ALBERT

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: [...] Der zentrale Teil dieser Arbeit behandelt den Abbruchprozeß Zealandias von der Antarktis und führt zu einer verbesserten Rekonstruktion Neuseelands. Dabei liegt der Schwerpunkt auf den submarinen Plateaus. Der Bountytrog, der die Chathamschwelle vom Campbellplateau trennt und das Great South Basin, das das Campbellplateau von der Südinsel Neuseelands trennt, wurde mit refraktions- und reflexionsseismischen Methoden untersucht und gemeinsam mit Magnetik- und Schwerefelddaten interpretiert.Diese Ergebnisse einer Modellierung von Krustenmächtigkeiten basierend auf Satellitenschwerefelddaten wurden überprüft und zusammengeführt mit gemessenen Krustenmächtigkeiten Zealandias. Aus diesem Datensatz ist eine Krustenmächtigkeitskarte berechnet worden, die die Grundlage darstellt für eine neuartige Technik zur plattenkinematischen Rekonstruktion in Gebieten gedehnter kontinentaler Kruste, in denen magnetischen Spreizungsanomalien fehlen. Diese Rekonstruktion arbeitet mit der vertikalen Aufteilung der Kruste und Zuweisung der Teile zu verschiedenen Platten (crustal balancing). Damit wird die Extension in den Becken und Trögen ausgeglichen [...]

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Der Fahrtabschnitt MSM 12/2 vom 17.6. bis 13.7.2009 mit FS Maria S. Merian bestand aus reflexionsseismischen und geologischen Untersuchungen der Eirik Drift, einer Sedimentstruktur südlich Grönlands. Die Eirik Drift dokumentiert seit dem Miozän die Sedimentation vor Südwest-Grönland und bildet so ein Archiv für die Ablagerungsprozesse in diesem Gebiet, die durch den Western Boundary Undercurrent (WBUC), die grönländische Eisbedeckung und den Eintrag aus der Labrador See/Davis Strait geprägt wurden. Eine detaillierte Erfassung und Analyse der Struktur und Zusammensetzung der Eirik Drift mittels seismischer und geologischer Methoden und ein Anschluß an bestehende ODP und IODP Bohrungen (ODP Leg 105 und IODP Expedition 303) wurde benötigt, um Informationen über die Entwicklung des WBUC und Dimension und Ausdehnung/Rückzug des grönländischen Eises zu erhalten. Das reflexionsseismische Programm während der Expedition MSM 12/2 wurde derart gestaltet, dass die Struktur der Eirik Drift bis zum Basement sowie laterale Relokationen der Hauptablagerungsgebiete erfasst wurden. Es wurden insgesamt ~2000 km an hochauflösenden reflexionsseismischen Daten registriert. Parallel zu den seismischen Profilarbeiten wurden bathymetrische und Parasound Messungen durchgeführt. Über die Parasound Registrierungen sind dann signifikante Lokationen für geologische Beprobungen ausgewählt worden, die die Verbindung mit den hochauflösenden seismischen Untersuchungen zu einer Kombination verschiedene Zeitskalen und somit eine entscheidenden schärfen Schärfung des Verständnisses für die Entwicklung des Klimas indieser Region ermöglichen. An 12 Lokationen wurden geologische Proben genommen. Ergänzt wurden die seismischen und geologischen Messungen durch 8 CTD Stationen undADCP Messungen im Gebiet der Eirik Drift.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Der Fahrtabschnitt 2 der Antarktisexpedition ANT-XXV führte in das östliche Weddellmeer und diente der Durchführung logistischer und wissenschaftlicher Vorhaben, die sich in stationsgebundene, vom fahrenden Schiff aus durchführbare, sowie helikoptergestützte Arbeiten unterteilen lassen.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Klares Ziel dieser Expedition war es, belastbare geowissenschafltiche Daten zuerheben, die Informationen über die ältere geologische Geschichte und die jüngere Vereisungsgeschichte des ostsibirischen Schelfs zu erhalten. [...] Daher standen u.a. sediment-akustische (Parasound) Profilfahrten und detaillierte Beprobungen und Untersuchungen von Sedimenten vom ostsibirischen Kontinentalrand und über den Mendelejew-Rücken im Vordergrund.