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  • Articles  (1,518)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (1,518)
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  • 1960-1964  (1,518)
  • 1940-1944
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  • 1963  (1,518)
  • Natural Sciences in General  (744)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (442)
  • Geosciences  (190)
  • Economics  (142)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • Articles  (1,518)
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  • 2020-2022
  • 2010-2014
  • 1960-1964  (1,518)
  • 1940-1944
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 3 (1963), S. 168-170 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Verfasser haben ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung der fluoreszierenden Stoffe des Tabakrauchs im Blut ausgearbeitet. Sie haben nachgewiesen, daß die fluoreszierenden Stoffe des Tabaks im Blut erscheinen. Fünf Minuten nach Rauchen einer Zigarette erreicht die Konzentration der fluoreszierenden Stoffe des Tabaks im Blut ihr Maximum. Dann nimmt die Konzentration dieser Stoffe stufenweise ab und in ungefähr 40–60 Min. verschwinden sie restlos aus dem Blute. Verfasser haben die Menge sämtlicher fluoreszierenden Stoffe des Tabaks mit Hilfe einer Coumarin-Eichkurve in Coumarinγ% ausgedrückt. Verfasser machen darauf aufmerksam, daß die fluoreszierenden Stoffe des Tabaks die Bestimmung der Katecholamine beeinträchtigen können, und das um so mehr, da — laut ihrer Versuche — der Tabak selbst eine beträchtliche Steigerung der Blutkatecholamm-Konzentration verursacht.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Spaltung von bei 180° geblasenen, epoxydierten, hydroxylierten und bestrahltem Sojaöl durch hochgereinigte Präparate von Pankreaslipase und Leberesterase in vitro ist geringfügig vermindert. Dieser Befund gibt keine Erklärung für die verschlechterte Resorption der autoxydierten und bestrahlten Öle.
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  • 3
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    European journal of nutrition 4 (1963), S. 52-61 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 4
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    European journal of nutrition 4 (1963), S. 63-172 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 5
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    European journal of nutrition 4 (1963), S. 50-52 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 6
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    European journal of nutrition 3 (1963), S. 148-155 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 7
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    European journal of nutrition 3 (1963), S. 158-163 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund des Bedarfs an essentiellen Aminosäuren bei wachsenden Ratten und an Hand rezenter Analysezahlen wurde die Chemical Score für 36 Proteine neu berechnet. Wir berechneten ebenfalls eine Regressionsgleichung: Biologische Wertigkeit =5,3 +0,93. Chemical ScoreR=+0,975. Zwei Tatsachen wurden dargelegt: 1. die besten Referenzzahlen zum Bestimmen der Chemical Score ergeben sich aus dem Bedarf an essentiellen Aminosäuren; 2. an Hand der Analysezahlen ist es möglich, die Biologische Wertigkeit eines Proteins zu berechnen.
    Notes: Summary Basing on the amount of essential amino acids needed by the growing rat and on recent analytical figures, the chemical score of 36 proteins was recalculated. A regression equation was calculated: Biological value = 5,3+0,93. Chemical Score withr=+0,975. Two facts were demonstrated: 1. for determining the chemical score, the best reference figures result from the need of essential amino acids; 2. it is possible, on the basis of analytical figures, to calculate the biological value of a protein.
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  • 8
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    European journal of nutrition 3 (1963), S. 164-167 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde mit 2,5; 10 und 50 Mrad bestrahltes Sojaöl 3 Wochen lang zu 20% im Futter an erwachsene weibliche Ratten verfüttert und anschließend der Lipidgehalt des Serums untersucht. Bei denjenigen Tieren, die mit 10 Mrad bestrahltes Sojaöl erhalten hatten, fand sich eine Abnahme des Gesamtcholesterins von 43,1 auf 35,6 mg% und eine Erhöhung des Gesamtlipids von 240 auf 300 mg% sowie eine Erhöhung des Lipid-P von 3,85 auf 4,14 mg%. Diejenigen Ratten, die mit 50 Mrad bestrahltes Sojaöl erhalten hatten, zeigten keine Veränderung des Lipidgehaltes im Serum. Dies wird auf eine verminderte Resorption des höher bestrahlten Öles zurückgeführt.
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  • 9
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    European journal of nutrition 3 (1963), S. 140-147 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wenn die Kühe kontinuierlich mit solchen Mengen von Kaliumrhodanid gefüttert werden (resp. 1,5 und 3,0 g SCN−), welche der aus 15–30 kg Markstammkohl oder Kohlrübe pro Tag entstehenden Quantität entsprechen, steigt die Konzentration von Rhodanid in der Milch unter gleichzeitiger Senkung des Jodgehalts. Wenn die Fütterung von Rhodanid nicht mehr fortgesetzt wird, steigt der Jodgehalt stark über das Anfangsniveau während ein paar Tagen. Die Resultate weisen darauf hin, daß dies auf einen Mechanismus zurückzuführen sei, der die Jodidaufnahme der Milchdrüse regelt.
    Notes: Summary When cows are continuously fed amounts of potassium thiocyanate corresponding to the quantity formed from 15–30 kg of the marrow kale or rutabaga per day (1.5 and 3.0 g of SCN−, respectively), the thiocyanate concentration in the milk rises and the iodine content of the milk decreases. When the feeding of thiocyanate is discontinued, the iodine content of the milk rises much above the initial level during a few days. The results suggest that this is due to a mechanism that regulates the uptake of iodide by the mammary gland.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The influence of oxytetracycline (0,025 and 2,0 g resp./kg diet) has been examined in growing rats fed ad libitum a fat free diet poor in proteins. We determined the content of liverlipids and serum cholesterol. High doses of antibiotics produced an increase of liverlipids. Low doses as well as high doses of oxytetracycline caused a significant decrease of serum cholesterol level.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einfluß von Oxytetracyclin (0,025 resp. 2,0 g/kg Futter) bei ad-libitum-Ernährung mit einer alipotropen, eiweißarmen, praktisch fettfreien Diät auf Leberlipid- und Serumcholesteringehalt der wachsenden Ratte untersucht. Niedrige Antibiotikum-Dosen beeinflußten die sich bei Cholinmangel-Tieren entwickelnde Lebersteatose nicht; hohe Dosen steigerten die Verfettung wesentlich. Sowohl niedrige als hohe Oxytetracyclin-Dosen führten zu einer signifikanten Verminderung des Serumcholesterin-Gehaltes.
