ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The Southern Permian Basin, as its name suggests, is a historical heartland for hydrocarbon production from the Palaeozoic Rotliegend interval. However, in this mature basin the Mesozoic presents further possibilities to offer resource security to NW Europe. Such opportunities include increasing efficiency in the production of discovered hydrocarbons, exploration for further hydrocarbons (both conventional and unconventional) and efficient exploration for, and production of, geothermal energy. All these potential resources require a grounding in technically sound geoscience, via traditional scientific observation and the application of new technologies, to unlock their value. The main aim of this volume is to bring together the work of academics and industry workers to consider cross-border geoscience including contributions on Poland, Germany, The Netherlands, the United Kingdom and adjacent areas. The work presented intends to contribute to the development and discovery of further Mesozoic energy resources across the basin.

Description / Table of Contents: As the shale revolution continues in North America, unconventional resource markets are emerging on every continent. In the next eight to ten years, more than 100,000 wells and one- to two-million hydraulic fracturing stages could be executed, resulting in close to one trillion dollars in industry spending. This growth has prompted professionals experienced in conventional oil and gas exploitation and development to acquire practical knowledge of the unconventional realm. Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources: Exploitation and Development provides a comprehensive understanding of the latest advances in the exploitation and development of unconventional resources. With an emphasis on shale, this book: Addresses all aspects of the exploitation and development process, from data mining and accounting to drilling, completion, stimulation, production, and environmental issues. Offers in-depth coverage of sub-surface measurements (geological, geophysical, petrophysical, geochemical, and geomechanical) and their interpretation. Discusses the use of microseismic, fiber optic, and tracer reservoir monitoring technologies and JewelSuite™ reservoir modeling software. Presents the viewpoints of internationally respected experts and researchers from leading exploration and production (E&P) companies and academic institutions

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Metal resources, use and criticality - The mining industry and the supply of critical minerals - Recycling of (critical) metals - Antimony - Beryllium - Cobal - Gallium - Germanium- Indium- Lithium - Magnesium - Platinum-group metals - Rare earth elements - Rhenium - Tantalum and niobium - Tungsten

Description / Table of Contents: "Predicting water runoff in ungauged water catchment areas is vital to practical applications such as the design of drainage infrastructure and flooding defences, runoff forecasting, and for catchment management tasks such as water allocation and climate impact analysis. This important new book synthesises decades of international research, forming a holistic approach to catchment hydrology and providing a one-stop resource for hydrologists in both developed and developing countries. Topics include data for runoff regionalisation, the prediction of runoff hydrographs, flow duration curves, flow paths and residence times, annual and seasonal runoff, and floods. Illustrated with many case studies and including a final chapter on recommendations for researchers and practitioners, this book is written by expert authors involved in the prestigious IAHS PUB initiative. It is a key resource for academic researchers and professionals in the fields of hydrology, hydrogeology, ecology, geography, soil science, and environmental and civil engineering"..

Description / Table of Contents: Carbonate reservoirs contain an increasingly important percentage of the world's hydrocarbon reserves. This volume presents key recent advances in carbonate exploration and reservoir analysis. As well as a comprehensive overview of the trends in carbonate over the years.

Description / Table of Contents: This book, generated under the auspices of the Geological Society of London's History of Geology and Hydrogeological Groups, contains 20 papers from authors in the UK, USA, Germany and Austria. Historically, it gives examples of the influence of groundwater on battlefield tactics and fortress construction; describes how groundwater was developed for water supply and overcome as an obstacle to military engineering and cross-country vehicular movement by both sides in World Wars I and II; and culminates with examples of the application of hydrogeology to site boreholes in recent conflicts, notably in Afghanistan. Examples of current research described include hydrological model development; the impact of variations in soil moisture on explosive threat detection and cross-country vehicle mobility; contamination arising from defence sites and its remediation; privatization of water supplies; and the equitable allocation of resources derived from an international transboundary aquifer.

Description / Table of Contents: The UK is a country with over 150 years of widespread exploitation of its principal aquifers for public watersupply. Increasing demands, greater awareness of environmental pressures and more exacting legislationhas heightened the need for quantitative models to predict the impacts of groundwater use. In the UKthis has culminated in a unique national, regulator-led programme for England and Wales to develop conceptualand numerical models of the principal bedrock aquifers.The outcomes of this programme will be of interest to the international hydrogeological community, particularlyas international legislation such as the European Water Framework Directive requires managementof water issues across administrative boundaries with a varied cast of stakeholders.The collection of papers provides a contrast between practitioner- and research-based approaches toassess and predict the anthropogenic impacts and environmental pressures. Many insights are providedon how the regular use of groundwater models may address the environmental challenges of the future.

Description / Table of Contents: Glaciogenic reservoirs and hydrocarbon systems occur intermittently throughout the stratigraphic record, with particular prominence in Neoproterozoic, Late Ordovician, Permo-Carboniferous and Late Cenozoic strata. Recent interest in glaciogenic successions has been fuelled by hydrocarbon discoveries in ancient glaciogenic reservoirs in North Africa, the Middle East, Australia and South America. Glaciogenic deposits of Pleistocene age are noteworthy for their content of groundwater onshore and potentially prospective and/or hazardous gas accumulations offshore. The abundant imprints of Pleistocene glaciations in both hemispheres can be used to reconstruct complex histories of repeated ice cover and retreat, and glacier-bed interactions, thus informing our view on the dynamics of older ice caps and predictions of future glaciations. This volume aims to provide a better understanding of glaciogenic processes, their stratigraphic record and reservoir characteristics of glaciogenic deposits. The book comprises 3 overview papers and 16 original case studies of Neoproterozoic to Pleistocene successions on 6 continents and will be of interest to sedimentologists, glaciologists, geophysicists, hydrologists and petroleum geologists alike.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part One: Theories and Principles 1. 1. Occurrence, Types and Classification 2. Hydrology and Modeling 3. Surface Water and Groundwater Interaction4. Water Quality and Treatment 5. Utilization and Regulation 6. Delineation of Protection ZonesPart Two: Engineering Cases Studies 7. Americas 8. Europe 9. Middle East and Asia10. Africa

