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  • 1
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. i 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 13-20 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 63-92 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Behandlung ontologischer Fragen auf Grund analytischer Methoden untersucht und die zeitgenössische Nominalismusdiskussion durchleuchtet. In einem ersten Teil erläutert der Verfasser Quines Kriterium für das, was er „ontic commitment“ nennt, sowie dessen Ablehnung der sog. substitutionellen Quantifikationstheorie. Im zweiten Teil werden Hintikkas Interpretation des Kriteriums und sein Umdeutungsversuch dargelegt, der auf der Verwendung einer Quantifikationstheorie ohne existentielle Voraussetzungen beruht. Im letzten Teil wird die berühmte Kontroverse zwischen Carnap und Quine hinsichtlich ontologischer Aussagen und des Nominalismusstreites erörtert. Es wird zu zeigen versucht, daß die Carnapsche Auffassung, wonach Fragen der Ontologie nur die praktische Wahl von Sprachsystemen betreffen und deshalb nicht sinnvollerweise in theoretischem Gewand auftreten können, den Vorzug verdient. Quines Betrachtungsweise scheitert letztlich an seinem Holismus und vor allem auch an den unerfüllbaren Forderungen, die er an die Definition von „analytisch“ stellt. Wir bauen nicht, wie Neuraths Bild nahelegt, auf offener See an einem einzigen Schiff, dessen Planken wir einzeln ersetzen, sondern an einer bunten Flotte von Schiffen, die zu verschiedenen Zwecken gebraucht werden. Betrachtet man aber den faktischen wissenschaftlichen Betrieb aus dieser Perspektive, so scheint Hintikkas Kriterium, das den Handlungs-kontext der sog. Sprachspiele des Suchens und Findens mitberücksichtigt, bessere Dienste zu leisten als das Quinesche.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 161-169 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Reporting on the 7th International Congress of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, first the main topics and some organisational aspects of the congress are presented; the main part of the report focuses on recent developments in Philosophical Logic (Section 5), in particular the theory of so-called generalized quantifiers as presented at the congress. In addition, some background information on logical language analysis, its possible applications and consequences is provided.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 188-196 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 170-187 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 196-198 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 199-199 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 106-111 
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    Notes: Summary In „On Denoting“ behauptet Russell, Freges „Sinn“ sei so beschaffen, daß beim Versuch, von ihm — genauer: von einer bestimmten Sinn-Einheit — etwas auszusagen, eine Verwirrung entsteht. Er macht verschiedene Versuche, von dem Sinn einer hindeutenden Phrase („denoting phrase“) zu sprechen, und es stellt sich immer wieder heraus, daß etwas anderes als das Beabsichtigte besprochen wurde. Im Folgenden will ich zeigen, daß diese Verwirrung nicht in Freges Unterscheidung zwischen Sinn und Bedeutung ihren Ursprung hat, sondern in einem Fehler, den Russell in seinen Versuchen begeht; er verwendet nämlichzwei Zeichen, wodrei nötig sind.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 157-184 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die literaturwissenschaftliche Grundlagendiskussion steht nach wie vor im Zeichen schon klassischer Hauptrichtungen: insbesondere des Positivismus, Formalismus, Strukturalismus und Materialismus. Daneben steht — in methodenskeptischer Gegenposition — die Hermeneutikschule. Hat nun dieses wissenschaftstheoretische Aufgebot in über einhundert Jahren den entscheidenden Schritt zur speziellen Wissenschaft, ihre Gegenstandsbestimmung, geleistet? Oder steht er erst noch bevor, so daß der verbreitete Zweifel an der Wissenschaftlichkeit der Literaturwissenschaft zu Recht besteht? — DerPositivismus stellt die Gegenstandsfrage überhaupt nicht: alle kulturellen Phänomene sollen hier ja unterschiedslos nach Ursachen erforscht werden. DerFormalismus macht sie zwar zur Hauptfrage, verfehlt aber in seinem deskriptiven Verfahrensbegriff eine Lösung bereits im (noch positivistischen) Ansatz.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 278-298 
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    Notes: Summary The purpose of this paper is to inquire whether the paradigma-approach, developed by Thomas S. Kuhn, is able to serve as a useful instrument for the analysis of the dynamics of economic theory. The first part contains a discussion of the rational reconstruction of Kuhns idea, which was formulated by Sneed and Stegmüller. This discussion centers around the question, whether rationality alone can be the only criterion for scientific work. In order to introduce the specific conditions under which economic science takes place, the paradigma-approach has to be extended. This extension has to take account of the non-scientific determination of scientific work. In this connection normal science and scientific revolutions have a concrete function in a process in the course of which non-scientific claims are transformed into scientific norms.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 1-21 
