ALBERT

Note: J.S. Daly, R.A. Cliff, and B.W.D. Yardley: Preface / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:vii-viii, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.01 --- E. J. Essene: The current status of thermobarometry in metamorphic rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:1-44, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.02 --- L. Ya. Aranovich and K. K. Podlesskii: Geothermobarometry of high-grade metapelites: simultaneously operating reactions / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:45-61, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.03 --- Frank S. Spear: Relative thermobarometry and metamorphic P-T, paths / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:63-81, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.04 --- R. H. Vernon: Porphyroblast-matrix microstructural relationships: recent approaches and problems / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:83-102, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.05 --- John Ridley: Vertical movement in orogenic belts and the timing of metamorphism relative to deformation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:103-115, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.06 --- R. A. Jamieson and C. Beaumont: Deformation and metamorphism in convergent orogens: a model for uplift and exhumation of metamorphic terrains / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:117-129, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.07 --- Peter K. Zeitler: The geochronology of metamorphic processes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:131-147, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.08 --- James J. Irwin, Charles Kirschbaum, Tek. H. Lim, Derek Powell, and William E. Glassley: A laser-microprobe study of argon isotopes in deformed pegmatites from the Northern Highlands of Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:149-160, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.09 --- A. Reuter and R. D. Dallmeyer: K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dating of cleavage formed during very low-grade metamorphism: a review / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:161-171, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.10 --- Hanan J. Kisch: Discordant relationship between degree of very low-grade metamorphism and the development of slaty cleavage / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:173-185, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.11 --- J. J. De Yoreo, D. R. Lux, and C. V. Guidotti: The role of crustal anatexis and magma migration in the thermal evolution of regions of thickened continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:187-202, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.12 --- C. P. Chamberlain and Douglas Rumble III: The influence of fluids on the thermal history of a metamorphic terrain: New Hampshire, USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:203-213, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.13 --- Howard W. Day and C. Page Chamberlain: Implications of thermal and baric structure for controls on metamorphism: northern New England, USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:215-222, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.14 --- L. Aguirre, B. Levi, and J. O. Nyström: The link between metamorphism, volcanism and geotectonic setting during the evolution of the Andes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:223-232, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.15 --- T. M. Gordon: Thermal evolution of the Kisseynew sedimentary gneiss belt, Manitoba: metamorphism at an early Proterozoic accretionary margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:233-243, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.16 --- Peter H. Thompson: An empirical model for metamorphic evolution of the Archaean Slave Province and adjacent Thelon Tectonic Zone, north-western Canadian Shield / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:245-263, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.17 --- Amalbikash Mukherjee: P-T-time history and thermal modelling of an anorthosite-granulite interface, Eastern Ghats metamorphic belt, India / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:265-274, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.18 --- Leonid L. Perchuk: P-T-fluid regimes of metamorphism and related magmatism with specific reference to the granulite-facies Sharyzhalgay complex of Lake Baikal / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:275-291, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.19 --- D. Ackermand, B. F. Windley, and A. Razafiniparany: The Precambrian mobile belt of southern Madagascar / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:293-296, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.20 --- I. Cartwright and A. C. Barnicoat: Evolution of the Scourian complex / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:297-301, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.21 --- M. A. H. Maboko, I. McDougall, and P. K. Zeitler: Metamorphic P-T path of granulites in the Musgrave Ranges, central Australia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:303-307, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.22 --- Eileen McLellan, Daniel Linder, and Jenny Thomas: Multiple granulite-facies events in the southern Appalachians, USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:309-314, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.23 --- James M. McLelland: Pre-granulite-facies metamorphism in the Adirondack Mountains, New York / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:315-317, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.24 --- F. Mengel and T. Rivers: Thermotectonic evolution of proterozoic and reworked Archaean terranes along the Nain-Churchill boundary in the Saglek Area, northern Labrador / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:319-324, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.25 --- Motoyoshi Yoichi, Satoshi Matsubara, and Hiroharu Matsueda: P-T evolution of the granulite-facies rocks of the Lützow-Holm Bay region, East Antarctica / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:325-329, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.26 --- H. R. Rollinson: Garnet—orthopyroxene thermobarometry of granulites from the north marginal zone of the Limpopo belt, Zimbabwe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:331-335, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.27 --- Volker Schenk: P-T-t path of the lower crust in The Hercynian fold belt of southern Calabria / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:337-342, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.28 --- Daniel Vielzeuf and Christian Pin: Geodynamic implications of granulitic rocks in the Hercynian belt / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:343-348, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.29 --- R. G. Warren and B. J. Hensen: The P-T evolution of the Proterozoic Arunta Block, central Australia, and Implications for tectonic evolution / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:349-355, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.30 --- D. J. Waters: Metamorphic evidence for the heating and cooling path of Namaqualand granulites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:357-363, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.31 --- I. S. Buick and T. J. B. Holland: The P-T-t path associated with crustal extension, Naxos, Cyclades, Greece / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:365-369, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.32 --- M. Franceschelli, I. Memmi, F. Pannuti, and C. A. Ricci: Diachronous metamorphic equilibria in the Hercynian basement of northern Sardinia, Italy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:371-375, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.33 --- P. K. Verma: The Himalayan metamorphism / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:377-383, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.34 --- A. J. Barker and M. W. Anderson: The Caledonian structural—metamorphic evolution of south Troms, Norway / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:385-390, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.35 --- Kevin W. Burton, Alan P. Boyle, Wendy L. Kirk, and Roger Mason: Pressure, temperature and structural evolution of the Sulitjelma fold-nappe, central Scandinavian Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:391-411, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.36 --- A. H. N. Rice, R.