Description / Table of Contents: Onshore fold thrust belts are commonly perceived as difficult places to explore for hydrocarbons and are therefore often avoided. However, these belts host large oil and gas fields and so these barriers to effective exploration mean that substantial unexploited resources may remain. Over time, evaluation techniques have improved. It is possible in certain circumstances to achieve good 3D seismic data. Structural restoration techniques have moved into the 3D domain and increasingly sophisticated palaeo-thermal indicators allow better modelling of burial and uplift evolution of source and reservoirs. Awareness of the influence of pre-thrust structure and stratigraphy and of hybrid thick and thin-skinned deformation styles is augmenting the simplistic geometric models employed in earlier exploration. But progress is a slow, expensive and iterative process. Industry and academia need to collaborate in order to develop and continually improve the necessary understanding of subsurface geometries, reservoir and charge evolution and timing; this publication offers papers on specific techniques, outcrop and field case studies.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I. Basic Principles: 1. The tectonic stress field; 2. Pore pressure at depth in sedimentary basins; 3. Basic constitutive laws; 4. Rock failure in compression, tension and shear; 5. Fractures and faults in three dimensions; Part II. Measuring Stress Orientation and Magnitude: 6. Compressive and tensile failures in vertical wells; 7. Determination of S3 from minifracs and extended leak-off tests and constraining the magnitude of SHmax from wellbore failures in vertical wells; 8. Wellbore failure and stress determination in deviated wells; 9. Stress fields - from tectonic plates to reservoirs around the world; Part III. Applications: 10. Minimizing wellbore instability; 11. Critically stressed faults and fluid flow; 12. Reservoir depletion.

Description / Table of Contents: Reservoir compartmentalization the segregation of a petroleum accumulation into a number of individual fluid/pressure compartments controls the volume of moveable oil or gas that might be connected to any given well drilled in a field, and consequently impacts booking of reserves and operational profitability. This is a general feature of modern exploration and production portfolios, and has driven major developments in geoscience, engineering and related technology. Given that compartmentalization is a consequence of many factors, an integrated subsurface approach is required to better understand and predict compartmentalization behaviour, and to minimize the risk of it occurring unexpectedly. This volume reviews our current understanding and ability to model compartmentalization. It highlights the necessity for effective specialist discipline integration, and the value of learning from operational experience in: detection and monitoring of compartmentalization; stratigraphic and mixed-mode compartmentalization; and fault-dominated compartmentalization.

Description / Table of Contents: There is much interest in gas hydrates in relation to their potential role as an importantdriver for climate change and as a major new energy source; however, many questionsremain, not least the size of the global hydrate budget. Much of the current uncertaintycentres on how hydrates are physically stored in sediments at a range of scales. Thisvolume details advances in our understanding of sediment-hosted hydrates, and containspapers covering a range of studies of real and artificial sediments containing bothmethane hydrates and CO2 hydrates. The papers include an examination of the techniquesused to locate, sample and characterize hydrates from natural, methane-rich systems, soas to understand them better. Other contributions consider the nature and stability ofsynthetic hydrates formed in the laboratory, which in turn improve our ability to makeaccurate predictive models.

Description / Table of Contents: Neoproterozoic successions are major hydrocarbon producers around the world. In North Africa, large basins with significant surface outcrops and thick sedimentary fills are widespread. These basins are now emerging as potential sources of hydrocarbons and are attracting interest from geological researchers in academia and the oil and gas industry.This volume focuses on recent developments in the understanding and correlation of North African basin fills and explores novel approaches to prospecting for source and reservoir rocks. The papers cover aspects of petroleum prospectivity and age-equivalent global petroleum systems, Neoproterozoic tectonics and palaeogeography, sequence stratigraphy, glacial events and global climatic models, faunal and floral evolution and the deposition of source rocks.The broader aim of this volume is to compare major environmental change, the emergence of life, the global carbon cycle and the implications for hydrocarbon exploration of well-studied Neoproterozoic successions worldwide.

Description / Table of Contents: This text contains the first comprehensive presentation of methods and algorithms used in basin modeling. It provides geoscientists and geophysicists with an extensive in-depth view of the theory behind the models. Heat flow analysis, chemical kinetics of petroleum generation, pressure analysis, PVT modeling and several fluid flow models are discussed in detail. Advanced topics such as probabilistic methods for risk assessment or new approaches such as modeling of migration with invasion percolation are also included. Comprehensive lists of rock and fluid properties and parameters of geochemical kinetics make the book a unique reference in geological process modeling.Preface.- 1 Introduction to Quantitative Basin Modeling.- 2 Pore Pressure, Compaction and Tectonics.- 3 Heat Flow Analysis.- 4 Chemical Kinetics.- 5 PVT Analysis.- 6 Migration and Accumulation.- 7 Risk Analysis.- 8 Mathematical Methods.- Appendices: A Unit Conversions and Constants.- B Thermal Properties.- C Compaction and Flow Parameter.- D Methane Density.- E Component Properties.- F Analytic Groundwater Flow Solution from Tóth.- G One Dimensional Consolidation Solution from Gibson.- H Analytic Solutions to Selected Heat Flow Problems.- I Composition and Components for Fig. 5.13.- J Flowpath Bending.- Index.

