ALBERT

Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: Text in deutscher und englischer Sprache

Note: Zugleich.: Dissertation, Technische Hochschule Zürich, 1999 , Contents: Acknowledgement. - Abstract. - Zusammenfassung. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Objectives of this study. - 1.2 Previous woik on sensitivity. - 1.3 Definition and measurement of surface albedo. - 1.4 Main characteristics of surface albedo. - 1.5 The importance of albedo in the climate system. - 2 Observational data. - 2. L Global data. - 2.2 ln-situ snow cover observation. - 3 Validation of ECHAM4. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Precipitation. - 3.3 Surface temperature. - 3.4 Snow water equivalent. - 3.5 Surface albedo. - 4 Assessment of the ECHAM and EM land surface schemes in an off-line mode. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Comparison of the land surface schemes of ECHAM and EM. - 4.2.1 Soil temperature and soil heat flux. - 4.2.2 Soil hydrology. - 4.2.3 Prediction of surface albedo and snow processes. - 4.2.4 Parameterization of water vapour fluxes. - 4.2.5 Parameterization of boundary layer transport. - 4.3 Comparison of the sensitivities of ECHAM and EM. - 4.3.1 Control simulations. - 4.3.2 Sensitivity to the roughness length. - 4.3.3 Sensitivity to the leaf area index. - 4.3.4 Sensitivity to the vegetation ratio. - 4.3.5 Sensitivity to the background surface albedo. - 4.3.6 Sensitivity to the snow albedo. - 4.3.7 Sensitivity to the maximum soil water content. - 4.4 Assessment of the surface climate in ECHAM and EM. - 4.5 Diurnal cycles of surface variables in the ECHAM and EM control experiments. - 4.6 Comparison of the ECHAM- and EM-parameterizations with other parameterization formulae. - 4.6.1 Bare soil evaporation. - 4.6.2 Stability function. - 4.7 Comparison of the ECHAM3 and ECHAM4 land surface schemes. - 4.8 Comparison between off-line model simulation with Russian sites. - 4.9 Summary and conclusions. - 5 3-dimensional ECHAM4 simulations. - 5.1 EXP1: Snow cover fraction deduced from global datasets. - 5.1.1 Overview of modifications. - 5.1.2 Parameterization of snow cover fraction. - 5.1.3 Derivation of a snow cover expression using satellite data. - 5.1.4 Results from the 3-D experiment. - 5.2 EXP2: Snow cover fraction formula as implemented in the Météo-France climate model. - 5.2.1 Overview of modifications. - 5.2.2 Results from the 3-D experiment. - 5.3 EXP3: Polynomial temperature dependence of snow albedo. - 5.3.1 Overview of modifications. - 5.3.2 Polynomial relationship between temperature and snow albedo. - 5.3.3 Results from the 3-D experiment. - 5.4 EXP4: Splitting of the total surface albedo into its VIS- and NIR-component. - 5.4.1 Overview of modifications. - 5.4.2 Spectral albedos for snow and ice conditions. - 5.4.3 Results from the 3-D experiment. - 5.5 EXP5: Incorporation of the BATS parameterization for snow albedo. - 5.5.1 Overview of parameterizations incorporating a snow age factor. - 5.5.2 Overview of modifications. - 5.5.3 Ratio of diffuse/direct radiation. - 5.5.4 Results from the 3-D experiment. - 5.6 EXP6: Annual cycle of the LAI. - 5.6.1 Overview of modifications. - 5.6.2 Compilation of global LAI datasets. - 5.6.3 Results from the 3-D experiment. - 5.7 EXP7: Albedo of snow covered forests and a simple snow interception model. - 5.7.1 Overview of modifications. - 5.7.2 Radiation transfer canopy models. - 5.7.3 Surface albedo of snow covered canopy in CLASS. - 5.7.4 Snow interception on canopies. - 5.7.5 Results from the 3-D experiment. - 5.8 EXP8: Modification of snowflakes' melt temperature. - 5.8.1 Overview of modifications. - 5.8.2 Snow-rain criteria. - 5.8.3 Results from the 3-D experiment. - 5.9 EXP9: Dependence of surface albedo on soil moisture. - 5.9.1 Overview of modifications. - 5.9.2 Relationships between bare soil albedo and soil moisture. - 5.9.3 Results from the 3-D experiment. - 5.10 EXP 10: Incorporation of subgrid scale orography. - 5.10.1 Incorporation of subgrid scale topographic variability. - 5.10.2 Topographic dataset. - 5.10.3 Experimental setup. - 5.10.4 Results from the 3-D experiment. - 6 Conclusions. - References. - Appendix. - A.1 Abstract and Summary of Paper 1.

Note: Contents: Foreword. - Science Highlights. - Why Study the Oceans?. - The Role of the Ocean in the Global Carbon Cycle. - The physical and biological pumps. - The “breathing of the oceans”. - Human perturbations to ocean CO2 uptake. - Detecting the human signal in the ocean. - Will the oceans continue to absorb anthropogenic CO2?. - The Components of the Ocean Carbon Cycle. - Measuring global primary production. - Factors that affect the strength of the biological pump. - Quantifying the magnitude of the biological pump. - Fluxes reaching the deep sea. - Assessing Changes Over Time. - Increasing CO2 content in the upper ocean. - Changes in community structure. - Models and Predictions. - Modelling chlorophyll and nitrate in the water column. - Models of the global carbon cycle. - The way forward. - Challenges For the Future. - About JGOFS.