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  • 11
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    European journal of nutrition 4 (1963), S. 42-49 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Polyenfettsäure-Zusammensetzung der Lipide aus Gehirn, Leber, Lunge, Milz und Depot von weiblichen E-Mangel-Ratten erfuhr nach Tocopherolgaben bis zur völligen Heilung der Mangelsymptome keine signifikanten Veränderungen. Während 140 Tagen Vitamin E-arm ernährte Batten erhielten mit oder ohne Tocopherol, Linolsäure-reiches öl. Es trat nach drei Wochen eine Anreicherung der Leberfettsäuren an Linol- und Arachidonsäure ein. Die Gehalte an letzterer waren bei den Tieren, die Vitamin E bekamen, signifikant geringer. Die Bildung der Arachidonsäure aus Linolsäure wird demnach durch Vitamin E gehemmt. Auf Grund der Aktivität der Exspirationskohlensäure besteht im zeitlichen Abbau oral verabreichter U14C-signierter ölsäure bei Vitamin E-Mangeltieren gegenüber Kontrollen kein Unterschied.
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  • 12
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    European journal of nutrition 4 (1963), S. 34-42 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mittels einer Methode, die es gestattet, beliebig oft Lösungen in das Caecum der Ratte zu injizieren, wurde untersucht, ob der Dickdarm in der Lage ist, Thiamin, Pantothensäure, Vitamin A undΒ-Carotin zu resorbieren. Für alle untersuchten Substanzen konnte eine Resorption nachgewiesen werden. Bei Vitamin A wurde weiterhin der Einfluß verschiedener Lösungsformen, bei Vitamin A undΒ-Carotin der Einfluß gleichzeitiger Gaben eines schwerresorbierbaren Sulfonamids auf die Resorption ermittelt.
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  • 13
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    Papers in regional science 10 (1963), S. 51-60 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
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  • 14
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    Papers in regional science 10 (1963), S. 61-75 
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  • 15
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    Papers in regional science 10 (1963), S. 83-132 
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  • 16
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    Papers in regional science 11 (1963), S. 99-109 
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  • 17
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    Papers in regional science 11 (1963), S. 145-165 
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  • 18
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    Papers in regional science 11 (1963), S. 121-143 
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  • 19
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    Papers in regional science 11 (1963), S. 111-119 
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  • 20
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    Papers in regional science 11 (1963), S. 167-193 
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  • 21
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    Papers in regional science 11 (1963), S. 195-210 
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  • 22
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    Papers in regional science 11 (1963), S. 211-214 
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  • 23
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    Papers in regional science 11 (1963), S. 229-250 
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  • 24
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    Papers in regional science 11 (1963), S. 251-284 
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    Papers in regional science 11 (1963), S. 215-227 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Conclusion In limited fashion we have been exploring two aspects of man's perception of his environment that contribute to regional differences in flood plain management. In one example we suggest that the perceived frequency of flooding is not a continuous function, but in the cases studied appears to fall within discrete classes. These perceived classes and their related adjustments distinguish areal differences in flood plain management. In the second example, we have speculated on the impact of perceived regional opportunities incorporated in river basin development. Here we suggested that while river basins possess unique opportunities, the importance of these may change adversely through time. These are changes that to some extent are concealed by our favorable perception.
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  • 26
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    Papers in regional science 11 (1963), S. 285-294 
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  • 27
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    Papers in regional science 11 (1963), S. 295-308 
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  • 28
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    Papers in regional science 11 (1963), S. 309-334 
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  • 29
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    Papers in regional science 10 (1963), S. 1-7 
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    Papers in regional science 10 (1963), S. 47-49 
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  • 31
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    Papers in regional science 10 (1963), S. 77-81 
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  • 32
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    Papers in regional science 10 (1963), S. 153-156 
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    Papers in regional science 10 (1963), S. 133-141 
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  • 34
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    Papers in regional science 10 (1963), S. 143-151 
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  • 35
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    Papers in regional science 10 (1963), S. 163-187 
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  • 36
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    Papers in regional science 10 (1963), S. 189-191 
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    Papers in regional science 10 (1963), S. 157-162 
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  • 38
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    Papers in regional science 10 (1963), S. 207-221 
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  • 39
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    Papers in regional science 10 (1963), S. 223-228 
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    Papers in regional science 10 (1963), S. 193-206 
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    Papers in regional science 11 (1963), S. 85-97 
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    Papers in regional science 11 (1963), S. 5-13 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 54 (1963), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The relations of the defining parameters of a geodetic system to the deflections of the vertical in this system given byVening Meinesz have been used in the computation of a best fitting ellipsoid. The data was that used byHayford in the computation of the resulting International Ellipsoid. Assuming the undulation (N 0) at Meades Ranch to be zero, the results are: a=6,378,194 m and l/f=299.9. This a is much nearer to modern values than that of the Internaitonal Ellipsoid. If a flattening of 1/298.24 is fixed andN 0=+3m,a=6,378,164 m which differs by one meter from a recent determination given byKaula.