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Introduction to Hydrologic Science: Definition and Scope of Hydrology / Development of Scientific Hydrology. - 2. Basic Hydrologic Concepts: Physical Quantities and Laws / Hydrologic Systems / The Conservation Equations / The Watershed (Drainage Basin) / The Regional Water Balance / Spatial Variability / Temporal Variability / Storage, Storage Effects, and Residence Time / Hydrologic Modeling. - 3. Climate, the Hydrologic Cycle, Soils, and Vegetation: A Global Overview: Basic Aspects of Global Climate / The Global Hydrologic Cycle / Climate, Soils, and Vegetation. - 4. Precipitation: Meteorology of Precipitation / Measurement at a Point / Areal Estimation / Precipitation and Rainfall Climatology / Precipitation Quality. - 5. Snow and Snowmelt: Material Characteristics of Snow / Measurement of Snow and Snowmelt / Hydrologic Importance and Distribution of Snow / Snowmelt Processes / Snowmelt Modeling / Water-Quality Aspects. - 6. Water in Soils: Infiltration and Redistribution: Material Properties of Soil / Soil-Water Storage / Soil-Water Flow / Water Conditions in Natural Soils / Infiltration: Measurement and Qualitative Description / Quantitative Modeling of Infiltration at a Point / Redistribution. - 7. Evapotranspiration: Physics of Evaporation and Turbulent Energy Exchange / Classification of Evapotranspiration Processes / Free-Water, Lake, and Wetland Evaporation / Bare-Soil Evaporation / Transpiration / Interception and Interception Loss / Potential Evapotranspiration / Actual Evapotranspiration. - 8. Ground Water in the Hydrologic Cycle: Basic Principles of Ground-Water Flow / Regional Ground-Water Flow / Ground-WaterSurface-Water Reltions / Ground Water in the Regional Water Balance / Evaluation of Ground-Water-Balance Components / Impacts of Ground-Water Development on Basin Hydrology. - 9. Stream Response to Water-Input Events: Basic Aspects of Stream Response / Mechanisms Producing Event Response / Open-Channel Flow and Streamflow Routing / The Stream Network / Rainfall-Runoff Modeling / Rainfall-Runoff Models. - 10. Hydrology and Water-Resource Management: Water-Resource Management / Hydrologic Analysis: Water Supply and Demand / Hydrologic Analysis: Water Quality / Hydrologic Analysis: Floods / Hydrologic Analysis: Low Streamflows and Droughts / Current and Projected Water Use

Description / Table of Contents: Welcher Anteil des Niederschlagswassers gelangt von landwirtschaftlich genutzten Flächen in Bäche und Flüsse? Wie stark und mit welchen Stoffen ist dieses abfließende Wasser belastet? Wie sehen die langfristigen Folgen aus? Das Buch ist eine allgemeine und umfassende Darstellung von kleinräumigen hydrologischen Prozessen im punktuellen cm-Bereich bis hin zum kleinen Einzugsgebiet. Diese abgestimmte Kombination von Theorie, Feldmessung und numerischer Modellierung ist zukunftsweisend für die moderne Hydrologie.

Description / Table of Contents: Contens: Preface: H. S. Wheater, S. Sorooshian and K. D. Sharma; 1. Modelling hydrological processes in arid and semi-arid areas - an introduction H. Wheater; 2. Global precipitation estimation from satellite imagery using artificial neural networks S. Sorooshian, K.-L. Hsu, B. Imam and Y. Hong; 3. Modelling semi-arid and arid hydrology and water resources - the southern Africa experience D. A. Hughes; 4. Use of the IHACRES rainfall-runoff model in arid and semi-arid regions B. F. W. Croke and A. J. Jakeman; 5. KINEROS2 and the AGWA modelling framework D. J. Semmens, D. C. Goodrich, C. L. Unkrich, R. E. Smith, D. A. Woolhiser and S. N. Miller; 6. A distributed spatial sediment delivery model for arid regions K. D. Sharma; 7. The Modular Modeling System (MMS): a toolbox for water and environmental resources management G. H. Leavesley, S. L. Markstrom, R. J. Viger and L. E. Hay; 8. Calibration, uncertainty and regional analysis of conceptual rainfall-runoff models H. Wheater, T. Wagener and N. McIntyre; 9. Real-time flow forecasting P. C. Young; 10. Real-time flood forecasting - Indian experience R. D. Singh; 11. Groundwater modeling in hard-rock terrain in semi-arid areas: experience from India S. Ahmed, J.-C. Maréchal, E. Ledoux and G. de Marsily;

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction. 2. The seismic reflection method and its constraints. 3. Seismic stratigraphic techniques. 4. Dynamics of basin-wide sedimentation patterns and sea level changes. 5. Hydrocarbon habitat. 6. Seismic reservoir characterisation. 7. Volumetrics and prospect evaluation. 8. Concluding remarks.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: INTRODUCTION TO KARST. - THE KARST ROCKS. - DISSOLUTION: CHEMICAL AND KINETIC BEHAVIOUR OF THE KARST ROCKS. - DISTRIBUTION AND RATE OF KARST DENUDATION. - KARST HYDROLOGY. - ANALYSIS OF KARST DRAINAGE SYSTEMS. - SPELEOGENESIS: THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAVE SYSTEMS. - CAVE INTERIOR DEPOSITS. - KARST LANDFORM DEVELOPMENT IN HUMID REGIONS. - THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE, CLIMATIC CHANGE AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON KARST DEVELOPMENT. - KARST WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT. - HUMAN IMPACTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL REHABILITATION.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction. 2. The water cycle 2.1 Distribution of water on earth 2.2 The Continental Water Cycle 2.2.1 Components of the Water CycleRainfall and hydrological characteristics of different climate zones 2.3 The vadose zone and its water balance for different climate zones 2.4 Rechargeable and "fossil" groundwater and water exploitation 2.5 The place of recharge in the water cycle 3. Mechanisms and processes of recharge 3.1 The input: precipitation and snow melt 3.2 Wet and dry deposition at the interface atmosphere/lithosphere/biosphere 3.3 Overland-flow and infiltration 3.4 Matrix-flow and preferential-flow 3.5 Inter-flow 3.6 River-infiltration. 3.7 Artificial recharge 3.8 Water vapour fluxes in the subsurface 4. Research tools and methods in the study of recharge 4.1 Water balance estimates 4.1.1 Estimate of evapo-transpiration 4.1.2 Hydrograph methods 4.2 Lysimeter studies 4.3 Hydraulic methods 4.4 Isotope and chemical tracers 4.4.1 Stable isotopes and dating methodologies 4.5 Water sampling and sample conservation 4.6 Comparison between tracers and conventional techniques 5. Recharge under different climate regimes and their chemical and isotope signatures 5.1 Humid tropical climates 5.2 Humid temperate climates 5.2.1 Conceptual models 5.2.2 Water balance and separation of discharge components 5.2.3 Chemistry of groundwater recharge 5.3 Semi-arid climates 5.4 Arid climates 5.5 Cold climates 6. Mans impact on the groundwater recharge 6.1 Land use changes: agricultural activities and urbanization 6.2 Return waters from irrigated areas, industrial activities and urban areas 6.3 Salinization and pollution 6.4 Imported waters 6.5 Global changes on the water cycle