Note: Table of Contents: 1 The Solid Phase of Marine Sediments / DIETER K. FÜTTERER 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Sources and Components of Marine Sediments 1.2.1 Lithogenous Sediments 1.2.2 Biogenous Sediments 1.2.3 Hydrogenous Sediments 1.3 Classification of Marine Sediments 1.3.1 Terrigenous Sediments 1.3.2 Deep-Sea Sediments 1.4 Global Patterns of Sediment Distribution 1.4.1 Distribution Patterns of Shelf Sediments 1.4.2 Distribution Patterns of Deep-Sea Sediments 1.4.3 Distribution Patterns of Glay Minerals 1.4.4 Sedimentation Rates 2 Geophysical Perspectives in Marine Sediments 2.1 Physical Properties of Marine Sediments / MONIKA BREITZKE 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 Porosity and Wet Bulk Density 2.1.2.1 Analysis by Weight and Volume 2.1.2.2 Gamma Ray Attenuation 2.1.2.3 Electrical Resistivity (Galvanic Method) 2.1.2.4 Electrical Resistivity (Inductive Method) 2.1.3 Permeability 2.1.4 Acoustic and Elastic Properties 2.1.4.1 Biot-Stoll Model 2.1.4.2 Full Waveform Ultrasonic Gore Logging 2.1.5 Sediment Classification 2.1.5.1 Full Waveform Gore Logs as Acoustic Images 2.1.5.2 P-and S-Wave Velocity, Attenuation, Elastic Moduli and Permeability 2.1.6 Sediment Echosounding 2.1.6.1 Synthetic Seismograms 2.1.6.2 Narrow-Beam Parasound Echosounder Recordings 2.2 Sedimentary Magnetism / ULRICH BLEIL 2.2.1 Introduction 2.2.2 Biogenie Magnetic Minerals in Marine Sediments 2.2.3 Reduction Diagenesis of Magnetic Minerals in Marine Environments 3 Quantification of Early Diagenesis: Dissolved Constituents in Marine Pore Water / HORST D. SCHULZ 3.1 Introduction: How to Read Pore Water Concentration Profiles 3.2 Calculation of Diffusive Fluxes and Diagenetic Reaction Rates 3.2.1 Steady State and Non-Steady State Situations 3.2.2 The Steady State Situation and Fick's First Law of Diffusion 3.2.3 Quantitative Evaluation of Steady State Concentration Profiles 3.2.4 The Non-Steady State Situation and Fick's Second Law of Diffusion 3.2.5 The Primary Redox-Reactions: Degradation of Organic Matter 3.3 Sampling of Pore Water for Ex-Situ Measurements 3.3.1 Obtaining Sampies of Sediment for the Analysis of Pore Water 3.3.2 Pore Water Extraction from the Sediment 3.3.3 Storage, Transport and Preservation of Pore Water 3.4 Analyzing Constituents in Pore Water, Typical Profiles 3.5 In-Situ Measurements 3.6 Influence of Bioturbation, Bioirrigation, and Advection 4 Organic Matter: The Driving Force for Early Diagenesis / JÜRGEN RULLKÖTTER 4.1 The Organic Carbon Cycle 4.2 Organic Matter Accumulation in Sediments 4.2.1 Productivity Versus Preservation 4.2.2 Primary Production of Organic Matter and Export to the Ocean Bottom 4.2.3 Transport of Organic Matter through the Water Column 4.2.4 The Influence of Sedimentation Rate on Organic Matter Burial 4.2.5 Allochthonous Organic Matter in Marine Sediments 4.3 Early Diagenesis 4.3.1 The Organic Carbon Content of Marine Sediments 4.3.2 Chemical Composition of Biomass 4.3.3 The Principle of Selective Preservation 4.3.4 The Formation of Fossil Organic Matter and its Bulk Composition 4.3.5 Early Diagenesis at the Molecular Level 4.3.6 Biological Markers (Molecular Fossils) 4.4 Organic Geochemical Proxies 4.4.1 Total Organic Carbon and Sulfur 4.4.2 Marine Versus Terrigenous Organic Matter 4.4.3 Molecular Paleo-Seawater Temperature and Climate Indicators 4.5 Analytical Techniques 4.5.1 Sam pie Requirements 4.5.2 Elemental and Bulk Isotope Analysis 4.5.3 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis and Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography 4.5.4 Organic Petrography 4.5.5 Bitumen Analysis 4.6 The Future of Marine Geochemistry of Organic Matter 5 Bacteria and Marine Biogeochemistry / Bo BARKER JORGENSEN 5.1 Role of Microorganisms 5.1.1 From Geochemistry to Microbiology - and back 5.1.2 Approaches in Marine Biogeochemistry 5.2 Life and Environments at Small Scale 5.2.1 Hydrodynamics of Low Reynolds Numbers 5.2.2 Diffusion at Small Scale 5.2.3 Diffusive Boundary Layers 5.3 Regulation and Limits of Microbial Processes 5.3.1 Substrate Uptake by Microorganisms 5.3.2 Temperature as a Regulating Factor 5.3.3 Other Regulating Factors 5.4 Energy Metabolism of Prokaryotes 5.4.1 Free Energy 5.4.2 Reduction-Oxidation Processes 5.4.3 Relations to Oxygen 5.4.4 Definitions of Energy Metabolism 5.4.5 Energy Metabolism of Microorganisms 5.4.6 Chemolithotrophs 5.4.7 Respiration and Fermentation 5.5 Pathways of Organic Matter Degradation 5.5.1 Depolymerization of Macromolecules 5.5.2 Aerobic and Anaerobic Mineralization 5.5.3 Depth Zonation of Oxidants 5.6 Methods in Biogeochemistry 5.6.1 Incubation Experiments 5.6.2 Radioactive Tracers 5.6.3 Example: Sulfate Reduction 5.6.4 Specific Inhibitors 5.6.5 Other Methods 6 Early Diagenesis at the Benthic Boundary Layer: Oxygen and Nitrate in Marine Sediments / CHRISTIAN HENSEN AND MATTHIAS ZABEL 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Oxygen and Nitrate Distribution in Seawater 6.3 The Role of Oxygen and Nitrate in Marine Sediments 6.3.1 Respiration and Redox Processes 6.3.1.1 Nitrification and Denitrification 6.3.1.2 Coupling of Oxygen and Nitrate to other Redox Pathways 6.3.2 Determination of Consumption Rates and Senthic Fluxes 6.3.2.1 Fluxes and Concentration Profiles Determined by In-Situ Devices 6.3.2.2 Ex-Situ Pore Water Data from Deep-Sea Sediments 6.3.2.3 Determination of Denitrification Rates 6.3.3 Oxic Respiration, Nitrification and Denitrification in Different Marine Environments 6.3.3.1 Quantification of Rates and Fluxes 6.3.3.2 Variation in Different Marine Environments: Case Studies 6.4 Summary 7 The Reactivity of Iron / RALF R. HAESE 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Pathways of Iron Input to Marine Sediments 7.2.1 Fluvial Input 7.2.2 Aeolian Input 7.3 Iron as a Limiting Nutrient for Primary Productivity 7.4 The Early Diagenesis of Iron in Sediments 7.4.1 Dissimilatary Iran Reductian 7.4.2 Solid Phase Ferric Iron and its Bioavailability 7.4.2.1 Properties of Iron Oxides 7.4.2.2 Bioavailability of Iron Oxides 7.4.2.3 Bioavailability of Sheet Silicate Sound Ferric lron 7.4.3 Iron and Manganese Redax Cycles 7.4.4 Iron Reactivity towards S, O2, Mn, NO3, P, HCO3, and Si-AI 7.4.4.1 lron Reduction by HS and Ligands 7.4.4.2 Iron Oxidation by O2, NO3, and Mn4+ 7.4.4.3 Iron-Sound Phosphorus 7.4.4.4 The Formation of Siderite 7.4.4.5 The Formation of lron Searing Aluminosilicates 7.4.5 Discussion: The Importance of Fe-and Mn-Reactivity in Various Enyironments 7.5 The Assay for Ferric and Ferrous Iron 8 Sulfate Reduction in Marine Sediments / SABINE KASTEN AND BO BARKER JØRGENSEN 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Sulfate Reduction and the Degradation of Organic Matter 8.3 Biotic and Abiotic Processes Coupled to Sulfate Reduction 8.3.1 Pyrite Formation 8.3.2 Effects of Sulfate Reduction on Sedimentary Solid Phases 8.4 Determination of Sulfate Reduction Rates 9 Marine Carbonates: Their Formation and Destruction / RALPH R. SCHNEIDER, HORST D. SCHULZ AND CHRISTIAN HENSEN 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Marine Environments of Carbonate Production and Accumulation 9.2.1 Shallow-Water Carbonates 9.2.2 Pelagic Calcareous Sediments 9.3 The Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium in Marine Aquatic Systems 9.3.1 Primary Reactions of the Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium with Atmospheric Contact in Infinitely Diluted Solutions 9.3.2 Primary Reactions of the Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium without Atmospheric Contact 9.3.3 Secondary Reactions of the Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium in Seawater 9.3.4 Examples for Calculation of the Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium in Ocean Waters 9.4 Carbonate Reservoir Sizes and Fluxes between Particulate and Dissolved Reservoirs 9.4.1 Production Versus Dissolution of Pelagic Carbonates 9.4.2 Inorganic and Organic Carbon Release trom Deep-Sea Sediments 10 Influences of Geochemical Processes on Stable Isotope Distribution in Marine Sediments / TORSTEN SICKERT 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Fundamentals 10.2.1 Principles of Isotopic Fractionation 10.2.2 Analytical Procedures 10.3 Geochemicallnfluences on 18O/16O Ratios 10.3.1 δ18O of Seawater 10.3.2 δ18O in Marine Carbonates 10.4 Geochemical Influences on 13C/12C Ratios 10.4.1

Note: Contents: Executive Summary. - Introduction. - Objectives. - ANTOSTRAT background. - Summary statements. - Input needs for Antarctic paleoclimate modelling. - ANTOSTRAT data management with the information system PANGEA. - Ocean Drilling Programme. - Cape Roberts drilling. - Marine shallow drilling. - Dreging/coring. - Under-ice drilling. - Lake coring. - Terrestrial shallow drilling. - Cosmogenic surface exposure dating in Antarctica: progress and potential. - Synthesis and directions. - Summary. - References. - Acknowledgements. - Appendices. - 1. Workshop agenda. - 2. Workshop participants. - 3. Meeting Report published in EOS. - 4. Acronyms and abbreviations.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: CONTENTS: Flight plan 2001. - LC130 schedule. - NGRIP 2001 schedule. - Overview of 2001 schedule. - Quartering and buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 2001 sub programs. - SITREP. - Term of reference for the NGRIP field work. - Accidents and illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 2001. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NGRIP documentation. - NGRIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and the surrounding area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Uplift 2001. - Typical specifications for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan and frequencies used. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Operation of Thrane & Thrane STDC telex terminal. - Operation of NERA lnmarsat M terminal. - Minutes of NGRIP SC meeting. - Map of NGRIP camp (not all updated). - NGRIP inclined pit and trenches (not updated). - Map of NGRIP Region. - Map of Greenland and North Greenland. - Map of skiway and local topography. - Ice divide North of NGRIP. - Map of the magnetic declination in Greenland. - Glycol specification. - Density vs temperature of hole liquid. - Positions in Greenland, distances and directions. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: In japanischer Sprache

