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  • Books  (19)
  • Online Books  (19)
  • Lausanne : Frontiers  (19)
  • 2015-2019  (19)
  • 1
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    Circulation Weather Types as a Tool in Atmospheric, Climate and Environmental Research (2015)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Details
    Keywords: meteorology ; weather ; atmosphere ; atmospheric sciences ; climate research ; environmental research
    Description / Table of Contents: Classifications of circulation weather systems have a long history in meteorology and climatology. Starting with manual classifications over specific regions of the globe, these tools (generally called “catalogs of synoptic types”) were restricted mainly to weather forecasting and historical climate variability studies. In the last decades, the advance of computing resources and the availability of datasets have fostered the development of fast and objective methods that process large amount of data. In recent years numerous methods of circulation type classification have been designed, showing their usefulness on a wide range of applications in scientific domains related to weather, climate, and environment. This Research Topic highlights methodological advances in circulation weather types and also their applications to different research areas. The articles included in this research topic show that circulation weather types can be used not only in Europe, where they have been always more frequent, but also applied to other regions of the world.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (153 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889196418
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88919-641-8
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Deep Subsurface Microbiology (2015)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
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    Keywords: deep subsurface ; marine sediment ; deep biosphere ; ocean crust ; subseafloor sediment ; Methane ; Peru margin ; Hydrogen ; acetogenesis ; sulfate reduction ; microbiology
    Description / Table of Contents: Deep subsurface microbiology is a highly active and rapidly advancing research field at the interface of microbiology and the geosciences; it focuses on the detection, identification, quantification, cultivation and activity measurements of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes that permeate the subsurface biosphere of deep marine sediments and the basaltic ocean and continental crust. The deep subsurface biosphere abounds with uncultured, only recently discovered and – at best - incompletely understood microbial populations. In spatial extent and volume, Earth’s subsurface biosphere is only rivaled by the deep sea water column. So far, no deep subsurface sediment has been found that is entirely devoid of microbial life; microbial cells and DNA remain detectable at sediment depths of more than 1 km; microbial life permeates deeply buried hydrocarbon reservoirs, and is also found several kilometers down in continental crust aquifers. Severe energy limitation, either as electron acceptor or donor shortage, and scarcity of microbially degradable organic carbon sources are among the evolutionary pressures that have shaped the genomic and physiological repertoire of the deep subsurface biosphere. Its biogeochemical role as long-term organic carbon repository, inorganic electron and energy source, and subduction recycling engine continues to be explored by current research at the interface of microbiology, geochemistry and biosphere/geosphere evolution. This Research Topic addresses some of the central research questions about deep subsurface microbiology and biogeochemistry: phylogenetic and physiological microbial diversity in the deep subsurface; microbial activity and survival strategies in severely energy-limited subsurface habitats; microbial activity as reflected in process rates and gene expression patterns; biogeographic isolation and connectivity in deep subsurface microbial communities; the ecological standing of subsurface biospheres in comparison to the surface biosphere – an independently flourishing biosphere, or mere survivors that tolerate burial (along with organic carbon compounds), or a combination of both? Advancing these questions on Earth’s deep subsurface biosphere redefines the habitat range, environmental tolerance, activity and diversity of microbial life.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (303 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889195367
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88919-536-7
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Hydrothermal Microbial Ecosystems (2015)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Details
    Keywords: hydrothermal vents ; extremophiles ; marine sediments ; Guaymas basin ; microbial biogeography ; microbiology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydrothermally influenced microbial habitats and communities represent a much wider spectrum of geological setting, chemical in-situ regimes, and biotic community than the classical examples from basalt-hosted black smoker chimneys at active mid-ocean spreading centers. Hydrothermal vent ecosystems now include hydrothermally heated and chemically altered sediments, microbiota fueled by serpentinization reactions, and low-temperature vents with unusual menus of electron donors. Novel marine provinces and hydrothermal areas are being charted and explored, such as new hydrothermal vent systems in the Arctic, around Antarctica, in the Western Pacific and in the Indian Ocean. Novel environmental gradients and niches provide habitats for unusual or unprecedented microorganisms and microbial ecosystems. The discovery of novel extremophiles such as Aciduliprofundum and the Nanoarchaeota underscores that hydrothermal vent microbial communities can no longer be characterized as assemblages of only “typical” sulfur oxidizers, methanogens and heterotrophs. Different stages of hydrothermal activity, from early onset to peak activity, gradual decline, and persistence of cold and fossil vent sites, correspond to different colonization waves by microorganisms as well as megafauna. This research topic will continue to stretch the limits of hydrothermal vent microbiology, and also provide a forum for the chemical and microbial linkages of hydrothermal vents to the ocean water column and the ocean crust or sedimentary subsurface.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (286 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889196821
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88919-682-1
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    The Microbial Nitrogen Cycle (2015)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Details
    Keywords: nitrogen cycle ; microbial ecology ; nitrogen fixation ; denitrification ; Anammox ; nitrification ; microbiology
