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  • Other Sources  (3,057)
  • NASA Technical Reports  (3,057)
  • Articles (OceanRep)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (1,775)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (1,282)
  • 1980-1984  (3,052)
  • 1955-1959  (5)
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  • Other Sources  (3,057)
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  • NASA Technical Reports  (3,057)
  • Articles (OceanRep)
Keywords
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Distortion measurement of antennas under space simulation conditions with high accuracy and high resolution by means of holography (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The use of laser holography for measuring the distortion of antennas under space simulation conditions is described. The subject is the so-called double exposure procedure which allows to measure the distortion in the order of 1 to 30/micrometers + or - 0.5 per hologramme of an area of 4 m diameter max. The method of holography takes into account the constraints of the space simulation facility. The test method, the test set up and the constraints by the space simulation facility are described. The results of the performed tests are presented and compared with the theoretical predictions. The test on the K-Band Antenna e.g., showed a distortion of approximately 140/micrometers + or - 5/micrometers measured during the cool down from -10 C to -120 C.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 13th Space Simulation Conf.; p 309-319
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  • 2
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    RIMSTAR: Rapid image scanning technology and archiving (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Conventional schemes for digitizing large volumes of photographic data are far too costly and time consuming to encourage the undertaking of the ambitious projects using traditional technology. There is a distinct need for fast digitizing systems such as could be derived from development of large format, optically multiplexed CCD systems designed to address these problems. The use of CCD chips for data handling and the capability of using polaroids in the optical path for reduced light scattering are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 419-427
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  • 3
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    Photographic surveys of the southern sky (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Parameters of the UK 1.2 meter Schmidt telescope are described. Plates taken with this instrument are in two categories, those for systematic sky surveys and those taken at the request of research users. A collaborative project with the European Southern Observatory was undertaken to obtain a two-color survey of the sky south of -20 deg declination to complement the Palomar survey. A near infrared survey of the Galactic Plane and the Megallanic Clouds is being done. The area south of -20 deg and the zone between 0 deg and -15 deg are also being surveyed. Pending a decision on survey parameters, all available A quality prism plates are being retained to form a basis for systematic survey. Nearly half the plates taken on a service basis for the UK astronomical community are to fulfill nonsurvey requests. Plates taken for surveys which are not of A grade quality are also made available for research purposes.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 379-385
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  • 4
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    The preparation of the measurements at the PDS at the Padova Observatory: Report on an experience with the development of an astronomical data base environment (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Some software facilities used mainly for information retrieval and analysis at the Padova-Asiago Observatory are discussed. These facilities help guest and resident astronomers to make easier the preparation of plate measurements. The problems connected with the creation, use and management of a data base in a scientific (astronomical) environment are reviewed on the basis of the experience gathered during the last three years. The development plan of the user session environment and its possible applications in a computer network are briefly sketched.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 361-369
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  • 5
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    Plans for a fast image recording system at ESO (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A 256 diode-array will be installed as detector on the ESO OPTRONICS S-3000 measuring machine in order to increase the acquisition rate. A high intensity LED will be used as light source in a pulse mode. The data will be stored on a random access mass storage device as density values for later education. The scanning time for a 30 cm x 30 cm plate with a step size of 10 micron will be less than 10 hours while the dynamic range of the data is expected to be 2.5 density units with an offset of at least 1 unit.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 317-328
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  • 6
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    The automated photographic measuring facility at Cambridge (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The design and performance of the automated photographic measuring facility at Cambridge is described. It consists of a precision laser scanning microdensitometer connected to a series of computers that process the data on-line. Plates up to 350 mm square can be measured. The microdensitometer samples the plate to 12 bit accuracy at a speed of 230,000 samples/second. The positional accuracy is better than a micron. Other features include platen rotation and automatic focus.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 277-288
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  • 7
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    Techniques of isophotometry (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The expected performance of the Minnesota automated dual-plate scanner (APS) is discussed with regard to photometry, position measurement accuracy, and ability to classify images. In addition, a fast algorithm for calculating image parameters is described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 267-276
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  • 8
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    The current status and future upgrade of the PDS at the Royal Greenwich Observatory (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Various aspects of the performance of the PDS 1010A microdensitometer are described. The primary points in an upgrade propsal for the unit are outlined. Photometric instabilities in the PDS are mentioned.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 129-134
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  • 9
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    Microdensitometer electronics modification (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Minor modifications of electronic components in the PDS 1010A microdensitometer are discussed. The operational requirements and performance limitations of the PDS are noted. Replacement of the photomultiplier and front-end analog circuitry significantly improved the photometric performance of the PDS. The improvement in density repeatability is marked, and the permissible density slew speed is greatly increased.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 121-128
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  • 10
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    Performance testing of the high altitude observatory PDS microdensitometer (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: High Altitude Observatory HAO microdensitometer undergoes monthly testing to assure its consistent performance. These tests check positional and photometric stability at the 10 micron aperture level. The HAO test procedure is designed to run without operator intervention following initial configuration of the microdensitometer for each subprocedure. Specialized test software is resident in the PDP 8. The operator selects the proper subprocedure by entering commands. Once computer control is established, it is not relinquished until the test is complete.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 19-34
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  • 11
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    Diagnosing a PDS microdensitometer (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A number of diagnostic tests are developed for the Photometric Data System PDS 2020G microdensitometer to monitor its performance and to isolate various electromechanical problems. A number of tests which help to diagnose problems with the photometer, positional accuracy and data collection are described. The tests include: (1) scanning a razor blade edge to study the response of the photometer and zero point losses in the coordinate system, (2) scanning a long straight line to evaluate the drunkness of the stage motions, (3) scanning photometric step wedge calibrations to study the response of the photometer, and (4) measurement of a series of high signal to noise plates of the same region of the sky to evaluate the overall performance of the microdensitometer. A variety of electronic tests to isolate electromechanical problems are also performed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 3-18
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  • 12
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    Ruled and holographic gratings experiment (A0138-5) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The behavior of ruled and holographic gratings with various coatings after extended exposure to the space environments was examined. The coatings and differentiating between the influences of vacuum and solar illumination were examined. In the past, several ruled and holographic gratings with various coatings were successfully flown on rocket experiments. Future utilizations of such gratings are considered for the Space Telescope and for various Spacelab projects under development. The techniques which is used to replicate gratings can also be used to obtain a wide range of lightweight optical components, including sophisticated aspherical, highly polished mirrors.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 163-164
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  • 13
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    Holographic data storage crystals for LDEF (A0044) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Electro-optic holographic recording systems were developed. The spaceworthiness of electro-optic crystals for use in ultrahigh capacity space data storage and retrieval systems are examined. The crystals for this experiment are included with the various electro-optical components of LDEF experiment. The effects of long-duration exposure on active optical system components is investigated. The concept of data storage in an optical-phase holographic memory is illustrated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 152-153
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  • 14
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    Multiple-foil microabrasion package (A0023) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The specific scientific objectives of this experiment are to measure the spatial distribution, size, velocity, radiance, and composition of microparticles in near-Earth space. The technological objectives are to measure erosion rates resulting from microparticle impacts and to evaluate thin-foil meteor 'bumpers'. The combinations of sensitivity and reliability in this experiment will provide up to 1000 impacts per month for laboratory analysis and will extend current sensitivity limits by 5 orders of magnitude in mass.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 117-120
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  • 15