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Предисловие Теоретические вопросы геотектоники Некоторые методологические вопросы геологии / Ю. А. Косыгин Краткий методологический анализ современных глобальных тектонических гипотез / В. Ю. Забродин Главные этапы эволюции процесса рифтогенеза в истории Земли / Е. E. Милановский Закономерности формирования континентальной земной коры / М. С. Марков, Ю. М. Пущаровский Структурно-формационные парагенезы как индикаторы стадийности формирования континентальной коры / Б. М. Чиков Сдвиги и трансформные разломы литосферы / С. И. Шерман Структурная эволюция геосинклинальных складчатых систем / В. С. Буртмаи Механизм образования складчатости и ее морфология / А. В. Вихерт О формировании и локализации концентрических комплексов в связи с развитием разломов / Ю. А. Косыгин, В. В. Юшманов, Л. А. Маслов О тектонике и минерагении Восточной Сибири и Дальнего Востока / Л. И. Красный Становление земной коры в докембрии О процессах, образующих и преобразующих земную кору континентального типа / Ч. Б. Борукаев Закономерности формирования земной коры континентов в нижнем докембрии / М. А. Гилярова Особенности тектонического развития подвижных зон Гондваны и Евразии в позднем докембрии / Н. А. Божко Главные этапы становления континентальиой земной коры / В. И. Шульдинер Тентоника и этапы становления земной коры территории Янутии / Г. С. Гусев, Г. А. Гринберг, В. В. Ковальский, Б. В. Олейников, А. Ф. Петров, Г. С. Фрадкии, Н. В. Черский Модели строения и глубинной эволюции коры юго-востока Сибирской платформы / Л. П. Карсаков, Ю. Ф. Малышев Эволюция слоев земной коры в геологической истории архея Алданского щита / И. М. Фрумкин К проблеме пангеосинклинали / Р. Ф. Черкасов Этапы формирования земной коры Алданского щита в докембрии / Л. М. Реутов, А. Ф. Петров Этапы формирования земной коры и докембрийский рифтогенез на северо-востоке Сибирской платформы / Б. Р. Шпунт, Д. В. Аброскин, Ю. Х. Протопопов Этапы и факторы становления континентальной коры на территории Восточной Сибири / А. А. Бухаров К проблеме происхождения среднепротерозойских грабенов юго-востока Сибирской платформы и ее складчатого обрамления / А. А. Константиновский Тектоника платформенных областей Геоблоки Сибири и этапы их формирования / Е. П. Миронюк, И. А. Загрузииа Соотношение структурных этажей - критерий тектонического районироnания платформенных областей / К. И. Микуленко, В. С. Старосельцев, Г. С. Фрадкин Общая корреляция эндогенных процессов на Сибирской платформе / С. М. Замараев О мантийных абиссолитах и природе сводовых поднятий на древних платформах / П. Ф. Иванкин, А. А. Фельдман Становление земной коры молодых плит и ранние этапы их развития (на примере Западно-Сибирского сеrмента) / В. С. Бочкарев Тектоника подвижных областей Офиолитовые зоны палеозоид Казахстана и геодинамические реконструкции / Е. И. Паталаха Современная тектоника Байкальской рифтовой системы и концепция тектоники плит / В. П. Солоненко Современные представления о глубинном строении северо-восточноrо фланга Байкальской рифтовой зоны / М. М. Мандельбаум, И. П. Шпак Пространственно-временные связи и геодинамические соотношения мезозойских структур на Алданском щите и в Джугджуро-Становой области / В. Г. Ветлужских Офиолиты и олистостромы Верхояно-Колымской складчатой системы / Ю. В. Архипов, И. Г. Волкодав Литосферные плиты в Верхояно-Чукотской складчатой области / В. Б Спектор Структура и геодинамика Курило-Камчатскоrо желоба / Г. С. Гнибиденко, Т. Г. Быкова, О. В. Веселов, В. М. Воробьев, А. С. Сваричевский Литература , Translation of Contents Preface Theoretical issues of geotectonics Some methodological issues of geology / Yu. A. Kosygin Brief methodological analysis of modern global tectonic hypotheses / V. Yu. Zabrodin The main stages of the evolution of the rifting process in the history of the Earth / E. E. Milanovsky Patterns of formation of the continental crust / M. S. Markov, Yu. M. Pushcharovsky Structural-formational parageneses as indicators of the stages of formation of the continental crust / B. M. Chikov Shifts and transform faults of the lithosphere / S. I. Sherman Structural evolution of geosynclinal folded systems / V. S. Burtmai The mechanism of formation of folding and its morphology / A. V. Wikhert On the formation and localization of concentric complexes in connection with the development of faults / Yu. A. Kosygin, V. V. Yushmanov, L. A. Maslov On tectonics and minerageny of Eastern Siberia and the Far East / L. I. Krasny Formation of the earth's crust in the Precambrian On the processes that form and transform the earth's crust of continental type / Ch. B. Borukaev Patterns of formation of the continental crust in the Lower Precambrian / M. A. Gilyarova Features of the tectonic development of mobile zones of Gondwana and Eurasia in the Late Precambrian / N. A. Bozhko The main stages of the formation of the continental crust / V. I. Shuldiner Tentonics and stages of formation of the earth's crust in the territory of Janutia / G. S. Gusev, G. A. Grinberg, V. V. Kovalsky, B. V. Oleinikov, A. F. Petrov, G. S. Fradkii, N. V. Chersky Models of the structure and deep evolution of the crust of the southeast of the Siberian Platform / L. P. Karsakov, Yu. F. Malyshev Evolution of layers of the earth’s crust in the geological history of the Archean of the Aldan Shield / I. M. Frumkin On the problem of pangeosyncline / R. F. Cherkasov Stages of formation of the earth's crust of the Aldan shield in the Precambrian / L. M. Reutov, A. F. Petrov Stages of crust formation and Precambrian rifting in the northeast of the Siberian Platform / B. R. Shpunt, D. V. Abroskin, Yu. Kh. Protopopov Stages and factors of formation of the continental crust in Eastern Siberia / A. A. Bukharov On the problem of the origin of Middle Proterozoic grabens in the southeast of the Siberian Platform and its folded framing / A. A. Konstantinovsky Tectonics of platform areas Geoblocks of Siberia and stages of their formation / E. P. Mironyuk, I. A. Zagruzia The ratio of structural floors is a criterion for tectonic zoning of platform areas / K. I. Mikulenko, V. S. Staroseltsev, G. S. Fradkin General correlation of endogenous processes on the Siberian platform / S. M. Zamaraev On mantle abysolites and the nature of arched uplifts on ancient platforms / P. F. Ivankin, A. A. Feldman Formation of the earth's crust of young plates and early stages of their development (using the example of West Siberian cement) / V. S. Bochkarev Tectonics of mobile regions Ophiolite zones of the paleozoids of Kazakhstan and geodynamic reconstructions / E. I. Patalakha Modern tectonics of the Baikal rift system and the concept of plate tectonics / V. P. Solonenko Modern ideas about the deep structure of the northeast flank of the Baikal rift zone / M. M. Mandelbaum, I. P. Shpak Spatio-temporal connections and geodynamic relationships of Mesozoic structures on the Aldan shield and in the Dzhugdzhur-Stanovoy region / V. G. Vetluzhskikh Ophiolites and olistostromes of the Verkhoyansk-Kolyma fold system / Yu. V. Arkhipov, I. G. Volkodav Lithospheric plates in the Verkhoyansk-Chukotka folded region / V. B Spektor Structure and geodynamics of the Kuril-Kamchatka trench / G. S. Gnibidenko, T. G. Bykova, O. V. Veselov, V. M. Vorobyov, A. S. Svarichevsky Literature , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: INHALTSÜBERSICHT: Vorwort. - EINLEITUNG. - I. KLIMAKLASSIFIKATIONEN. - 1. Großräumige Einteilungen. - 2. Einteilungen in Pflanzenreiche. - 3. Klassifikationen nach natürlichen Landschaften. - 4. Klassifikationen nach wirtschaftsgeographischen Gesichtspunkten. - 5. Klassifikationen nach hydrologischen Gesichtspunkten. - 6. Klassifikationen ohne schärfere Abgrenzung. - 7. Klassifikationen auf Grund der Beziehungen zwischen Klima und Pflanzenleben. - 8. Klassifikationen auf Grund eines Index. - 9. Klassifikationen auf Grund von Abgrenzungen durch meteorologische Schwellenwerte (z. T. unter Verwendung besonderer Indices). - 10. Klassifikation auf Grund von Luftmassen. - 11. Einteilungen der Windsysteme der Erde. - 12. Klimagramme. - 13. Graphische Methoden. - 14. Klassifikationsvorschläge nach biologischen und morphologisch-geologischen Gesichtspunkten. - 15. Reine Klimabeschreibungen. - II. TEILKLASSIFIKATIONEN. - 1. Abgrenzung einzelner Klimate. - (1) Allgemein. - (2) Kontinentalität und Ozeanität. - α) Nach Temperaturwerten. - β) Nach Niederschlagswerten. - γ) Nach verschiedenartigen Werten. - δ) Nach Luftkörpern. - (3) Trockengrenzen. - (4) Tropen. - (5) Gebirge. - (6) Geographisch benannte Klimate. - (7) Baumklimate. - (8) Agrarklimate. - 2. Klassifikationen von Teilen der Erdoberfläche. - 3. Ermittlung bestimmter für die Klassifikationen wesentlicher Klimagrößen. - (1) Verdunstung. - (2) Reduzierte Regenmengen. - (3) Relative Temperaturen. - (4) Effektiver Niederschlag und aktive Temperatur. - (5) Jahresgangzahlen. - III. BETRACHTUNG DES GESAMTPROBLEMS. - 1. Begriffsbestimmungen. - (1) Verschiedene Stellungnahmen. - (2) Zusammenfassender Vorschlag. - (3) Betrachtung einzelner Klassifikationen hinsichtlich der gewählten Begriffe. - 2. Grundlagen für die Benennung der Klimate. - 3. Zur Methodik der Klassifikation. - (1) Allgemein. - α) Verschiedene Stellungnahmen. - β) Welche Klimate sollen klassifiziert werden?. - γ) Wie soll die Klassifikation erfolgen?. - (2) Die einzelnen Klassifikationselemente. - (3) Einzelwerte und Mittelwerte. - IV. VERGLEICH EINIGER KLASSIFIKATIONEN. - 1. Verschiedene Stellungnahmen. - 2. Vergleich mittels kartenmäßiger Darstellungen. - ZUSAMMENFASSUNG. - LITERATURVERZEICHNIS. - Verzeichnis der Räume mit kartierten Klimaten. - ZEHN KLIMAKARTEN VON EUROPA (BEILAGE):1. nach Supan (1916). - 2. nach Hettner (1930). - 3. nach Köppen-Geiger (1928). - 4. nach Philippson (1933). - 5. nach Philippson (1933). - 6. nach v. Wißmann (1939). - 7. nach Blair (1949). - 8. nach Gorczyński (1945). - 9. nach Thornthwaite (1933). - 10. nach Creutzburg (1950).