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Eine große interdisziplinäre Gruppe von Wissenschaftlern aus mehreren Nationen befasste sich mit der Zusammensetzung und der chemischen Charakterisierung der gelösten organischen Substanzen im Meer in den verschiedenen Klimazonen. Parallel dazu wurde die chemische Zusammensetzung des Aerosols untersucht. Spurenelemente und der Fluss von elementarem Quecksilber zwischen Wasser und Atmosphäre wurden kontinuierlich während der gesamten Fahrt bestimmt. Einweiteres Projekt befasste sich mit der Bestimmung von mehrfach fluorierten Verbindungen ebenfalls im Oberflächenwasser und in der Atmosphäre. Der Kohlenstoffkreislauf im Oberflächenwasser wurde mit dem Ziel untersucht, ein autonomes System zur Messung der verschiedenen Kohlenstoffkomponenten zu entwickeln. Außerdem gehörte die Bestimmung von Dimethylsulfid (DMS) in der Wasseroberfläche und in der Atmosphäre zum Messprogramm. Um die globale marine Primärproduktion aus Satellitendaten besser abschätzen zu können, wurden optische in-situ Messungen durchgeführt und die Zusammensetzung des Phytoplanktons und des partikulären, organischen Kohlenstoffs bestimmt. Eine weitere Arbeitsgruppe befasste sich mit den Strahlungseigenschaften der Atmosphäre, insbesondere Aerosolen, deren Ergebnisse ebenfalls in die Fernerkundung und Klimamodelle eingehen sollen.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: In dieser Arbeit soll der Frage nachgegangen werden, ob und inwieweit bathymetrische Messungen und akustische Rückstreudaten von Fächersonar- und Sedimentecholot-Systemen einen Beitrag zur Charakterisierung und Klassifizierung des Meeresbodens in eisbedeckten Regionen der arktischenTiefsee leisten können. [...] Ein zentraler Aspekt der Dissertation liegt im Vergleich der Fächersonarsysteme Hydrosweep DS-2 und Seabeam 2112, welche auf den beteiligten Forschungsschiffen Polarstern und Healy installiert sind. Dieser Vergleich schließt technische Fragestellungen bezüglich der Funktionsweise der beiden Sonarsysteme und die Untersuchung von Navigations-, Tiefen-, Sidescan- und Rückstreudaten ein. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt auf der Analyse und Interpretation der akustischen Rückstreuung am Gakkel-Rücken.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This report summarizes activities and field work results of the joint Russian-German expedition "Lena 2009". The 11th expedition to the Lena River Delta is part of the Russian-German science cooperation "System Laptev Sea" and continues the long-term investigations of permafrost and periglacial environmentsi n Arctic Siberia. [...] The expedition took place during the period June 24 to August 26, 2009 in different regions. The study areas comprise (i) the central Lena River Delta, with the Russian German station on Samoylov as base camp (ii) a north-south transect extending from the western part of the lower Lena River into the Lena Delta (realized by helicopter) and (iii) the eastern part of the delta (realized by riverboat).

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Das AISTEK III Projekt hatte geophysikalische Messungen im Natal Becken und dem Mosambik Rücken vor dem südlichen Afrika zum Ziel...Das Ziel des Vorhabens war es, mit Hilfe neuer geowissenschaftlicher Daten bessere Erkenntnisse über die frühe Entwicklungsgeschichte dieser Region (Meeresbodenspreizung) während des mesozoischen Aufbruchs von Gondwana zu gewinnen. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeiten lag daher auf der Gewinnung neuer marin-magnetischer Daten, um magnetische Spreizungsanomalien in den untersuchten Regionen zu identifizieren...Eines der wichtigsten wissenschaftlichen Resultate dieser Expedition ist, dass der Mosambik Rücken an einem mittelozeanischen Rücken gebildet wurde. Magnetische Spreizungsanomalien wurden besser aufgelöst und bestätigen frühere Hypothesen hinsichtlich der geologischen Entwicklung des Mosambik-Rückens. Magnetische Spreizungsanomalien im südlichen Natal Becken sind weniger deutlich bzw. durch die Sedimentauflast stark abgedämpft. Die Interpretation bestätigt ältere geodynamische Interpretationen. Das nördliche Natal Becken hingegen zeigt komplexere magnetische Anomalien. Klare Trends, die auf Spreizungsanomalien hinweisen, sind nicht vorhanden. Spätere Analysen werden zeigen, ob sich schwächere Trends bestätigen oder nicht. Überraschenderweise zeigen die Daten keine klaren Potentialfeldanomalien, die auf die Kontinent-Ozean Grenze/Übergangszone im nördlichen Natal Becken hinweisen...