    Description / Table of Contents: Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, and one that often limits production in both aquatic and terrestrial systems. Due to its requirement in biological macromolecules, its acquisition and cycling have the potential to structure microbial communities, as well as to control productivity on the ecosystem scale. In addition, its versatile redox chemistry is the basis of complex biogeochemical transformations that control the inventory of fixed nitrogen, both in local environments and over geological time. Although many of the pathways in the microbial nitrogen cycle were described more than a century ago, additional fundamental pathways have been discovered only recently. These findings imply that we still have much to learn about the microbial nitrogen cycle, the organisms responsible for it, and their interactions in natural and human environments. Progress in nitrogen cycle research has been facilitated by recent rapid technological advances, especially in genomics and isotopic approaches. In this Research Topic, we reviewed the leading edge of nitrogen cycle research based on these approaches, as well as by exploring microbial processes in modern ecosystems.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (175 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889194124
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88919-412-4
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Sea Level Variability and Change (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Details
    Keywords: sea level rise ; Climate Change ; coastal flooding ; Extreme sea levels ; storm surge ; Tides ; Coastal morphology ; Meteotsunamis ; Tide gauges ; satellite altimetry
    Description / Table of Contents: There is observational evidence that global mean sea levels are rising and there is concern that the rate of rise will accelerate throughout the 21st century, significantly threatening growing coastal communities. Modern society is vulnerable to even small changes in sea level. More than 600 million people currently live within 10 m of present-day sea level, in an area that generates 10% of the world’s total GDP. An assessment of 136 of the world’s largest port cities estimated that, by the 2070s, the population exposed to flooding risk may grow by more than a factor of three in these cities due to the combined effects of sea level rise, land subsidence, population growth and urbanization, with asset exposure increasing to more than ten times current levels. Therefore, understanding future sea level rise and variability is of utmost importance. In June 2015 we are holding a workshop in Majorca, Spain with a focus on sea level variability and change (see https://slrmallorca.wordpress.com for more details). Over 100 sea level experts from around the world will attend this workshop, from a range of different disciplines. We would like to propose a Research Topic, based on the papers presented at this workshop. The main aims of the workshop are to: 1.) Evaluate the current state-of-knowledge of sea level science; 2.) Identify gaps and unresolved questions in any aspect of sea level science; and 3.) Design future research to address these issue. The workshop will provide a forum for the discussion and the exchange of ideas on key sea level issues, and foster collaboration across the wide range of disciplines involved in sea level research. All aspects of sea level changes will be covered, from global to regional, observations and modelling, processes driving mean sea level changes and extremes, from the geological scale to the instrumental era and future projections and including impacts on the coastal zones.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (174 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889451500
    URL: http://journal.frontiersin.org/researchtopic/3896/sea-level-variability-and-change
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Petroleum Microbial Biotechnology : Challenges and Prospects (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
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    Keywords: hydrocarbon ; Oil reservoir ; corrosion ; Enhanced Oil Recovery ; methanogenesis ; biosurfactants ; Biodesulfurization ; Energy ; petroleum biotechnology ; Biodegradation
    Description / Table of Contents: Petroleum hydrocarbons are both a product of, and rich substrate for, microorganisms from across all Domains of life. Rooted deeply in the history of microbiology, hydrocarbons have been studied as sources of carbon and energy for microorganisms for over a century. As global demand for petroleum and its refined products continues to rise, so do challenges associated with environmental pollution, oil well souring, infrastructure corrosion, oil recovery, transport, refining, and upgrading of heavy crude oils and bitumens. Advances in genomics, synthetic biology and metabolic engineering has invigorated interest in petroleum microbial biotechnology as interest grows in technologies for in situ methane production, biodesulfurization and biodenitrogenation, bio-upgrading of heavy crudes, microbial enhanced oil recovery, corrosion control, and biocatalysts for generating value-added products. Given the complexity of the global petroleum industry and the harsh conditions in which it operates, a deeper understanding of the ecophysiology of aerobic and anaerobic microbial communities that have associations with petroleum hydrocarbons is needed if robust technologies are to be deployed successfully. This research topic highlights recent advances in microbial enhanced oil recovery, methanogenic hydrocarbon metabolism and carbon dioxide sequestration, bioremediation, microbiologically influenced corrosion, biodesulfurization, and the application of metagenomics to better understand microbial communities associated with petroleum hydrocarbons.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (234 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889452569
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-256-9
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Stress Field Control of Eruption Dynamics (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Details
    Keywords: Volcanology ; Volcanic Eruptions ; stress field ; Eruption dynamics ; Eruption triggering
    Description / Table of Contents: Increasing evidence supports the claim that stress changes play a fundamental role in triggering volcanic eruptions. Stress changes may vary in origin to include earthquakes, erosion and landslide processes, deglaciation, or tidal effects. The local stress can also change as response of magma influx from deeper reservoirs and an increase of the magma/gas pressure. The stress transfer may be of great importance in reawakening a dormant system. As an example, significant statistical correlation of large earthquakes and eruptions in time and space was suggested in many works. The interaction may be two-fold; where magma intrusions may change the stress at active faults and trigger earthquakes, while tectonic earthquakes may affect the magmatic system and change the eruption activity. The change in local tectonic stress has been claimed as trigger of large ignimbrite eruptions or for controlling the eruptive style of explosive eruptions. Sometimes volcano systems that are nested or closely located may become active in chorus; neighbouring volcanoes may interact in the sense that one volcano triggers its neighbouring volcano. However, although there is ample evidence of concurrence, the processes of interacting volcanoes and near- to far-field tectonic stress are not well understood. Some studies suggest that volcanic eruptions are triggered if compressive stress acts at the magma system and “squeezes” out magma. Other studies suggest that extensional stress fields facilitate magma rise and thus encourage eruptions, or that fluctuating compression and extension during the passing of seismic waves trigger eruptions. This research topic tries to address some of the important open questions in interaction between stress field and volcanic eruption, though both review papers and new contributions.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (131 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889452774