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I. Basic Principles: 1. The tectonic stress field; 2. Pore pressure at depth in sedimentary basins; 3. Basic constitutive laws; 4. Rock failure in compression, tension and shear; 5. Fractures and faults in three dimensions; Part II. Measuring Stress Orientation and Magnitude: 6. Compressive and tensile failures in vertical wells; 7. Determination of S3 from minifracs and extended leak-off tests and constraining the magnitude of SHmax from wellbore failures in vertical wells; 8. Wellbore failure and stress determination in deviated wells; 9. Stress fields - from tectonic plates to reservoirs around the world; Part III. Applications: 10. Minimizing wellbore instability; 11. Critically stressed faults and fluid flow; 12. Reservoir depletion.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Approaches to data integration. - Data integration for property characterization. - Data integration to understand hydrologic processes. - Meta analysis.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Hydrogeologic environment of fractured rock. 2. Conceptual models, groundwater flow and resources infractured rocks. 3. Groundwater quality in fractured rocks. 4. Investigation and interpretation methods in fractured environment. 5. Anthropogenic impacts on fractured environment. 6. Numerical modelling of fractured environment

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Basic principles and applications of reservoir characterization 2 Tools and techiques for characterizing oil and gas reservoirs 3. Basic sedimentary rock properties 4. Geologic time and stratigraphy 5. Geologic controls on reservoir quality 6. Fluvial deposits and reservoirs 7. Eolian (Windblown) deposits and reservoirs 8. Nondeltaic, shallow marine deposits and reservoirs 9. Deltaic deposits and reservoirs 10. Deepwater deposits and reservoirs 11. Sequence stratigraphy for reservoir characterization 12. An example of integrated characterization for Reservoir Development and exploration: Northeast Betara field, Jabung subbasin, South Sumatra, Indonesia R

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Petrophysical Properties of Permeable and Low-permeable Rocks.- Seismic Methods.- Geoelectrical Methods.- Complex Conductivity Measurements.- Electromagnetic Methods.- The Transient Electromagnetic Method.- Ground Penetrating Radar.- Magnetic Resonance Sounding.- Magnetic, Geothermal, and Radioactivity Methods.- Microgravimetry.- Direct Push-Technology.- Aquifer Structures-Pore Aquifers.- Aquifer Structures: Fracture Zones and Caves.- Groundwater Quality-Saltwater Intrusions.- Geophysical Characterisation of Aquifers.- Groundwater Protection: Vulnerability of Aquifers.- Groundwater Protection: Mapping of Contaminations.