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 1 INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY OF RADIOANALYSIS 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Principles of radioanalysis 1.2.1 General 1.2.2 Glossary of basic terms and concepts 1.3 Scope and contents References 2 SAMPLING AND PRECONCENTRATION 2.1 Survey and principles 2.1.1 Sampling 2.1.2 From sample to aliquot 2.1.2 .1 General 2.1.2.2 Granular material 2.1.2.3 Water 2.2 Sampling procedures 2.2.1 Rocks 2.2.2 Sediments and pore water 2.2.2.1 Sediments 2.2.2.2 Pore water 2.2.3 Fresh and ground water and related particulate matter 2.2.3.1 Fresh water 2.2.3.2 Ground water 2.2.4 Sea- and estuarine water and related particulate matter and sediments 2.2.4.1 Water 2.2.4.2 Particulate matter 2.2.4.3 Sediment cores 2.2.5 Rainwater and dry deposition 2.2.5.1 Rainwater 2.2.5.2 Dry deposition 2.3 Preconcentration 2.3.1 General 2.3.2 Fresh water and rainwater 2.3.3 Seawater 2.3.3.1 Survey 2.3.3.2 Scavenging procedures 2.3.3.3 Ion-exchange and solvent extraction procedures for Th, U and Pu 2.4 Reference materials 2.4.1 Principle 2.4.2 Survey of reference materials and SRM's 2.4.3 Use of reference materials and SRM's 2.4.3.1 Reference materials 2.4.3.2 SRM's 2.4.4 Reference materials for environmental radioactivity and isotopic ratio measurements References 3 INSTRUMENTAL RADIOANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS 3.1 Survey 3.1.1 Activation analysis 3.1.2 Photon activation analysis 3.1.3 Charged particle activation analysis (CPAA and HIAA) 3.1.4 Prompt techniques 3.1.4.1 Neutron induced prompt capture y-ray measurement (PGAA) 3.1.4.2 Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) 3.2 Principles 3.2.1 Principles of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) 3.2.1.1 Activation 3.2.1.2 Standardization and flux monitoring 3.2.1.3 Count rate 3.2.1.4 Counting result 3.2.1.5 Sensitivity 3.2.1.6 Characteristic parameters of the three types of neutron activation 3.2.2 Delayed neutron counting 3.2.3 Activation analysis with high-energy photons 3.2.4 Principles of charged particle activation analysis (CPAA) 3.2.5 Principles of prompt techniques 3.2.5.1 Prompt capture gamma-ray measurements (PGAA) 3.2.5.2 Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) 3.3 Practical aspects of INAA, IPAA and PIXE 3.3.1 The radioanalytical laboratory 3.3.2 Irradiation facilities for NAA 3.3.2.1 Nuclear reactors 3.3.2.2 Rabbit systems 3.3.2.3 Epithermal activation 3.3.2.4 Neutron generators 3.3.2.5 Delayed neutron counting 3.3.3 Routing of INAA 3.3.4 Practical aspects of IPAA 3.3.5 Practical aspects of CPAA 3.3.6 Practical aspects of PGAA 3.3.7 Practical aspects of PIXE and PIGE 3.3.7.1 Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) 3.3.7.2 Proton induced prompt gamma emission (PIGE) 3.3.8 The error-budget 3.4 Multielement determination by INAA based on gamma-ray spectrometry 3.4.1 General 3.4.2 A practical procedure for INAA of silicates based on thermal neutrons 3.4.2.1 Preparation of sample and standards for irradiation 3.4.2.2 Irradiation and measurements 3.4.2.3 Conclusion 3.4.3 Rocks and ores 3.4.4 Meteorites 3.4.5 Sediments 3.4.6 Air-dust 3.4.7 Coal and ash 3.5 Instrumental neutron activation analysis of the lanthanides 3.6 Instrumental neutron activation analysis of uranium 3.7 Applications of instrumental neutron activation analysis with an isotopic neutron source and a 14.5 MeV neutron generator 3.7.1 Survey 3.7.2 INAA with isotopic neutron sources in the radiochemical laboratory 3.7.3 INAA with the neutron generator in the radiochemical laboratory 3.7.4. Conclusion 3.8 Applications of IPAA to silicates 3.9 Applications of IPAA to silicates 3.10 Applications of prompt techniques 3.10.1 Applications of PGAA and PIGE 3.10.2 Applications of PIXE References 4 NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS INCLUDING CHEMICAL SEPARATION OF GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Dissolution procedures and separation schemes 4.3 Lanthanides 4.3.1 General 4.3.2 Present procedures 4.4 Noble metals 4.4.1 General 4.4.2 Separation schemes 4.4.3 Single element determinations 4.5 Uranium and thorium 4.5.1 General 4.5.2 Procedures 4.5.2.1 Uranium 4.5.2.2 Thorium 4.6 Other elements 4.6.1 General 4.6.2 Alkali metals 4.6.3 Earth alkali metals 4.6.4 Copper and zinc 4.6.5 Mercury 4.6.6 Indium 4.6.7 Thallium 4.6.8 Tin 4.6.9 Elements with volatile halides and hydrides: Ga, Ge, As, Se, Sb, Te 4.6.9.1 Survey 4.6.9.2 Procedures 4.6.10 Vanadium and tantalum 4.6.11 Chromium 4.6.12 Molybdenum andtungsten 4.6.13 Halogens References 5 RADIOANALYSIS OF WATER 5.1 Survey 5.2 Elemental analysis of fresh water 5.2.1 Survey 5.2.2 Routine elemental analysis of rainwater 5.2.2.1 Sampling and sample treatment 5.2.2.2 Irradiation and processing of aliquots 5.2.2.3 Results 5.2.3 Special elemental analysis of rainwater 5.2.3.1 Bromine and iodine by isotopic exchange 5.2.3.2 Iodate by anion-exchange 5,2.3.3 Silver by cation-exchange and subsequent INAA 5.2.4 Routine elemental analysis of surface and ground water 5.2.4,1 General 5.2.4.2 Routine procedures 5.3 Elemental analysis of seawater 5.3.1 Survey 5.3.2 Routine elemental analysis of seawater by preconcentration on a "Chelex"-column and INAA 5.3.3 Routine elemental analysis of seawater by preconcentration on active carbon 5.3.3,1 General 5.3.3.2 Arsenic and antimony 5,3.3.3 Vanadium, iodine, tellurium and uranium 5.3.3.4 Total antimony, molybdenum and tungsten 5,3.3.5 Chromate, cobalt, nickel and tetravalent selenium 5.3.3,6 Mercury 5.3.4 Special elemental analysis of seawater 5.3.4.1 General 5.3.4.2 Rubidium and cesium 5.3.4.3 Strontium 5.3.4.4 Manganese and zinc 5,3,4.5 Tin 5.3.4.6 Nickel 5.3.4.7 Noble metals 5.3.4.8 Mercury References 6 RADIOTRACER EXPERIMENTS IN THE LABORATORY 6.1 Survey 6.2 Basic equations of radiotracer experiments in closed systems 6.3 Isotopic exchange in solution 6.4 Isotopic exchange between a solution and a solid 6.5 Reactions in solution 6.6 Reaction between a solution and a solid 6.6.1 Dissolution 6.6. 