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Hier bekommen Sie C-Wissen pur. Egal, ob Sie gerade anfangen, C zu lernen oder ein kompetentes Nachschlagewerk für Fragen rund um C benötigen, mit diesem Buch sind Sie bestens beraten. Ausführlich werden die Grundlagen von C dargestellt, angefangen von den elementaren Datentypen bis hin zu Arrays, Zeigern und dynamischer Speicherverwaltung. Auch fortgeschrittene Themen wie das Programmieren von Webanwendungen mit der CGI-Schnittstelle und eigenen Datenbank-Clients mit der C-API von MySQL, Netzwerk- und Cross-Plattform-Entwicklung kommen nicht zu kurz.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Wer Anwendungen mit Visual Basic 2008 programmieren will, findet in diesem Buch alles, was er dafür braucht. Neben dem Framework und der Entwicklungsumgebung Visual Studio sowie der Sprachsyntax von Visual Basic wird ausführlich auf die objektorientierte Programmierung eingegangen. Häufig verwendete Programmiertechniken werden ebenso gezeigt wie die Entwicklung grafischer Oberflächen mit WinForms und WPF sowie die Datenbankanbindung mit ADO.Net. Das Buch enthält alle Neuerungen des Visual Studio 2008. So werden die Themen LINQ (Language Integrated Query, ganz neu in .NET 3.5) oder etwa XAML (eXtensible Application Markup Language) sehr ausführlich in eigenen neuen Kapiteln behandelt.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: In diesem Buch finden Sie alles, was Sie brauchen, um sich in die objektorientierte Programmierung einzuarbeiten. Die beiden Autoren erläutern alle Prinzipien und ihre Umsetzung anschaulich und verständlich anhand einer Vielzahl typischer Beispiele. Als Sprachen werden C++, Java, Ruby, C# und PHP eingesetzt. Anhand eines größeren Projekts bekommen Sie zudem einmal von Anfang bis Ende gezeigt, wie Sie OOP konsequent realisieren können. Des Weiteren bietet das Buch eine Einführung in die aspektorientierte Programmierung.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Joomla! ist ein populäres Open-Source-CMS, das durch seine leichte Zugänglichkeit, Leistungsfähigkeit und Flexibilität besticht. Es basiert auf PHP und MySQL und kann daher auf verschiedensten Serverumgebungen eingesetzt werden. Der Versionssprung von 1.0 auf 1.5 macht es deutlich: umfangreiche Änderungen, wie z. B. die grundlegende Überarbeitung des Joomla!-Frameworks, Datenbankabstraktion und verbesserte Caching-Verfahren machen Joomla! 1.5 noch funktionsreicher, performanter und sicherer. Das Buch bietet eine umfassende Einführung in Installation, Funktionsumfang und Betrieb von Joomla! 1.5. Darüber hinaus werden auch professionelle Themen wie Websitemigration, Entwicklung von Erweiterungen und Datensicherung detailliert dargestellt.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Recognising the urgency of identifying technology to reduce the CO2 intensity of cement production, the IEA has worked together with the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI) to develop a technology roadmap for cement. This is currently the only industry-specific roadmap; others focus on specific technologies. This joint effort shows willingness to build on progress already made, as well as the industry’s understanding that further progress lies ahead. CO2 emissions from cement production currently represent about 5% of anthropogenic global CO2 emissions. The cement roadmap outlines a possible transition path for the industry to make continued contributions towards a halving of global CO2 emissions by 2050. As part of this contribution, this roadmap estimates that the cement industry could reduce their emissions 18% from current levels by 2050. A reduction of global emissions does not imply a linear reduction by the same percentage in all industries. This roadmap should be understood as a deep analysis of potentials and challenges in one industry.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: An Assessment of Technology, Policy and Financial Issues Relating to CMM in China, based on Interviews Conducted at Coal Mines in Guizhou and Sichuan Provinces.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This paper discusses coal mine methane emissions (CMM) in the Russian Federation and the potential for their productive utilisation. It highlights specific opportunities for cost-effective reductions of CMM from oil and natural gas facilities, coal mines and landfills, with the aim of improving knowledge about effective policy approaches.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: China’s rapid economic growth has aroused intense interest around the world. Policy makers, industrialists, investors, environmentalists, researchers and others want to better understand the issues that this populous nation faces as it further develops an already thriving economy largely fuelled by coal. This study sheds light on the Chinese coal supply and transformation sectors. China’s rapid economic growth has aroused intense interest around the world. Policy makers, industrialists, investors, environmentalists, researchers and others want to better understand the issues that this populous nation faces as it further develops an already thriving economy largely fuelled by coal. This study sheds light on the Chinese coal supply and transformation sectors. China’s coal, mined locally and available at a relatively low cost, has brought enormous benefits to energy consumers in China and to those outside the country who enjoy the products of its coal-based economy. Yet from another perspective, China’s coal use has a high cost. Despite progress, health and safety in the thousands of small coal mines lag far behind the standards achieved in China’s modern, large mines. Environmental degradation is