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    Notes: Summary The philosophical implications associated with the choice of a particular geometry required for the formulation of a dynamics at subnuclear distances are discussed. A dualism between geometry and matter — the former identified with a fiber bundle of Cartan type raised over space-time, the latter represented by a generalized quantum mechanical wave function — is presented as a possible framework for the dynamics of strongly interacting particles at distances of 10−13 cm.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 34-71 
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    Notes: Summary The idea of man imitating by his own inventions capacities, considered genuinely human, like talking, making music or thinking, has fascinated man's phantasy at all times. The present article analyzes in the light of philosophy of science some of the attempts to tackle this idea in fields as dissimilar as philosophy, mechanics (cybernetics included), and literature, and it tries to lay bare connexions existing and to describe the history of the influence of this idea. The investigation begins with the 17th century mechanistic materialism and it extends to recent research in „artifical intelligence“.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 72-91 
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    Notes: Summary Influenced by the account of K. Popper and, moreover, of C. G. Hempel and P. Oppenheim, it is generally assumed, that a prediction can be logically deduced from hypotheses, i. e. lawlike propositions, and initial conditions. It is not clear, in which respect a prediction can correctly be supposed to be a proposition which is either true or false. From a logical point of view, serious difficulties arise in assuming that the deductive-nomological model consists of a valid argument. Further objections to this account are developed with regard to lawlike propositions. Since a lawlike proposition is — by definition — not true or definitely true, but only supposed to be true, it cannot function as a true premise among other true premises for the purpose of deduction. Special difficulties arise with regard to predictions: A predictive argument does not give any reason for the truth of the predictionK, but only — if at all — for the prediction of the truth ofK. In the latter case, the “conclusion”K clearly does not consist of a proposition (which could be either true or false) but rather of a predicting proposition.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 92-121 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary In the first part of this contribution, the three probably most influential conceptions of evolutionary epistemology are surveyed, as they were put forward by Konrad Lorenz, Gerhard Vollmer, and Rupert Riedl, respectively. It is demonstrated that, as far as the essentials are concerned, these conceptions largely correspond with each other as well as with a further conception advanced by Karl Popper from the point of view of Critical Rationalism. It can be clearly shown, moreover, that fundamentals of the latter conception can be traced back to Popper's earliest publications (e. g., to hisLogik der Forschung [The Logic of Scientific Discovery]). By means of an examination of the language used by these authors, it is tried to elucidate the fact that, for the reasons of lacking consideration of the lingual/non-lingual distinction and of faults and inadequacies in consequence of this lack alone, the proposed conceptions can be rejected as being at least highly defective.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 142-160 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gegen das Programm einer Protophysik, wie es von der kontruktiven Wissenschaftstheorie der „Erlanger Schule“ entwickelt worden ist, wird häufig der Einwand erhoben, es unterwerfe die empirische Physik unzulässigen und forschungshemmenden normativen Restriktionen. Demgegenüber will die vorliegende Arbeit zeigen, daß die Protophysik nur eine normative Theorie der Grundgrößen und der „vollkommenen“ Meßgeräte ist, und der empirischen Physik damit ein methodisches Fundament verschafft, ansonsten aber ihr jegliche „Freiheit“ läßt.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 201-210 
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    Notes: Summary Boltzmann's principle is part of classical physics, and one of the corner-stones of Planck's quantum theory. It is shown, why Planck's theory of radiation can be derived from this principle without abandoning classical physics, if due regard is taken of atomism. Finally, there is given an outline of a quantum theory completely based on statistical axioms without any appeal to nonclassical physical principles.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 211-231 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Titel dieses Aufsatzes mag zunächst befremden, gar als unsachliche Bösartigkeit aufgefaßt werden, doch „Vorurteil“ und „Wahn“ sind im Rahmen von Psychologie bzw. Sozialpsychologie und Psychopathologie definierte Begriffe. Untersucht man unter diesem Aspekt den mathematischen Grundlagenstreit in diesem Jahrhundert, der richtiger „logisch-mathematischer Grundlagenstreit“ zu nennen wäre, dann wird ein Argumentationsklima deutlich, das von Vorurteils- und Wahnstrukturen geprägt ist, das sich zu Ungungsten der empirisch orientierten Begründungsposition auswirkte. Sollte sich angesichts erneuter Stimmen für die empirische Position wieder eine Grundlagendiskussion entwickeln, wäre das Argumentationsniveau zu verbessern. Hierzu gehört zunächst die Erwägung von Alternativen, besonders bezüglich möglicher Gegenstände von Logik und Mathematik. Weiterhin wären erkenntnistheoretische Konzepte zu entwickeln, die dem eigenständigen Charakter von „reiner“ Logik und Mathematik gerecht werden, aber dennoch empirische Begründung ermöglichen.