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  • 44
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    Notes: Summary Correlation between some physical and chemical variables, measured at 28 stations of the United States Weather Bureau Network, and seasonal and annual frequencies of precipitation, has been attempted with the aim of gaining insight into the bearing of such variables, on occurrence of precipitation. — Concurrent trends of frequencies with local temperature functions, altitude parameters, precipitable water vapour increments, and some chemical species have been found.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 42-52 
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    Notes: Summary In this paper, surface displacements of theSH type of motion due to time-dependent body forces and due to sudden introduction of a discontinuity in the shearing stress in a semi-infinite, homogeneous, isotropic, viscoelastic medium have been worked out by the use of Laplace and Fourier transforms. The displacements due to a point force and due to a stress discontinuity over a fixed region have been calculated numerically.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The influence of the ocean Tides on horizontal pendulum measurements in Sclaigneaux (Belgium), Freiberg (Germany) and Brezove Hory (CSR) is calculated by aid of tidal charts of the corresponding oceans. It is shown that the Northcomponent of Earth Tide Measurements in continental Europe is relatively smally affected by influences of the ocean Tides.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Um eine Vorstellung von der Wirkung der Anziehungskräfte der Meeresgezeiten auf die Registrierungen der Erdgezeiten in kontinentalen europäischen Stationen zu gewinnen, wurde die maritime Attraktion für die Horizontalpendelstationen Sclaigneaux (Belgien), Freiberg (Deutschland) und Brezove Hory (CSR) mit Hilfe von Meeresgezeitenkarten berechnet. Es zeigt sich dabei, daß der Meereseinfluß in den Nordkomponenten relativ gering ist, so daß in den kontinentalen (Küstenentfernung 〉800 km) europäischen Stationen lediglich die Westkomponenten der Erdgezeitenregistrierungen stark verfälscht werden.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 16-20 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary From a study of the Love wave dispersion in a single layer model it is shown that the shape of the dispersion curves is very insensitive to the changes in the density ratio. The bilogarithmic grids giving dispersion curves for different shear velocity ratios and a mean density ratio of 1.20 should be sufficient for interpretation by the method of curve matching. Such grids and the numerical data are given both for the phase velocity and the group velocity. An example is given illustrating the use of these grids.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 31-36 
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    Notes: Summary The possibility of propagation of Love waves in a non-homogeneous internal stratum of finite depth lying between two semi-infinite isotropic media has been studied in this paper. The density and rigidity of the internal stratum are taken to vary exponentially with depth.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 21-30 
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    Notes: Summary The stress and strain fields in various earth models are studied under the assumption of an elastic mantle and the existence of thermal stresses which are proportional to the difference between the initial and present temperatures. The thermoelastic equilibrium equation for a 49-layered earth with spherical symmetry is integrated and programmed for various combinations of velocities, densities and temperatures. Results show that the strains in the upper mantle depend to a great extent on the thermal model. Central radial strain ranges from 5.2 to 7.3 per cent and the central pressure ranges between 3.1 and 3.7×1012 dynes/cm2 for all models. It is established that the thermal history of the earth could not have changedBullen's pressures by more than 0.4×1012 dynes/cm2.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 37-41 
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    Notes: Summary The elastic displacement field around a uniformly moving edge dislocation has been obtained for the case where the dislocation glides on thezx-plane parallel to they-axis in alluvional soil. The corresponding limiting dislocation velocity has been discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 53-62 
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    Notes: Summary Problem of transmission of pressure due to surface waves, to the ocean bottom has been discussed. It has been shown that instability in storm troubled surface area really helps in producing microseisms, for then there is facility for pressure being transmitted to the bottom. Considering non-uniform rate of change of sound velocity inside the ocean, the condition derived for transmission of pressure to the bottom is that waves of at least 700 ft long wavelengths should be produced by the storm.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 63-71 
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    Notes: Summary Propagation of dilational waves in radial directions from a spherical cavity in a medium with velocity varying periodically with distance has been considered. It has been shown that when the wave-length of the propagating wave is twice the wave-length of variation of the velocity in the medium the displacement even at a large distance is very great.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 175-199 
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    Notes: Summary In order to interpret the observed features of pressure records produced by waves from large explosions in the earth's atmosphere, the writers have obtained numerical solutions of the homogeneous equations governing acoustic-gravity wave propagation in a stratified compressible fluid. Theoretical dispersion curves and variations of perturbation kinetic energy with altitude are presented for 11 normal modes. It is shown that the step-like character of the phase velocity curves in the velocity-period plane can be interpreted as being the result of interference between two families of normal modes-«quasi-horizontal modes» representing energy propagation in the lower atmosphere (below the ozonosphere) and «quasi-vertical modes» representing energy propagation in the upper atmosphere (above the ozonosphere). The theoretical prediction that several normal modes contribute to the observed barogram traces is verified by Fourier analysis of a number of wave records.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 217-238 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The equations concerning the micro- and macroturbulent «austausch» and transport of water in its three phases are represented by using weighted vectors of instantaneous and average velocities. Usual defects in treating the eddy diffusion of water vapour next to the bottom by applying the theory ofWilhelm Schmidt are discussed as well as some problems in the estimation of evaporation minus precipitation of large areas from the transport of water in the atmosphere.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Gleichungen für den mikro- und makroturbulenten Austausch und Transport von Wasser in gasförmiger, flüssiger und fester Form werden unter Benutzung abgewogener Augenblicks- und Mittelwerte des Geschwindigkeitsvektors dargestellt. Fragwürdigkeiten bei der Behandlung des bodennahen Wasserdampfaustausches nach dem Vorgang vonWilh. Schmidt und einige Probleme bei der Ermittlung von Verdunstung minus Niederschlag größerer Gebiete aus dem atmosphärischen Wassertransport werden erörtet.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 209-216 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Evaluations of wind measurements of the North American Meteorological Rocket Network gave a picture of seasonal variation of the mean winds in stratosphere and mesosphere. The upper part of Fig. 1 refers to the northern stations (Fort Churchill and Fort Greely), the lower part to all others rocket bases. The periods in which the general circulation changes from west to east and from east to west were investigated by half-month means (Figs. 2–4). With the help of the null layer conception — a persistent wind extrem layer reverses the large scale vertical motion — it was possible to derive a scheme of the general circulation of the nontropical latitudes for spring and fall (Figs. 5-a and b).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Auswertungen von Raketenmessungen aus den Zeiten der Zirkulationsumstellungen oberhalb 20 km in Frühling und Herbst lassen den Mechanismus dieser Umstellungen erkennen. Sie machen es mit Hilfe der Nullschichtkonzeption möglich, Schemata der allgemeinen Zirkulation der aussertropischen Breiten für die Umstellungszeiten zu gewinnen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 200-208 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a utilisé une année d'enregistrement du nombre des noyaux de condensation à l'aide d'un compteur photoéléctrique pour examiner si un effet de lavage se manifeste lors de précipitations, de brouillards ou d'orages. Par temps de pluie, orageuse ou pas, ainsi que par brouillard intense, l'on peut constater un faible effet de lavage, respectivement de sédimentation. Lors de chutes de neige, par contre, un effet d'entraînement de noyaux de condensation ne peut être mis en évidence. Quoiqu'il en soit, un fort apport de nouveaux noyaux doit intervenir durant les phénomènes étudiés.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Anhand einer einjährigen Registrierung der Kondensationskerne mit einem photoelektrischen Zähler wurde der Auswascheffekt bei Niederschlägen, Nebeln und Gewittern untersucht. Bei Regen, mit und ohne Gewitter, sowie bei starken Nebeln, zeigt sich ein schwacher Auswasch- bzw. Sedimentationseffekt. Bei Schneefällen ist ein Ausfälleffekt nicht eindeutig feststellbar. Auf jeden Fall ist auch während des Bestehens der hier untersuchten Phänomene ein Kernnachschub noch relativ stark.
    Notes: Summary Recordings of the number of condensation nuclei with a photoelectric counter during one year have been used to examine whether there exist a washout-effect during precipitations, fogs and thunderstorms. Rain, with or without thunderstorm and heavy fog show indeed a weak washout-effect, respectively a sedimentation; during snowfall a precipitation-effect cannot be proved. In any case a strong replacement of condensation nucleis ought to take place during the above mentioned phenomena.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 262-262 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 239-248 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The annual variation of circumglobal radiation in El Salvador, depending on the seasonal change of solar height, cloudiness and turbidity, is discussed. The relation between the radiation received on a sphere and a horizontal surface on the other hand, is examined with respect to seasonal change of solar height; global radiation is to be determined from measurements of circumglobal radiation with satisfactory accuracy. The relation between circumglobal radiation and sunshine duration or cloud conditions, changes throughout the year, according to mean solar height; uncomplete series of circumglobal radiation can be reduced after records of the duration of sunshine.