a real and pressing problem at all stages of coal production, supply and use. Adding to these burdens, emissions of carbon dioxide are of concern to the Chinese government as it embarks on its own climate protection strategy. Technology solutions are already transforming the way coal is used in China and elsewhere. This study explores the context in which the development and deployment of these technologies can be accelerated. Providing a large amount of new data, it describes in detail the situation in China as well as the experiences of other countries in making coal cleaner. Above all, the report calls for much greater levels of collaboration – existing bi-lateral and multi-lateral co-operation with China on coal is found lacking. China’s growing openness presents many commercial opportunities. Establishing a global market for cleaner coal technologies is key to unlocking the potential of technology – one of ten major recommendations made in this study.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: By 2010 there will be over 3.5 billion mobile phones subscribers, 2 billion TVs in use around the world and 1 billion personal computers. Electronic devices are a growing part of our lives and many of us can count between 20 and 30 separate items in our homes, from major items like televisions to a host of small gadgets. The communication and entertainment benefits these bring are not only going to people in wealthier nations - in Africa, for example, one in nine people now has a mobile phone. But as these electronic devices gain popularity, they account for a growing portion of household energy consumption. How “smart” is this equipment from an energy efficiency perspective and should we be concerned about how much energy these gadgets use? What is the potential for energy savings? This new book, Gadgets and Gigawatts: Policies for Energy Efficient Electronics, includes a global assessment of the changing pattern in residential electricity consumption over the past decade and an in-depth analysis of the role played by electronic equipment. It reviews the influence that government policies have had on creating markets for more energy efficient appliances and identifies new opportunities for creating smarter, more energy efficient homes. This book is essential reading for policy makers and others interested in improving the energy efficiency of our homes.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This article assesses the long-term economic and climatic effects of introducing price caps and price floors in hypothetical global climate change mitigation policy. Based on emission trends, abatement costs and equilibrium climate sensitivity from IPCC and IEA reports, this quantitative analysis confirms that price caps could significantly reduce economic uncertainty. This uncertainty stems primarily from unpredictable economic growth and energy prices, and ultimately unabated emission trends. In addition, the development of abatement technologies is uncertain. Furthermore,this analysis shows that rigid targets may entail greater economic risks with little or no comparative advantage for the climate. More ambitious emission objectives, combined with price caps and price floors, could still entail significantly lower expected costs while driving similar, or even slightly better, climatic outcomes in probabilistic terms.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Industry accounts for one-third of global energy use and almost 40% of worldwide CO2 emissions. Achieving substantial emissions reduction in the future will require urgent action from industry. Industry accounts for one-third of global energy use and almost 40% of worldwide CO2 emissions. Achieving substantial emissions reduction in the future will require urgent action from industry. What are the likely future trends in energy use and CO2 emissions from industry? What impact could the application of best available technologies have on these trends? Which new technologies are needed if these sectors are to fully play their role in a more secure and sustainable energy future? Energy Technology Transitions for Industry addresses these questions through detailed sectoral and regional analyses, building on the insights of crucial IEA findings, such as Energy Technology Perspectives 2008: Scenarios and Strategies to 2050. It contains new indicators and methodologies as well as scenario results for the following sectors: iron and steel, cement, chemicals, pulp and paper and aluminium sectors. The report discusses the prospects for new low-carbon technologies and outlines potential technology transition paths for the most important industrial sectors. This publication is one of three new end-use studies, together with transport and buildings, which look at the role of technologies in transforming the way energy is used in these sectors.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This article assesses the long-term economic and climatic effects of introducing price caps and price floors in hypothetical global climate change mitigation policy. Based on emission trends, abatement costs and equilibrium climate sensitivity from IPCC and IEA reports, this quantitative analysis confirms that price caps could significantly reduce economic uncertainty. This uncertainty stems primarily from unpredictable economic growth and energy prices, and ultimately unabated emission trends.In addition, the development of abatement technologies is uncertain. Furthermore,this analysis shows that rigid targets may entail greater economic risks with little or no comparative advantage for the climate. More ambitious emission objectives, combined with price caps and price floors, could still entail significantly lower expected costs while driving similar, or even slightly better, climatic outcomes in probabilistic terms.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Measurable, Reportable and Verifiable Mitigation Actions and Support