2 Leaching 6.6.3 Diffusion from solids 6.6.4 Sorption 6.7 Migration studies in solid-liquid systems 6.7.1 General 6.7.2 The determina tion of distribution coefficients in seawater 6.7.3 Radioecological column experiments in the laboratory 6.7.4 Laboratory experiments on very slow migration; the case of the actinides References 7 RADIOTRACER EXPERIMENTS IN THE FIELD 7.1 Survey 7.2 Principles of (radio)tracer experiments in open systems with flow in one direction 7.2.1 Basic concepts 7.2.2 Measurement of linear velocity and flow rate 7.2.3 Measurement of axial dispersion 7.2.4 Measurement of sedimentation rates 7.2.4.1 General 7.2.4.2 Lead-210 7.2.4.3 Cesium-137 7.2.5 Measurement of the degree of sediment mixing 7.2.6 Measurement of filtration velocity in case of horizontal groundwater flow 7.2.7 Measurement of groundwater flow in the unsaturated zone by radiocarbon 7.3 Principles of (radio)tracer experiments in open systems with flow in various directions 7.3.1 Survey 7.3.2 Measurement of sand or silt flow rates on the sea floor 7.3.3 Radiotracer measurements in water movement in the saturated zone 7.3.4 Radiotracer measurement on water movement in the unsaturated zone 7.4 Practical aspects of radiotracer experiments in the field 7.4.1 Preparation 7.4.2 Performance 7.4.3 Calculations References 8 MEASUREMENT OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY 8.1 General 8.1.1 Survey 8.1.2 Concentrations 8.1.3 Detection by direct measurement ofradiation 8.1.3.1 In situ measurements of uranium and thorium 8.1.3.2 Laboratory measurements 8.1.4 Detection by secundary effects 8.2 Measurement of low-level gamma-activities 8.2.1 General 8.2.2 A low background system (LBS) 8.2.2.1 Set-up 8.2.2.2 Limits of detection and determination 8.2.2.3 Processing of data 8.2.3. Anti-coincidence (AC)-counting 8.3 Measurements in rocks and sediments 8.3.1 General 8.3.2 Radon measurements (emanometry) 8.3.3 Age dating by measurement of disequilibrium in the natural decay-series 8.3.3.1 General 8.3.3.2 234U-230Th 8.3.3.3 235U-231Pa 8.3.3.4 232Th-230Th 8.3.3.5 230Th-231Pa 8.3.4 Environmental laboratory measurements on naturally occurring radionucl

Note: Mike Coward and Dorothee Dietrich: Alpine tectonics — an overview / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 45:1-29, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.01 --- Tectonic Evolution of the External Zones of the Alps --- J. G. Ramsay: Fold and fault geometry in the western Helvetic nappes of Switzerland and France and its implication for the evolution of the arc of the western Alps / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 45:33-45, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.02 --- D. Dietrich and M. Casey: A new tectonic model for the Helvetic nappes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 45:47-63, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.03 --- J.-P. Gratier, G. Ménard, and R. Arpin: Strain-displacement compatibility and restoration of the Chaînes Subalpines of the western Alps / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 45:65-81, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.04 --- N. Fry: Southwestward thrusting and tectonics of the western Alps / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 45:83-109, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.05 --- Tectonic Evolution of the Internal and Southern Zones of the Alps --- O. Merle, P. R. Cobbold, and S. Schmid: Tertiary kinematics in the Lepontine dome / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 45:113-134, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.06 --- J. P. Platt, P. C. Cunningham, P. Weston, G. S. Lister, F. Peel, T. Baudin, and H. Dondey: Thrusting and backthrusting in the Briançonnais domain of the western Alps / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 45:135-152, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.07 --- S. M. Schmid, H. R. Aebli, F. Heller, and A. Zingg: The role of the Periadriatic Line in the tectonic evolution of the Alps / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 45:153-171, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.08 --- A. C. Ellis, A. C. Barnicoat, and N. Fry: Structural and metamorphic constraints on the tectonic evolution of the upper Pennine Alps / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 45:173-188, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.09 --- J. Ridley: Structural and metamorphic history of a segment of the