    Abstract: Resumen El transcurso anual de la radiación circumglobal en El Salvador es discutido con referencia a la variación anual de la altura del Sol, la nubosidada y la turbiedad. La relación entre la cantidad de radiación recibida por una esfera y una superficie horizontal, por otra parte, es investigada con respecto al cambio estacional de la altura del sol; resulta que la radiación global es a determiner con satisfactoria exactitud. a base de mediciones de la radiación circunglobal. La relación entre radiación circunglobal y duración del brillo solar o nubosidad, respectivamente, varía segun la estación del año, correspondientemente a la altura media del sol; series cortos o incompletos de la radiación circunglobal pueden ser reducidas segun registros de la duración de la luz solar.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Jahresverlauf der Zirkumglobalstrahlung in El Salvador wird in seiner Abhängigkeit vom Jahresgang der Sonnenhöhe, den Bewölkungs- und Trübungsverhältnissen diskutiert. Der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Strahlungsgenuss einer Kugel und einer horizontalen Fläche wird im Hinblick auf die jahreszeitlich wechselnde Sonnenhöhe untersucht; es zeigt sich, dass die Globalstrahlung mit befriedigender Genauigkeit aus Messungen der Zirkumglobalstrahlung zu bestimmen ist. Die Beziehung zwischen Zirkumglobalstrahlung und Sonnenscheindauer bzw. Bewölkungsverhältnissen wechselt jahreszeitlich, entsprechend den mittleren Sonnenhöhen, und gestattet, lückenhafte Messreihen der Zirkumglobalstrahlung nach Registrierungen der Sonnenscheindauer zu reduzieren.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 263-271 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 249-261 
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    Notes: Summary The geometry of the principal Upper High (near the Indian Occean) in the 300–100 mb layer appears to account for the Southern Oscillation (S.O.), and models of its behaviour are presented. Significant features of these models include the equatorial points of upper convergence (C) and divergence (D), a pressure discontinuity (CNDS) forming «arcs» and an «enclosure» around the high, and, lastly, encircling «crescents» both outside and inside the enclosure. The geography of the seasonal sucession can thus—in a qualitative manner—be interpreted in the light of known wind and contour patterns near the tropopause. With a few general principles, the established empirical rules of long-range forecasting then follow by deduction. The models and the terminology are useful likewise in the interpretation of solar-terrestrial relations and of climatic fluctuations.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 56 (1963), S. 58-66 
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    Notes: Summary A study is made of the dynamic similarity conditions obtaining in a variety of erosional processes. The pertinent equations for each type of process are written in dimensionless form; the similarity conditions can then easily be deduced. The processes treated are: raindrop action, slope evolution and river erosion.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 56 (1963), S. 31-38 
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    Notes: Summary In this note the surface displacement for an elastic half-space due to a finite cylindrical source has been calculated in exact terms. The source consists of outward body forces acting on the surface of the right circular cylinder, one end of which is parallel to the free surface of the half-space.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 56 (1963), S. 53-57 
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    Notes: Summary The paper deals with the disturbances in an infinite slab of finite thickness, the medium being homogeneous, isotropic and perfectly elastic.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 56 (1963), S. 39-52 
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    Notes: Summary In the present paper the small strain theory has been applied to find the stresses and deformation in the interior of the earth models corresponding to different non-uniform density distributions when the elastic parameters are not constant. The case of uniform density distribution in the interior of the earth assumed to be a self-gravitating isotropic sphere has also been considered in the light of the same theory.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 56 (1963), S. 115-122 
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    Notes: Summary Measurements of thermal gradients and rock conductivity in the steam field of Larderello, along a cross section of about 12 km length, reveal a great anomaly of terrestrial heat flow. Heat flow varies between 6 and 14μ cal-cm2 sec, while thermal gradients are between 200 and 800 deg C-km. The measurements show that heat flow values characterize better the productive areas than thermal gradient anomalies. Knowing the heat flow it is possible to set up the thermal balance of the steam producing area, which is of considerable importance in planning the production of the steam field.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 56 (1963), S. 93-100 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Tiefenabhängigkeit der Deformationsauslösung in allen Erdbeben mit Magnitude 7 und darüber, im Zeitraum 1918–1952 untersucht. Die Deformationsauslösung hat ein ausgesprochenes Maximum in den obersten 75 km. Sie nimmt im Tiefenbereich zwischen 75 und 400 km exponential mit der Tiefe ab, wobei sich ein Minimum, das der Schicht mit niedriger Wellengeschwindigkeit entspricht, schwach andeutet, und ein zweites Minimum bei 275 km liegt. Nach einem ausgeprägten Minimum zwischen 400 und 475 km Tiefe, steigt die Deformationsauslösung erneut, etwa exponential, im Tiefenbereich zwischen 475 und 650 km an, und nimmt danach schnell ab. Der Verlauf der Deformationsauslösung in Abhängigkeit von der Tiefe wird an Hand der physikalischen Verhältnisse im Erdkörper, sowie der Intensität der Deformationsaufspeicherung gedeutet. Insbesondere wird der Anstieg zwischen 475 und 650 km einer Änderung der Temperatur und des Druckes mit der Tiefe, bei Phasensprung und möglicher Änderung in der Zusammensetzung des Materials zugeschrieben. Die Tiefenabhängigkeit der Anzahl der Beben und der Deformationsauslösung verlaufen annähernd parallel; die mittlere Deformationsauslösung pro Erdbeben zeigt lediglich eine unbedeutende Abnahme mit der Tiefe.