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 232-260 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Vor dem Hintergrund einer weitreichenden Neuorientierung, die der praktischen Vernunft in der Methodologie (N. Rescher), in der Sprachphilosophie (H. Putnam) und in der strukturalen Wissenschaftstheorie (W. Stegmüller) den Primat einräumt, werden die Aporien rationalistisch-dezisionistischer Konzeptionen deutlicher sichtbar. In diesem Papier wird der argumentative Ursprung von Feyerabends Kritik an Rationalität und Wissenschaft als auf einer — angesichts der ‚praktischen Wende‘ der neueren Wissenschaftsphilosophie — überholten Wissenschaftsauffassung basierend analysiert. Feyerabends Zurückweisung der Wissenschaft erscheint dann weder als Konsequenz seiner Vernunftkritik noch als Bruch in seiner Argumentation; er vollstreckt vielmehr die Gegenstandsverfehlung der methodologistischen Wissenschaftstheorie unverdeckt.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 261-271 
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    Notes: Summary In hisProgress and its Problems, Laudan dismisses the problem of incommensurability in science by endorsing two general assertions. The first claims there are actually no incommensurable pairs of theories or research traditions; the second maintains that his problem-solving model of scientific progress would be able rationally to appraise even incommensurable pairs of theories or traditions (are compare them for their progressiveness). I argue here that Laudan fails to provide a plausible defence of either thesis, and that this creates some problems for his general approach.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 272-277 
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    Notes: Summary This article compares the discoveries of the planets Neptune and Pluto and the unsuccessful search of intra-Mercurial planets. Its conclusion is, that the search of intra-Mercurial planets was started on the basis of reasonable assumptions and competently pursued, that the success in the search of Neptune and Pluto and the failure in the search of intra-Mercurial planets was not due to greater competence of the successful planet searchers, but to good luck of the successful researchers and bad luck of the unsuccessful researchers.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 134-148 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Kontroversen um Imre Lakatos' „Methodologie wissenschaftlicher Forschungsprogramme“ („methodology of scientific research programmes“) haben zu der Frage geführt, ob auf Basis der von Lakatos entwickelten Standards für die Bewertung („appraisal“) von konkurrierenden Theorien und Forschungsprogrammen auch heuristische Empfehlungen („heuristic advice“) begründet werden können, die die von Wissenschaftlern auszuführenden Handlungen im Interesse der Maximierung von Erkenntnisfortschritt normieren. Eine solche Frage steht im Zusammenhang mit einem zentralen Anliegen der Popperschen Wissenschaftstheorie: „Wir wollen die Regeln, oder, wenn man will, die Normen aufstellen, nach denen sich der Forscher richtet, wenn er Wissenschaft treibt, wie wir es uns denken“. Ob die Methodologie wissenschaftlicher Forschungsprogramme, die Lakatos als Weiterentwicklung des kritisch-rationalistischen Falsifikationismus verstanden wissen will, diesen Ansprüchen genügt, wurde zuerst von Paul K. Feyerabend und Thomas S. Kuhn bezweifelt. Im folgenden werden zunächst deren Kritiken, die Antworten von Lakatos sowie Analysen von J. J. C. Smart, Wolfgang Stegmüller und Philip Quinn diskutiert. Anschließend wird ein neuer Versuch Alan Musgraves kritisch überprüft, unter Rückgriff auf die Bewertungskriterien der Methodologie wissenschaftlicher Forschungsprogramme heuristische Empfehlungen zu begründen.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 256-275 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es gibtdrei verschiedene „Anwendungsgebiete“ der Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie: Glücksspiele, statistische Gesetze in den Naturwissenschaften und wirtschaftliche Entscheidungen bei Risiko. Der probabilistische „Dualismus“ (vgl. z. B. Stegmüller IV, 1, 1973 p. 69) versucht die verschiedenen Anwendungsgebiete dadurch verständlich zu machen, daß zwei „Wahrscheinlichkeitsbegriffe“ unterschieden werden: die statistische (objektive) Wahrscheinlichkeit als eine „theoretische Größe“ der Physik und die personelle (subjektive) Wahrscheinlichkeit der Entscheidungstheorie. Die Theorie der Glücksspiele bildet in beiden Fällen einen trivialen Spezialfall: das „ideale“ Würfelspiel ist zugleich ein Spezialfall des statistisch zu untersuchenden Werfens von polyederförmigen Körpern und ein Spezialfall entscheidungstheoretisch zu behandelnder Wetten (Bayes-Regel). Es soll im folgenden gezeigt werden, daß eine konstruktive Theorie der Glücksspiele (die auchunsymmetrische Aggregate von Zufallsgeneratoren berücksichtigt) einen Wahrscheinlichkeitsbegriff liefert, für den die Kolmogorow-Axiome gelten — und daß sich dann sowohl die statistische Physik als auch die Entscheidungstheorie als Anwendungen dieseseinen Wahrscheinlichkeitsbegriffes begründen lassen. Es ergibt sich dabei allerdings, daß dieGleichsetzung der Wahrscheinlichkeitsfelder mit den Modellen der Kolmogorow-Axiome (diese mögen „Kolmogorowfelder“ heißen) nicht gerechtfertigt ist: Jedes Wahrscheinlichkeitsfeld ist ein Kolmogorowfeld — die Umkehrung folgt nicht. Die Einordnung des De Finettischen Gesetzes der großen Zahlen in die konstruktive Theorie zeigt, daß der Grundlagenstreit um „objektiv“ und „subjektiv“ nicht zwei Wahrscheinlichkeitsbegriffe erfordert, sondern zwei Anwendungen eines Begriffes.