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-277-4
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Geomicrobes: Life in Terrestrial Deep Subsurface (2017)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Details
    Keywords: Terrestrial deep biosphere ; Eukaryotes ; Groundwater ; microbiome ; Heavy metal resistance ; MINE ; Nitrogen Cycle ; Iron oxidation ; Methane ; cave
    Description / Table of Contents: The deep subsurface is, in addition to space, one of the last unknown frontiers to human kind. A significant part of life on Earth resides in the deep subsurface, hiding great potential of microbial life of which we know only little. The conditions in the deep terrestrial subsurface are thought to resemble those of early Earth, which makes this environment an analog for studying early life in addition to possible extraterrestrial life in ultra-extreme conditions. Early microorganisms played a great role in shaping the conditions on the young Earth. Even today deep subsurface microorganisms interact with their geological environment transforming the conditions in the groundwater and on rock surfaces. Essential elements for life are richly present but in difficultly accessible form. The elements driving the microbial deep life is still not completely identified. Most of the microorganisms detected by novel molecular techniques still lack cultured representatives. Nevertheless, using modern sequencing techniques and bioinformatics the functional roles of these microorganisms are being revealed. We are starting to see the differences and similarities between the life in the deep subsurface and surface domains. We may even begin to see the function of evolution by comparing deep life to life closer to the surface of Earth. Deep life consists of organisms from all known domains of life. This Research Topic reveals some of the rich diversity and functional properties of the great biomass residing in the deep dark subsurface.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (141 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889451791
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88945-179-1
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Microbial Responses to Environmental Changes (2016)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
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    Keywords: microbial ecology ; biogeochemistry ; stoichiometry ; Climate Change ; soil microbiology ; elemental fluxes ; Respiration ; aquatic microbiology ; microbiology
    Description / Table of Contents: Advances in next generation sequencing technologies, omics, and bioinformatics are revealing a tremendous and unsuspected diversity of microbes, both at a compositional and functional level. Moreover, the expansion of ecological concepts into microbial ecology has greatly advanced our comprehension of the role microbes play in the functioning of ecosystems across a wide range of biomes. Super-imposed on this new information about microbes, their functions and how they are organized, environmental gradients are changing rapidly, largely driven by direct and indirect human activities. In the context of global change, understanding the mechanisms that shape microbial communities is pivotal to predict microbial responses to novel selective forces and their implications at the local as well as global scale. One of the main features of microbial communities is their ability to react to changes in the environment. Thus, many studies have reported changes in the performance and composition of communities along environmental gradients. However, the mechanisms underlying these responses remain unclear. It is assumed that the response of microbes to changes in the environment is mediated by a complex combination of shifts in the physiological properties, single-cell activities, or composition of communities: it may occur by means of physiological adjustments of the taxa present in a community or selecting towards more tolerant/better adapted phylotypes. Knowing whether certain factors trigger one, many, or all mechanisms would greatly increase confidence in predictions of future microbial composition and processes. This Research Topic brings together studies that applied the latest molecular techniques for studying microbial composition and functioning and integrated ecological, biogeochemical and/or modeling approaches to provide a comprehensive and mechanistic perspective of the responses of micro-organisms to environmental changes. This Research Topic presents new findings on environmental parameters influencing microbial communities, the type and magnitude of response and differences in the response among microbial groups, and which collectively deepen our current understanding and knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of microbial structural and functional responses to environmental changes and gradients in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The body of work has, furthermore, identified many challenges and questions that yet remain to be addressed and new perspectives to follow up on.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (263 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889197231
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88919-723-1
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Climate Change and Marine Top Predators (2016)
    Lausanne : Frontiers
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    Keywords: climate ; Climate Change ; marine mammals ; predators ; seabirds ; trophic interactions
    Description / Table of Contents: Climate change affects all components of marine ecosystems. For endothermic top predators, i.e. seabirds and marine mammals, these impacts are often complex and mediated through trophic relationships. In this Research Topic, leading researchers attempt to identify patterns of change among seabirds and marine mammals, and the mechanisms through which climate change drives these changes.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889197361
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88919-736-1
    Language: English
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