Sesia-Lanzo zone, and its bearing on the kinematics of Alpine deformation in the western Alps / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 45:189-201, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.10 --- K. H. Brodie, E. H. Rutter, and D. Rex: On the age of deep crustal extensional faulting in the Ivrea zone, northern Italy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 45:203-210, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.11 --- D. Roeder: South-Alpine thrusting and trans-Alpine convergence / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 45:211-227, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.12 --- H. P. Laubscher: The tectonics of the southern Alps and the Austro-Alpine nappes: a comparison / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 45:229-241, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.13 --- L. Ratschbacher and F. Neubauer: West-directed décollement of Austro-Alpine cover nappes in the eastern Alps: geometrical and rheological considerations / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 45:243-262, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.14 --- Models of the Development of the Alpine Chain --- J. F. Dewey, M. L. Helman, S. D. Knott, E. Turco, and D. H. W. Hutton: Kinematics of the western Mediterranean / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 45:265-283, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.15 --- J. E. T. Channell and J. C. Mareschal: Delamination and asymmetric lithospheric thickening in the development of the Tyrrhenian Rift / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 45:285-302, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.16 --- St. Mueller: Deep-reaching geodynamic processes in the Alps / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 45:303-328, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.17 --- P. Vialon, P. Rochette, and G. Ménard: Indentation and rotation in the western Alpine arc / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 45:329-338, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.18 --- R. Lacassin: Plate-scale kinematics and compatibility of crustal shear zones in the Alps / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 45:339-352, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.19 --- J. C. Hunziker, J. Desmons, and G. Martinotti: Alpine thermal evolution in the central and the western Alps / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 45:353-367, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.20 --- A. J. Hurford, M. Flisch, and E. Jäger: Unravelling the thermo-tectonic evolution of the Alps: a contribution from fission track analysis and mica dating / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 45:369-398, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.21 --- F. Heller, W. Lowrie, and A. M. Hirt: A review of palaeomagnetic and magnetic anisotropy results from the Alps / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 45:399-420, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.22 --- K. J. Hsü: Time and place in Alpine orogenesis — the Fermor Lecture / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 45:421-443, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.23

Note: Table of Contents: Copyright; Additional copies. - Foreword and acknowledgements. - Chapter 1. Cosmochemistry of the Rare Earth Elements: Condensation and Evaporation Processes / by William V. Boynton. - Introduction. - Meteorites. - Astrophysical context for interpretation of cosmochemical data. - Solar nebula. - Solar abundances. - Cosmochemical properties of the REE. - REE condensation reactions. - Activity coefficients. - Partial pressures. - Solid / gas distribution coefficients. - Why are the REE volatilities so different?. - Calculated REE patterns. - Early condensates. - Removing REE in the gas. - Comparison with meteoritic data. - Ultra-refractory component. - Group II inclusions. - FUN inclusions. - REE condensation as a function of oxygen fugacity. - Rims on CAI. - What have we learned from the REE?. - High temperatures were achieved in the solar nebula. - A very efficient mechanism for gas/dust separation existed in the solar nebula. - The high nebular temperatures existed for a long time. - A very intense, very brief, heat source also existed. - The solar nebula was a chaotic environment. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 2. Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements / by P. Jonathan Patchett. - Introduction. - Long-lived radioactive isotopes of Rare Earth Elements. - 138La-138Ce decay. - 147Sm-143Nd decay. - 176Lu-176Hf decay. - Cemical variations of La/Ce, Sm/Nd and Lu/Hf ratios. - Geochronological studies. - La-Ce and Lu-Hf chronology. - Sm-Nd chronology. - Defining bulk planetary isotopic evolution. - Isotopic study of planetary interiors. - The Moon. - The Earth. - Nd isotopes in studies of terrestrial crustal evolution. - Model Nd ages of continental crust. - Growth curves for the continental crust. - Origin of granitoids. - Nd isotopes and the sedimentary system. - Characterization of whole crustal terranes. - Crustal Lu-Hf isotopic studies. - Major unsolved problems. - Continental crustal growth curve. - Abundance of Archean