Note: Contents Acknowledgements Editor's Preface Translator's Preface Preface to Volume V of the Russian Edition, Salicaceae-Portulacaceae Preface to Volume VI of the Russian Edition, Caryophyllaceae-Ranunculaceae Abbreviations Used in Citing Floristic and Systematic Literature FAMILY XX / Salicaceae — Willow Family GENUS 1 / Populus - Poplar GENUS 2 / Chosenia - Chosenia GENUS 3 / Salix - Willow FAMILY XXI / Betulaceae — Birch Family GENUS 1 / Betula - Birch GENUS 2 / Alnaster - Green Alder GENUS 3 / Alnus - Alder FAMILY XXII / Urticaceae — Nettle Family GENUS 1 / Urtica - Nettle FAMILY XXIII / Polygonaceae — Buckwheat Family GENUS 1 / Oxyria - Mountain Sorrel GENUS 2 / Rumex - Dock, Sorrel GENUS 3 / Rheum - Rhubarb GENUS 4 / Koenigia - Koenigia GENUS 5 / Polygonum - Knotweed, Smartweed FAMILY XXIV / Chenopodiaceae — Goosefoot Family GENUS 1 / Chenopodium - Goosefoot GENUS 2 / Monolepis - Monolepis GENUS 3 / Atriplex - Orache GENUS 4 / Corispermum - Bugseed FAMILY XXV / Portulacaceae — Purslane Family GENUS 1 / Claytonia - Spring Beauty GENUS 2 / Montia - Blinks FAMILY XXVI / Caryophyllaceae — Pink Family GENUS 1 / Stellaria - Chickweed, Stitchwort GENUS 2 / Cerastium - Mouse-ear Chickweed GENUS 3 / Sagina - Pearlwort GENUS 4 / Minuartia - Minuartia GENUS 5 / Honkenya - Sea Sandwort GENUS 6 / Arenaria - Sandwort GENUS 7 / Moehringia - Groue Sandwort GENUS 8 / Merckia - Mercfo'a GENUS 9 / Spergula - Corn Spurry GENUS 10 / Spergularia - Sand Spurry GENUS 11 / Agrostemma - Corn Cockle GENUS 12 / Viscaria - Catchfly GENUS 13 / Silene - Campion GENUS 14 / Lychnis - Lychnis GENUS 15 / Coronaria - Ragged Robin GENUS 16 / Gastrolychnis - Gastrolychnis GENUS 17 / Gypsophila - Baby's-breath GENUS 18 / Dianthus - Pink FAMILY XXVII / Faeoniaceae — Peony Family GENUS 1 /Paeonia - Peony FAMILY XXVIII / Ranunculaceae — Buttercup Family GENUS 1 / Caltha - Marsh Marigold GENUS 2 / Trollius - Globe Flower GENUS 2a / Coptis - Goldthread GENUS 3 / Aquilegia - Columbine GENUS 4 / Delphinium - Larkspur GENUS 5 / Aconitum - Monkshood GENUS 6 7 Anemone - Anemone GENUS 7 / Pulsatilla - Pasque Flower GENUS 8 / Atragene - Alpine Clematis GENUS 9 / Oxygraphis - Oxygraphis GENUS 10 / Beckwithia - Beckwithia GENUS 11 / Batrachium - White Water Crowfoot GENUS 12 / Ranunculus - Buttercup GENUS 13 / Thalictrum - Meadow Rue APPENDIX I / Summary of Data on the Geographical Distribution of Vascular Plants of the Soviet Arctic TABLE 5 / Distribution of Vascular Plants of the Soviet Arctic, Salicaceae-Ranunculaceae Index of Plant Names

Note: Contents: Preface / Helle V. Goldman, Bruce Forbes & Gary Kofinas. - Research planning in the face of change: the human role in reindeer/caribou systems / Gary Kofinas, Gail Osherenko, David Klein & Bruce Forbes. - Reindeer husbandry/hunting in Russia in the past, present and future / Leonid M. Baskin. - Chukotkan reindeer husbandry in the post-socialist transition / Patty A. Gray. - Nenets reindeer herders on the lower Yenisei River: traditional economy under current conditions are responses to economic change / Konstantin B. Klokov. - Reindeer pastoralism in modern Siberia: research and survival during the time of crash / Igor Krupnik. - Managing reindeer and wildlife on Alaska's Seward Peninsula / Jim Dau. - Response of reindeer and caribou to human activities / Scott A. Wolfe, Brad Griffith & Carrie A. Gray Wolfe. - High voltage transmission lines and their effect on reindeer: a research programme in progress / Eigil Reimers, Kjetil Flydal & Rune Stenseth. - Responses of West Greenland caribou to the approach of humans on foot / Peter Aastrup. - Arctic grazing systems and industrial development: can we minimize conflicts? / David R. Klein. - Regional effects of climate change on reindeer: a case study of the Muotkatunturi region in Finnish Lapland / Susan E. Lee, Malcolm C. Press, John A. Lee, Tim Ingold & Terhi Kurttila. - Reindeer in tundra ecosystems: the challenges of understanding system complexity / Feodor V. Kryazhimskii & Alexey N. Danilov. - Status, directions and priorities of reindeer husbandry research in Sweden / Öje Danell. - Need and opportunity for a North American caribou knowledge cooperative / Don Russell, Gary Kofinas & Brad Griffith. - Native reindeer herders' priorities for research / Johan Mathis Turi. - Letter from Varandei / Andrei V. Golovnev.

Note: Inhalt = Content 1. Vorwort = Introduction 2 . Ausgewählte Forschungsthemen = Selected research topics Wenn ein Eisrücken dem Wind im Weg steht = An ice ridge being an obstacle to the wind / Thomas Garbrecht, Christof Lüpkes Das Klima hat seine ganz eigene Dynamik = The climate has its own dynamics / Dörte Handorf, Antje Weisheimer, Klaus Dethloff Wenn die großen Gletscher kommen = The appearance of large glaciers / Katrin Meissner, Rüdiger Gerdes Molekularbiologen auf der Jagd nach toxischen Algenblüten = Development of methods for early warning systems / Linda Medlin, Christian Schütt Schlechte Aussichten für Kalkbildner im Meer = Poor prospects for marine calcifying organisms / Ulf Riebesell, Ingrid Zondervan, Björn Rost Der etwas andere Krill: Leben im kalten wie im warmen Wasser = Krill, a bit different: Life in both cold and warm waters / Friedrich Buchholz, Reinhard Saborowski, Markus Salomon Multidrug Resistenz - eine alte Überlebensstrategie von Meeresorganismen = Multidrug-Resistance - an ancient survival strategy for marine organisms / Angela Köhler-Günther, Alexander Lüdeking, Tilman Alpermann Nährstoffbelastung des Wattenmeeres und der angrenzenden Küstengewässer = Eutrophication of the Wadden Sea and adjacent coastal zone / Justus van Beusekom, Ragnhild Asmus, Victor de Jonge (RIKZ, NL), Eike Rachor Magnesium als Faktor für die Verbreitung von Krebsen in den Polarmeeren = Magnesium as a factor limiting the distribution of polar crustaceans / Franz-Josef Sartoris, Markus Frederich, Hans-Otto Pörtner Gebirge unter dem antarktischen Eis entdeckt = Discovery of a mountain range under the ice / Daniel Steinhage, Uwe Nixdorf, Uwe Meyer, Heinrich Miller Seesedimente Ostgrönlands als Zeugen von Klimaschwankungen und veränderten Meeresströmungen = Lacustrine sediments of East Greenland give evidence for changes in the climate and in the oceanic circulation pattern / Bernd Wagner, Martin Melles, Holger Cremer, Hans-W. Hubberten Östliche Karasee bereits früh eisfrei = Early deglaciation in the eastern Kara Sea / Hans Peter Kleiber, Frank Niessen 3. Forschung = Research 3.1 Klimasystem = 3.1 Climate system 3.2 Pelagische Ökosysteme = 3 .2 Pelagic ecosystems 3.3 Benthische Ökosysteme = 3.3 Benthic ecosystems 3.4 Geosystem = 3.4 Geosystem 3.5 Projektgruppen = 3.5 Project groups 4. Logistik und Expeditionen = Logistics and operational activities 5. Nationale und internationale Zusammenarbeit = National and international cooperation 6. Informationszentrum = Information center 7. Presse-und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit = Public relations department 8. Personeller Aufbau und Haushaltsentwicklung = Personnel structure and budget trends 9. Veröffentlichungen, Patente = Publications, patents Anhang = Annex I. Personal = I. Personnel II. Wissenschaftliche Veranstaltungen = II. Scientific events III. Abgeschlossene Examensarbeiten = III. Completed theses and dissertations