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 339-342 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der ersten Erwiderung Eichners wurde der induktive Charakter der ‚starken Falsifikation‘ nicht beachtet. Nunmehr bringen Eichner und Habermehl empirische Gesichtspunkte und den kategorischen Charakter der ‚starken Falsifikation‘ ins Spiel. Dabei ignorieren sie (1) die hier allein relevante normative Rechtfertigungsproblematik und (2) den konditionalen Charakter der induktiven Generalisierung. Ihre Argumente können meine Symmetriethese nicht widerlegen.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 399-425 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 93-105 
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    Notes: Summary One of the important problems that have to be dealt with in the Philosophy of Science is to account for the high reliability of a very large part of our inductive inferences. This reliability is noteworthy because not only were many of these inferences made by ordinary people, even by children, but they were very often based on the observation of just a few positive instances. In the present paper, I deal with this problem by treating it as a normal empirical problem. This approach enables us to make an important step towards an explanation of the phenomenon and, consequently, towards the formulation of a general theory of scientific inquiry.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 185-192 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 193-205 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 293-306 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wie Max Weber verlangt auch Marx die Wertfreiheit der Wissenschaften, hält es aber im Gegensatz zu Weber dennoch für möglich, politische Entscheidungen durch wissenschaftliche Aussagen zu begründen. Der Grund liegt in Marx' Anerkennung eines allgemein verbindlichen politischen Ziels, der Interessenharmonie, das Weber aus empirischen Gründen für ohne Einbuße an Kultur unrealisierbar hält. Dieser Grund für die unterschiedliche Auffassung der Wertfreiheit der Wissenschaften wird als der entscheidende Grund für den methodologischen Gegensatz zwischen Kritischer Theorie und Kritischem Rationalismus hervorgehoben.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 348-360 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Artikel sucht eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der sogenannten Finalisierungsthese. Diese postuliert eine externe Steuerung der Wissenschaft, die „Indienstnahme“ der „wissenschaftlichen“ durch die „gesellschaftliche Praxis“. Schon im Ansatz zeigt die Finalisierungsthese einige gravierende Mängel, die noch gravierender in ihren methodologischen Voraussetzungen — u.a. der Ablehnung der Kausalforschungsmethode — zum Ausdruck kommen. Bei näherer Analyse enthüllt sich die Finalisierungsthese als rein normatives Konzept, als der bloße Anspruch, Wissenschaft könne und solle extern gesteuert werden.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 21-40 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ausgangspunkt der vorliegenden Untersuchung ist die Beobachtung, daß es wissenschaftliche Disziplinen („Wissenschaften mit heterogener Basis“) gibt, in denen nicht nur empirische Feststellungen sondern auch Argumente anderer Art (z. B. ästhetische Wertungen oder Gerechtigkeitserwägungen) zur Entscheidung zwischen rivalisierenden Hypothesen herangezogen werden. Untersucht wird die Frage, ob und wie sich feststellen läßt, ob es in solchen Wissenschaften für Situationen argumentativer „Inkommensurabilität“ von Argumentetypen Argumentationsregeln bzgl. der Rangfolge von Argumentetypen gibt. Eine Explikation des Begriffs einer implizit geltenden Regel liefert die Grundlage für die Formulierung einer Reihe von Kriterien, nach denen sich am Argumentationsverhalten von Diskutanten eine potentielle Rangfolge unter Argumentetypen ausmachen ließe.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 41-62 
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    Notes: Summary The determination of the meaning of theoretical terms by the axioms of theories as meaning postulates and the merely fictitious character of a basic observational language leads to Feyerabends problem of the incommensurability of physical theories. Different theories are actually compared by physicists as well. They might have a common sublanguage as the language of macroscopic physics in atomic physics. Furthermore shared metalaws (e. g. invariance principles) define an equivalence relation which identifies terms of different theories and enables physicists to talk about them in a common language.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 236-255 