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This paper compares model estimates of national and sectoral GHG mitigation potential across six key OECD GHG-emitting economies: Australia, Canada, the EU, Japan, Mexico and the US. It examines the implications of model structure, baseline and policy assumptions, and assesses GHG mitigation potential estimates across a variety of models, including models that are used to inform climate policy-makers in each of these economies.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This study assesses the long-term economic and environmental effects of introducing price caps and price floors in hypothetical climate change mitigation architecture, which aims to reduce global energy-related CO2 emissions by 50% by 2050. Based on abatement costs in IPCC and IEA reports, this quantitative analysis confirms what qualitative analyses have already suggested: introducing price caps could significantly reduce economic uncertainty. This uncertainty stems primarily from unpredictable economic growth and energy prices, and ultimately unabated emission trends. In addition, the development of abatement technologies is uncertain. With price caps, the expected costs could be reduced by about 50% and the uncertainty on economic costs could be one order of magnitude lower. Reducing economic uncertainties may spur the adoption of more ambitious policies by helping to alleviate policy makers’ concerns of economic risks. Meanwhile, price floors would reduce the level of emissions beyond the objective if the abatement costs ended up lower than forecasted. If caps and floors are commensurate with the ambition of the policy pursued and combined with slightly tightened emission objectives, climatic results could be on average similar to those achieved with “straight” objectives (i.e. with no cost-containment mechanism). This papers reviews current proposals in the UNFCCC negotiations for future mechanisms to report and record Parties’ GHG mitigation actions and commitments, as well as support provided for such actions. It explores the possible purposes, coverage and form of a reporting/recording mechanism post-2012 and highlights the decision points that are needed in order to establish such a mechanism. It examines what information such a mechanism could include in terms of actions, commitments and support, as well as the institutional implications of different design options.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This paper first reviews proposals for the design of sectoral and related market mechanisms currently debated, both in the UNFCCC negotiations, and in different domestic legislative contexts. Secondly, it addresses the possible principles and technical requirements that Parties may wish to consider as the foundations for further elaboration of the mechanisms. The third issue explored herein is domestic implementation of sectoral market mechanisms by host countries, incentives to move to new market mechanisms, as well as how the transition between current and future mechanisms could be managed.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Investment in the energy system of tomorrow requires substantial resources and informed policy making to achieve energy-security,economic and environmental objectives. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates 26 trillion USD in investments will be needed in the energy sector by 2030 to sustain current energy trends. Energy business-as-usual, however, and the resulting environmental impacts, are not sustainable as they result in energy insecurity and climate damages. Investment in the energy system of tomorrow requires substantial resources and informed policy making to achieve energy-security, economic and environmental objectives. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates 26 trillion USD in investments will be needed in the energy sector by 2030 to sustain current energy trends. Energy business-as-usual, however, and the resulting environmental impacts, are not sustainable as they result in energy insecurity and climate damages.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Coal Mine Methane in China

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The report, released at the COGEN Europe meeting in Brussels on 21 April 2009, provides “best practice” policy approaches used by different countries to expand CHP and district energy use. The report follows the 2008 IEA CHP study as part of the IEA International CHP Collaborative effort.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This paper is a background document on the global chemical and petrochemical sector for the IEA publication Energy Technology Transitions in Industry (IEA, 2009). It provides further, more detailed information on the methodology and data issues for energy efficiency indicators for the sector. The indicators discussed offer insight regarding the energy efficiency improvement potential in the short- to medium-term (by proven technologies). This paper is a background document on the global chemical and petrochemical sector for the IEA publication Energy Technology Transitions in Industry (IEA, 2009). It provides further, more detailed information on the methodology and data issues for energy efficiency indicators for the sector. The indicators discussed offer insight regarding the energy efficiency improvement potential in the short- to medium-term (by proven technologies).