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: Groningen, Univ., Diss., 1983 , CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION. - CHAPTER 1. ANALYTICAL AND PREPARATIVE TECHNIQUES. - 1.1. Introduction. - 1.2. Isotope mass spectrometry of H, O and C. - 1.2.1. 2H analysis of H2. - 1.2.2. 18O and 13C analysis of CO2. - 1.3. Preparation of H2 from H2O and organic compounds. - 1.3.1. Combustion and reduction system. - 1.3.1.1. Automated vacuum taps. - 1.3.1.2. Automated cold trap. - 1.3.1.3. Automated combustion. - 1.3.1,4, Membrane pump. - 1.3.2. Performance and results. - 1.3.2.1. H2O samples. - 1.3.2.1. Organic samples. - 1.4. Preparation of CO2 from H2O and organic compounds. - 1.4.1. Introduction. - 1.4.2. Review of the available methods for extracting oxygen. - 1.4.3. Sealed nickel tube pyrolysis. - 1.4.3.1. Principle. - 1.4.3.2. Realization. - 1.4.3.3. Technical details. - 1.4.3.4. Results and calibration. - 1.4.3.5. 18O analysis of some organic pounds 1.4.3.5. δ2H of hydrogen produced by the SNTP method. - 1.5. Preparation of carbon dioxide for 13C analysis. - 1.6. Separation of cellulose from wood and peat. - 1.6.1. Introduction. - 1.6.2. Separation of cellulose from wood. - 1.6.3. Separation of cellulose from peat. - 1.6.4 Nitration and drying of cellulose. - CHAPTER 2. 18O FRACTIONATION BETWEEN CO2 AND H2O. - 2.1. Introduction. - 2.2. 18O analysis of H2O. - 2.3. Equilibration with CO2. - 2.4. Mass spectrometric analyses. - 2.5. Results anddiscussion. - CHAPTER 3. FACTORS AFFECTING THE 2H/1H AND 18O/16O RATIO OF PLANT CELLULOSE. - 3.1. Survey of factors affecting the 2H/1H and 18O/16O ratio. - 3.2. Isotopic composition of precipitation. - 3.3. Leaf-water isotopic enrichment. - 3.3.1. Theoretical. - 3.3.2. Measurement of leaf-water enrichment. - 3.3.2.1. Trees. - 3.3.2.2. Bog plants. - 3.4. Biochemical fractionation. - CHAPTER 4. 2H, 18O AND 13C VARIATIONS IN TREE RINGS. - 4.1. Introduction. - 4.2. Methods and material. - 4.3. Results and discussion. - 4.3.1. Intra-ring variations. - 4.3.1.1. Late wood. - 4.3.1.2. Differences between early wood and late wood. - 4.3.2. Inter-ring variations. - CHAPTER 5. 2H, 18O AND 13C VARIATIONS IN PEAT. - 5.1. Introduction. - 5.2. δ2H, δ18O and δ13C values of bog plants. - 5.2.1. Material and method. - 5.2.2. δ18O and δ2H. - 5.2.3. δ13C 5.3. Engbertsdijksveen I. - 5.3. Introduction. - 5.3.2. Description of the local vegetational succession. - 5.3.3. Cellulose preparation. - 5.3.4. The δ2H and δ18O record. - 5.4. Engbertsdijksveen VII. - 5.4.1. Introduction. - 5.4.2. Description of the local vegetational succession. - 5.4.3. The δ2H and δ18O record. - 5.4.4. The δ13C record. - 5.5. Comparison between Engbertsdijksveen I and VII. - 5.6. Conclusions. - Appendix. - REFERENCES. - SUMMARY. - SAMENVATTING. - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.

Note: Contents: Introduction. - 1. An assessment of the natural conditions of contaminant accumulation in the Russian Arctic Seas. - 1.1 Climate. - 1.2. Hydrological and ice conditions. - 1.3. Russian Arctic Sea Bottom Contour. - 1.4. Present-day precipitation in the Russian Arctic Seas. - 2. Sources of Russian Arctic radioactive sea contamination. - 2.1. Novaya Zemlya Nuclear-Weapon Tests. - 2.2. Chemical plants as sources of radioactive sea contamination in the Arctic. - 2.2.1. Plants in Siberia and the Urals. - 2.2.2. Radiochemical plants in Western Europe. - 2.3. Dumping solid and liquid radioactive waste in the Barents and the Kara Seas. - 2.4. The Northern Military Marine and the Atomic Icebreaker Fleet of Murmansk Sea Shipping Company. - 3. The dynamics of mass and technologenic radionuclides in the Russian Arctic Seas. - 3.1. Hydrogenic mass / radionuclide transfer. - 3.2. Gravitational mass flows in Arctic Seas. - 3.3. Transfer by ice in the Arctic Seas. - 3.4. Biogenic mass flows in Arctic Seas. - 3.5. Atmospheric mass flows. - 4. Radionuclide distribution in the Russian Arctic Sea environment. - 4.1. Radioactive contamination of sea water. - 4.2. Radioactive contamination of ice. - 4.3. Radionuclide distribution in sea bottom sediments of the Russian Arctic Seas. - 4.4. Radionuclide distribution in the atmosphere over the Russian Arctic Seas. - 5. Biological accumulation of technogenic radionuclides. - 6. Arctic radioactive contamination and the health of the population. - Conclusion. - Summary. - Terminology. - References. , In kyrill. Schr.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: CONTENTS: Introduction / Michael A. Arthur. - Chapter 1: Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon and their application to sedimentologic and paleoenvironmental problems / Thomas F. Anderson and Michael A. Arthur. - Chapter 2: Stable isotopes of sulfur, nitrogen and deuterium in recent marine environments / Ian R. Kaplan. - Chapter 3: Chemical diagenesis of carbonates: theory and application of trace element technique / Ján Veizer. - Chapter 4: The application of stable isotopes to studies of the origin of dolomite and to problems of diagenesis of clastic sediments / Lynton S. Land. - Bibliography.

Note: Inhalt: 1 Einleitung. - 2 Arbeitsmethoden und Interpretation. - 2.1 Probennahme. - 2.1.1 Gesteinsart. - 2.1.2 Zahl und Menge der Proben. - 2.2 Vorbereitung der Proben im Labor. - 2.3 Mineraltrennung. - 2.3.1 Schweretrennung. - 2.3.1.1 Trennflüssigkeiten. - 2.3.1.2 Sedimentation durch Schwerkraft. - 2.3.1.2.1 Aufbau der Geräte. - 2.3.1.2.2 Abtrennvorgang. - 2.3.1.3 Zentrifugentrennung. - 2.3.1.4 Vergleich von Zentrifugen- und Schwerkrafttrennung. - 2.3.2 Magnetische Abtrennung. - 2.3.2.1 Allgemeines. - 2.3.2.2 Trennungsgang. - 2.3.3 Weitere Methoden der Mineraltrennung. - 2.4 Methoden der Schwermineralbestimmung. - 2.4.1 Durchlichtmikroskopie. - 2.4.1.1 Präparate für das Durchlichtmikroskop. - 2.4.1.1.1 Vorgang. - 2.4.1.1.2 Die Wahl des Einbettungsmittels. - 2.4.1.1.3 Menge der Schwerminerale. - 2.4.1.2 Optische Bestimmung. - 2.4.1.2.1 Lichtbrechung. - 2.4.1.2.2 Doppelbrechung. - 2.4.1.2.3 Auslöschung. - 2.4.1.2.4 Elongation. - 2.4.1.2.5 Anomale Interferenzfarben. - 2.4.1.2.6 Konoskopische Bestimmung. - 2.4.1.2.7 Bestimmung des optischen Charakters. - 2.4.2 Röntgenographische Bestimmung. - 2.4.3 Auflicht-Bestimmung. - 2.5 Quantitative Bestimmung und Darstellung eines Schwermineralspektrums. - 2.5.1 Art der Auszählung eines Schwermineralpräparates. - 2.5.2 Quantitative Angaben. - 2.5.3 Darstellungsmethoden. - 2.6 Auswertung der Schwermineralanalyse. - 2.6.1 Mineralauflösung. - 2.6.2 Mineralneubildung. - 2.6.3 Transporteinflüsse. - 2.6.3.1 Abnutzung. - 2.6.3.2 Sortierung. - 2.6.4 Lagerstätten. - 2.6.5 Paläogeographie und Stratigraphie. - 3 Beschreibung der Schwerminerale. - 4 Literatur. - 5 Anhang: Tabellen, Tafeln. - 6 Register.