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    Lightning research: A user's lament (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: As a user of devices and procedures for lightning protection, the author is asking the lightning research community for cookbook recipes to help him solve his problems. He is lamenting that realistic devices are scarce and that his mission does not allow him the time nor the wherewithal to bridge the gap between research and applications. A few case histories are presented. In return for their help he is offering researchers a key to lightning technology--the use of the Eastern Test Range and its extensive resources as a proving ground for their experiment in the lightning capital of the United States. A current example is given--a joint lightning characterization project to take place there. Typical resources are listed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Intern. Aerospace and Ground Conf. on Lightning and Static Elec.; 6 p
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  • 16
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    Computer simulation of the effects of transmission-averaging in microdensitometry (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: One of the principal advantages of electrography when compared to photography is the nearly linear relationship between source intensity versus resulting image density. This property allows for simplified and more accurate photometric calibration and permits a certain degree of extrapolation of the calibration to beyond the limits of the faintest photoelectric standard on an exposure. The desires to extract quantitative photometric information from electrographic (or photographic) negatives and to convert this information into a digital format for computer analysis or enhancement led to the widespread use of scanning microdensitometers to perform this A-to-D conversion. Therefore it is of vital importance to understand and, if practical, to avoid any nonlinearities which may be introduced during microdensitometry of electrographic emulsions.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 429-431
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  • 17
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    The role of the Automated Plate Measuring (APM) machine in developing a program to discover QSOs automatically (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The scanning of a direct plate with the automatic plate measuring machine which results in the automated selection and description of images is described. The selection of QSO candidates based on color-color diagrams constructed from the APM image data and the analysis of APM raster data for QSOs selected visually from objective prism plates are also discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 417-418
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  • 18
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    Next generation microdensitometer (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The fundamental limitations of microdensitometers are reviewed and the design of a high microdensitometer described. The system will digitize to 16 bits in transmission at a speed of 100 kHz using a laser beam moving over the emulsion. Other features are automatic platen rotation and autofocus. The cost will be of order $200,000.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 333-341
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  • 19
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    A new measuring machine in Paris (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A new photographic measuring machine is under construction at the Paris Observatory. The amount of transmitted light is measured by a linear array of 1024 photodiodes. Carriage control, data acquisition and on line processing are performed by microprocessors, a S.E.L. 32/27 computer, and an AP 120-B Array Processor. It is expected that a Schmidt telescope plate of size 360 mm square will be scanned in one hour with pixel size of ten microns.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 329-332
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  • 20
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    A preliminary analysis of a diode array for densitometry (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A diode-array based image digitizer manufactured by the Eikonix Corp. was tested to see if it can be adapted to the exacting requirements of astronomical densitometry. As the device is presently configured, a dynamic range of 400:1 can be achieved routinely, with a positional accuracy of 2 microns or better. An area of 2048 X 2048 pixels can be scanned in about 5 minutes. Preliminary tests indicate that several relatively simple enhancements can improve both the photometric and the positional accuracy of the device.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 307-315
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  • 21
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    A next generation microdensitometer? (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Motivations for construction of a next generation microdensitometer (NGM) are presented and their effect on the NGM design is discussed. A prototype of such an engine has been constructed at KPNO. Its design and performance is reviewed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 291-305
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  • 22
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    Why use a microdensitometer other than a PDS? (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The motivations for constructing a special purpose built microdensitometer are explored. The salient points of some of the microdensitometers are described and the advantages and disadvantages of the system in comparison to a PDS machine are outlined. The principal gain is in speed though at the expense of loss in dynamic range. The effects on the astronomical results are demonstrated. The astronomical results already obtained with these machines and from ongoing projects are described. It is shown that there is a large class of important astronomical problems which can be tackled by these machines but which are not feasibile on the PDS because of the speed of the machine.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 209-228
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  • 23
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    Improvements to the Photometric response and positional accuracy of the Yale PDS 2020G microdensitometer (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The necessity to incorporate several hardware changes to optimize the Yale PDS 2020G microdensitometer for photometric and astrometric research are discussed. The properties of a new high speed photometer and a positional calibration system are described. The new photometer incorporates a high speed logarithmic analog to digital converter with more than 10 times the resolution of the former system and a cycle time of approximately 50 usec. The positional calibration system monitors the drunkenness of the stages with respect to fixed index lines and enables the correction of the +/- 5 micro stage errors to an accuracy of better than 1 micro.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 151-161
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  • 24
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    Performance of the ESO PDS (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The astrometric and photometric performance of the PDS 1010A microdensitometer are discussed, including the tests used for checking it. The instrument was shown to satisfy operational requirements for photometric measurements of astronomical plates with respect to dynamic range and stability.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 89-95
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  • 25
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    Characteristics of the MSFC, PDS microdensitometer (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The results of several parametric studies carried out on the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) Photometric Data System PDS-10 microdensitometer are summarized for the purposes of documenting the operation and limitations of the system for inhouse research and to provide a bench mark for comparison with other microdensitometers. The results are grouped into four general areas. These are: (1) system overall stability to drift, (2) photometric linearity and noise, (3) reproducibility, and (4) scanning performance. Test data taken in order to evaluate the interdependency of scan speed, noise and position are included. Shown also are results of tests for system stability, reproducibility, stray light and PMT settling time.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 71-88
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  • 26
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    Microdensitometer errors: Their effect on photometric data reduction (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The performance of densitometers used for photometric data reduction of high dynamic range electrographic plate material is analyzed. Densitometer repeatability is tested by comparing two scans of one plate. Internal densitometer errors are examined by constructing histograms of digitized densities and finding inoperative bits and differential nonlinearity in the analog to digital converter. Such problems appear common to the four densitometers used in this investigation and introduce systematic algorithm dependent errors in the results. Strategies to improve densitometer performance are suggested.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 45-58
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  • 27
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    Experiences with a PDS 2020 GM (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Various perturbations which occurred during the operation of a PDS 2020 GM microdensitometer are reviewed. The effects of elevated temperature, vibration, transient electrical noise, and photometric perturbations are briefly discussed. Sample astronomical results from the PDS 2020 GM unit are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 97-106
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  • 28
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    Positive-feedback photometric drift in the PDS (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Digitizing flatfield images produces conditions in the Photometric Data System PDS which cause the measured density to drift by as much as .1 DN during a 10 minute interval. The drift occurs when the PDS, set up in equilibrium at fog level, subsequently scans a reasonably dense region for periods of longer than a few minutes. The drift is manifested primarily as a positive shift in density that is approximately the same for all densities. If the fog level is assumed to be in fact constant and is monitored during scans of flat fields, the PDS drift may be removed by subtracting the difference between the observed fog level and its assumed constant value for each pixel. This function is then smoothed and subtracted, as a function of scan line, from the measured density. The fog level is then adjusted to a standard value by adding a constant. The result is a flattened scan with PDS drift removed to the accuracy within which the fog level drift matches the drift at other levels.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 59-69
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  • 29
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    Photometric and positional accuracy of the PDS Bonn in view of astronomical requirements (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The photometric and positional accuracy of a microdensitometer is examined. A calibrating plate with different density areas available is used to determine photometric accuracy. Position accuracy is evaluated by multiple scans of sharp edges and analyzed statistically.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Astron. Microdensitometry Conf.; p 35-43
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  • 30
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    LDEF thermal measurements system (P0003) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Many of the passive experiments flying on LDEF will be significantly enhanced if data are available postflight to indicate the temperature time histories of test materials and other specimens exposed in the experiments. The baseline LDEF approach was to provide postflight calculated temperature histories of experiment boundaries and solar flux data for the mission, which can in turn be used by each investigator to calculate the temperature time histories for critical experiment components. Without in-flight temperature measurements, a substantial uncertainty will exist in the calculated temperatures. The data measured by the themal measurement system (THERM) will significantly improve postflight knowledge of temperatures experienced by LDEF experiments. The THERM data will also be valuable in validating the LDEF thermal design concept and in providing better design data for experimenters on future LDEF missions. The objectives of this experiment are to determine the history of the interior average temperatures of the LDEF for the total orbital mission and to measure the temperatures of selected components and thermal boundary conditions.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 78-81