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This information paper provides policy makers and managers, facing tough energy policy challenges, with a wider perspective of how the same issues are being addressed by different IEA member countries. The topics included are: Government structures for co-ordinating energy and climate policies The use of long-term energy forecasts and scenarios Progress in the delivery of key energy security policies

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Addressing climate change requires nothing short of an energy revolution. Electricity, mostly generated from fossil fuels, is at the core of this challenge, accounting for more than 40 % of global energy-related CO2 emissions. This issue is most pressing for developing countries where growth in power demand is particularly high, fueling the risk of irreversible investment in CO2-intensive capacity, the so-called “carbon lock-in”. Addressing climate change requires nothing short of an energy revolution. Electricity, mostly generated from fossil fuels, is at the core of this challenge, accounting for more than 40 % of global energy-related CO2 emissions. This issue is most pressing for developing countries where growth in power demand is particularly high, fueling the risk of irreversible investment in CO2-intensive capacity, the so-called “carbon lock-in”. Sectoral Approaches in Electricity – Building Bridges to a Safe Climate shows how the international climate policy framework could effectively support a transition towards low-CO2 electricity systems in developing countries. Sectoral approaches are intended to address sectors that require urgent actions, without waiting for countries to take nation-wide commitments. Once built, power generation capacity lasts for decades. Investing massively in CO2-intensive technologies to meet surging electricity demand will either make it impossible or overly costly to stabilise CO2 concentrations at sustainable levels. The technology mix needed to avoid such a development is clear: higher generation efficiency, CO2 capture and storage, nuclear and renewables. Earlier IEA publications have extensively reviewed developed countries’ efforts to steer generation away from carbon-intensive production modes, from dedicated support to low-carbon technologies to, increasingly, the reliance on CO2 pricing via emissions trading. Following the same logic, there are proposals seeking to use the international carbon market to drive changes at sectoral level in developing countries. This publication illustrates the pros and cons of such an approach in a few key emerging economies. It also asks how international climate policy could support and enhance ongoing efforts on end-use energy efficiency - an essential piece of the climate change/electricity puzzle.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The global economic crisis has not spared the gas sector. Over the past year, we have moved from a tight supply and demand balance with extremely high gas prices to an easing one with plummeting gas prices. Since the last quarter of 2008, demand has been declining dramatically, essentially because of the global recession. The global economic crisis has not spared the gas sector. Over the past year, we have moved from a tight supply and demand balance with extremely high gas prices to an easing one with plummeting gas prices. Since the last quarter of 2008, demand has been declining dramatically, essentially because of the global recession. Yet significant new volumes of liquefied natural gas will come on stream within the next few years, and United States unconventional gas production has risen rapidly, with global consequences. It remains to be seen how these demand and supply pressures will play out, particularly in the pivotal power sector, in both OECD and non-OECD countries. Meanwhile, the security of gas supplies has once again become a critical issue, in particular in Europe after it experienced its worst supply disruption during the Russian-Ukraine crisis in January 2009. Moreover, the current market climate of weakening demand, lower prices and regulatory uncertainties added to the tough financial environment are likely to jeopardise investments, in particular in capital-intensive projects, further undermining long-term energy security in the most fundamental way when economies recover. The Gas Market Review 2009 looks at these and other major developments and challenges in the different parts of the gas value chain in a selection of IEA countries – The United States, Canada, Spain, Norway, the Netherlands, and Turkey – as well as in non-IEA member countries in the Middle East, North Africa, Southeast Asia, and China.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This special early excerpt of WEO-2009 is a contribution from the energy sector to inform the negotiations leading into Copenhagen. It summarises the results of a fully-updated Reference Sceario, detailing by sector and by country/region the trends in energy use and emissions and the investments and funding needed to meet the 450 Scenario.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Transport accounts for nearly one-quarter of global energy-related CO2 emissions. To achieve the necessary deep cuts in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, transport must play a significant role. Transport accounts for nearly one-quarter of global energy-related CO2 emissions. To achieve the necessary deep cuts in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, transport must play a significant role.However, without strong global action, car ownership worldwide is set to triple to over two billion by 2050. Trucking activity will double and air travel could increase four-fold. These trends will lead to a doubling of transport energy use, with an even higher growth rate in CO2 emissions as the planet shifts toward high-CO2 synthetic fuels. How can we enable mobility without accelerating climate change? Transport, Energy and CO2: Moving Toward Sustainability provides answers to this question. It finds that if we change the way we travel, adopt technologies to improve vehicle efficiency and shift to low-CO2 fuels, we can move onto a different pathway where transport CO2 emissions by 2050 are far below current levels, at costs that are lower than many assume. The report discusses the prospects for shifting more travel to the most efficient modes and reducing travel growth rates, improving vehicle fuel efficiency by up to 50% using cost-effective, incremental technologies, and moving toward electricity, hydrogen, and advanced biofuels to achieve a more secure and sustainable transport future. If governments implement strong policies to achieve this scenario, transport can play its role and dramatically reduce CO2 emissions by 2050. This publication is one of three new IEA end-use studies, together with industry and buildings, which look at the role of technologies and policies in transforming the way energy is used in these sectors.