    Notes: Summary The world-wide strain release in relation to focal depth has been calculated for all shocks with magnitude 7 and over for the interval 1918–1952. The strain exhibits a strong maximum in the uppermost 75 km of the earth; it decreases exponentially with depth between 75 and 400 km, with an unimportant minimum corresponding to the asthenosphere low-velocity layer and another minimum at 275 km; after a pronounced minimum between 400 and 475 km it increases again approximately exponentially between 475 and 650 km, after which it drops rapidly to zero. The shape of the strain-depth curve is interpreted in terms of the physical conditions and the intensity of strain accumulation. In particular, the increase between 475 and 650 km is ascribed to a combined effect of temperature and pressure variation with depth with related phase changes and possible changes in composition. The depth curve for the number of shocks is nearly parallel to the strain-depth curve, and the average strain per earthquake shows only an insignificant decrease with depth.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 54 (1963), S. 6-24 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary UsingHough's theory of dynamic tides the influence of the free oceans on the horizontal components of earth tides is investigated. It is shown that the investigated anomalies and differences in the horizontal pendulum measurements can not be entirely interpreted as influence of the oceanic tides but reveal an influence of the structure of the earth crust.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Unter Zugrundelegung der dynamischen Gezeitentheorie wird der Einfluß der großen Ozeane auf die Messung der horizontalen Erdgezeitenkomponenten untersucht. Es zeigt sich, daß die Unterschiede zwischen den in der Nord-Süd-Richtung und den in der Ost-West-Richtung berechneten Verminderungsfaktoren $$\gamma = \frac{{beobachtete Amplitude}}{{theorestiche Amplitude}}$$ der Erdgezeiten nicht allgemein auf den Einfluß der Meeresgezeiten zurückgeführt werden können. Vielmehr deutet der Vergleich von beobachteter Gezeitendeformation mit der aus den astronomischen Daten theoretisch berechneten Deformation darauf hin, daß die Struktur der Erdkruste die Horizontalpendelmessungen wesentlich beeinflußt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 54 (1963), S. 64-76 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Experiments made for obtain the thermal conductivity of different kinds of italian rocks are described and discussed. The effect of schistosity was derived for slate rocks and it can be represented with the formula:k α=k 90+m cos α, where α is the angle between the direction of thermal flux and the plain of stratification, whereasm is a constant characterizing the schistosity.
    Notes: Riassunto Il lavoro riguarda una serie di misure su campioni di 5 tipi diversi di rocce italiane aventi lo scopo di determinare la rispettiva conducibilità termica. Dopo la descrizione dell'apparecchiatura usata, vengono esposti i risultati ottenuti, analizzando in dettaglio l'influenza della scistosità. In base alle misure fatte su campioni di ardesia questa influenza può esprimersi con la formola:k α=k 90+m cos α, dove α è l'angolo fra la direzione del flusso termico ed il piano di stratificazione, mentrem è una costante caratteristica della scistosità.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 54 (1963), S. 25-30 
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    Notes: Summary A new circuit is suggested which allows the seismographs to afford a flat response to the ground displacement and to the ground velocity. The circuit is based on a rigorous integrator and it fits to any pendulum's damping.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 54 (1963), S. 31-52 
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    Notes: Summary In this paper the problem of a point source of stress moving over the surface of a thick aelotropic plate resting of a rigid foundation has been considered. Following the method ofAleksandrov & Vorovich (1960) the stress componentsZ x andZ z have been expanded in series of ascending powers of 1/h when the source velocity is less than (c 44/ρ)1/2. When the velocity exceeds (c 44/ρ)1/2 it has been shown that two cracks are produced in different directions and their successive reflections at the upper and lower surface are also obtained.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 54 (1963), S. 84-86 
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    Notes: Summary It is shown that the dispersion curve of Rayleigh waves of an Earthquake of Haiti as observed in Budapest agrees well with those obtained byEwing &Press, as well as byBerckhemer for Atlantic route, though the latter related to purely oceanic routes, while with the curves observed at Budapest 80% of the route refer to an oceanic, 20% to continental path.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 54 (1963), S. 53-63 
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    Notes: Summary Lees's topographic correction for a simple idealized hill is discussed and extended to a monoclinal structure. It is valuable as giving very simply the order of magnitude of the correction. A number of new measurements of temperature in Tasmanian boreholes has been made and the previous rather high value of over 2μ cal/cm2 sec for the heat flux has been confirmed. The variation of thermal conductivity through the thickness of a differentiated tholeiite sheet has been measured and found to be in reasonably good agreement with values calculated from chemical and modal analyses.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 54 (1963), S. 77-83 
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    Notes: Summary The instrument described, basically a platinum resistance thermometer, has been built for the purpose of measuring the temperature gradient in small boreholes in the Antarctic Ice Cap. It would be equally suitable, with minor alterations of circuit elements to accommodate different ranges, for gradient measurements in rock or other material in which a reasonably smooth hole can be bored.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 54 (1963), S. 87-102 
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    Notes: Summary An analytical solution is obtained for the flow to an eccentric well in a leaky circular aquifer with lateral replenishment, both for steady and unsteady cases. The flows for external boundary conditions of constant head and zero flux, which were treated previously, follow in the limit from a more general boundary condition. Graphs are developed to show the influence of vertical leakage and lateral replenishment on the relationship between drawdown at the well and eccentricity. Other symbols are defined in the text as they occur.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 54 (1963), S. 103-104 
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    Notes: Summary Some cases of Sudden Cosmic Noise Absorption, observed on 27.6 MHz, are reported. Most of these events appear to be stricly time correlated with solar flares.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 54 (1963), S. 105-118 
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    Notes: Summary There are some processes in the ionosphere which were or could be explained by means of negative ions, such as sunrise effects, echo duration anomalies of meteor train radar observations and others. Therefore the concentration of negative ions was computed in this paper for some electron density distributions in a stationary quasineutral model of the undisturbed ionosphere. Such an investigation seems necessary because in the last few years laboratory experiments and theoretical calculations give some improved values of attachment and detachment coefficients. The density of negative ions at 12 00 local time and at 00 00 local time in dependence on height was calculated. A discussion of these values shows that negative ions must be considered only in the lower ionosphere at most up to 130 km. This agrees well with the conclusions derived from the observations. By using the values derived in this paper it seems possible to explain some results of ionosphere measurements such as those concerning sunrise effects and others.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 54 (1963), S. 119-165 
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    Notes: Summary In this article, we present a scale analysis of planetary waves, extended long waves, and long waves. (We mean ≪the extended long waves≫ to be the disturbances whose east-west length is of order 106 m and north-south extension 107 m). We find for the extended long waves the two terms, the interaction between kinetic and available potential energy of the disturbances, and the interaction between the zonal mean available potential energy, and the eddy available potential energy, are of two orders of magnitude larger than the kinetic energy interaction between the disturbances and the associated zonal mean flow. This theoretical result concerning the relative importance of the various interaction terms may be of use in explaining the observational findings thus far available. It is also shown theoretically that the kinetic energy interaction between the planetary waves, the horizontal size of which is 107 m, and the long waves, whose horizontal size is 106 m, is of the same order as the interaction of kinetic energy between the zonal mean motion and the disturbances. This agrees fairly well with the observational estimates thus far obtained.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 54 (1963), S. 182-189 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this paper the explanation of the formation of clouds Ac tra is based on the assumption that the air in the cloud is colder than the surrounding air, causing convective currents in the region of the cloud. These currents are not unlike those assumed by the existing thermoconvective theory. According to the author's view there are descending currents under the cloudlets of which the Ac tra is made, and these cloudlets are separate bodies at a lower temperature than that of the surrounding air, so that the cloudlets fall. On the contrary, according to the existing thermoconvective theory, the air under the cloudlets rises and there are no discontinuities in the distribution of the temperature.