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    Notes: Summary In his “Logic of Scientific Discovery” and also in “Conjectures and Refutations” Karl Popper laid down methodological rules. They were to secure severe tests of our theories so that we might at least prove our false theories to be false, if we cannot prove our true theories to be true. But falsification turned out to be as impossible as verification. What is more, the rules, which are here examined, do not even advance criticism of theories. Either they are trivial or not applicable or even untenable or they refer to problems, which do not exist. There is no reason to expect that those rules, which we could not here examine, are essentially different. Hence applying the methodological rules of critical rationalism in empirical sciences seems out of the question.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 225-235 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nagel ist es nicht geglückt, die Möglichkeit des Verzichts auf teleologische Formulierungen und Erklärungen plausibel zu begründen. Bei seinem Versuch, die Äquivalenz teleologischer und nichtteleologischer Erklärungen nachzuweisen und den Bedeutungsüberschuß teleologischer Sprache hinwegzuformulieren, ist er immer schon an die Voraussetzung dieses Bedeutungsüberschusses gebunden, dessen er sich nicht, wie seine Beschreibung zielgerichteter Systeme beweist, entledigen kann. Unser Ergebnis dispensiert jedoch nicht von der Frage, ob der Anspruch ‚der in teleologischen Wendungen geltend gemacht wird, auch zu Recht besteht. Denn die semantische Unmöglichkeit der Reduktion von Relevanzrelationen auf Bedingungsrelationen verbürgt ja noch nicht, daß die teleologische Sprache den Gegenstandsbereich der Biologie auch adäquat trifft. Eine über unsere Studie hinausgehende Untersuchung müßte daher die hier aufgeworfene Frage in den größeren Zusammenhang der als klassisch geltenden Stellungnahmen einbetten und unter Einbeziehung der Resultate der kybernetischen Wissenschaften dem Problem nachgehen, ob Teleologie nur heuristischer Leitfaden der Reflexion ist, der aus forschungsstrategischen Gründen der Organisation des Gegenstandes an diesen von außen herangetragen wird, oder darüberhinaus eine Struktureigenschaft von Objekten selbst bezeichnet. Ist Teleologie also nur eine „Sache der Formulierung“ oder eine „Formulierung der Sache“?
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 122-141 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Auseinandersetzung mit der Kritik A. Kamlahs an meinem Buch „Die Protophysik der Zeit“ (1980) wird zunächst der Vorwurf, die affirmative Grundhaltung der Analytischen Wissenschaftstheorie gegenüber der Physik sei nicht erwiesen worden, entkräftet. Im Hauptteil wird mit der Unterscheidung von Handlungsanweisung und Norm die Möglichkeit empirischer Einwände gegen präskriptive Prototheorien präzisiert und das Argument Kamlahs, ein Verzicht auf einen Alleinvertretungsanspruch der Protophysik auf Physikbegründung impliziere empirische Widerlegbarkeit, zurückgewiesen. Die Unterscheidung zwischen der Eindeutigkeit protophysikalischer Normen und der Auswahl von Bewegungs- bzw. Geräteklassen nach technischen Zwecken der Physik erlaubt im dritten Teil eine Antwort auf Kritiken am chronometrischen Eindeutigkeitsbeweis. Die Analytische Kritik an der konstruktiven Protophysik verkennt deren Einbindung in ein kulturalistisches Wissenschaftsverständnis.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 343-347 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Pfarrs Protophysik-Kritik ist — entgegen seinem eigenen Anspruch — nicht immanent, sondern stützt sich mit ihrem Rückgriff auf Inertialsysteme und mit dem Vorschlag, eine Naturkonstante in Koordinatentransformationen der (als Theorie der Messungsermöglichung formulierten) Kinematik einzuführen, auf dynamische, zum Teil sogar messend empirische Theorien. Sie ist damit logisch zirkulär. Die Reformulierung des Relativitätsprinzips als „Homogenitätsprinzip“ ist leer, d.h. ihr entsprechen keine definitorischen oder operativen Schritte in der Physik. Die immanenten Einwände dagegen beruhen auf einem Mißverständnis. Die behaupteten Gegensätze zwischen Protophysik und Relativitätstheorie verdanken sich teils einer Zitierweise konträr zum zitierten Originaltext, teils einer ad-hoc-Erweiterung des Kreises der „Protophysiker“ auf Gegner der Relativitätstheorien.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 361-398 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Derältere (tschechische) Strukturalismus sprengt den formalistischen Horizont und fragt nach dem Zusammenhang von Kunst und (gesellschaftlichem) Leben. Beim Versuch, das „Ästhetische“ unter dieser Fragestellung zeichentheoretisch zu präzisieren, gelingt J. Mukařovský zwar die Beschreibung der ästhetischen Differenz als Selbstrückwendung des „ästhetischen Zeichens“ (Kunstwerk) auf seine eigene Phänomenalität, nicht aber eine kongeniale Bestimmung der „ästhetischen Funktion“, die — genau genommen — unspezifisch und widersprüchlich ausfällt. Den Gewinn der hermeneutischen Wende gibt derneuere (französische) Strukturalismus mit C. Lévi-Strauss — in systematisch irreführender Orientierung an der Phonologie — zugunsten eines gegenhermeneutischen Strukturbegriffs wieder preis. Andererseits tritt die von Mukařovský herausgestellte Eigenart der phänomenalen Selbstrückwendung des ästhetischen Zeichens in der strukturalen Konzentration auf seine „Vielschichtigkeit“ zwar — vor allem durch R. Jakobson — vollends in den Vordergrund, dabei gerät aber zugleich die (von Mukařovský angestrebte) Sinnexplikation des Poetischen bzw. Ästhetischen ganz aus dem Blick. Konkurrierende Theorien — insbesondere dermaterialistischen, psychoanalytischen undhermeneutischen Schule — haben, wie die Schlußbemerkung zeigt, zwar wesentliche Interpretationsgesichtspunkte, aber nichts hinreichend Spezifisches zur Bestimmung des ästhetischen Charakters der Literatur beigebracht. — Alles in allem eine offene Bilanz.