Note: Contents List of Contributors Preface Acknowledgements 1. Determining Timescales for Groundwater Flow and Solute Transport / Peter G. Cook and John-Karl Bohlke 2. Inorganic Ions as Tracers / Andrew L. Herczeg and W. Mike Edmunds 3. Isotope Engineering - Using Stable Isotopes of the Water Molecule to Solve Practical Problems / Tyler B. Coplen, Andrew L. Herczeg and Chris Barnes 4. Radiocarbon Dating of Groundwater Systems / Robert M. Kalin 5. U-Series Nuclides as Tracers in Groundwater Hydrology / J. Kenneth Osmond and James B. Cowart 6. Radon-222 / L. DeWayne Cecil and Jaromy R. Green 7. Sulphur and Oxygen Isotopes in Sulphate / H. Roy Krouse and Bernhard Mayer 8. Strontium Isotopes / Robert H. McNutt 9. Nitrate Isotopes in Groundwater Systems / Carol Kendall and Ramon Aravena 10. Chlorine-36 / Fred M. Phillips 11. Atmospheric Noble Gases / Martin Stute and Peter Schlosser 12. Noble Gas Radioisotopes: 37Ar, 85 Kr, 39Ar, 81 Kr / Heinz H. Loosli, Bernhard E. Lehmann and William M. Smethie, Jr. 13. 3H and 3He / D. Kip Solomon and Peter G. Cook 14. 4He in Groundwater / D. Kip Solomon 15. Chlorofluorocarbons / L. Niel Plummer and Eurybiades Busenberg 16. δ11 B, Rare Earth Elements, δ 37Cl, 32 Si, 35S, 129I / Avner Vengosh, Arthur J. Spivack, Kevin J. Johannesson, W. Berry Lyons, Tamie R. Weaver, Uwe Morgenstern, Robert L. Michel, June Fabryka-Martin Appendix 1: Stable Isotope Notation and Fractionation Appendix 2: Decay Constants and Half-Lives of Radioactive Isotopes Appendix 3: Solubilities of Environmental Gas Tracers Appendix 4: Liquid and Gas-Phase Diffusion Coefficients Index

Note: CONTENTS: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Sir Douglas Mawson. - Symposium Opening Ceremony. - The Mawson Lecture. - Symposium Topics. - 1. Precambrian East Antarctic Craton. - 2. East Antarctica-West Antarctica Boundary and the Ross Orogen, including Northern Victoria Land. - 3. Beacon Supergroup and Associated Igneous Rocks. - 4. West Antarctica. - 5. Scotia Arc and Antarctic Peninsula. - 6. Marine Geology. - 7. Antarctic Resources. - 8. Glacial Geology and Geomorphology. - 9. Crusta! Structure of Antarctica. - 10. Cenozoic Tectonics and Climatic Record-Onshore and Offshore Evidence. - 11. Antarctica in Gondwanaland. - 12. Plate Tectonics. - 13. Antarctic Meteorites. - 14. Subantarctic Islands. - 15. Cenozoic Igneous Activity. - I. Precambrian East Antarctic Craton. - The Precambrian Geological Evolution of the East Antarctic Metamorphic Shield: a Review / P.R. James and R.J. Tingey. - Geological History of the Archaean Napier Complex of Enderby Land / L.P. Black and P.R. James. - The Geology of the Fyfe Hills-Khmara Bay Region, Enderby Land / M.A. Sandiford and C.J.L. Wilson. - The Napier and Rayner Complexes of Enderby Land, Antarctica: Contrasting Styles of Metamorphism and Tectonism / D.J. Ellis. - Regional Geobarometry-Geothermometry and Metamorphic Evolution of Enderby Land, Antarctica / S.L. Harley. - Sm-Nd Isotopic Systematics of Enderby Land Granulites. Evidence for the Redistribution of Sm and Nd During Metamorphism (Abstract) / M. T. McCulloch and L.P. Black. - Geology and Petrology of Prince Olav Coast, East Antarctica / Y. Hiroi, K. Shiraishi, Y. Nakai, T. Kano and S. Yoshikura. - Tectonic Situation of Lützow-Holm Bay in East Antarctica and its significance in Gondwanaland / M. Yoshida and K. Kizaki. - Sapphirine-Garnet and Associated Parageneses in Antarctica / E.S. Grew. - A Review of the Tectonic and Metamorphic History of the Lützow-Holm Bay Region, East Antarctica / M. Yoshida, M. Suzuki, H. Shirahata, H. Kojima and K. Kizaki. - Spinels in Calc-silicate Rocks from the coast of Lützow-Holm Bay and surrounding areas (Abstract) / H. Matsueda, Y. Matsumoto and Y. Motoyoshi. - Petrochemical Study of Metamorphic Rocks in the Lützow-Holm Bay Area, East Antarctica (Abstract) / S. Kanisawa and K. Yanai. - Geology and Petrology of the Yamato Mountains / K. Shiraishi, M. Asami and Y. Ohta. - Geology and Petrology of the Belgica Mountains (Abstract) / H. Kojima, K. Yanai and T. Nishida. - Lead Isotopic Composition in Metamorphic Rocks from Skarvsnes, East Antarctica / H. Shirahata. - Sr-Isotopic Studies of some Intrusive Rocks in the Ahlmann Ridge and Annandagstoppane, Western Queen Maud Land, Antarctica / J.M. Barton Jr. and Y.E. Copperthwaite. - Preliminary Report on the Geochemistry and Petrology of some Igneous Rocks in the Ahlmanryggen and Giaeverryggen, Western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica (Abstract) / J.R. Krynauw. - Petrology and Zircon Geochronology of Herring Island and Commonwealth Bay and Evidence for Gondwana Reconstruction / R.L. Oliver, J.A. Cooper and A .F. Truelove. - Manganese-Rich Chemical Sediments from Wilkes Land, Antarctica / l.R. Plimer and J.R Lovering. - A Reassessment of the Age of the Windmill Metamorphics, Casey Area / l.S. Williams, W. Compston, K.D. Collerson, P.A. Arriens and J.R Lovering. - Lithological and Sr-Nd Isotopic Relationships in the Vestfold Block: Implications for Archaean and Proterozoic Crustal Evolution in the East Antarctic / K.D. Collerson, E. Reid, D. Millar and M. T. McCulloch. - Structure, Fabric Development and Metamorphism in Archaean Gneisses of the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica / A.J. Parker, P.R. James, R.L. Oliver and V. Mielnik. - 2. East Antarctica-West Antarctica Boundary and the Ross Orogen, including Northern Victoria Land. - A Review of the Ross Fold Belt of the Transantarctic Mountains as a Boundary Structure between East Antarctica and West Antarctica (Abstract) / G.E. Grikurov. - The East Antarctica-West Antarctica Boundary between the Ice Shelves: a Review / C. Craddock. - The Pre-Beacon Geology of Northern Victoria Land: a Review / J.D. Bradshaw and M. G. Laird. - The Sedimentology of the Robertson Bay Group, Northern Victoria Land / B. D. Field and R.H. Findlay. - Tectonic Significance of Deformations affecting the Robertson Bay Group and Associated Rocks, Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / R.H. Findlay and B.D. Field. - Geology of the Daniels Range, Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica: a Preliminary Report / C. C. Plummer, R.S. Babcock, J. W. Sheraton, C.J.D. Adams and R.L. Oliver. - Geology of the Daniels Range Intrusive Complex Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica (Abstract) / R.S. Babcock, C.C. Plummer, J.S. Sheraton, C.J. Adams, R.L. Oliver. - Trends in Regional Metamorphism and Deformation in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / G. Kleinschmidt. - New Data on the Lower Palaeozoic Bowers Supergroup, Northern Victoria Land / M. G. Laird and J.D. Bradshaw. - Geosynclinal Sedimentation and Ross Orogeny in Northern Victoria Land (Abstract) / R. Tessensohn. - Age and Correlation of the Cambrian-Ordovician Bowers Supergroup, Northern Victoria Land / R.A. Cooper, J.B. Jago, A.J. Rowell and P. Braddock. - Post-Mindyallan Late Cambrian Trilobite Faunas from Antarctica (Abstract) / J.H. Shergold. - Post-Ross Orogeny Cratonisation of Northern Victoria Land / G. W. Grindley and P.J. Oliver. - Geochemistry, Petrography and Geochronology of the Cambro-Ordovician and Devonian-Carboniferous Granitoids of Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / U. Vetter, N. W. Roland, H. Kreuzer, A. Hohndorf, H. Lenz and C. Besang. - Chemistry of Palaeozoic Granites of Northern Victoria Land (Abstract) / D. Wyborn. - Chemical Control on Stratigraphic Relations in Northern Victoria Land and Some Possible Relations with SE Australia (Abstract) / D. Wyborn. - Results of Palaeomagnetic Investigations in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / G. Delisle. - The Geology of Terra Nova Bay / D.N.B. Skinner. - The Petrology and Origin of Orbicular Tonalite from Western Taylor Valley, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / P.S. Dahl and D.R Palmer. - The Granites and Two Orogenies of Southern Victoria Land / D.N.B. Skinner. - A Re-interpretation of the Basement Granites, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica (Abstract) / R.H. Findlay. - Petrology and Geochemistry of the Queen Maud Batholith, Central Transantarctic Mountains, with Implications for the Ross Orogeny / S.G. Borg. - Type Locality of the Ackerman Formation, La Gorce Mountains, Antarctica / E. Stump. - The Structural Development of Selected Areas in the Pensacola Mountains (Abstract) / A. Frischbutter, W. Weber, J. Hojmann and H.J. Paech. - A Gcochronological Investigation of the Shackleton Range / R.J. Pankhurst, P.D. Marsh, P.D. Clarkson. - Tectonics and Relationships between Structural Stages in the Precambrian of the Shackleton Range, Western Margin of the East Antarctic Craton / J. Hojmann and H.J. Paech. - The Late Precambrian and Early Palaeozoic History of The Shackleton Range, Coats Land / P.D. Marsh. - Structure and Outline of Geologic History of the Southern Weddell Sea Basin / E.N. Kamenev and V.L. Ivanov. - Magnetic Studies of Upper Crusta! Structure in West Antarctica and the Boundary with East Antarctica / E.J. Jankowski, D.J. Drewry and J.C. Behrendt. - Crust and Upper Mantle Study of McMurdo Sound / L.D. McGinnis, D.D. Wilson, W.J. Burdelik and T.H. Larson. - 3. Beacon Supergroup and Associated Igneous Rocks. - The Beacon Supergroup of Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / B.C. Walker. - Trace Fossils of the Permian-Triassic Takrouna Formation, Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / J.M. Zawiskie, J. W. Collinson and W.R. Hammer. - Permian-Triassic Sedimentary Sequence in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / J. W. Collinson and N.R. Kemp. - Late Palaeozoic Glacigene Strata in Northern Victoria Land (Abstract) / B. C. McKelvey and B.C. Walker. - Deposition of the Weller Coal M