Description / Table of Contents: Earth is a water planet. Oceans of liquid water dominate the surface processes of the planet. On the surface, water controls weathering as well as transport and deposition of sediments. Liquid water is necessary for life. In the interior, water fluxes melting and controls the solid-state viscosity of the convecting mantle and so controls volcanism and tectonics. Oceans cover more than 70% of the surface but make up only about 0.025% of the planet's mass. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the cosmos, but in the bulk Earth, it is one of the most poorly constrained chemical compositional variables. Almost all of the nominally anhydrous minerals that compose the Earth's crust and mantle can incorporate measurable amounts of hydrogen. Because these are minerals that contain oxygen as the principal anion, the major incorporation mechanism is as hydroxyl, OH-, and the chemical component is equivalent to water, H2O. Although the hydrogen proton can be considered a monovalent cation, it does not occupy same structural position as a typical cation in a mineral structure, but rather forms a hydrogen bond with the oxygens on the edge of the coordination polyhedron. The amount incorporated is thus quite sensitive to pressure and the amount of H that can be incorporated in these phases generally increases with pressure and sometimes with temperature. Hydrogen solubility in nominally anhydrous minerals is thus much more sensitive to temperature and pressure than that of other elements. Because the mass of rock in the mantle is so large relative to ocean mass, the amount that is incorporated the nominally anhydrous phases of the interior may constitute the largest reservoir of water in the planet. Understanding the behavior and chemistry of hydrogen in minerals at the atomic scale is thus central to understanding the geology of the planet. There have been significant recent advances in the detection, measurement, and location of H in the nominally anhydrous silicate and oxide minerals that compose the planet. There have also been advances in experimental methods for measurement of H diffusion and the effects of H on the phase boundaries and physical properties whereby the presence of H in the interior may be inferred from seismic or other geophysical studies. It is the objective of this volume to consolidate these advances with reviews of recent research in the geochemistry and mineral physics of hydrogen in the principal mineral phases of the Earth's crust and mantle. The Chapters We begin with a review of analytical methods for measuring and calibrating water contents in nominally anhydrous minerals by George Rossman. While infrared spectroscopy is still the most sensitive and most convenient method for detecting water in minerals, it is not intrinsically quantitative but requires calibration by some other, independent analytical method, such as nuclear reaction analysis, hydrogen manometry, or SIMS. A particular advantage of infrared spectroscopy, however, is the fact that it does not only probe the concentration, but also the structure of hydrous species in a mineral and in many cases the precise location of a proton in a mineral structure can be worked out based on infrared spectra alone. The methods and principles behind this are reviewed by Eugen Libowitzky and Anton Beran, with many illustrative examples. Compared to infrared spectroscopy, NMR is much less used in studying hydrogen in minerals, mostly due to its lower sensitivity, the requirement of samples free of paramagnetic ions such as Fe2+ and because of the more complicated instrumentation required for NMR measurements. However, NMR could be very useful under some circumstances. It could detect any hydrogen species in a sample, including such species as H2 that would be invisible with infrared. Potential applications of NMR to the study of hydrogen in minerals are reviewed by Simon Kohn. While structural models of "water" in minerals have already been deduced from infrared spectra several decades ago, in recent years atomistic modeling has become a powerful tool for predicting potential sites for hydrogen in minerals. The review by Kate Wright gives an overview over both quantum mechanical methods and classical methods based on interatomic potentials. Joseph Smyth then summarizes the crystal chemistry of hydrogen in high-pressure silicate and oxide minerals. As a general rule, the incorporation of hydrogen is not controlled by the size of potential sites in the crystal lattice; rather, the protons will preferentially attach to oxygen atoms that are electrostatically underbonded, such as the non-silicate oxygen atoms in some high-pressure phases. Moreover, heterovalent substitutions, e.g., the substitution of Al3+ for Si4+, can have a major effect on the incorporation of hydrogen. Data on water in natural minerals from crust and mantle are compiled and discussed in three reviews by Elisabeth Johnson, Henrik Skogby and by Anton Beran and Eugen Libowitzky. Among the major mantle minerals, clinopyroxenes usually retain the highest water contents, followed by orthopyroxenes and olivine, while the water contents in garnets are generally low. Most of these water contents need to be considered as minimum values, as many of the mantle xenoliths may have lost water during ascent. However, there are some cases where the correlation between the water contents and other geochemical parameters suggest that the measured water concentrations reflect the true original water content in the mantle. The basic thermodynamics as well as experimental data on water solubility and partitioning are reviewed by Hans Keppler and Nathalie Bolfan Casanova. Water solubility in minerals depends in a complicated way on pressure, temperature, water fugacity and bulk composition. For example, water solubility in the same mineral can increase or decrease with temperature, depending on the pressure of the experiments. Nevertheless, the pressure and temperature dependence of water solubility can be described by a rather simple thermodynamic formalism and for most minerals of the upper mantle, the relevant thermodynamic parameters are known. The highest water solubilities are reached in the minerals wadsleyite and ringwoodite stable in the transition zone, while the minerals of the lower mantle are probably mostly dry. The rather limited experimental data on water partitioning between silicate melts and minerals are reviewed by Simon Kohn and Kevin Grant. One important observation here is that comparing the compatibility of hydrogen with that of some rare earth element is misleading, as such correlations are always limited to a small range of pressure and temperature for a given mineral. The stabilities of hydrous phases in the peridotite mantle and in subducted slabs are reviewed by Daniel Frost and by Tatsuhiko Kawamoto. While most of the water in the mantle is certainly stored in the nominally anhydrous minerals, hydrous phases can be important storage sites of water in certain environments. Amphibole and phlogopite require a significant metasomatic enrichment of Na and K in order to be stabilized in the upper mantle, but serpentine may be an important carrier of water in cold subducted slabs. The diffusion of hydrogen in minerals is reviewed by Jannick Ingrin and Marc Blanchard. An important general observation here is that natural minerals usually do not loose hydrogen as water, but as H2 generated by redox reaction of OH with Fe2+. Moreover, diffusion coefficients of different mantle minerals can vary by orders of magnitude, often with significant anisotropy. While some minerals in a mantle xenolith may therefore have lost virtually all of their water during ascent, other minerals may still preserve the original water content and in general, the apparent partition coefficients of water between the minerals of the same xenolith can be totally out of equilibrium. Accordingly, it would be highly desirable to directly deduce the water content in the mantle from geophysical data. One strategy, based on seismic velocities and therefore ultimately on the effect of water on the equation of state of minerals, is outlined by Steve Jacobsen. The dissolution of water in minerals usually increases the number of cation vacancies, yielding reduced bulk and shear moduli and seismic velocities. Particularly, the effect on shear velocities is strong and probably larger than the effect expected from local temperature variations. Accordingly, the vs/vp ratio could be a sensitive indicator of mantle hydration. A more general approach towards remote sensing of hydrogen in the Earth's mantle, including effects of seismic anisotropy due to lattice preferred orientation and the use of electrical conductivity data is presented by Shun-ichiro Karato. Probably the most important effect of water on geodynamics is related to the fact that even traces of water dramatically reduce the mechanical strength of rocks during deformation. The physics behind this effect is discussed by David Kohlstedt. Interestingly, it appears that the main mechanism behind "hydrolytic weakening" is related to the effect of water on the concentration and mobility of Si vacancies, rather than to the protons themselves. Water may have major effects on the location of mantle discontinuities, as reviewed by Eiji Ohtani and Konstantin Litasov. Most of these effects can be rationalized as being due to the expansion of the stability fields of those phases (e.g., wadsleyite) that preferentially incorporate water. Together with other geophysical data, the changes in the depths of discontinuities are a promising tool for the remote sensing of water contents in the mantle. The global effects of water on the evolution of our planet are reviewed in the last two chapters by Bernard Marty, Reika Yokochi and Klaus Regenauer-Lieb. By combining hydrogen und nitrogen isotope data, Marty and Yokochi demonstrate convincingly that most of the Earth's water very likely originated from a chondritic source. Water may have had a profound effect on the early evolution of our planet, since a water-rich dense atmosphere could have favored melting by a thermal blanketing effect. However, Marty and Yokochi also show very clearly that it is pretty much impossible to derive reliable estimates of the Earth's present-day water content from cosmochemical arguments, since many factors affecting the loss of water during and after accretion are poorly constrained or not constrained at all. In the last chapter, Klaus Regenauer-Lieb investigates the effect of water on the style of global tectonics. He demonstrates that plate tectonics as we know it is only possible if the water content of the mantle is above a threshold value. The different tectonic style observed on Mars and Venus may therefore be directly related to differences in mantle water content. Earth is the water planet — not just because of it's oceans, but also because of its tectonic evolution.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Section I. Introduction and Overview. - Emerging Issues in Fractured-Rock Flow and Transport Investigations: Introduction and Overview / Boris Faybishenko, Paul A. Witherspoon, Gudmundur S. Bodvarsson, and John Gale. - Section II. Models and Modeling of Flow and Transport in Fractured Rock. - Do Heterogeneous Sediment Properties and Turbulent Velocity Fluctuations Have Something in Common? Some History and a New Stochastic Process / Fred J. Molz, Mark M. Meerschaert, Tom J. Kozubowski, and Paul D. Hyden . - Quantification of Non-Fickian Transport in Fractured Formations / Brian Berkowitz and Harvey Scher . - Study of Single and Multiphase Flow in Fractured Porous Media, Using a Percolation Approach / P.M. Adler, V.V. Mourzenko, J.-F. Thovert, and I. Bogdanov . - Percolation-Continuum Model of Evaporative Drying: Homogeneous or Patchy Saturation? / H. F. Wang, T. E. Strand, and J. G. Berryman . - Navier-Stokes Simulations of Fluid Flow Through a Rock Fracture / Azzan H. Al-Yaarubi, Chris C. Pain, Carlos A. Grattoni, and Robert W. Zimmerman . - Theoretical and Numerical Study of Flow at the Interface of Porous Media / Ravid Rosenzweig and Uri Shavit . - Numerical Simulations Show Potential for Strong Nonisothermal Effects During Fluid Leakage from a Geologic Disposal Reservoir for CO 2 / Karsten Pruess . - Uncertainty in Groundwater Flow Simulations Caused by Multiple Modeling Approaches, at the Mizunami Underground Research Laboratory, Japan / Atsushi Sawada, Hiromitsu Saegusa, andYuji Ijiri . - Section III: Case Studies from Laboratory and Field Investigations . - III.1. Multi-Scale Investigations and Underground Facilities . - Predicting Fractured Zones in the Culebra Dolomite / Robert M. Holt, Richard L. Beauheim, and Dennis W. Powers . - Assessment of Retention Processes for Transport in a Fractured System at Äspö (Sweden) Granitic Site: From Short-Time Experiments to Long-Time Predictive Models / Christophe Grenier, André Fourno, Emmanuel Mouche, Frédérick Delay, and Hakim Benabderrahmane. - Simulation of Hydraulic Disturbances Caused by the Underground Rock Characterization Facility in Olkiluoto, Finland / Jari Löfman and Ferenc Mészáros . - III.2. Coupled Processes of Solute Transport and Chemical Processes. - Evaporation from Fractures Exposed at Land Surface: Impact of Gas-Phase Convection on Salt Accumulation / Noam Weisbrod, Modi Pillersdorf, Maria Dragila, Chris Graham, James Cassidy, and Clay A. Cooper . - Dissolved Chemical Discharge from Fractured Clay Aquitards Contaminated by DNAPLs / Ronald W. Falta . - III.3. Geothermal Reservoirs . - Dry-Steam Wellhead Discharges From Liquid-Dominated Geothermal Reservoirs: A Result of Coupled Nonequilibrium Multiphase Fluid and Heat Flow Through Fractured Rock / John W. Pritchett . - III.4. Microbial Transport . - Microbial Processes in Fractured Rock Environments / Nancy E. Kinner, T. Taylor Eighmy, M. Mills, J. Coulburn, and L. Tisa . - The Effect of Microbial Activity on Biodegradation of 2,4,6-Tribromophenol and Flow in Naturally Fractured Chalk Cores / Shai Arnon, Eilon Adar, Zeev Ronen, Alexander Yakirevich, and Ronit Nativ .