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  • 31
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    Some aspects of understanding changes in the global carbon cycle (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The collective character of carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and other pools is partially revealed by comparing the record of CO2 concentration beginning in 1958 with estimates of the releases from fossil fuels during this period. In analyzing the secular increase in CO2 concentration induced by fossil fuel use, the atmosphere is generally treated as a single well-mixed reservoir; however, to study finer structure in the CO2 records, the influence of atmospheric circulation must be more carefully considered. The rate of carbon uptake by the oceans, the primary sink for fossil fuel CO2, is assessed more reliably than influences on the atmosphere due to interactions with other pools. Models of the global carbon cycle are being substantially refined while data that reflect the response of the cycle to fossil fuel use and other perturbations are being extended.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: JPL The interaction of Global Biochemical Cycles; p 55-84
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  • 32
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    A statistical correlation method for the retrieval of atmospheric moisture profiles by microwave radiometry (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A statistical correlation technique is applied to the retrieval of vertical moisture profiles under clear-sky conditions from down-looking radiometric measurements of atmospheric radiation at microwave wavelengths. For a given set of channels, the method selects the optimum radiometric channels for estimating water vapor at specific pressure levels between the surface and 300 mb. The water vapor mixing ratio at these pressure levels is then calculated from a linear combination of the selected channel brightness temperatures. To test its validity the algorithm was applied, in a numerical experiment, to fifty independent tropical radiosondes. The rms absolute deviation of the estimated moisture profiles from the actual profiles was comparable to that obtained using an iterative retrieval method reported earlier. The statistical method, however, requires several orders of magnitude less computer time than the iterative method; it is suitable for high speed processing of large amounts of data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 23; 1110-111
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    Problems in simulating the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer with a third-order closure model (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Andre et al. (1976, 1978) third-order closure model, in which the time rate of change terms, the relaxation and rapid effects for pressure-related terms, and the clipping approximation are used along with the quasi-normal closure, is invoked in the study of turbulence in a cloudy layer that is radiatively cooled from above. A spurious oscillation whose greatest amplitude lies near the inversion is shown by analysis to arise from the mean gradient and buoyancy terms of the triple-moment equations. An attempt is made to damp the oscillation through the introduction of diffusion terms into the triple-moment equations. The results obtained are noted to be sensitive to the ad hoc eddy coefficient applied in the third-moment equations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 1588-160
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    Reduction of flow-measurement uncertainties in laser velocimeters with nonorthogonal channels (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Previously cited in issue 5, p. 642, Accession no. A83-16486
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 22; 1115-112
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    Lightning activity and severe storm structure (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Space-time mapping of VHF sources from four severe storms on June 19, 1980 reveals that lightning processes for cloud-to-ground (CG) and large intracloud (IC) flashes are confined to an altitude below about 10 km and closely associated with the central regions of high reflectivity. Another class of IC flashes produces a splattering of sources within the storms' main electrically active volumes and also within the large divergent wind canopy aloft. There is no apparent temporal association between the small high altitude IC flashes that occur almost continuously and the large IC and CG flashes that occur sporadically in the lower portions of storms.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 11; 545-548
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    A variational formulation for time-dependent climate models (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A variational principle for time dependent diffusion problems is presented and is demonstrated by applying it to simple seasonal climate models. Two cases are treated. The first, a North-Coakley-type model with constant properties, is used as a tutorial example for the application of the technique. For the second case, heat capacity and thermal conductivity are considered to be latitude dependent in order to treat the effects of land/ocean distribution on the seasonal temperature distribution over the earth. The variational equations are derived and approximate analytical solutions are developed which delineate the influences of the physical asymmetries of the hemispheres in producing an asymmetric annual cycle.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 2601-260
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    Requirements for a passive IR advanced moisture and temperature sounder (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The design of a high spectral resolution, lambda/delta lambda being approximately 1200 IR, sounder capable of increasing the vertical resolution of atmospheric temperature profiles and achieving a rms accuracy of approximately 1.5 K is discussed. This sounder permits improved determination of meteorological parameters on cloudiness, surface temperature, and air-surface interactions. A set of channels from the high J lines in the R branch of the 4.3-micron CO2 band complemented by a larger set of window, humidity, and temperature channels in the 3.7-, 6.3-, 9-, and 15-micron regions is used. Design and simulation studies show that such a sounder is within the present state of the art.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 23; 979-989
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    Solar disk sextant (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: This paper presents the conceptual design of an instrument, called the solar disk sextant, to be used in space to measure the shape and the size of the sun and their variations. The instrumental parameters required to produce sufficient sensitivity to address the problems of solar oblateness, solar pulsations, and global size changes of climatic importance are given.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 23; 1235-123
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  • 39
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    Analogs in the wintertime 500 mb height field (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Lorenz (1969) has considered the possibility that an atmospheric circulation pattern might recur, taking into account the definition of a pair of analogous flows or 'analogs'. The present investigation is concerned with a search of time series of Northern Hemisphere wintertime geopotential heights for possible analogs. Attention is given to data and analysis procedure, analog quality, and error growth rates. The obtained results imply that the found analogs are not a useful tool for forecasting the evolution of the midlatitude flow on time scales of several days. It is pointed out, however, that the negative results should not be extended to other applications of analog forecasting.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 177-189
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  • 40
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    A laser interferometer for measuring skin friction in three-dimensional flows (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Previously cited in issue 05, p. 643, Accession no. A83-16685
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 22; 557-559
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  • 41
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    Simple high-temperature thermal diffusivity apparatus (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A simple and inexpensive thermal diffusivity apparatus is described for measurement up to 1600 K. The novel features of apparatus include a light pipe, a long furnace, and a differential thermocouple. A low heat-load sample holder for clamping the sample in a vertical position is also described. The results of measurements on AXM-5Q graphite are reported.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments (ISSN 0034-6748); 55; 235-237
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  • 42
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    Highlights of the Symposium on the Multiple-Parameter Radar Measurements of Precipitation - Personal reflections. (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radio Science (ISSN 0048-6604); 19; 238-242
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    The small ice cap instability in diffusive climate models (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Simple climate models which invoke diffusive heat transport and ice cap albedo feedback have equilibrium solutions with no stable ice cap smaller than a radius of about 20 deg on a great circle. Attention is presently given to a solution of this phenomenon which is physically appealing. The ice-free solution has a thermal minimum, and if the minimum temperature is just above the critical value for ice formation, then the artificial addition of a patch of ice leads to a widespread depression of the temperature below the critical freezing temperature. A second stable solution will then exist whose spatial extent is determined by the range of the influence function of a point sink of heat, due to the albedo shift in the patch.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 3390-339
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    Comments on 'Comparative diagnostic case study of east coast secondary cyclogenesis under weak versus strong synoptic-scale forcing' (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A comment is presented on a recent paper by Pagnotti and Bosart (1984) which contrasted different forcing mechanisms for weak and strong cyclones along the east coast of the U.S., and Bosart replies. The comment argues that the paper did not give a clear definition of 'weak' upper-level forcing and did not provide sufficient evidence to support its claim that the return branch of transverse circulations may be coupled to the middle as opposed to the lower troposphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 112; 2540
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  • 45
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    The Harp probe - An in situ Bragg scattering sensor (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A wave sensor, consisting of parallel, evenly spaced capacitance wires, whose output is the sum of the water surface deflections at the wires, has been built and tested in a wave tank. The probe output simulates Bragg scattering of electromagnetic waves from a water surface with waves; it can be used to simulate electromagnetic probing of the sea surface by radar. The study establishes that the wave probe, called the 'Harp' for short, will simulate Bragg scattering and that it can also be used to study nonlinear wave processes.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572); 1; 358-371