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Chapter 1 Introduction. - 1.0 Chapter summary. - 1.1 The significance of environmental change. - 1.2 Glaciers as monitors of environmental change. - 1.3 The study of glaciers and past glacier fluctuations in the context of present and future environmental change. - Chapter 2 Theories for climate and glacier variations. - 2.0 Chapter summary. - 2.1 The astronomical (Milankovitch) theory of climate variation. - 2.2 Variation in atmospheric gas content and climate change. - 2.3 Volcanic activity and climate variations. - 2.4 Variations in solar output. - 2.5 Geodynamic factors. - Chapter 3 Methods of palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. - 3.0 Chapter summary. - 3.1 Stable isotope variations in ice cores. - 3.2 Climate records from ice cores. - 3.3 Gas content in ice cores. - 3.4 Microparticles and radioactive tracers in ice cores. - 3.5 Volcanism and climate. - 3.6 Mapping and measuring glacier-front variations. - 3.7 Terminal moraines. - 3.8 Lacustrine sediments. - 3.9 Marine sediments. - Chapter 4 Glacier dynamics. - 4.0 Chapter summary. - 4.1 Present distribution of glaciers. - 4.2 Glacier types. - 4.3 Temperature distribution in glaciers and ice sheets. - 4.4 Glacier monitoring. - 4.5 Glacier monitoring by satellites. - 4.6 Determination of the equilibrium line altitude (ELA). - 4.7 Reconstruction of the equilibrium line altitude. - 4.8 Mass balance. - 4.9 Frontal variations. - 4.10 Response time/time lag. - 4.11 Glacier movement. - 4.12 Supraglacial ice morphology. - 4.13 Glacier hydrology. - 4.14 Calving glaciers. - 4.15 Surging and tidewater glaciers. - 4.16 Reconstruction of ice-surface profiles and calculation of basal shear stress. - Chapter 5 Glacier variations. - 5.0 Chapter summary. - 5.1 Pre-Quaternary glaciations. - 5.2 Glacial/interglacial cycles during the Quaternary. - 5.3 Late Cenozoic glacier and climate variations. - 5.4 Late-glacial glacier and climate variations in NW Europe. - 5.5 Variations of local glaciers during the last glaciation. - 5.6 Holocene glacier and climate variations. - 5.7 Neoglacial glacier variations. - 5.8 Little Ice Age glacier variations. - 5.9 Glaciers, environmental change and the human race. - 5.10 Models of Late Quaternary climate and ice-sheet evolution. - Chapter 6 Late Quaternary sea-level changes. - 6.0 Chapter summary. - 6.1 Glacio-eustasy and glacio-isostasy. - 6.2 Relative sea-level changes. - 6.3 Sea ice. - 6.4 Models of future sea-level changes. - Chapter 7 Models of future climatic change. - 7.0 Chapter summary. - 7.1 Orbitally-induced (Milankovitch) climate change. - 7.2 Greenhouse gas-induced warming. - 7.3 Natural versus anthropogenic forcing. - 7.4 Energy balance models and glacier variations. - 7.5 Global circulation models (GCMs). - 7.6 Future research priorities. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents: SECTION 1. ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF NATURAL WATERS AND CLIMATE. - Precipitation, groundwater and surface waters: control of climate parameters on their isotopic composition and their utilization as palaeoclimatological tools / J. R. Gat. - Relationships between climatic changes and variations in isotopic composition of groundwater, precipitation and organic soil matter in the Quaternary period / V. I. Ferronsky, L. S. Vlasova, A. D. Esikov, V. A. Polyakov, Yu. B. Seletsky, Ya.-M.K. Punning, R.A. Vajkmyaeh. - Dependence of δ18O and δD in precipitation on climate / U. Siegenthaler, H.A. Matter. - Stable isotopic composition of precipitation and climatic variability / C. M. van der Straaten, W. G. Mook. - Deuterium and 18O in precipitation: a global model from oceans to ice caps (Extended synopsis) / L. Merlivat, J. Jouzel. - 18O/16O ratio of water in a local ecosystem as a basis of climate record / H. Forstel, H. Hiitzen. - SECTION 2. ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES. - 18O/16O ratios in leaf water and cellulose of aquatic and terrestrial plants / A. Ferhi, T. Bariac, R. Letolle. - Stable isotope studies on organic material (Extended synopsis) / P. Trimborn, W. Stickler, H. Moser. - Oxygen isotopic composition of mammal bones as a possible tool for palaeoclimatic studies: first results / A. Longinelli, A. Peretti Padalino. - SECTION 3. ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS. - Isotopic composition of palaeowaters as inferred from speleothem and its fluid inclusions / H. Schwarcz, C. Yonge. - Isotope and other physico-chemical parameters of palaeolake carbonates: tools for climatic reconstruction / E. Lemeille, R. Letolle, F. Meliere, P. Olive. - 18O/16O ratios of the pore water of Baltic Sea sediments / H. Förstel. - Palaeoclimatic studies using freshwater deposits and fossil groundwater in central and northern Canada / P. Fritz. - SECTION 4. ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF PALAEOGROUNDWATERS. - Stable isotopic evidence for palaeo-recharge conditions of groundwater / A. H. Bath. - Isotopic composition of groundwater in the southern Sahara / M. Dray, R. Gonfiantini, G.M. Zuppi. - Stable isotope studies on palaeowaters (Extended synopsis) / H. Moser, W. Stickler, P. Trimborn. - List of Participants and Designating Member States and Organizations.