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The IEA has identified energy efficiency as essential to achieving a sustainable energy future. In order to improve energy efficiency in industry one of the priority areas for further action is the promotion of more and higher quality energy management (EM) activity. However, there are significant gaps in the current implementation of EM. One method of bridging these gaps would be the creation of an EM Action NetworK (EMAK) to bring practical support to energy managers, connect energy managers to energy policy makers, and interconnect these networks globally.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an important part of the lowest-cost greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation portfolio. This roadmap was published in 2009 using data from the Energy Technology Perspectives 2008 publication. An update was released in July 2013

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This fourth edition of the IEA Medium-Term Oil Market Report (MTOMR) confronts an economic landscape unrecognisable from that seen at the time of the release of the summer 2008 edition. Crude prices are now 55% lower as financial and economic meltdown have slashed demand, with worldwide contraction in oil use at levels not seen since the early 1980s. This fourth edition of the IEA’s Medium-Term Oil Market Report (MTOMR) confronts an economic landscape unrecognisable from that seen at the time of the release of the summer 2008 edition. Crude prices are now 60% lower as financial and economic meltdown have slashed demand, with worldwide contraction in oil use at levels not seen since the early 1980s. But how long will the downturn last, and what is the likely profile of global and regional demand recovery when economic rebound eventually takes root? Has almost a decade of rising prices and costs changed the demand-side blueprint and forced the world onto a lower oil intensity path for the period through 2014? Equally importantly, the report identifies the impact that weaker demand, low prices and a credit squeeze are having on supply-side investment – in upstream OPEC/non-OPEC supply, biofuels capacity and refining infrastructure alike. The 2009 edition of the MTOMR also delves into the issues of diversifying FSU crude exports, evolving crude and product qualities, the importance of petrochemical markets and perceptions on oil price formation in the down-cycle. Two demand scenarios are presented based on differing economic growth assumptions, with a lower non-OPEC supply scenario also accompanying the lower GDP case. Summary oil balances highlight how OPEC spare capacity could develop during 2008-2014. This year, the MTOMR also consolidates analysis of future crude availability and trade flows, refining capacity and oil products supply implications under one cover. The MTOMR remains required reading for policy makers, market analysts, industry participants and anyone with an interest in oil market trends. It contains detailed statistical appendices and a wealth of insightful graphics. Alongside its monthly sister publication, the Oil Market Report, the MTOMR is a cornerstone of the IEA’s commitment to enhancing oil market transparency.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Local governments have the power to influence the energy choices of their citizens. Many cities and towns have already encouraged energy efficiency measures. Even so, as demand for energy services continues to grow, the energy infrastructure that every city and town depends on will need to be expanded, upgraded or replaced. This provides the opportunity to increase the deployment of renewable energy technologies and decentralised energy systems, and hence gain the multi-benefits of increased energy security, climate change mitigation and sustainable development, but also the social benefits of reduced air pollution, such as improved health and employment. Many combinations of policies have been employed to stimulate local renewable energy development. These policies include: local governance by authority; providing resources; enabling private actors; leading by example; allowing self-governance. Mega-city mayors, down to small-town officials, have successfully introduced such policies, although these vary with location, local resources and population. Cities, Towns and Renewable Energy – "Yes In My Front Yard" includes several case studies chosen to illustrate how enhanced deployment of renewable energy projects can result, regardless of a community’s size or location. The goals of this report are to inspire city stakeholders by showing how renewable energy systems can benefit citizens and businesses, assist national governments to better appreciate the role that local municipalities might play in meeting national and international objectives, and help accelerate the necessary transition to a sustainable energy future.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Sie setzen Adobe Photoshop CS4 oder Photoshop CS4 Extended professionell ein und müssen täglich unterschiedlichste Aufgabenstellungen lösen? Dann sind Sie sicher immer auf der Suche nach effizienten Problemlösungen, offen für neue Ideen und wollen auf dem neuesten Stand der (Photoshop-)Technik bleiben. Dieses Buch hilft Ihnen, über den Tellerrand zu schauen und vom fortgeschrittenen Anwender zum Photoshop-Profi zu werden. Lernen Sie, Probleme bei Digitalfotos zu beheben: Rauschen, Moiré, Unschärfe, Pixelfehler, Optische Verzerrungen. Trauen Sie sich, neue Wege zu gehen beim Einsatz altbekannter Funktionen wie Freistelltechniken, Masken, Kanälen und dem LAB-Modus -- oder setzen Sie gezielt alternative Programme von Drittanbietern ein. Dabei zeigt das Buch Strategien für die Anwendungsbereiche Fotobearbeitung, Videobearbeitung, Druckvorstufe, Web und 3D. Themen sind u.a. Camera Raw, HDR, Panoramen, Compositings & Montagen, Farb- und Tonwertkorrekturen, Farbmanagement, Sonderfarben, Filter, Animation, Workflow mit Dreamweaver, Fireworks und CS4-Videoprogrammen. Für die Beschleunigung Ihrer Arbeit gibt es außerdem Tipps zur Automatisierung, zum Scripten mit Photoshop und Flex, zum Teamwork und zur Versionierung. So schöpfen Sie das Potenzial von Photoshop CS4 wirklich aus!

