considerable period, notable difficulties. The present paper supplies the results obtained with a numerical method, which has so far been applied successfully to a considerable number of problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 269-272 
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    Notes: This paper corrects an impression, created by a recent contribution to the International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, that the mathematical equivalence of the direct and indirect boundary element methods for the diffusion equation implies that their respective computational needs with regard to the body integral terms are equal. It is shown that in a stepwise implementation of the numerical procedure for solving a finite body problem, indirect methods requirean integration over an infinite region and not merely over the body as is the case for the direct version.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 286-286 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 289-303 
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    Notes: This paper describes the flow behaviour of certain non-Newtonian fluids through a porous medium. A generalized Bingham rheological model of power-law in the presence of a yield stress has been considered. Several problems of fluid mechanics, which appear currently in oil reservoir engineering, have been investigated and the rheological behaviour effect has been emphasized. The short time solutions have been formulated in terms of a moving boundary problem. The approximate solutions in a closed formwere obtained by means of the integral method. Several dimensionless groups have been found to be relevant in evaluating the rheological effect on the steady and unsteady and unsteady flow behaviour. The deviation from Newtonian flow behaviour has been illustrated using several numerical examples.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 357-370 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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