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    Radiosonde pressure sensor performance - Evaluation using tracking radars (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The standard balloon-borne radiosonde employed for synoptic meteorology provides vertical profiles of temperature, pressure, and humidity as a function of elapsed time. These parameters are used in the hypsometric equation to calculate the geopotential altitude at each sampling point during the balloon's flight. It is important that the vertical location information be accurate. The present investigation was conducted with the objective to evaluate the altitude determination accuracy of the standard radiosonde throughout the entire balloon profile. The tests included two other commercially available pressure sensors to see if they could provide improved accuracy in the stratosphere. The pressure-measuring performance of standard baroswitches, premium baroswitches, and hypsometers in balloon-borne sondes was correlated with tracking radars. It was found that the standard and premium baroswitches perform well up to about 25 km altitude, while hypsometers provide more reliable data above 25 km.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572); 1; 321-327
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  • 47
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    A numerical simulation of barotropic instability. II Wave-wave interaction (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A fully nonlinear numerical model of the point jet barotropic instability is used to test and confirm the hypothesis that the magnitude of the wave vorticity does not exceed the magnitude of the initial shear. This result arises directly from the local conservation of vorticity following a parcel and the fact that unstable waves are principally confined to the region where the zonal mean vorticity can be smoothed by the wave so as to eliminate the instability. Comparisons are made between fully nonlinear and quasi-linear models of the point jet instability and their tracer transport properties. Differences become particularly evident after wave saturation. The most important effect neglected by the wave-mean flow model appears to be the advection of wave vorticity by the most unstable mode. However, as equilibration of the instability proceeds, the globally averaged properties of both models are found to be similar.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 2869-288
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    A SAR correlation algorithm which accommodates large-range migration (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper presents an algorithm for azimuth correlation of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data with extraordinarily large-range migration which cannot be accommodated by the existing frequency domain interpolation approach used in current Seasat SAR processing. A mathematical model is provided for the SAR range-correlated point-target response both in the spatial and frequency domains. A simple and efficient processing algorithm derived from the exact two-dimensional correlation algorithm is given. This algorithm enables azimuth correlation by two cascaded one-dimensional correlation steps. The first step is to transform the range-correlated SAR data into the frequency domain in azimuth, followed by a newly developed range convolution filter to correct the range-dispersed spectrum of the range-correlated point-target response (RCPTR). The second step is the frequency-domain range migration correction approach for the azimuth compression. Simulation results provided here indicate that this processing algorithm yields a satisfactory compressed impulse response for SAR data with large-range migration whereas previous methods were subject to a broadening of the impulse response along range.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 592-597
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    Some aspects of the interannual variation of mean monthly sea level pressure on the Southern Hemisphere (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: We calculate the seasonal changes that are largely associated with the half-yearly wave, autocorrelation functions, and the mean planetary waves in the monthly mean sea level pressure from two data sources. One covers the period from 1951 to 1958 (from the South African Weather Bureau) and the other the period from 1972 to 1980 (from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology). Thirty years of data from stations over the southern hemisphere are used to assess the reliability of the differences between the two periods that the grid-point data show. These differences are especially large over the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The station data confirm the changes between the two periods and thus the observed differences in the mean waves, which are especially large for wave number 3.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 9541-954
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    GASP cloud encounter statistics - Implications for laminar flow control flight (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The cloud observation archive from the NASA Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP) is analyzed in order to derive the probability of cloud encounter at altitudes normally flown by commercial airliners, for application to a determination of the feasability of Laminar Flow Control (LFC) on long-range routes. The probability of cloud encounter is found to vary significantly with season. Several meteorological circulation features are apparent in the latitudinal distribution of cloud cover. The cloud encounter data are shown to be consistent with the classical midlatitude cyclone model with more clouds encountered in highs than in lows. Aircraft measurements of route-averaged time-in-clouds fit a gamma probability distribution model which is applied to estimate the probability of extended cloud encounter, and the associated loss of LFC effectiveness along seven high-density routes. The probability is demonstrated to be low.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 21; 851-857
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    Vertical temperature sounding of the atmosphere (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Attention is given to physical principles that affect the determination of atmospheric temperature profiles from observations of outgoing IR and microwave radiation. Simultaneous analysis of IR and microwave observations enhances observations in each spectral region. While IR soundings have higher sensitivity to lower tropospheric temperatures, ground temperatures, and sea surface temperatures, microwave observations are not only more suited to stratospheric sounding but are sensitive to snow and ice cover. They significantly aid correction of IR observations for cloud effects. Because effective cloud parameters and snow and ice cover can be inferred from the observations, 'temperature sounders' also yield data for a number of important climatic parameters.
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    Laser-induced fluorescence of green plants. I - A technique for the remote detection of plant stress and species differentiation (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) of green plants was evaluated as a means of remotely detecting plant stress and determining plant type. Corn and soybeans were used as representatives of monocots and dicots, respectively, in these studies. The fluorescence spectra of several plant pigments was excited with a nitrogen laser emitting at 337 nm. Intact leaves from corn and soybeans also fluoresced using the nitrogen laser. The two plant species exhibited fluorescence spectra which had three maxima in common at 440, 690, and 740 nm. However, the relative intensities of these maxima were distinctly different for the two species. Soybeans had an additional slight maxima at 525 nm. Potassium deficiency in corn caused an increase in fluorescence at 690 and 740 nm. Simulated water stress in soybeans resulted in increased fluorescence at 440, 525, 690, and 740 nm. The inhibition of photosynthesis in soybeans by 3-(3-4-dichlorophenyl)-1-1-dimethyl urea (DCMU) gave incresed fluorescence primarily at 690 and 740 nm. Chlorosis as occurring in senescent soybean leaves caused a decrease in fluorescence at 690 and 740 nm. These studies indicate that LIF measurements of plants offer the potential for remotely detecting certain types of stress condition and also for differentiating plant species.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 23; 134-142
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    Role of soil moisture in maintaining droughts (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The influence of soil moisture on the persistence of an ongoing drought was investigated. The case study of drought of the summer of 1980 was selected. The difference in the simulation of two identical twin runs: one with the climatological normal soil moisture and the other with anomalous soil moisture for drought conditions, were examined on the mean monthly circulation. It is found that a reduction in soil moisture did produce a corresponding reduction in precipitation. The pattern of the rainfall anomaly however, was not identical to the soil moisture (evapotranspiration) anomaly but had a good resemblance with observations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 335-340
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    The sensitivity of a general circulation model to Saharan dust heating (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: During the Northern summer, sporadic outbreaks of wind borne Saharan dust are carried out over the Atlantic by the tropical easterlies. Optical depths due to the dust can reach 3 near the African coast, and the dust cloud can be detected as far west as the Caribbean Sea (Carlson, 1979). In order to obtain insight into the possible effects of Saharan dust on the weather and climate of North Africa and the tropical Atlantic Ocean, simulation experiments have been performed with the Climate Model of the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences. The most recent version of the model is described by Randall (1982). The model produces realistic simulations of many aspects of the observed climate and its seasonal variation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 3323-328
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    Climate sensitivity with a seasonal cycle energy balance model (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The sensitivity of climate which may have a local maximum as the ice cap passes through a midlatitude region where the atmosphere's transport efficiency varies strongly with latitude is examined. This behavior, found in a two level primitive equations climate model forced with annual mean insolation, was reproduced in an energy balance model (EBM) by making the diffusion coefficient a function of latitude. The two level seasonally varying EBM was applied and the global mean surface temperature vs. solar constant for this model are shown and two regions of enhanced sensitivity appear. The snowcover distributions around the year for three cases are shown.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 227-230
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    On the role of the transient eddies in maintaining the seasonal mean circulation (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The role of transient eddies in maintaining the observed local seasonal mean atmospheric circulation was investigated by examining the time-averaged momentum balances and omega equation, using seasonal statistics calculated from daily operational analyses by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts. While both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and several seasons were studied, emphasis was placed upon the Northern Hemisphere during December 1981-February 1982. The results showed that transient eddies played a secondary role in the seasonal mean zonal momentum budget and in the forcing of seasonal mean vertical and a geostrophic motion.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 205-208