    Notes: Résumé Dans cette étude l'explication de la formation des nuages Ac tra part de la supposition que l'air dans ce type de nuages est plus froid que l'air environnant, ce qui provoque certains courants convectifs dans la région du nuage. Ces courants ressemblent à ceux qui sont supposés par la théorie thermoconvective actuelle. D'après notre avis se trouvent des courants descendants audessous des petits nuages qui composent l'Ac tra, et les petits nuages qui forment l'Ac tra sont des corps séparés dont la température est moindre que la température de l'air environnant: c'est pour cela qu'ils tombent. Au contraire, d'après la théorie thermoconvective actuelle, l'air audessous de petits nuages monte et dans la distribution de la température des discontinuités n'existent pas.
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    Notes: Summary Deviations from a law previously established, which correlates the precipitable water vapour values in a vertical column of air over a measuring station with the latter's temperature and altitude, are reduced by multiple regression analysis, and implications are discussed.
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  • 80
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    Notes: Summary A multiple regression analysis has been carried out to obtain some approximate insight into conditions which might favour the occurence of thunderstorms, in terms of certain parameters measured on the ground. It is thought that annual thunderstorm frequencies may largely depend on local temperature parameters and deviations of precipitable water vapour from equilibrium values.
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  • 81
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    Pure and applied geophysics 54 (1963), S. 166-181 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A brief survey on the development of the synoptics of the stratosphere leads to a description of the strongest stratospheric heatings observed until now. Discussing the stratospheric temperature variations having occurred in the Arctic zone since 1950 the different behavior of the explosive and the final warmings is treated. There are indications that the storm surge which has beaten Hamburg in February, 1962, was strengthened by stratospheric influences. This event was followed by a decisive change in the weather situation initiated by a stratospheric rising pressure area moving from southeastern Europe in a northwesterly direction as far as northern Canada. It seems that the so called singularities — according toA. Schmauss — are still better pronounced in the stratosphere than they are near the surface. Oscillations in stratospheric winds were also observed by the Berlin radiosonde station equipped with a complete self-recording GMD-1 set and an electronic calculation of all measurements in summer 1962, but the amount of these variations was, compared with further results, small. There is briefly referred to the phenomenon of the nearly biannual change in stratospheric wind systems so well pronounced over tropical regions and still discernable at higher latitudes, and finally the indications of longer periodic changes in the temperature of the upper atmosphere are mentioned.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach einer kurzen Darstellung der geschichtlichen Entwicklung der Synoptik der Hochatmosphäre werden an Hand des stratosphärischen Temperaturganges in der Arktis seit 1950 die stärksten bisher beobachteten Stratosphärenerwärmungen und die davon zu unterscheidenden final warmings kurz behandelt. Es wird gezeigt, daß an der Entstehung der Hamburger Sturmflutkatastrophe, im Februar 1962, auch die Stratosphäre als zusätzlicher Faktor beteiligt war. Anschließend erfolgte ein entscheidender Umschwung der Wetterlage, der in der Stratosphäre mit einem von Südosteuropa in nordwestlicher Richtung nach Nordkanada wandernden Drucksteiggebiet eingeleitet wurde. Singularitäten im Sinne vonA. Schmauss scheinen in der Stratosphäre noch deutlicher ausgeprägt zu sein als in Bodennähe. Auch im Sommer 1962 wurden durch die jetzt vollautomatisch arbeitende Berliner Radiosondenstation kurzperiodische Schwankungen des Stratosphärenwindes von allerdings nur geringem Ausmaß festgestellt. Nach einem kurzen Hinweis auf das Phänomen der annähernd 2-jährigen Schwankung des stratosphärischen Windsystems, das vor allem in den Tropen so deutlich ausgeprägt, aber auch in höheren Breiten erkennbar ist, werden die Anzeichen für eine langperiodische Temperaturschwankung in den hohen Schichten erwähnt.
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  • 82
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    Notes: Summary A multiple regression analysis has been carried out on average-quarterly and average-annual values of sky-coverage over 28 stations of the United States Weather Bureau Network. Computations were made to gain an indication of the nature and influence of some parameters which can be monitored on the ground and which might influence the formation of clouds. It is found that the average seasonal coverage of sky appears to be associated with local values of temperature, altitude and precipitable water vapour functions.
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  • 83
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    Notes: Summary An attempt has been made at correlating hail frequencies at 17 stations of the United States Weather Bureau Network, with some physical and chemical variables measured at these stations. It has been found that consistent broad trends may be considered to exist between hail frequencies and: a) local deviations of precipitable water vapour (from a model previously described); b) temperature deviations from a pattern of uniform distribution; c) nitrate, chlorine and/or sodium aerosol values.
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  • 84
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 72-76 
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    Notes: Summary Two dimensional problem of distribution of stresses produced by a pulse of shearing force moving uniformly on the boundary of a semi-infinite transversely isotropic solid has been studied here. It is observed that the shearing stress in the direction of propagation of pulse attains maximum value at a point directly below the point of application of the shearing force on the boundary.
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  • 85
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 91-100 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Charakter der chemischen Bindung im Magnetit wird diskutiert. Für das Spinellgitter des Magnetits sind tetraedrische kovalente und oktaedrische elektrovalente Bindungen typisch. Die Auswirkungen dieses Bindungszustandes auf den Ablauf der Oxydationsvorgänge wird überprüft an Hand der bisher vorliegenden experimentellen und theoretischen Teilergebnisse.
    Notes: Summary Types of chemical bonding in magnetite are discussed. Magnetite spinel lattice is characterized by tetrahedral covalent bonds and octahedral electrovalent bonds. The consequences for oxidation processes are studied in connection with hitherto existing experimental and theoretical results.
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  • 86
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 101-109 
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    Notes: Summary Spectral studies of a number of micropulsation ≪pearl≫ records are described. In particular, polarization, recurrence tendency, phase modulation and bandwidth were determined. Although each of the five records studied showed some tendency for pearls to recur, this tendency appears to depend inversely on magnetic activity. Bandwidth to frequency ratios are comparable to those observed byHolmberg in pulsations having periods of 20 seconds and 70 seconds. Theories of pearl sources are compared with observations. Agreement is observed in some aspects, but is lacking in others.