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 337-338 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die von F. Rapp propagierte „starke Falsifikation“ ist weder ein vertretbares noch ein in den empirischen Wissenschaften übliches Verfahren. Die gängigsten Verfahren zur Theorienmodifikation sind sogar mit der „starken Falsifikation“ logisch unverträglich. Außerdem ist die „starke Falsifikation“ häufig deshalb nicht anwendbar, weil wir bereits Instanzen kennen, welche die durch die „starke Falsifikation“ zu erzielende Hypothese falsifizieren würden. Die „starke Falsifikation“ schreibt ferner in manchen Fällen die Rückkehr zu bereits falsifizierten Hypothesen vor. Rapps Annahme, die Möglichkeit der wissenschaftlichen Prognose sei davon abhängig, ob man das Verfahren der „starken Falsifikation“ akzeptiert oder nicht, ist unhaltbar.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 426-430 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 299-307 
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    Notes: Summary It is shown that, besides differences in emphasis on structural and developmental aspects, there is far reaching agreement between the views of Nagel and Lakatos on structure and development of science. I argue that both views can interact very fruitfully, and by way of illustration a confrontation of Nagel's notion of a model with Lakatos' notion of a positive heuristic is pursued in some detail. The conclusion is that for microscopic theories, a Lakatosian positive heuristic is exactly the same entity as a substantive model in the sense of Nagel, but that for phenomenological theories there is (as yet) no such structural concept as a model available that can be identified with a Lakatosian positive heuristic.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 308-329 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In seiner Antwort auf meinen Beitrag versucht Steinvorth, ein grundlegendes Argument von mir gegen seine im Anschluß an Lakatos vorgetragene Begründung normativer politischer Theorie als wissenschaftlicher Theorie zu widerlegen. In diesem Beitrag möchte ich kurz zeigen, daß das nicht gelungen ist. Zudem möchte ich darauf hinweisen, daß Steinvorth in seinem zweiten Beitrag neben einigen Klarstellungen in Rücksicht auf sein Anliegen weitere Formulierungen eingebracht hat, die entgegen seiner Annahme gegen den von ihm verteidigten Ansatz sprechen. Weiterhin geht es mir darum, Schlußfolgerungen, die er von meinen Ausführungen abgeleitet hat, zu korrigieren. Schließlich möchte ich mit wenigen Überlegungen begründen — und darauf kommt es mir entscheidend an —, warum für politikwissenschaftliche Theorie der herkömmliche Theorietyp nicht paßt, und insofern möchte ich einige Bemerkungen meines ersten Beitrages dazu bekräftigen und verdeutlichen.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 330-342 
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    Notes: Summary A recurrent theme in the philosophical literature on the special theory of relativity is the question as to the “reality” of the Lorentz contraction. It is often suggested that there is a difference between the Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction in the pre-relativistic ether theory and the Lorentz contraction from special relativity in the sense that the former is a real contraction of matter conditioned by dynamical laws, whereas the latter should be compared with the apparent changes in the size of objects when the perspective of the observer changes. It is here shown, however, that the same laws of nature which are operative in the Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction also condition the relativistic Lorentz contraction. The relevant distinction therefore is not between the “reality” of the two contractions. What is at issue is the difference in explanatory structure of the pre-relativistic theory on the one hand and the special theory of relativity on the other. In the course of the argument the question of the “conventionality” of simultaneity is also discussed.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 372-395 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 354-371 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 396-396 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 343-353 
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    Notes: Summary Historians of science in Britain lack a firm institutional base. They are to be found scattered around in various departments in universities, polytechnics and museums. Their history over the last thirty-five years can be seen as a series of flirtations with those in more-established disciplines. Beginning with scientists, they then turned to philosophers, moving on to historians and then to sociologists: from each of these affairs something was learned, and the current interest determined which aspects of the history of science were seen as most interesting. At first it was settling who really discovered what; then an interest in concepts, methods and case-studies; then understanding the broader historical context of science; and after that seeing science in its social context, with special emphasis on institutions and professionalization. Where we shall go next is unclear: these vagaries may be no more than examples of intellectual fashion, but we may hope that they represent a zig-zag route towards deeper understanding.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 22-33 