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    Teleconnection patterns in the Southern Hemisphere (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Contemporaneous correlations between geopotential heights on a given pressure surface at widely separated points on Earth, commonly referred to as teleconnections, are calculated from monthly mean sea level pressure and 500 mb geopotential height analyses for the Southern Hemisphere for five-month winter and summer seasons. During summer (November-March), anomalies over the three continents occur out of phase with anomalies over the subtropical oceans and in a wavenumber 3 pattern over the Southern Ocean near 55 deg S. The subtropical part of the pattern appears largely associated with the interannual variation of the seasonal cycle and annual mean. In winter (May-September) 500 mb geopotential heights over Africa exhibit positive correlations with heights over South America and the central South Pacific near New Zealand and negative correlations with height over the Southern Ocean. A striking wavenumber three pattern is apparent which shows the correlation of 500 mb geopotential height anomalies with 500 mb anomalies at 50 deg S, 95 deg E during winter. The strong positive correlations between 50 deg S, 95 E and 58 deg S, 150 deg W and 38 deg S, 15 deg W contrast with negative correlations over Antarctica and in low latitudes. Time variations in a similar pattern in sea level pressure are in phase with variations in the 500 mb pattern, suggesting an equivalent barotropic structure.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 193-195
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    Localized blocking accounted for by slow variations of the zonal driving (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The incorporation of observed zonal topography in a barotropic nonlinear channel model is discussed. The model is then extended to explain the regional features of blocking by employing a two scale method to allow small slow variations of the momentum (zonal) driving.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 190-192
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    Stratocumulus simulations with a general circulation model (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Stratus and stratocumulus cloud sheets which are among the most common cloud types over the world are discussed. They are characteristic of the undisturbed subtropical marine boundary layer over the eastern oceans, where cool water and large scale sinking motion suppress penetrative cumulus convection. They also occur over the Arctic Ocean, particularly in summer, and behind cold outbreaks over the western oceans in winter. Observational studies were conducted and further observations are planned.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 222-226
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    Influence of surface roughness of a desert (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A numerical simulation study, using the current GLAS climate GCM, was carried out to examine the influence of low bulk aerodynamic drag parameter in the deserts. The results illustrate the importance of yet another feedback effect of a desert on itself, that is produced by the reduction in surface roughness height of land once the vegetation dies and desert forms. Apart from affecting the moisture convergence, low bulk transport coefficients of a desert lead to enhanced longwave cooling and sinking which together reduce precipitation by Charney's (1975) mechanism. Thus, this effect, together with albedo and soil moisture influence, perpetuate a desert condition through its geophysical feedback effect. The study further suggests that man made deserts is a viable hypothesis.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 329-334
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    Two contrasting Northern Hemisphere winters: 1980 - 1981 and 1981 - 1982 (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Seasonal statistics calculated from daily operational analyses by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts for December 1980 - February 1981 (season 1) and December 1981 - February 1982 (season 2) were used to contrast the two seasonal mean circulation patterns present in the Northern Hemisphere and to investigate possible causes for the differences. The vertically averaged seasonal mean zonal wind and E-vector, a measure of the anisotropy of the transient eddies over the Pacific is shown for season 1 and season 2. The pattern in season 2, but not season 1, resembles that found in a modeling study of barotropic instability. One possible explanation for the differences between season 1 and 2 is a weak change in tropical heating associated with the southern oscillation, the effect of which in midlatitude was amplified by the occurrence of barotropic instability over the Pacific in season 2, but not season 1.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 209-214
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    An ensemble formulation of PBL fluxes in a GCM (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An ensemble approach is applied to Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) calculations with the bulk Richardson number identified as the key parameter. An ensemble averaging calculation was carried out to rederive the bulk friction and heat transport coefficients for the mean condition. Two simulations are carried out and compared. Significant differences in PBL fluxes low level cloudiness, land surface roughness heights, and surface evaporation are noted between the modified and unmodified simulations. Modifications to the model were: (1) the relationship between actual and potential Effective Temperature (ET) to accord with Sud and Fennessy (1982); (2) maximum permissible instantaneous ET at any time is 1.5 mm per hr; (3) moisture distribution in low level cumulus convection to be consistent with no precipitation; (4) appearance of supersaturation clouds to be consistent with supersaturation condition at that level; (5) invoking a simple function for stomatal diffusion effect in the ET calculation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 270-274
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    A balloon-borne microwave limb sounder for stratospheric measurements (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The balloon-borne microwave limb sounder (BMLS) measures atmospheric thermal emission from millimeter wavelength spectral lines to determine vertical profiles of stratospheric species. The instrument flown to date operates at 205 GHz to measure ClO, O3, and H2O2. A 63 GHz radiometer will be added to test the technique for determining tangent point pressure from the MLS experiment on the upper atmosphere research satellite (UARS). Many additional species could also be measured by the BMLS. A radiometer at 270 GHz would provide measurements of HO2, NO2, HNO3, N2O, O-16O-18O-16, and HCN. With this addition, the BMLS can test the current theory of O3 photochemical balance in the upper stratosphere.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer (ISSN 0022-4073); 32; 407-433
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    A cryogenic blackbody for millimeter wavelengths (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present cryogenic blackbody reference, or 'cold load', for mm-wavelength radiation has an emissivity of more than 0.99 over a two-octave wavelength range and can be used as a calibrating standard for sensitive IR photometers. The transmittance spectrum obtained indicates that wave impedance and index do not vary significantly over the 80-360 GHz range.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves (ISSN 0195-9271); 5; 1507-151
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    Comments on 'Inference of cloud temperature and thickness by microwave radiometry from space' (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The method proposed by Pandey et al. (1983) for estimating the temperature differential and thickness of clouds from microwave data obtained with the scanning multichannel microwave radiometers of the Seasat and Nimbus-7 satellites is examined critically. It is pointed out that both the thicknesses and the temperature differentials derived from them may not be meaningful unless accurate measurements of cloud-top height (from IR radiometry) and reliable data on liquid-water content are available. It is suggested that the good fits obtained in generating regression coefficients for the proposed method may be artifacts of the fixed or limited-range liquid-water densities of the cloud models used. With respect to cloud-top height, the need to quantify and account for differences in the fields of view and spatial resolutions of the IR and microwave radiometers, as undertaken for the case of precipitating clouds by Yeh and Liou (1983), is stressed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 23; 1579
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    The diurnal variation of Atlantic Ocean tropical cyclone cloud distribution inferred from geostationary satellite infrared measurements (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 112; 2338-234
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    Delineating mid- and low-level water vapor patterns in pre-convective environments using VAS moisture channels (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Infrared and visible imagery from VAS are used to delineate mid- and lower-tropospheric moisture fields for a variety of severe storm cases in the southern and central United States. The ability of sequences of images to isolate areas of large negative vertical moisture gradients and apparent convective instability prior to the onset of convective storms is assessed. A variety of image combination procedures are used to deduce the stability fields which are then compared with the available radiosonde data. The results for several severe storm cases indicate that VAS can detect mid- and low-level mesoscale water vapor fields as distinct radiometric signals. The VAS imagery shows a strong tendency for thunderstorms to develop along the edges of bands of midlevel dryness as they overtake either preexisting or developing low-level moisture maxima. Image sequences depict the speed with which deep moist and dry layers can develop and move.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 112; 2178-219
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    Stratocumulus cloud field reflected fluxes - The effect of cloud shape (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The reflected fluxes of stratocumulus cloud fields are calculated as a function of sky cover aspect ratio and cloud shape. In order to obtain a better fit with general circulation models (GCMs), cloud liquid water volume values were kept invariant relative to cloud shape. On the basis of the required accuracy of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), an order of magnitude value of 10 W per sq m was used to estimate the difference between plane-parallel and broken cloudiness reflected fluxes. An empirical relationship for effective cloud cover at a solar zenith angle of 60 deg is derived. The relationship allows for the accurate computation of broken cloud field reflected fluxes using plane-parallel calculations. It is predicted that more accurate estimates of broken cloud field radiative properties may be possible in the future.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 3085-310
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    Comparative measurements using different particle size instruments (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper discusses the measurement and comparison of particle size and velocity measurements in sprays. The general nature of sprays and the development of standard, consistent research sprays are described. The instruments considered in this paper are: pulsed laser photography, holography, television, and cinematography; laser anemometry and interferometry using visibility, peak amplitude, and intensity ratioing; and laser diffraction. Calibration is by graticule, reticle, powders with known size distributions in liquid cells, monosize sprays, and, eventually, standard sprays. Statistical analyses including spatial and temporal long-time averaging as well as high-frequency response time histories with conditional sampling are examined. Previous attempts at comparing instruments, the making of simultaneous or consecutive measurements with similar types and different types of imaging, interferometric, and diffraction instruments are reviewed. A program of calibration and experiments for comparing and assessing different instruments is presented.