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  • 87
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 115-118 
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    Notes: Summary Landovitz & Marshall (1) have suggested a maserlike mechanism to explain the decameter emission from the Jovian ionosphere. Although the application of the suggested mechanism for emission outwards into space from our planet is obvious, it is our purpose to show that if this mechanism is indeed operative, emission of electron spin-flip radiation from the electrons in the lower part of theE-region is also possible. An order of magnitude estimate predicts that thisE-region radiation which travels downward can be observed by ground receivers.
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  • 88
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird nachgewiesen, dass der Magnetit eine stabile und starke remanente Magnetisierung bei der Erwärmung von −150°C bis normale Temperatur im magnetischen Feld annehmen kann. Wegen des umgekehrten Temperaturgangs bei der Erzeugung der TRM, wird diese Remanenz die umgekehrte Thermoremanenz (ITRM, die Abkürzung von «Inverse type of TRM») genannt. Die ITRM entwickelt besonders merkwürdig um etwa −125°C bei stoichiometrisches Magnetit und um −165°C bei 8% Ulvöspinel Titanomagnetit, wobei die Energie der Kristallanisotropie des Magnetits verschwindet. Die experimentalen Resultate zeigen gewiss, dass die Energie der Kristallanisotropie eine wichtige Rolle in der Erwerbung von ITRM spielt. Eine Theorie ist hier vorgeschlagen worden, die die Entwicklung von ITRM quantitativ erklärt. Man setzt voraus, dass die Magnetitprobe aus viel elementaren Bezirken besteht, deren Werte der mikroskopischen Koerzivität der Gaussschen Normalverteilung. Dann wird die folgende einfache Gleichung abgeleitet, nämlich $$(ITRM)_{T_1 ,H}^{T_2 } = (IRM)_{T_2 ,H} \times \frac{{(H_c (T_2 ))_{bulk} }}{{(H_c (T_1 ))_{bulk} }}$$ wobei $$(ITRM)_{T_1 ,H}^{T_2 }$$ die Magnetisierung bei der Aufheizung der Gesteinsprobe vonT 1 bisT 2 im magnetischen FeldH ist, und(H c (T 2)) bulk und(H c (T 1)) bulk sind die Koerzivität umT 1 undT 2. Diese Beziehung erklärt die allgemeine Eigenschaft der ITRM, und die von der Gleichung gerechnete Intensität der ITRM stimmen mit dem experimentalen Wert überein.
    Notes: Summary It is found that magnetite can acquire stable and intense remanent magnetization by heating it from −150°C to room temperature in a magnetic field. Because of the inversed direction of the temperature change for acquiring the remanent magnetization, the remanent magnetization may be called «inverse type of TRM (ITRM)». The production of ITRM is most effective near the zero point of the crystalline anisotropy energy of magnetite, namely, at about −125°C for stoichiometric magnetite and at about −165°C for 8% ulvöspinel titanomagnetite. Experimental results show that the crystalline anisotropy energy is a key factor in the acquisition of ITRM. A theory is presented to account for the production of ITRM quantitatively. Assuming that a multidomain magnetite sample consists of numerous elementary domains characterized by the microscopic coercivity and the distribution of the microscopic coercivity is of a Gaussian type, a simple formula. $$(ITRM)_{T_1 ,H}^{T_2 } = (IRM)_{T_2 ,H} \times \frac{{(H_c (T_2 ))_{bulk} }}{{(H_c (T_1 ))_{bulk} }}$$ is derived as a relation between IRM and ITRM, where $$(ITRM)_{T_1 ,H}^{T_2 }$$ is ITRM produced by heating the sample fromT 1 toT 2 inH and(H c (T 1)) bulk and(H c (T 2)) bulk are the values of the coercivity atT 1 andT 2 respectively. This formula explains the general feature of ITRM production, the value of ITRM calculated based on this formula agreeing well with the observed one.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 110-114 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch Verwendung einer passend erweiterten Bilanzgleichung für die Elektronendichte-Änderungen während einer Sonnenfinsternis gelinght es erstmalig, die bisher nur theoretisch abgeleiteten Prozesse in derF-Schicht durch die Beobachtungen zu bestätigen und Zahlenmaterial über die Größe der Elektronenproduktionq=q(h), des Wiedervereingungskoeffizienten α=α(h) und die TemperaturT=T(h) zu erhalten. Dieses Zahlenmaterial ist in sich widerspruchsfrei; bemerkenswert ist die Kleinheit von α, wodurch nunmehr auch der nur langsame Abbau der Schicht in der Nacht verständlich wird. Die errechneten Temperaturwerte stimmen gut mit den Ergebnissen von Satellitenmessungen überein.
    Notes: Summary Using a fit-extended balance equation for the electron-density-variations during a sun eclipse a possiblity has been found to confirm by observation theF-layer processes deduced hitherto theoretically. Moreover, the rate of electron-productionq=q(h), of the recombination-coefficient α=α(h) and a temperature profilT(h) can be given. These data are self-consistent. The smallness of α is remarkable, whereby a slow decomposition of the nightly layer can be understand now. Also the computed temperatures coincide with rocket and satellite results.
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  • 90
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 123-125 
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    Notes: Summary The most important italian contributions on the regulation effect of a lake are outlined and hemphasized.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 119-122 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Als hydrodynamische Anwendung eines eingangs behandelten allgemeineren Problems wird folgender Satz bewiesen: Der Rotor des Feldes der individuellen Ableitung des Wirbelvektors der sich drehend bewegenden Partikel idealer und homogener inkompressibler Flüssigkeiten läßt sich mittels der Klammersymbole vonLagrange darstellen.
    Notes: Resumen Como aplicación hidrodinámica de un problema más general, tratado al principio, demostraremos el siguiente teorema: El rotacional del campo de la variación unitaria del torbellino de las partículas que se mueven rotacionalmente en líquidos ideales y homogéneos puede representarse por medio de paréntesis deLagrange.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 131-132 
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    Notes: Summary The suggestion is made that in a developed hurricane the cylindrical vortex sheet surrounding the eye has a continuing source of vorticity in the surface friction layer in the environment farther from the center. The general convergence and upward motion is thought to provide the necessary tilting action.
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  • 93
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 126-130 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Fälle gleichzeitigen Niederschlags unter 140 synoptischen Stationen im Umkreis von mehr als 1000 km um Frankfurt a.M., Deutschland, ausgezählt, die während 5 Monaten eintraten. Das Ergebnis wird mittels einer theoretisch abgeleiteten Häufigkeitsverteilung gedeutet. Ferner wird die Frage diskutiert, wie solche Häufigkeitsverteilungen gleichzeitigen Niederschlags von der Flächengrösse oder Stationenzahl abhängen, und auf ihren Zusammenhang mit dem Problem der Prüfung von Niederschlagsprognosen hingewiesen.