continental crust. - Origin of mantle isotopic variations. - References. - Chapter 3. Partitioning of Rare Earth Elements between Major Silicate Minerals and Basaltic Melts / by Gordon A. McKay. - Introduction. - Usefulness of the REE for petrogenetic modelling. - Scope of this chapter. - Caveat. - How partition coefficients are measured. - Phenocryst/matrix studies of natural samples. - Experimental measurement of partition coefficients. - Basic experimental approach. - Equilibrium. - Percent level doping technique. - Beta-track mapping technique. - Other experimental approaches. - Henry's law: The applicability of percent-level doping results. - Factors governing mineral/melt partitioning. - Ionic size and charge of trace element. - Crystal field effects. - Cristallographic versus defect sites: The Henry's law question. - Phase compositions. - Oxidation state. - Thermodynamic relationships: Dependence of partitioning on temperature and composition. - Other predictive approaches. - Special applications. - Eu as an oxygen fugacity indicator. - Origin of the Eu anomaly in lunar mare basalts. - REE partition coefficient patterns for the major minerals. - Plagioclase. - Olivine. - Pyroxene. - Low-Ca pyroxene. - High-Ca pyroxene. - Garnet. - Future directions. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 4. An Approach to Trace Element Modeling Using a Simple Igneous System as an Example / by Gilbert N. Hanson. - Introduction. - Review of trace element equations. - Melting. - Fractional crystallization. - Melting versus fractional crystallization. - Essential structural constituents. - Example of petrogenetic approach. - Discussion and summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 5. Rare Earth Elements in Upper Mantle Rocks / by W. F. McDonough and Fredrick A. Frey. - Introduction. - Massive peridotites. - Massive peridotites: dominantly lherzolite Western Alps - Lanzo. - Western Alps -Baldissero, Balmuccia. - Eastern Liguria, Italy. - Western Liguria, Italy. - Eastern Pyrenees - France. - Ronda, Spain Effects of late stage alteration on REE. - What can be inferred about the melting process and the segregated melts?. - Massive peridotites: pyroxenite layers and veins and their wall rocks. - Amphibole-bearing pyroxenite veins. - Anhydrous pyroxenite layers. - How were the pyroxenite layers created? Evidence for multistage processes. - Implications for mantle enrichment processes (metasomatism). - Massive peridotites: dominantly harzburgite. - Oceanic peridotites. - Ultramafic xenoliths. - Group I spinel peridotites. - Garnet peridotites. - Pyroxenite and related xenoliths. - Models for REE abundance trends in peridotite xenoliths. - Megacrysts, minerals in xenoliths and damong inclusions. - Megacrysts. - Minerals in peridotites and pyroxenites. - Inclusions in diamonds. - Summary: comparison of peridotites from massifs and xenoliths and implications of REE data for Upper Mantle composition. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 6. Rare Earth Elements in Metamorphic Rocks / by Richard I. Grauch. - Introduction. - REE residence in metamorphic rocks. - REE mobility during metamorphism. - REE content of metamorphic rocks. - Suggestions for future work. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 7. Rare Earth Elements in Sedimentary Rocks: Influence of Provenance and Sedimentary Processes / by Scott M. McLennan. - Introduction. - Rare earth element properties and sedimentary rocks. - Cosmochemical considerations. - Geochemical considerations. - Aqueous geochemistry. - Normalizing and notation. - Sedimentary processes. - Weathering. - Diagenesis. - Sedimentary sorting. - REE and provenance studies. - Sedimentary rocks and crustal abundances. - Sedimentation and plate tectonics. - Archean sedimentary rocks and the Archean crust. - Archean greenstone belts. - REE in sedimentary rocks and crustal evolution. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 8. Aqueous Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements / by Douglas G. Brookins. - Introduction. - The trivalent lanthanides (Ln III). - Types of complexes in solution. - Hydrolysis products. - Phosphate complexes. - Carbonate complexes. - Halide complexes. - Complexes with total dissolved sulfur. - Gadolinium-Terbium fractionation?. - Scandium and Yttrium. - Europium (II). - Cerium (IV). - Eh-pH diagrams. - Cerium. - Europium. - Other lanthanides. - Lanthanides in ocean waters. - Lanthanides and actinides. - Concluding remarks. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 9. Rare Earth Elements in Lunar Materials / by Larry A. Haskin. - Introduction. - The nature of planet moon. - The magma ocean hypothesis and its presumed products. - Lunar REE patterns. - Highland plutonic rocks. - Anorthosites. - Durâtes, troctolites, norites, and gabbros. - Lunar felsite (granite). - Highland volcanic rocks: KREEP. - Mare basalts. - Mare basalt sources as magma ocean products. - Assimilation of crusted material during basalt petrogenesis. - Glassy spherules. - Soils and breccias. - Caveat. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 10. Compositional and Phase Relations among Rare Earth Element Minerals / by Donald M. Burt. - Introduction. - Geochemical background. - Minerals. - Coupled substitutions. - Vector treatment. - Application to selected mineral groups. - Fluorides. - Carbonates. - Fluorocarbonates. - Monazite, xenotime, zircon, and related phases. - Apatites. - Florencite and related phases. - A-B oxides (niobates, tantalates, titanates, ferrites). - Fergusonitelbetafergusonite, ABO4. - Perovskite, ABO3. - Aeschyniteleuxenite, AB2O6. - Pyrochlore, A1-2B2O6(O,F,OH). - Allanite. - Titanite. - Garnet. - Gadolinite. - Chevkinite/perrierite. - Element distributions: acid-base relations. - Summary. - Acknowledgemen