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    On the dynamics of stratocumulus formation and dissipation (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results obtained with a mixed layer model are used to study the dynamics of stratocumulus formation and dissipation in subtropical marine stratocumulus cloud regimes. The model used allows entrainment to be driven by shear as well as buoyancy, and includes a very crude parameterization of the partial blackness of thin cloud layers. Model results show that for some values of the large-scale divergence there are three equilibrium mixed layer structures, two of which are stable. One of the stable equilibria is cloudy, deep, and buoyancy-driven, while the other is clear, shallow, and shear-driven. It is found that as a result of hysteresis effects a transient increase in the large-scale divergence can produce a long-lasting break in the clouds.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 3052-305
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    Modeling the middle atmosphere circulation (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Some of the motivations for constructing models of the middle atmosphere circulation are given. These are as follows: (1) to provide a better understanding of middle atmosphere dynamics; (2) to study the coupling of middle atmosphere dynamics with radiation and chemistry; (3) to study the sensitivity of tropospheric climate modeling and/or weather forecasting to changes in the middle atmosphere; (4) to better understand the limitations of more simplified models; (5) to supply a proxy for atmospheric data for diagnostic analysis; and finally, (6) for forecast-analysis of data. Different types of models are discussed in relation to their anticipated use. Various model simplifications, such as using the quasi-geostrophic set of equations and simplified radiative transfer, are discussed as are some of the consequences of these simplifications. Some of the accomplishments of middle atmosphere circulation modeling are presented as are some of the difficulties in existing models. Finally, some of the problems in constructing and verifying middle atmosphere circulation models are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    Stratocumulus cloud deepening through entrainment (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Under a substantial range of realistic conditions, stratocumulus cloud top entrainment is noted to either deepen an existing cloud layer or produce clouds in an unsaturated mixed layer, though the entrained air is warmer and drier than the mixed-layer air. These results, which apply irrespective of entrainment rate-determining mechanism, imply that the cloud top entrainment instability discussed by Randall (1980) and Deardorff (1980) does not necessarily destroy a layer cloud. Examples are given which include soundings, marine layer data, and simulation results produced by the UCLA general circulation model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tellus, Series A - Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography (ISSN 0280-6495); 36A; 446-457
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    An intercalibration of Meteosat-1 and GOES-2 visible and infrared measurements (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An intercomparison between radiative parameters determined from visible and infrared channels of the Meteosat-1 and GOES-2 geosynchronous satellites has been carried out using data obtained over the central Atlantic Ocean for 5 November 1978. Hourly visible-infrared measurement pairs at a nominal resolution of 5 km (Meteosat) or 8 km (GOES) have been stored in 1 deg x 1 deg longitude-latitude regions. For the infrared intercomparisons, the GOES 11.5 micron radiance has been compared to Meteosat infrared counts. The scatter in partly cloudy regions is interpreted as being caused by meteorological differences arising from differences in measurement time between the two data sets. For the visible intercomparison, the GOES measurements for clear and cloudy scenes have first been converted with the aid of scene-dependent angular reflectance and albedo models to estimates of the filtered shortwave radiance that GOES would have measured had it been in the Meteosat position. This value has then been compared to Meteosat counts for the shortwave channel. The results indicate that earlier Meteosat calibrations made from airplane overflights of a limited variety of surfaces are applicable to much larger areas of cloud and ocean.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572); 1; 283-286
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    Outlook for research on subtropical marine stratiform clouds (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A detailed description of the goals and methodology of the First International Satellite Cloud Cover Project Regional Experiment (FIRE) is presented. The purpose of the experiment is to develop physical models and parameterizations of fractional cloud cover over the Pacific Basin. In order to determine fractional cloud cover parameters, satellite observations by radar and lidar instruments will be combined with in situ measurements of the cloud-capped marine boundary layer. A description of a candidate experiment for the program is presented, and some general problems connected with the statistical characterization of satellite imagery are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 65; 1290-130
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    Shot noise limited detection of OH using the technique of laser-induced fluorescence (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Nearly shot-noise limited detection of OH using the technique of laser-induced fluorescence is reported. A LIDAR configuration is used to excite fluoresence in a large volume and a narrow-bandwidth interference filter provides spectral discrimination. This arrangement alleviates the effect of ozone interference and facilitates image processing at relatively close distances. The detection limit is determined mainly by the short-noise of the solar background. Ground-based measurements in Dearborn indicate a detection limit of better than 1 x 10 to the 6th power OH/cubic cm over a forty-minute acquisition period. Under favorable conditions, a comparable detection limit was also observed for airborne measurements.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 23; 4076-408
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    Intercomparison of planetary-scale diagnostics derived from separate satellite and radiosonde time-mean temperature fields (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The planetary-scale components of the extratropical Northern Hemisphere troposphere-stratosphere 1973-74 winter circulation are diagnosed using separate time-mean temperature fields based on radiosonde and satellite observations. Meridional cross-sections of zonal wind together with, for zonal wavenumbers 1, 2 and 3, the streamfunction amplitude, phase and Eliassen-Palm flux are displayed, with the relative accuracy of the satellite-derived diagnostics assessed through comparison with the 'ground-truth' radiosonde information. The satellite and radiosonde diagnostics compare most favourably in terms of zonal wind speed and shear, direction of wave propagation and meridional wave structure - all of which are closely related to the differential properties of the atmospheric temperature field. The intensity of the satellite-derived patterns of tropospheric wave propagation is underestimated due to the effects of spatial smoothing and residual cloud contamination present in the satellite radiance measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Royal Meteorological Society, Quarterly Journal (ISSN 0035-9009); 110; 1003-102
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    The response of a nonlinear, time-dependent, baroclinic model of the atmosphere to tropical thermal forcing (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A multi-level, sigma coordinate, primitive equation atmospheric model has been utilized to study both the tropical and extratropical response to an isolated region of steady thermal forcing in the tropics. The nonlinear response during the first 28 days of the simulation is described. The response can be generally characterized by two distinct components. The first component is a quasi-stationary disturbance which extends eastward and poleward away from the source region along a 'great circle' path. The structure of this disturbance is essentially barotropic away from the source region. The second component is a growing baroclinic wave propagating zonally at mid-latitudes. Significantly, this disturbance is apparently the result of baroclinic instability induced by the quasi-stationary wavetrain. The discussion is predominantly heuristic in form and relies heavily on graphical presentation and quasi-geostrophic theory to interpret the response and individual components of the thermodynamic energy and momentum equations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Royal Meteorological Society, Quarterly Journal (ISSN 0035-9009); 110; 981-1002
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  • 78
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    Response characteristics of laser diffraction particle size analyzers - Optical sample volume extent and lens effects (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The response characteristics of laser diffraction particle sizing instruments were studied theoretically and experimentally. In particular, the extent of optical sample volume and the effects of receiving lens properties were investigated in detail. The experimental work was performed with a particle size analyzer using a calibration reticle containing a two-dimensional array of opaque circular disks on a glass substrate. The calibration slide simulated the forward-scattering characteristics of a Rosin-Rammler droplet size distribution. The reticle was analyzed with collection lenses of 63 mm, 100 mm, and 300 mm focal lengths using scattering inversion software that determined best-fit Rosin-Rammler size distribution parameters. The data differed from the predicted response for the reticle by about 10 percent. A set of calibration factor for the detector elements was determined that corrected for the nonideal response of the instrument. The response of the instrument was also measured as a function of reticle position, and the results confirmed a theoretical optical sample volume model presented here.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering (ISSN 0091-3286); 23; 610-619
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    Infrared parameterization and simple climate models (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The geographical distribution of the annual mean and the annual cycle in surface temperature and satellite-observed IR is examined, and the spherical harmonic representation of the data fields is exploited to demonstrate how variances and covariances are dominated by the largest space and time scales. The geographical distribution of the annual cycle in the T and IR fields is explored; the strong imprint of the continents in both is clearly evident. The influence of the cloudiness of seasonal precipitation regimes on the IR annual cycle is also quite striking, especially over the subtropics. Analysis of the data shows that the simple form IR = A+BT (with A = 204 W/sq m and B = 1.93 W/sq m/K) explains 90 percent of the area-weighted variance in the annual mean and annual cycle of the zonally averaged IR field.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 23; 1222-123