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    Notes: Summary This study continues in calculating formulas of the first order logic. Whereas the preceding part delt with monadic predicates, the present part treats polyadic predicates. The presumptions were supplied analogously.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 112-133 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung I. Einleitung: Prinzipien einer konstruktivistischen Rekonstruktion des Aufbaus von Wissenschaften. Die Stelle der Protophysik der Zeit in einem solchen Aufbau der Physik. Skizze der Ziele und der Struktur von JanichsProtophysik der Zeit und der wichtigsten immanenten Kriterien ihrer Beurteilung. II. Referat und immanente Kritik seiner grundlegenden Definition (D1). III. Ein konstruktivistischer Vorschlag zur Verbesserung von (D1) und zu einem akzeptablen Realisationsverfahren für sie. Eigentümlichkeiten dieses Realisationsverfahrens lassen bereits erwarten, daß Janichs ‘Eindeutigkeitsbeweis’ einen Fehler haben muß. IV. Skizze des Weges von (D1) bis zu den Forderungen für Uhren und dem angeblichen Eindeutigkeitsbeweis für diese. Untersuchung und Widerlegung dieses Beweises, mit dessen Haltbarkeit das ganze Unternehmen Janichs steht und fällt.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 307-336 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von der Tatsache, daß eine Kommunikation zwischen den verschiedenen Richtungen der Philosophie in Deutschland entweder gar nicht stattfindet oder bestimmten heutzutage zu fordernden Rationalitätsstandards nicht genügt, wird in einem ersten allgemeinen Teil auf die großen Vor- und geringen Nachteile aufmerksam gemacht, die ein vor allem an gewissen fundamentalen Einsichten der sprachanalytischen Philosophie orientiertermethodischer Minimalkonsens mit sich brächte, und in einem spezielleren und wichtigeren zweiten Teil eine sprachphilosophische Lokalisation aller Arten von Inexaktheiten, die in normalsprachlichen (nicht nur philosophischen) Texten vorkommen können, mit dem praktischen Ziel vorgenommen, deren Vermeidung — soweit diese theoretisch überhaupt möglich ist — als zentralen Bestandteil des genannten Konsenses zu empfehlen.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 149-156 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach W. Stegmüller besteht die „wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretische Antinomie der Quantenmechanik“ darin, daß die Quantenmechanik einerseits den Wahrscheinlichkeitskalkül nach Kolmogoroff verwendet, andererseits aber zu Ergebnissen zu gelangen scheint, die dem Wahrscheinlichkeitskalkül widersprechen: so werden Orts- und Impulsobservable als Zufallsvariable interpretiert, aber es existiert nach der Quantenmechanik keine gemeinsame Verteilungsfunktion dieser Zufallsvariablen. Mit einer wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretischen Umformulierung einiger Ausführungen von G. Ludwig in [2] gelingt der Nachweis, daß Orts- und Impulsobservable Zufallsvariable aufverschiedenen Wahrscheinlichkeitsräumen sind. Daher steht die Aussage der Quantenmechanik, daß keine gemeinsame Verteilungsfunktion für Orts- und Impulsobservable existiert, nicht im Widerspruch zum Wahrscheinlichkeitskalkül nach Kolmogoroff.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 207-224 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll ein in der analytischen Philosophie aufgestelltes Programm zur Explikation der kausalen Begrifflichkeit kritisch untersucht werden. Seine kritische Analyse mag im Hinblick auf die Rolle von Interesse sein, welche die kausalen Begriffe in einer allgemeinen Theorie der wissenschaftlichen Erklärung zu spielen haben. Diese Analyse könnte außerdem m. E. zur Bestimmung des Ausgangspunktes einer positiven Behandlung der mit den kausalen Begriffen zusammenhängenden Sinnfragen beitragen.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 9 (1978), S. 276-292 
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    Notes: Summary The argument of this paper is (1) that, contrary to what is often thought, there are cases of disagreement among scientists concerning the relative acceptability of theories which do not turn on nonrational or extra-scientific considerations, (2) that agreement cannot be secured without adversely affecting the scientific enterprise as we know it, and (3) that disagreement can be accommodated within a theory of scientific rationality and progress based on the idea that the relative acceptability of scientific theories is a function of their relative problem-solving effectiveness. The diversity of our opinions does not proceed from some men being more rational than others but solely from the fact that our thoughts pass through diverse channels and the same objects are not considered by all.’ Descartes, Discourse on Method.
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 58-58 
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 1-6 
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    Notes: Abstract It is argued that the causal explanation of an event or fact has the same structure in physics and biology. This structure is represented in essence by the deductivenomologic model of explanation. Besides causal explanations, functional and teleologic explanations are considered to be legitimate and indispensable in (comparative) biology. At least in those areas of comparative biology that are based on the use of the principle of homology, the explanation of an event or fact also follows the deductive-nomologic model.