    Notes: Summary The simultaneous occurrences of precipitation among 140 synoptic stations covering an area of more than 1000 kms radius around Frankfurt a.M., Germany, during 5 months have been counted. The result is being interpreted by a theoretically derived frequency distribution. The question how such frequency distributions of concurrent rainfall depend upon the size of the area or the number of observation stations will be discussed and related to the problem of verifying precipitation forecasts.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 133-136 
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    Notes: Summary The zonal eddy stress across horizontal surfaces due to large scale vertical motions was evaluated for two months from data for the northern hemisphere for a number of levels up to 50 mb. From this information and from the corresponding distributions for each of the two months of the mean zonal winds, the rate of transformation of kinetic energy from eddy to mean zonal form was calculated. The two sets of data gave rather small values for the hemisphere which were of opposite sign.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 137-150 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein photo-elektrischer Kondensations-Kernzähler mit direkter Durchstrahlung des Nebelrohres beschrieben, dessen Höhe weniger als ein Drittel jener des photo-elektrischen Kernzählers Modell 1957 der Schule für kosmische Physik beträgt und dessen Gewicht dem entsprechend reduziert ist. Die Genauigkeit des neuen Instrumentes ist ungefähr die gleiche wie die des Standard Modells. Der kleine Kernzähler benützt eine überempfindliche Cadmium-Selenid Rasterzelle, welche eine Weiterentwicklung der Cadmium-Sulfid-Photowiderstände ist. Die Extinktion von Aerosolen mit kleiner Kernzahl wird mittels einer vereinfachten elektrischen Kompensationsmethode gemessen, welche nurein Mikro-Amperemeter benötigt. Die Extinktion in Aerosolen mit hoher Konzentration wird in der normalen Weise mit demselben Mikro-Amperemeter, aber mit einer vergrösserten Anfangseinstellung gemessen. Die Eichkurve des neuen Kernzählers wird mitgeteilt.
    Notes: Summary A direct-beam photo-electric condensation nucleus counter is described, the height of which is less than one third of that of the photo-electric nucleus counter, School of Cosmic Physics Model 1957 with a corresponding reduction in weight but of approximately the same accuracy as the standard model. It employs an ultra-sensitive Cadmium-Selenide photoconductive raster cell and uses for measuring the extinction in aerosols of low nuclear concentration a simplified electrical compensation method which requires onlyone microammeter. The extinction of aerosols with high concentration is measured in the standard way on the same microammeter with an increased initial setting. A calibration curve of the new counter is given.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 151-163 
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    Notes: Summary When a vapor pressure gradient exists in air containing suspended particulate matter, the particles are propelled toward the region of lower vapor pressure by molecular bombardment of vapor molecules. It has been proposed that this effect is important as a process for removing the particles of natural aerosols from the air surrounding growing cloud droplets. This effect has been investigated experimentally by observing the removal of artificial aerosol particles form an experimental chamber in which a known vapor pressure gradient was established. The velocities imparted to particles under the action of a vapor pressure gradient were determined. The results of the measurements were used to calculate the rate of removal of particles in the vicinity of growing cloud droplets. It was concluded that less than 1% of the particles in the region would be removed during the growth of a typical cloud.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 164-174 
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    Notes: Summary Making use of a 500 mb numerical forecast some problems of atmospheric large-scale diffusion are investigated. The expansion of various sets of clusters of particles is compared with the predictions based on the similarity theory of homogeneous turbulence. The spreading rates were in the beginning of the period of the forecast in a good agreement with the theoretical prediction, but later on they fell to the values considerable smaller than the predicted ones. The reasons of such behaviour are discussed. Furthermore the difference in zonal and meridional expansion of the clusters is demonstrated, the zonal expansion rates being more than one order of magnitude greater than the meridional ones.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 56 (1963), S. 16-30 
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    Notes: Summary After definitions is given an interpolation-like residual method. —It is pointed out the usual disjoining in two parts of the Bouguer-map to be unsatisfactory; in general is the whole «spectrum» to disjoin in several parts from the «noise» to the «regional». — There are someg zz (andg z) methods represented; in this way of representation are the methods without examples direct comparable.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 56 (1963), S. 1-15 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A comparison of the tilts excited by tidal forces on the surface of the earth and the theoretical tilts of an elastic earth shows that the difference of both, called the residual movements, represent a caracteristic local deformation of the corresponding observation station. By subtracting the influence of ocean tides from these residuals remain the special local deformations of the earth crust by direct tidal attraction forces. The results of the observations of different stations in Europe and Asia indicate a good agreement between those residuals and the tectonic structure of the crust.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Vergleicht man die infolge der Gezeitenkräfte an der Erdoberfläche auftretenden Neigungen mit den theoretisch für eine elastische Erde zu erwartenden Deformationen, so zeigt sich, daß die Differenz aus beiden — die sogenannte Residualbewegung — die für die jeweilige Gezeitenstation charakteristische Eigenbewegung darstellt. Sie enthält als wesentlichen Anteil die ozeanischen Wirkungen. Subtrahiert man daher von den Residualbewegungen diese maritimen Gezeiteneinflüsse, so ergeben sich die infolge der lunisolaren Attraktionskräfte auftretenden lokalen Verbiegungen der Erdkruste. Ein Vergleich der in europäischen und asiatischen Horizontalpendelstationen gemessenen Deformationen deutet außerdem auf einen engen Zusammenhang zwischen Residualbewegungen und Tektonik hin.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary According to the method described in part II(2) the direction of regional electric sub-surface structures was evaluated at more than 100 points in Middle and SE-Europe by geomagnetic variations. The sub-surface conditions determine the time variations of the magnetic vertical component in middle and low latitudes to a great part. The evaluation of the registrations of a single place can give important results about the electric structures of the underground, as far as the time-variations of the vertical component are strongly marked.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach der im Teil II(2) geschilderten Methode wurde die Streichrichtung von regionalen elektrischen Leitfähigkeitsstrukturen des Untergrundes mit Hilfe erdmagnetischer Variationen an über 100 Orten in Mittel- und Südosteuropa kartenmäßig dargestellt. Die Untergrundsverhältnisse prägen die zeitlichen Variationen der magnetischen Vertikalfeldkomponente an vielen Orten in mittleren und niederen Breiten. Schon aus den Registrierungen eines einzigen Ortes kann man wichtige Schlüsse auf die Untergrundstrukturen ziehen, sofern die zeitlichen magnetischen Variationen der Vertikalkomponente gut ausgeprägt sind.
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