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    On the linear approximation of gravity wave saturation in the mesosphere (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Lindzen's model of gravity wave breaking is shown to be inconsistent with the process of convective adjustment and associated turbulent outbreak. The K-theory turbulent diffusion model used by Lindzen implies a spatially uniform turbulent field which is not in agreement with the fact that gravity wave saturation and the associated convection produce turbulence only in restricted zones. The Lindzen model may be corrected to some extent by taking the turbulent Prandtl number for a diffusion acting on the wave itself to be very large. The eddy diffusion coefficients computed by Lindzen then become a factor of 2 larger and eddy transports of heat and constituents by wave fields vanish to first order.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 1893-189
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    Analysis and application of Fourier transform spectroscopy in atmospheric remote sensing (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An analysis method for Fourier transform spectroscopy is summarized with applications to various types of distortion in atmospheric absorption spectra. This analysis method includes the fast Fourier transform method for simulating the interferometric spectrum and the nonlinear least-squares method for retrieving the information from a measured spectrum. It is shown that spectral distortions can be simulated quite well and that the correct information can be retrieved from a distorted spectrum by this analysis technique.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 23; 2604-261
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    Modulation-transfer-function analysis for sampled image systems (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Sampling generally causes the response of a digital imaging system to be locally shift-variant and not directly amenable to Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) analysis. However, this paper demonstrates that a meaningful system response can be calculated by averaging over an ensemble of point-source system inputs to yield an MTF which accounts for the combined effects of image formation, sampling, and image reconstruction. As an illustration, the MTF of the Landsat MSS system is analyzed to reveal an average effective instantaneous field of view which is significantly larger than the commonly accepted value, particularly in the along-track direction where undersampling contributes markedly to an MTF reduction and resultant increase in image blur.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 23; 2572-258
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    CO2 induced climatic change and spectral variations in the outgoing terrestrial infrared radiation (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The published temperature changes produced in general circulation model simulations of CO2 induced climate modification are used to compute the top of the atmosphere, clear sky outgoing infrared radiance changes expected for doubled CO2. A significant wavenumber shift is produced, with less radiance emerging in the 500-800 per cm (20.0-12.5 micron) CO2 band and with more emerging in the 800-1200 per cm (12.5-8.3 micron) window. The effect varies greatly with latitude. The radiance shift in the 2300 per cm (4.3 micron) region is of the order of 10-30 percent for doubled CO2. It is suggested that the 2300 per cm region be carefully monitored as an aid in detecting the climatic effects of increasing CO2. The change in the wavenumber-integrated radiant exitance is at most a few percent.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tellus, Series B - Chemical and Physical Meteorology (ISSN 0280-6509); 36B; 139-148
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    Experimental tests of a single-photon calorimeter for X-ray spectroscopy (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Tests have been made of a nondispersive spectroscopic X-ray detector which operates by measuring the temperature rise following absorption of a single photon. Thermal pulses from 6-keV X-rays have been observed, and the different amplitudes resulting from Mn K-alpha and K-beta events have been resolved. This device was assembled to make quantitative tests of theoretical calculations of the properties of such detectors, and its high heat capacity does not allow it to attain the very high resolution predicted for detectors made by more sophisticated, but still straightforward, techniques. Both the measured resolution of 270-eV full width at half maximum and the absolute amplitude of the response are consistent with predictions. Nonthermal effects in the thermistor limit the precision of this comparison to about 30 percent.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics (ISSN 0021-8979); 56; 1263-126
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    Thermal detectors as X-ray spectrometers (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Sensitive thermal detectors should be useful for measuring very small energy pulses, such as those produced by the absorption of X-ray photons. The measurement uncertainty can be very small, making the technique promising for high resolution nondispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The limits to the energy resolution of such thermal detectors are derived and used to find the resolution to be expected for a detector suitable for X-ray spectroscopy in the 100 eV to 10,000 eV range. If there is no noise in the thermalization of the X-ray, resolution better than 1 eV full width at half maximum is possible for detectors operating at 0.1 K. Energy loss in the conversion of the photon energy to heat is a potential problem. The loss mechanisms may include emission of photons or electrons, or the trapping of energy in long lived metastable states. Fluctuations in the phonon spectrum could also limit the resolution if phonon relaxation times are very long. Conceptual solutions are given for each of these possible problems.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics (ISSN 0021-8979); 56; 1257-126
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    Large-aperture interferometer with local reference beam (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A large-aperture interferometer was devised by adding a local-reference-beam-generating optical system to a schlieren system. Two versions of the interferometer are demonstrated, one employing 12.7 cm (5 in.) diameter schlieren optics, the other employing 30.48 cm (12 in.) diameter parabolic mirrors in an off-axis system. In the latter configuration a cylindrical lens is introduced near the light source to correct for astigmatism. A zone plate is a satisfactory decollimating element in the reference-beam arm of the interferometer. Attempts to increase the flux and uniformity of irradiance in the reference beam by using a diffuser are discussed. Previously announced in STAR as N83-13979
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 23; 1467-147
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    The absorption of solar radiation by the Arctic atmosphere during the haze season and its effects on the radiation balance (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements of broadband spectral absorption of solar radiation by the Arctic atmosphere during haze events are reported. A preliminary analysis of the data indicates that large changes occur in the radiative transfer processes in the Arctic during haze events. For example, the planetary albedo is estimated to increase by 2.5 percent over the ocean and to decrease by 9 percent over the ice cap. Changes of such magnitude in the radiative parameters have the potential for significant climatic effects. The need for further experimental and modeling efforts is emphasized.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 11; 465-468
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  • 88
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    Evidence for speckle effects on pulsed CO2 lidar signal returns from remote targets (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A pulsed CO2 lidar was used to study statistical properties of signal returns from various rough surfaces at distances near 2 km. These included natural in situ topographic materials as well as man-made hard targets. Three lidar configurations were used: heterodyne detection with single temporal mode transmitter pulses, and direct detection with single and multiple temporal mode pulses. The significant differences in signal return statistics, due largely to speckle effects, are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 23; 1412-141
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    The effects of physical processes on the Hadley circulation (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Hadley cell is involved in the energy, momentum and moisture budgets in the atmosphere; it may be expected to change as sources and sinks of these quantities are altered due to climate perturbations. The nature of the Hadley cell change is complicated since alterations in one budget generally result in alterations in the others. Thus, Hadley cell sensitivity needs to be explored in an interactive system. In the GISS GCM (model I), a number of experiments are performed in which physical processes in each of the three budgets are omitted, the system adjusts, and the resultant circulation is compared to that of the control run. This procedure highlights which effects are most important and reveals the nature of the various interactions. The results emphasize the wide variety of processes that appear capable of influencing the mean circulation. The intensity of the circulation is related to the coherence of the thermal forcing, and to the thermal opacity of the atmosphere. When all frictional forcing is removed, the circulation is restricted to the equatorial region. The latitudinal extent appears to be controlled primarily by eddy processes (Ferrel cell intensity). The implications for climate modeling and climate projections (e.g. rainfall changes) are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 479-507
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    Non-nulling seven-hole probes for high angle flow measurement (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: This paper illustrates a method for calibrating seven-hole probes to measure local total and static pressures and relative flow angles of up to 70 degrees in subsonic compressible flows. The method of Latin Squares was used to statistically sample a large and otherwise unmanageable data set, thereby reducing to a minimum the number of data points required to construct a polynomial curve fit to the data. Calibration produces three-variable third order polynomials which permit all of the desired flow properties to be found explicitly from probe measured pressures. This method determines the flow angles to within 2 degrees and Mach number to within 0.04 with 95 percent certainty.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Experiments in Fluids (ISSN 0723-4864); 2; 2, 19; 95-103
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  • 91