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 42-47 
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    Notes: Abstract The new generation of high-intensity accelerators, the so-called meson factories, make it possible to use the muons as unique microscopic probes in solid-state physics. The μSR-technique and some examples are discussed.
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 7-41 
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    Notes: Abstract Topologic methods are used to characterize a particular class of self-replicative reaction networks: the hypercycles. The results show that the properties of hypercycles are sufficient for a stable integration of the information contained in several self-replicative units. Among the catalytic networks studied, hypercyclic organization proves to be a necessary prerequisite for maintaining the stability of information and for promoting its further evolution. The techniques used in this paper, though familiar to mathematicians, are introduced in detail in order to make the logical arguments accessible to the nonmathematician.
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 48-56 
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    Notes: Abstract The width and other characteristics of the growth layers in trees provide valuable information on past variations in climate. Not only can past climate be deduced from past growth, but computers can be used to calibrate the tree growth with climate and to obtain quantitative estimates or reconstructions of the climatic variables in the past from the measurements of ring widths. Large arrays of many tree-ring chronologies exhibit large-scale spatial anomalies in growth. These anomalies can be converted by means of the calibration equations into large-scale reconstructions of spatial anomalies in climate. In this way a map is produced of climatic conditions for individual seasons within each year as far back in time as tree-ring data are available for the sites used for calibration. Some of the biological and physical phenomena that influence the climatic records are described, and the unique opportunities provided by tree-ring analysis of climate are summarized.
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 59-59 
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 60-61 
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 64-64 
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 64-65 
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 69-70 
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 71-72 
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 532-533 
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 507-514 
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    Notes: Abstract Two penta-peptides with morphine-like properties have recently been found in the nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. These peptides known as enkephalins are unevenly distributed in the brain, the highest concentration being in the globus pallidus. The enkephalins are found to have analgesic properties and are also anti-tussive, anti-diarrheal and able to stimulate release of prolactin and growth hormone. Synthetic analogues of the enkephalins containing specific D-amino acid substitutions have been developed and show a wide spectrum of activities.
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 501-506 
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    Notes: Abstract The first industrially feasible process for the synthesis of rubies was developed by Verneuil around the turn of the century. Progress in crystal-growing technique led in time to a number of other processes, some of which can be applied to the production of gem stones, making it possible to synthesize the most important gem stones. Even crystals that do not occur in nature, but were originally of interest in other connections, have acquired importance for jewelry in recent years.
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 520-526 
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    Notes: Abstract Criteria used to identify crypto-explosive structures as of impact origin imply only shock. Geographical distribution of many localities is non-random and relates to distribution of carbonatites and other igneous rocks. The implications are important and numerous. One is that some “meteorites” are almost certainly Earth material, another that tektites are entirely terrestrial.
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 515-519 
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    Notes: Abstract Extensive mineral alteration in the older land surfaces of the eastern Amazonian lowland has led to complete impoverishment of the soils in respect of their inorganic nutrient contents. Large-scale use of this area for agricultural purposes seems impossible. In the western Amazonian lowland, younger land surfaces (Pliocene) have developed along with Pleistocene flood plains. The mineral alteration in the soil profiles of this area, which are partly characterized by poor drainage, has resulted in impoverishment of soils to a lesser degree. These soils can be used to a limited extent for agricultural purposes, especially at the level of a subsistence economy.
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 533-533 
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 534-534 
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 527-531 
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    Notes: Abstract The eutrophication status of rivers is changed to a large degree by discharge of waste waters containing high amounts of phosphates from use of detergents. Sediments from the river Elbe in the port of Hamburg, and upstream from this town, and from some parts of the rivers Trave, Eider, and Schwentine are highly enriched with phosphorus. The phosphorus contents of up to 8300 ppm are about five to tenfold higher than the phosphorus contents of intensively fertilized soils. Phosphates accumulated in sediments are mainly bound as iron phosphates of different composition in a relatively labile binding form from which considerable amounts may be released to the water by various mobilization processes.
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 535-535 
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 537-538 
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 536-537 
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 539-540 
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 541-542 
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 540-541 
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 542-543 
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 545-546 
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 546-547 
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 548-549 
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 590-591 
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 558-568 
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    Notes: Abstract The physical basis of aircraft noise was described in Part I which appeared in No. 6/1977. In the present part, we discuss the existing means for control of aircraft noise, together with the success already realized and to be expected.
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    Naturwissenschaften 65 (1978), S. 553-557 
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    Notes: Abstract In our Galaxy we expect about 109 habitable planets, similar to our Earth but mostly a few 109 years older. If we generalize our own case and present state, we should try by all means to take up radio contact with the other civilizations. But if we generalize our probable future technical activities, the Galaxy should be teeming with life, of which we have seen no sign so far, and all habitable planets including Earth should have been colonized long ago by others, which certainly is not the case. This is considered a severe puzzle: it seems difficult to avoid the conclusion of our uniqueness, but even more difficult to accept and explain it.
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