Note: Paul Hancock: Appreciation: A. M. Quennell—a prescient tectonician / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:x-xii, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.01 --- Fault Geometry and Associated Processes --- J. A. Jackson: Active normal faulting and crustal extension / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:3-17, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.02 --- A. Gibbs: Development of extension and mixed-mode sedimentary basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:19-33, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.03 --- N. J. Kusznir and R. G. Park: The extensional strength of the continental lithosphere: its dependence on geothermal gradient, and crustal composition and thickness / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:35-52, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.04 --- H. David Lynch and Paul Morgan: The tensile strength of the lithosphere and the localization of extension / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:53-65, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.05 --- C. E. Keen: Some important consequences of lithospheric extension / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:67-73, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.06 --- David Barr: Lithospheric stretching, detached normal faulting and footwall uplift / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:75-94, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.07 --- B. Vendeville, P. R. Cobbold, P. Davy, P. Choukroune, and J. P. Brun: Physical models of extensional tectonics at various scales / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:95-107, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.08 --- K. R. McClay and P. G. Ellis: Analogue models of extensional fault geometries / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:109-125, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.09 --- P. L. Hancock and T. G. Bevan: Brittle modes of foreland extension / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:127-137, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.10 --- M. R. Leeder and R. L. Gawthorpe: Sedimentary models for extensional tilt-block/half-graben basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:139-152, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.11 --- Extension in the Basin and Range Province and East Pacific Margin --- W. Hamilton: Crustal extension in the Basin and Range Province, southwestern United States / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:155-176, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.12 --- P. J. Coney: The regional tectonic setting and possible causes of Cenozoic extension in the North American Cordillera / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:177-186, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.13 --- L. J. Sonder, P. C. England, B. P. Wernicke, and R. L. Christiansen: A physical model for Cenozoic extension of western North America / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:187-201, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.14 --- Brian P. Wernicke, Philip C. England, Leslie J. Sonder, and Robert L. Christiansen: Tectonomagmatic evolution of Cenozoic extension in the North American Cordillera / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:203-221, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.15 --- Richard W. Allmendinger, Jack Oliver, Thomas A. Hauge, Ernest C. Hauser, and Christopher J. Potter: Tectonic heredity and the layered lower crust in the Basin and Range Province, western United States / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:223-246, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.16 --- George H. Davis: A shear-zone model for the structural evolution of metamorphic core complexes in southeastern Arizona / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:247-266, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.17 --- Jeffrey Lee, Elizabeth L. Miller, and John F. Sutter: Ductile strain and metamorphism in an extensional tectonic setting: a case study from the northern Snake Range, Nevada, USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:267-298, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.18 --- Keith A. Howard and Barbara E. John: Crustal extension along a rooted system of imbricate low-angle faults: Colorado River extensional corridor, California and Arizona / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:299-311, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.19 --- Barbara E. John: Geometry and evolution of a mid-crustal extensional fault system: Chemehuevi Mountains, southeastern California / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:313-335, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.20 --- Ronald L. Bruhn, Pamela R. Gibler, and William T. Parry: Rupture characteristics of normal faults: an example from the Wasatch fault zone, Utah / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:337-353, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.21 --- Gordon P. Eaton: Topography and origin of the southern Rocky Mountains and Alvarado Ridge / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:355-369, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.22 --- Paul K. Eddington, Robert B. Smith, and C. Renggli: Kinematics of Basin and Range intraplate extension / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:371-392, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.23 --- K. V. Hodges, J. D. Walker, and B. P. Wernicke: Footwall structural evolution of the Tucki Mountain detachment system, Death Valley region, southeastern California / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:393-408, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.24 --- Bob Thompson, Eric Mercier, and Charlie Roots: Extension and its influence on Canadian Cordilleran passive-margin evolution / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:409-417, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.25 --- S. W. Garrett and B. C. Storey: Lithospheric extension on the Antarctic Peninsula during Cenozoic subduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:419-431, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.26 --- I. W. D. Dalziel, A. M. Grunow, B. C. Storey, S. W. Garrett, L. D. B. Herrod, and R. J. Pankhurst: Extensional tectonics and the fragmentation of Gondwanaland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:433-441, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.27 --- Extension in the NW European Continental Shelf --- M. J. Cheadle, S. McGeary, M. R. Warner, and D. H. Matthews: Extensional structures on the western UK continental shelf: a review of evidence from deep seismic profiling / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:445-465, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.28 --- Alastair Beach, Tim Bird, and Alan Gibbs: Extensional tectonics and crustal structure: deep seismic reflection data from the northern North Sea Viking graben / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:467-476, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.29 --- F. Zervos: A compilation and regional interpretation of the northern North Sea gravity map / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:477-493, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.30 --- Stephen E. Laubach and Stephen Marshak: Fault patterns generated during extensional deformation of crystalline basement, NW Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:495-499, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.31 --- S. R. Kirton and K. Hitchen: Timing and style of crustal extension N of the Scottish mainland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:501-510, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.32 --- C. R. Fielding and G. A. L. Johnson: Sedimentary structures associated with extensional fault movement from the Westphalian of NE England / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:511-516, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.33 --- Garry D. Karner, Stuart D. Lake, and John F. Dewey: The thermal and mechanical development of the Wessex Basin, southern England / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:517-536, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.34 --- Michel Seranne and Michel Seguret: The Devonian basins of western Norway: tectonics and kinematics of an extending crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28:537-548, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.35 --- Extension in the Middle Eas

Note: Mervyn E. Jones and R. M. F. Preston: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:1-8, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.01 --- Part I: Theory and Experimental --- G. Owen: Deformation processes in unconsolidated sands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:11-24, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.02 --- J. P. Gratier: Pressure solution-deposition creep and associated tectonic differentiation in sedimentary rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:25-38, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.03 --- G. Mandl and R. M. Harkness: Hydrocarbon migration by hydraulic fracturing / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:39-53, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.04 --- C. R. I. Clayton and M. C. Matthews: Deformation, diagenesis and the mechanical behaviour of chalk / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:55-62, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.05 --- R. J. Allison: Non-destructive determination of Young’s modulus and its relationship with compressive strength, porosity and density / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:63-69, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.06 --- Alex J. Maltman: A laboratory technique for investigating the deformation