Description / Table of Contents: Die 2. überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage der Hydrogeologischen Methoden basiert auf einer gründlichen Überarbeitung. Dies betrifft insbesondere die Darstellung von Durchlässigkeit und Transmissivität, Speicherkoeffizient und Porenraum sowie die Pumpversuche. Das von vielen Benutzern geschätzte Kapitel über statistische Verfahren in der Hydrogeologie wurde nicht übernommen. Dafür liegen im Schrifttum seit 1980 moderne, auf die elektronische Datenverarbeitung abgestimmte Bücher vor. Neue Darstellungen gibt es auch für solche hydrogeologische Methoden, die manche Fachkollegen und Praktiker vermissen werden. Neu hinzu gekommen sind Kapitel über die Hydrogeochemie für die Praxis", den Transport von Wasserinhaltsstoffen, Kontamination des Grundwassers und Sanierung von Grundwasserleitern, Grundwassermonitoring, Brunnenalterung und Regenerierung sowie Grundwasserwiederergänzung und -bilanz. Hydrogeologische Systemzusammenhänge werden schlüssig dargestellt und durch sehr viele anschauliche Abbildungen illustriert. Dies trifft auch auf die Definition und Ableitung der wichtigsten hydrogeologischen Kennwerte zu. In den Text eingefügte Beispiele erlauben es dem Benutzer, Lösungsweg und Berechnung nachzuvollziehen.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Multiscale information management and decision tools for effective water resource management. - Scale appropriate modelling: from mechanisms to management. - Le bassin versant, nouvelle échelle de gestion des eaux au Brésil. - Multiscale approaches to watershed management: land-use impacts on nutrient and sediment dynamics. - Scaling soil moisture for hydrological models. - Prediction of statistical scaling in peak flows for rainfallrunoff events: a new framework for testing physical hypotheses. - Multiscaling geophysics and sustainable development. - Modelling and forecasting rainfall in space and time. - The impact of spatial scale on spatial variability in hydrologic response: experiments and ideas.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Section I: Introduction and OverviewIntroduction and Overview. / Fred M. Phillips, James F. Hogan, and Bridget R. Scanlon. - Section II: Recharge Mechanisms and Processes Hydrologic Processes in Deep Vadose Zones in Interdrainage Arid Environments / Michelle A. Walvoord and Bridget R. Scanlon. - Tectonic, Climatic, and Land-Use Controls on Groundwater Recharge in an Arid Alluvial Basin: Amargosa Desert, U.S.A. / David A. Stonestrom, David E. Prudic, Randell J. Laczniak, and Katherine C. Akstin. - Millimeter- to Kilometer-Scale Variations in Vadose-Zone Bedrock Solutes: Implications for Estimating Recharge in Arid Settings / Victor M. Heilweil and D. Kip Solomon. - Processes Controlling Recharge Beneath Ephemeral Streams in Southern Arizona / Kyle Blasch, Ty P.A. Ferré, John Hoffman, Donald Pool, Matthew Bailey, and Jeffrey Cordova. - Comparison of Methods to Estimate Ephemeral Channel Recharge, Walnut Gulch, San Pedro River Basin, Arizona / David C. Goodrich, David G. Williams, Carl L. Unkrich, James F. Hogan, Russell L. Scott, Kevin R. Hultine, Don Pool, Alissa L. Coes, and Scott Miller. - Modeling Variably Saturated Flow Using Kinematic Waves in MODFLOW / Richard G. Niswonger and David E. Prudic. - Mountain-Block Hydrology and Mountain Front Recharge / John L. Wilson and Huade Guan Constraining Mountain-Block Recharge to the Eastern Salt Lake Valley, Utah With Dissolved Noble Gas and Tritium Data / Andrew H. Manning and D. Kip Solomon. - Section III: Case-Studies at the Basin Scale Fundamental Concepts of Recharge in the Desert Southwest: A Regional Modeling Perspective / Alan L. Flint, Lorraine E. Flint, Joseph A. Hevesi, and Joan B. Blainey. - Using Geochemical Data and Aquifer Simulation to Characterize Recharge and Groundwater Flow in the Middle Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico / L. Niel Plummer, Ward E. Sanford, Laura M. Bexfield, Scott K. Anderholm, and Eurybiades Busenberg. - The Origins, Ages and Flow Paths of Groundwater in Tuscon Basin: Results of a Study of Multiple Isotope Systems / Christopher J. Eastoe, Ailiang Gu, and Austin Long. - Section IV: Synthesis Evaluation of Methods of Estimating Recharge in Semiarid and Arid Regions in the Southwestern U.S. / Bridget R. Scanlon. - Semi-Discrete Dynamical Model for Mountain-Front Recharge and Water Balance Estimation, Rio Grande of Southern Colorado and New Mexico / Christopher J. Duffy. - Effects of Environmental Change on Groundwater Recharge in the Desert Southwest / Fred M. Phillips, Michelle A. Walvoord, Eric E. Small.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Advances in Calibration Methodologies. - Optimization Algorithms for Parameter Estimation. - Interactive Strategies for Parameter Estimation. - Automatic Strategies for Parameter Estimation. - Methods for Developing a Priori Parameter Estimates. - Process Representation, Parameter Sensitivity, and Data Informativeness.