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    Buoyant production and consumption of turbulence kinetic energy in cloud-topped mixed layers (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is pointed out that studies of the entraining planetary boundary layer (PBL) have generally emphasized the role of buoyancy fluxes in driving entrainment. The buoyancy flux is proportional to the rate of conversion of the potential energy of the mean flow into the kinetic energy of the turbulence. It is not unusual for conversion to proceed in both directions simultaneously. This occurs, for instance, in both clear and cloudy convective mixed layers which are capped by inversions. A partitioning of the net conversion into positive parts, generating turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), and negative parts (TKE-consuming), would make it possible to include the positive part in the gross production rate, and closure would be achieved. Three different approaches to partitioning have been proposed. The present investigation is concerned with a comparison of the three partitioning theories. Particular attention is given to the cloud-topped mixed layer because in this case the differences between two partitioning approaches are most apparent.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 41; 402-413
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  • 92
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    In situ measurement of stratospheric nitric oxide using a balloon-borne tunable diode laser spectrometer (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The stratospheric mixing ratio of nitric oxide at an altitude of 36 km has been measured using a balloon-borne tunable diode laser (TDL) instrument operating in the 5.2-micron wavelength region. Currently the instrument operates with two TDLs, and the capability exists to measure four stratospheric species simultaneously: NO, NO2, O3, and H2O. During the NO measurements reported here, the second TDL operating near 6.2 microns was used to monitor water vapor concentration in the vicinity of the gondola by observing the 1889.57 per cm line absorption in the reference channel path length (1 m).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 23; 1140-114
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  • 93
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    Performance of the Colorado wind-profiling network, part 1.5A (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Wave Propagation Laboratory (WPL) has operated a network of radar wind Profilers in Colorado for about 1 year. The network consists of four VHF (50-MHz) radars and a UHF (915-MHz) radar. The Platteville VHF radar was developed by the Aeronomy Laboratory (AL) and has been operated jointly by WPL and AL for several years. The other radars were installed between February and May 1983. Experiences with these radars and some general aspects of tropospheric wind measurements with Doppler radar are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Intern. Council of Sci. Unions Middle Atmosphere Program: Handbook for Map. Vol. 14: URSI(SCOSTEP Workshop; p 38-48
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  • 94
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    Tropospheric-stratospheric exchange, part 1.1A (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Much of the observational evidence of large scale tropospheric-stratospheric exchange has been obtained by radiosonde and satellite radiane data. So far mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere (MST) radars have made mininal contributions, in part due to their recent use as a meteorological tool, intermittent operation at some facilities and sparse geographic distribution. However, as more MST facilities come on-line in more locations, the good time and height resolution data throughtout the troposphere and much of the stratosphere obtainable by MST radars will enhance the detail of stratospheric and tropospheric circulations and interactions. On smaller scales MST radars have already been used to examine convective forcing from the troposphere into the stratosphere and subsequent launching of gravity waves (LARSEN et al., 1982). Observations of persistent turbulent layers in the stratosphere over Arecibo, attributable to inertial oscillations, appear to propagate away from a source region near the tropopause (SATO and WOODMAN, 1982). MST radars offer the availability of high resolution wind data in height and time needed to observe interactions between the troposphere and stratosphere. The lack of geographic coverage (e.g., equatorial regions) and insufficient data bases at many MST facilities presently inhibit studies of large-scale interactions. At present MST radars can be used to examine smaller scale interactions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program: Handbook for MAP. Vol. 14; p 4-5
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  • 95
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    Observations of frontal zone structures with a VHF Doppler radar and radiosondes, part 1.2A (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The SOUSY-VHF-Radar is a pulsed coherent radar operating at 53.5 MHz and located near Bad Lauterbert, West Germany. Since 1977, the facility, operated by the Max-Planck-Institut fur Aeronomie, has been used to make a series of frontal passage observations in the spring and fall. Experiments in winter have been difficult because part of the transmitting and receiving array is usually covered by snow during that part of the year. Wavelengths around 6 m are known to be sensitive to the vertical temperature structure of the atmosphere (GREEN and GAGE, 1980; RASTOGI and ROTTGER, 1982). Thus, it has been possible to use radars operating at frequencies near 500 MHz to locate the tropopause. Comparisons between radar data and radiosonde data have shown that there is a large gradient in the radar reflectivity at the height where the radiosonde tropopause occurs. An experiment carried out by ROTTGER (1979) on March 15 to 16, 1977, showed that the radar's sensitivity to the vertical temperature structure could also be used to locate the position of fronts. The SOUSY-VHF-Radar consists of a transmitting array, also used for receiving in some configurations, that can be scanned in the off-vertical direction but not at sufficiently low elevation angles to study the horizontal extent of structures.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP. Vol. 14; p 7-13
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  • 96
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    Using GPS and VLBI technology to maintain 14 digit synchronization (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: To facilitate the navigation of spacecraft to the outer planets, Jupiter and beyond, the JPL-NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) has implemented three ensembles of atomic clocks at widely separated locations. These clocks must be maintained, synchronized, to with a few parts in 10 to the 13th power of each other and, the entire group must be maintained, to a lesser degree, in synchronism with Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)NBS/USNO. Over the last 1 1/2 years the DSN has been using Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) and Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) technology to perform these critical Frequency and Time (F&T) synchronization tasks. A year of F&T synchronization data collected from the intercomparison of 3 sets of cesium and hydrogen maser driven clock ensembles through the use of GPS and VLBI techniques are covered. Also covered, are some of the problems met and limitations of these two techniques at their present level of technology.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the 16th Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Appl. and Planning Meeting; p 447-465
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    Meteor wind results from Atlanta, USA, and Ramey, Puerto Rico (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Results obtained using the French (CNET) meteor wind radar at Ramey, Puerto Rico, and the Georgia Tech radio meteor wind facility in Atlanta, U.S.A., are presented and compared. Prevailing wind, diurnal, and semidiurnal wind amplitudes are considerably larger over Ramey than over Atlanta, but the mean zonal circulation over Atlanta is more characteristic of the equatorial circulation than winds measured by stations at higher midlatitudes. The value of continuous observations, with a height resolution of + or - 2 km, is emphasized, as is the need for the application of several techniques, groundbased, in situ and satellite, if projects such as the MAP GLOBMET are to succeed in delineating the global meteorology of the mesopause.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 127-133
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  • 98
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    Changes in the Ozone Content over Central Europe During Reversals of Stratospheric Circulation in Late Winter (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A superposed epoch analysis during late winter zonal wind reversals was carried out from 18 year observation series (1963 to 1980) of the meridional geopotential height gradient in the 30 mb level (latitude mean) and of the ozone content over central Europe. Experimental data suggest that if planetary waves are responsible for the additional meridional ozone transport during stratospheric warmings, this transport has to take place at heights other than those up to the ozone maximum in the middle latitudes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 97-100
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  • 99
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    Spring Changeover of the Middle Atmosphere Circulation Compared with Rocket Wind Data up to 80 Km (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The middle atmosphere circulation is governed by two seasonal basic states in winter and summer, twice a year separated by relatively shortlived reversal periods. These seasonal basic states of circulation and the spring changeover period between them are investigated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 86-90
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    A Model of the Influence of Neutral Air Dynamics on the Seasonal Variation in the Low Ionosphere (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Recently it has become clear that the phenomena in the ionospheric D-region are determined to a great extent by dynamical processes in the strato-mesosphere D-region. In this respect much attention is paid to the study of the winter anomaly (WA) phenomenon on medium and short radiowaves, in which the meteorological character of the lower ionosphere is most prominent. Significant experimental data about the variations of the electron concentration, N, ion composition, temperature and dynamic regime during WA permit a better understanding of the character of the physical processes in the middle atmosphere. The influence of the neutral wind on the seasonal variation of the electron concentration N for the altitude interval 90 or = z or = 120 km, where the ratio upsilon sub in/omega sub i, of the ion-neutral collision frequency, upsilon sub in and the ion gyrofrequency, omega sub i decreases from 40 to 1 was evaluated. CIRA-72 is used as a model of the zonal wind.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 10; p 66-69
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