microstructures of water-rich sediments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:71-76, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.07 --- Alex. J. Maltman: Shear zones in argillaceous sediments—an experimental study / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:77-87, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.08 --- Part II: Processes --- John R. Underhill and Nigel H. Woodcock: Faulting mechanisms in high-porosity sandstones; New Red Sandstone, Arran, Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:91-105, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.09 --- Jean-Pierre Petit and Edgard Laville: Morphology and microstructures of hydroplastic slickensides in sandstone / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:107-121, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.10 --- Michel Guiraud and Michel Séguret: Soft-sediment microfaulting related to compaction within the fluviodeltaic infill of the Soria strike-slip basin (northern Spain) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:123-136, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.11 --- Michael Leeder: Sediment deformation structures and the palaeotectonic analysis of sedimentary basins, with a case-study from the Carboniferous of northern England / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:137-144, NP, 145-146, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.12 --- Pierre Labaume: Syn-diagenetic deformation of a turbiditic succession related to submarine gravity nappe emplacement, Autapie Nappe, French Alps / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:147-163, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.13 --- S.A. Schack Pedersen: Comparative studies of gravity tectonics in Quaternary sediments and sedimentary rocks related to fold belts / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:165-179, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.14 --- S. G. Farrell and S. Eaton: Slump strain in the Tertiary of Cyprus and the Spanish Pyrenees. Definition of palaeoslopes and models of soft-sediment deformation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:181-196, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.15 --- P. M. Clifford, M. C. Rice, L. L. Pryer, and F. Fueten: Mass transfer in unmetamorphosed carbonates and during low-grade metamorphism of arenites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:197-209, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.16 --- Part III: Descriptive --- K. T. Pickering: Wet-sediment deformation in the Upper Ordovician Point Leamington Formation: an active thrust-imbricate system during sedimentation, Notre Dame Bay, north-central Newfoundland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:213-218,NP,219-232,NP,234-239, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.17 --- Krzysztof Brodzikowski, Roman Gotowała, Ludwik Kasza, and Antonius J. Van Loon: The Kleszczów Graben (central Poland): reconstruction of the deformational history and inventory of the resulting soft-sediment deformational structures / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:241-254, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.18 --- K. Brodzikowski, R. Gotowała, A. Hałuszczak, D. Krzyszkowski, and A. J. Van Loon: Soft-sediment deformations from glaciodeltaic, glaciolacustrine and fluviolacustrine sediments in the Kleszczów Graben (central Poland) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:255-267, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.19 --- Krzysztof Brodzikowski, Dariusz Krzyszkowski, and Antonius J. Van Loon: Endogenic processes as a cause of penecontemporaneous soft-sediment deformations in the fluviolacustrine Czyżów Series (Kleszczów Graben, central Poland) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:269-278, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.20 --- Krzysztof Brodzikowski and Andrzej Hałuszczak: Flame structures and associated deformations in Quaternary glaciolacustrine and glaciodeltaic deposits: examples from central Poland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:279-286, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.21 --- Krzysztof Brodzikowski, Andrzej Hałuszczak, Dariusz Krzyszkowski, and Antonius J. Van Loon: Genesis and diagnostic value of large-scale gravity-induced penecontemporaneous deformation horizons in Quaternary sediments of the Kleszczów Graben (central Poland) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:287-298, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.22 --- Colin A. Davenport and Philip S. Ringrose: Deformation of Scottish Quaternary sediment sequences by strong earthquake motions / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:299-314, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.23 --- J. Alexander: Syn-sedimentary and burial related deformation in the Middle Jurassic non-marine formations of the Yorkshire Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:315-324, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.24 --- Bill Fitches: Aspects of veining in the Welsh Lower Palaeozoic Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29:325-342, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.029.01.25