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Potential of Palaeohydrology in Relation to Global Change (K.J. Gregory & G. Benito). - 2. INQUA Research and Palaeohydrology (L. Starkel). - 3. Palaeohydrology and International Global Change Programs (K. Alverson & T. Edwards). - 4. Introduction to Regional Palaeohydrologic Regimes and Areas (K.J. Gregory & G. Benito). - 5. High-latitude Fluvial Morphology: The Example from the Usa River, Northern Russia (J. Vandenberghe & M. Huisink). - 6. The Lateglacial and Holocene Palaeohydrology of Northern Eurasia (A. Sidorchuk, et al.). - 7. Palaeohydrology of Central Europe (L. Starkel). - 8. Global Environmental Change and the Palaeohydrology of Western Europe: A Review (A.G. Brown). - 9. Palaeohydrological Changes in the Mediterranean Region during the Late Quaternary (G. Benito). - 10. North American Palaeofloods and Future Floods: Responses to Climatic Change (J.C. Knox). - III. Low-latitude regions. - 11. Palaeohydrological Reconstructions for Tropical Africa since the Last Glacial Maximum Evidence and Problems (M. F. Thomas & M. B. Thorp). - 12. The Late-Quaternary Palaeohydrology of Large South American Fluvial Systems (E.M. Latrubesse). - 13. Late Pleistocene,Holocene Palaeohydrology of Monsoon Asia (V. Kale, et al.). - 14. Alluvial Evidence of Major Late-Quaternary Climate and Flow-regime Changes on the Coastal Rivers of New South Wales, Australia (G. Nanson, et al.). - 15. Data Sharing in Palaeohydrology: Changing Perspectives (T. Oguchi, et al.). - 16. Fluvial Morphology and Sediments: Archives of Past Fluvial System Response to Global Change (D. Maddy, et al.). - 17. Palaeohydrological Modelling: from Palaeohydraulics to Palaeohydrology (J. Thornes). - 18. Palaeofloods and Extended Discharge Records (V. Baker). - 19. Palaeohydraulics of Extreme Flood Events: Reality and Myth (P. Carling, et al.). - 20. Short-term Hydrological Changes (L. Starkel). - 21. Palaeohydrology, Environmental Change and River-channel Management (K. Gregory). - 22. Concluding Perspective ( K. Gregory & G. Benito). - Appendix: Discussion at the Fifth International Meeting of GLOCOPH in Pune, India.

Description / Table of Contents: The book is divided into nine parts covering the major petroleum provinces both offshore and onshore United Kingdom, from the Gas Basin in the southern North Sea to the Viking Graben in the northern North Sea, from the Atlantic Frontier to the Irish Sea and from the Wessex Basin to the East Midlands. Each part contains a reference map showing field locations. The introductory chapters reveal the stories behind the major plays and discoveries therein, and their tectonic and stratigraphic framework. There are two appendices: tabulated field data and a comprehensive list for all of the UK's 300+ oil and gas fields.

Description / Table of Contents: Lake Issyk-Kul is a closed lake located in the Tien Shan mountain belt of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. It is the world's fifth deepest lake (668 m) and the second largest high altitude lake in the world (1607 m above sea level). The lake is affected by several environmental threats of both anthropogenic and natural origin: decline of the lake level resulting in progressively increasing salinity, incomplete vertical water exchange, and risk of contamination by past and present industrial activity.Although the lake has been intensively studied, the information is only available in unpublished reports or local scientific journals. This book presents for the first time to an international audience the main physical, chemical, biological and geological characteristics of the lake, the fruits of many years of observations, complemented by recent results of international projects. Case studies of similar problems in other parts of the world are presented, together with ethical aspects of the environmental protection of the lake.