Note: Contents List of Acronyms List of Symbols Foreword Preface Prologue Chapter 1 Introduction to Ocean Dynamics 1.1 Types, Advantages, and Limitations of Ocean Models 1.2 Recent Examples 1.3 Governing Equations 1.4 Vorticity Conservation 1.5 Nondimensional Numbers and Scales of Motion 1.6 Geostrophic Flow and Thermal Wind 1.7 Inertial Motions 1.8 Ekman Layers 1.9 Sverdrup Transport 1.10 Western Boundary Intensification (Stommel Solution) 1.11 Gyre Scale Circulation (Munk Solution) 1.12 Barotropic Currents over Topography 1.13 Baroclinic Transport over Topography 1.14 Coastal Upwelling and Fronts 1.15 Mesoscale Eddies and Variability 1.16 Thermohaline Circulation and Box (Reservoir) Models 1.17 Numerical Models Chapter 2 Introduction to Numerical Solutions 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Architecture 2.1.2 Computational Errors 2.2 Ordinary Differential Equations 2.2.1 Runge-Kutta Method 2.3 Partial.Differential Equations 2.3.1 Consistency, Convergence, and Stability 2.3.2 Elliptic, Hyperbolic, and Parabolic Systems 2.4 Elliptic Equations and Steady-State Problems 2.4.1 Direct Solvers 2.4.2 Iterative Solvers and Relaxation Methods 2.4.3 Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient Method 2.4.4 Multigrid Methods 2.4.5 Pseudo-transient Method 2.5 Time Dependent Problems 2.5.1 Advection Equation and Hyperbolic Systems 2.5.2 Diffusion Equation and Parabolic Systems 2.6 Finite-Difference (Grid Point) Methods 2.6.1 Staggered Grids 2.6.2 Time Differencing and Filtering 2.6.3 Computational Grids 2.7 Spectral (Spectral Transform) Methods 2.8 Finite-Element Methods 2.8.1 Spectral Element Approach 2.9 Parameterization of Subgrid Scale Processes 2.10 Lateral Open Boundary Conditions 2.11 Computational Issues 2.12 Examples 2.12.1 Inertial Oscillations 2.12.2 Thermohaline Circulation 2.12.3 Normal Modes 2.12.4 Gyre Scale Circulation 2.12.5 Advection Problems 2.12.6 M.I.T. Nonhydrostatic Global Model Chapter 3 Equatorial Dynamics and Reduced Gravity Models Solutions 3.1 Oceanic Dynamical Response to Forcing 3.2 Governing Equations 3.3 Equatorial Waves 3.3.1 Kelvin Waves 3.3.2 Yanai Waves 3.3.3 Rossby Waves 3.3.4 Inertia-Gravity (Poincare) Waves 3.4 Equatorial Currents 3.5 Reduced Gravity Model of Equatorial Processes Chapter 4 Midlatitude Dynamics and Quasi-Geostrophic Models 4.1 Linear Motions 4.1.1 Inertia-Gravity (Sverdrup/Poincare) Waves 4.1.2 Kelvin Waves 298 4.1.3 Planetary Ross by Waves 4.1.4 Topographic Rossby Waves 4.2 Continuous Stratification 4.3 Geostrophic Adjustment and Instabilities 4.3.1 Geostrophic Adjustment 4.3.2 Instabilities 4.4 Spinup 4.5 Quasi-Geostrophic Models 4.5.1 Governing Equations 4.5.2 Applications Chapter 5 High-Latitude Dynamics and Sea-Ice Models 5.1 Salient Features of Ice Cover 5.2 Momentum Equations for Sea Ice 5.3 Constitutive Law for Sea Ice (Ice Rheology) 5.3.1 Viscous-Plastic Ice Rheology 5.3.2 Elastic-Viscous-Plastic Ice Rheology 5.4 Continuity Equations for Sea Ice 5.5 Response of Sea Ice to Storm Passage 5.6 Numerics 5.6.1 Governing Equations in Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates 5.6.2 Solution Technique Chapter 6 Tides and Tidal Modeling 6.1 Description of Tides 6.2 Formulation: Tidal Potential 6.3 Body, Load, Atmospheric, and Radiational Tides 6.3.1 Body (Solid Earth) Tides 6.3.2 Load Tides 6.3.3 Atmospheric Tides 6.3.4 Radiational Tides 6.4 Dynamical Theory of Tides: Laplace Tidal Equations 6.5 Equilibrium Theory of Tides 6.6 Tidal Analysis: Orthotides 6.7 Tidal Currents 6.8 Global Tidal Models 6.9 Regional Tidal Models 6.10 Geophysical Implications 6.10.1 Tidal Dissipation and LOD 6.10.2 Tidal Energetics 6.11 Changes in Earth's Rotation 6.12 Baroclinic (Internal) Tides 6.13 Long-Period Tides 6.14 Shallow Water Tides and Residual Currents 6.15 Summary Chapter 7 Coastal Dynamics and Barotropic Models 7.1 Wind- and Buoyancy-Driven Currents 7.2 Tidal Motions 7.3 Continental Shelf Waves 7.4 Modeling Shelf Circulation 7.5 Barotropic Models 7.5.1 Coastal Ocean Response to Wind Forcing 7.5.2 Storm Surges and Storm Surge Modeling 7.5.3 Response to Pressure Forcing Chapter 8 Data and Data Processing 8.1 In Situ Observational Data 8.1.1 XBT, CTD, CM, ADCP, and Drifter Data 8.1.2 Historical Hydrographic Data 8.1.3 Historical Marine Surface Data 8.2 Remotely Sensed Data 8.2.1 Sea Surface Temperature from IR Sensors 8.2.2 Sea Surface Winds from Microwave Sensors 8.2.3 Chlorophyll and Optical Clarity from Color Sensors 8.2.4 Sea Surface Height from Satellite Altimetry 8.3 NWP Products 8.4 Preprocessing of Observational Data and Postprocessing of Model Output 8.4.1 Graphics and Visualization of Model Output 8.4.2 Analyses Chapter 9 Sigma-Coordinate Regional and Coastal Models 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Governing Equations 9.3 Vertical Mixing 9.4 Boundary Conditions 9.5 Mode Splitting 9.6 Numerics 9.6.1 Vertical Direction 9.6.2 Horizontal Direction 9.7 Numerical Problems 9.8 Applications 9.9 Code Structure Chapter 10 Multilevel Basin Scale and Global Models 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Governing Equations 10.3 Isopycnal Diffusion 10.4 Architecture and Other Model Features 10.5 Applications 10.6 Hybrid s-Coordinate Models 10.7 Regional z-Level Models Chapter 11 Layered and Isopycnal Models 11.1 Layered Models 11.2 Isopycnal Models Chapter 12 Ice-Ocean Coupled Models 12.1 Sea-Ice Models 12.2 Coupled Ice-Ocean Models Chapter 13 Ocean-Atmosphere Coupled Models 13.1 Coupling between the Ocean and the Atmosphere 13.2 Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere General Circulation Models 13.3 Regional Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models Chapter 14 Data Assimilation and Nowcasts/ Forecasts 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Direct Insertion 14.3 Nudging 14.4 Statistical Assimilation Schemes 14.4.1 Kalman Filter 14.4.2 Reduced State Space Kalman Filters 14.4.3 Optimal Interpolation (OI) Scheme 14.5 Variational Methods 14.5.1 Adjoint Models 14.6 Predictability of Nonlinear Systems-Low Order Paradigms 14.7 Nowcasts/Forecasts in the Gulf of Mexico Appendix A Equations of State A.1 Equation of State for the Ocean A.2 Equation of State for the Atmosphere Appendix B Wavelet Transforms B.1 Introduction B.1.1 Theory B.1.2 Continuous Wavelet Transforms (CWT) B.1.3 Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWT) B.2 Examples B.3 Wavelet Transforms and Stochastic Processes B.4 Two-Dimensional Wavelet Transforms B.5 Cross Wavelet Transforms (CrWT) B.6 Error Analysis Appendix C Empirical Orthogonal Functions and Empirical Normal Modes C.1 Empirical Orthogonal Functions C.1.1 Complex EOFs C.1.2 Singular Spectrum Analysis C.1.3 Extended EOFs C.1.4 Coupled Pattern Analysis C.2 Empirical Normal Modes Appendix D Units and Constants D.1 Useful Quantities D.1.1 SI (International System of Units) Units and Conventions D.1.2 Useful Conversion Factors D.1.3 Useful Universal Constants D.1.4 Useful Geodetic Constants D.1.5 Useful Physical Constants D.1.6 Useful Dynamical Quantities D.2 Important Scales and Quantities D.2.1 Length Scales D.2.2 Timescales D.2.3 Velocity Scales D.2.4 Nondimensional Quantities D.3 Useful Websites References Biographies Index

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Summary poem. - Introduction. - 1. Oceanic freshwater fluxes in the climate system / Anders Stigebrandt. - 2. Global atmospheric circulation patterns and relationships to Arctic freshwater fluxes / J. E. Walsh. - 3. Atmospheric components of the Arctic Ocean freshwater balance and their interannual variability / R. G. Barry and M. C. Serreze. - 4. Hydroclimatology of the Arctic drainage basin / L. C. Bowling, D. P. Lettenmaier and B. V. Matheussen. - 5. The Arctic Ocean's freshwater budget: sources, storage and export / Eddy C. Carmack. - 6. The Arctic ocean freshwater budget of a climate general circulation model / Howard Cattle and Douglas Cresswell. - 7. Atmospheric components of the Arctic Ocean bydrologic budget assessed from Rawinsonde data / M. C. Serreze and R. G. Barry. - 8. Reanalyses depictions of the Arctic atmospheric moisture budget / D. H. Bromwich, R. I. Cullather and M. C. Serreze. - 9. Moisture transport to Arctic drainage basins relating to significant precipitation events and cyclogenesis / John R. Gyakum. - 10. Atmospheric climate models: simulation of the Arctic Ocean fresh water budget components / V. M. Kattsov, J. E. Walsh, A. Rinke and K. Dethloff. - 11. Discharge observation networks in Arctic regions: computation of the river runoff into the Arctic Ocean, its seasonality and variability / W. E. Grabs, F. Portmann and T. de Couet. - 12. Arctic river flow: a review of contributing areas / I. A. Shiklomanov, A. I. Shiklomanov, R. B. Lammers, B. J. Peterson and C. J. Vorosmarty. - 14. River input of water, sediment, major ions, nutrients and trace metals from Russian territory to the Arctic Ocean / V. V. Gordeev. - 15. The dispersion of Siberian river flows into coastal waters: meteorological, hydrological and hydrochemical aspects / I. P. Semiletov, N. I. Savelieva, G. E. Weller, I. I. Pipko, S. P. Pugach, A. Yu. Gukov and L. N. Vasilevskaya. - 16. The variable climate of the Mackenzie River basin: its water cycle and fresh water discharge / R. E. Stewart. - 17. Arctic estuaries and ice: a positive-negative estuarine couple / R. W. Macdonald. - 18. Satellite views of the Arctic Ocean freshwater balance / D. A. Rothrock, R. Kwok and D. Groves. - 19. Tracer studies of the Arctic freshwater budget / P. Schlosser, B. Ekwurzel, S. Khatiwala, B. Newton, W. Maslowski and S. Pfirman. - 20. Exchanges of freshwater through the shallow straits of the North American Arctic / Humfrey Melling. - 21. The transformations of Atlantic water in the Arctic Ocean and their significance for the freshwater budget / Bert Rudels and Hans J. Friedrich. - 22. Modelling the variability of exchanges between the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic seas / Rüdiger Gerdes. - 23. Sea ice growth, melt and modeling: a survey / Michael Steele and Gregory M. Flato. - 24. Fresh water freezing/melting cycle in the Arctic Ocean / G. V. Alekseev, L. V. Bulatov and V. F. Zakharov. - Colour plates. - Subject index.

Note: Contents: Foreword. - A second foreword. - Phycogeographic aspects. - Lists of the new taxa. - Acknowledgements. - Description of the taxa. - Centric diatoms. - Araphid diatoms. - Raphid diatoms. - Monoraphid diatoms. - Biraphid diatoms. - Naviculaceae (in traditional sense). - Bacillariaceae. - Auriculaceae. - Epithemiaceae. - Surirellaceae. - Latin - diagnosis. - Plates. - Bibliography. - Index of the taxa.