Description / Table of Contents: Content: Exhumation of the North Atlantic margin: introduction and background, A G Dore, J A Cartwright, M S Stoker, J P Turner and N White Present and past influence of the Iceland Plume on sedimentation, S M Jones, N White, B J Clarke, E Rowley and K Gallagher Timing and mechanisms of North Atlantic Cenozoic uplift: evidence for mantle upwelling, M Rohrman, P A Van Der Beek, R D Van Der Hilst and P Reemst Paleocene initiation of Cenozoic uplift in Norway, S B Nielsen, G E Paulsen, D L Hansen, L Gemmer, O R Clausen, B H Jacobsen, N Balling, M Huuse and K Gallagher A structural transect between the central North Sea Dome and the South Swedish Dome: Middle Jurassic-Quaternary uplift-subsidence reversal and exhumation across the eastern North Sea Basin, O Graversen Cenozoic inversion and uplift of southern Britain, D J Blundell Landforms and uplift in Scandinavia, K Lidmar-Bergstrom and J O Naslund Pattern and timing of the post-Caledonian denudation of northern Scandinavia constrained by apatite fission-track thermochronology, B W H Hendriks and P A M Andriessen Along-slope variation in the late Neogene evolution of the mid-Norwegian margin in response to uplift and tectonism, D Evans, S McGiveron, Z Harrison, P Bryn and K Berg Reconstructing the erosion history of glaciated passive margins: applications of in situ produced cosmogenic nuclide techniques, A P Stroeven, D Fabel, J Harbor, C Hattestrand and J Kleman The thermotectonic development of southern Sweden during Mesozoic and Cenozoic time, C Cederbom Neogene uplift and erosion of southern Scandinavia induced by the rise of the South Swedish Dome, P Japsen, T Bidstrup and K Lidmar-Bergstrom Cenozoic uplift and denudation of southern Norway: insights from the North Sea Basin, M Huuse Tectonic impact on sedimentary processes during Cenozoic evolution of the northern North Sea and surrounding areas, J I Faleide, R Kyrkjebo, T Kjennerud, R H Gabrielsen, H Jordt, S Fanavoll and M D Bjerke Scotland's denudational history: an integrated view of erosion and sedimentation at an uplifted passive margin, A Hall and P Bishop Cenozoic evolution of the Faroe Platform, comparing denudation and deposition, M S Andersen, A B Sorensen, L O Boldreel and T Nielsen Late Neogene development of the UK Atlantic margin, M S Stoker Quantifying exhumation from apatite fission-track analysis and vitrinite reflectance data: precision, accuracy and latest results from the Atlantic margin of NW Europe, P F Green, I R Duddy and K A Hegarty Sonic velocity analysis of the Tertiary denudation of the Irish Sea basin, P D Ware and J P Turner The Post-Variscan thermal and denudational history of Ireland, P A Allen, S D Bennett, M J M Cunningham, A Carter, K Gallagher, E Lazzaretti, J Galewsky, A L Densmore, W E A Phillips, D Naylor and C S Hach Prediction of the hydrocarbon system in exhumed basins, and application to the NW European margin, A G Dore, D V Corcoran and I C Scotchman Geological and geochemical consequences of basin exhumation, and commercial implications, L C Price Diagenesis and fluid flow in response to uplift and exhumation, J Parnell Uplift-related hydrocarbon accumulations: the release of natural gas from groundwater, B Cramer, S Schlomer and H S Poelchau Depressurization of hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs in exhumed basin settings: evidence from Atlantic margin and borderland basins, D V Corcoran and A G Dore

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Observations. - Modeling. - Integration of observations and modeling.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: The Science of Hydrology. - Hydrological Modelling. - Hydrological Extremes. - Risk, Uncertainty and Optimization. - Reservoir Storage. - Climate Change and Impact.

Description / Table of Contents: The South Atlantic continues to be a globally important focus for the oil and gas industry. This book is, therefore, a timely reference work that provides both the geological background needed to understand the habitats of the discoveries of Nigeria, Angola and Brazil, and the background data required for preparing work programmes. The book presents five thematic sections: ‘The geological and geophysical framework of the South Atlantic’, ‘Oil and gas habitats’, ‘Organic geochemistry studies’, ‘Biostratigraphic appllications’ and ‘Exploration studies and issues’. Extensive use is made of colour and, for the time in this series, a CD-ROM is included that provides a tectonic map of the South Atlantic as well as play maps of both Brazil and West Africa.

Description / Table of Contents: The two main aims of this Special Publication are to capture the wide range of rapidly expanding research in this area, which reflects the increasing importance of comprehensive ‘structural characterization’ in static reservoir descriptions, and to help promote synergy between the geosciences and petroleum engineering disciplines. The first aim is addressed by the sixteen papers of the volume, the majority of which cover a range of structural geological features, particularly faulted and fractured reservoirs, fault gouge properties, fault seal potential and fluid flow/simulation modelling in faulted and fractured reservoirs. The papers draw heavily on experience obtained in the North Sea. This volume is for geologists, geophysicists and reservoir simulation/petroleum engineers studying faulted and fractured reservoirs, particularly those interested in studying petroleum traps, predicting fluid flow or modelling structurally heterogeneous reservoirs.

Description / Table of Contents: Fluid flow is fundamental to many geological processes, including the development of natural resources of hydrocarbons, ore deposits and water. Modelling of these processes requires information on the timing of fluid flow events and the interaction of fluids with surrounding rocks. In addition to isotopic methods, a diversity of approaches has been developed to assess the timing of events, including palaeomagnetism, fission track analysis and fluid inclusion studies. Many techniques also provide information on the duration of fluid flow events. The papers in this volume represent the range of approaches available to determine the dating and duration of fluid flow events and fluid-rock interaction: • first overview of methods of dating fluid flow • examples of commercial application of dating methods • explanations of methodology suitable for advanced teaching • extensive bibliographies This volume will be of interest to geologists in the hydrocarbon and minerals industries and in academia, and to geochemists and hydrogeologists.