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Since WEO-2008, the economic downturn has led to a drop in energy use, CO2 emissions and energy investment. Is this an opportunity to arrest climate change or a threat that any economic upturn might be stifled at birth? What package of commitments and measures should the climate negotiators at Copenhagen put together if they really want to stop global temperatures rising? How much would it cost? And how much might the developed world have to pay to finance action elsewhere? How big is the gas resource base and what is the typical pattern of production from a gas field? What does the unconventional gas boom in the United States mean for the rest of the world? Are we headed for a global gas glut? What role will gas play in the future energy mix? And how might the way gas is priced change? All these questions and many others are answered in WEO-2009. The data are extensive, the projections more detailed than ever and the analyses compelling.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This report seeks to inform decision makers seeking to prioritise RD&D investments in a time of financial uncertainty. It is an update of the December 2009 IEA report Global Gaps in Clean Energy Research, Development and Demonstration, which examined whether rates of LCET investment were sufficient to achieve shared global energy and environmental goals (IEA,2009a). It discusses the impact of the green stimulus spending announcements, and provides private sector perspectives on priorities for government RD&D spending. Finally, it includes a revised assessment of the gaps in public RD&D, together with suggestions for possible areas for expanded international collaboration on specific LCETs. The conclusion re-affirms the first Global Gaps study finding that governments and industry need to dramatically increase their spending on RD&D for LCETs.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Recent IEA analysis highlights member countries’ significant progress with developing energy efficiency policy (International Energy Agency 2009). The 28 member countries of the IEA are engaged in promoting innovative financial instruments, energy efficiency strategies and action plans. They are designing policies to promote energy efficiency in buildings, the adoption of standby power, the phase out of inefficient lighting, proper tyre-inflation and related policies, and energy efficiency in utilities.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Since 2005, the OECD and IEA have been examining the possibility to expand international carbon markets by granting broader access to developing countries. This note summarises key elements in this area, drawing on earlier publications done under the aegis of the Annex I Expert Group on the UNFCCC (AIXG).

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Scenarios for CO2 Capture and Storage; 3. CO2 Capture Technologies; 4. CO2 Transport and Storage; 5. Financial, Legal, Regulatory and Public Acceptance Issues; 6. CCS Regional and Country Updates; 7. CCS Technology Roadmaps and Recommendations

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Modern concepts on processes of seismically active parts of converging plate interfaces are derived from lab experiments, theoretical inferences, and geophysical observations, which have either poor resolution, or are strongly dependent on insufficiently constrained assumptions. Therefore, we studied a continuous exposure of an ancient subduction channel in the depth range of its former seismogenic zone in the Central Alps of Europe. This subduction channel developed due to Late Cretaceous - Early Tertiary subduction and accretion of the South Penninic lower plate underneath the Adriatic upper plate (Austroalpine domain). Additionally, we include information from Southern Chile, where material, which formerly underwent deformation within a subduction channel, was exhumed to the surface by large scale basal accretion. There, we concentrated on the formation of mineralized vein systems. However, we mainly focused on the exhumed plate interface zone in the European Alps. During subduction of the South Penninic ocean, material from both the continental upper plate and the oceanic lower plate was progressively involved into the subduction factory and transported downwards, forming either the shaly and serpentinic matrix of the subduction mélange, or competent clasts. Rb/Sr deformation ages for mylonitized rocks of the South Penninic mélange and for deformed Austroalpine basement shed light on the pre-Alpine and Alpine deformation history along the suture, as well as on the mode of syn-subduction interplate mass transfer. According to our Rb/Sr deformation ages and our structural data, the latest increment of subduction-related deformation occurred at ~50 Ma, and is characterized by a roughly top-W direction of tectonic transport. Identical Rb/Sr ages for pervasively deformed Austroalpine and South Penninic rocks point to tectonic erosion of the upper plate during subduction. This is also evidenced by the presence of upper plate clasts in the subduction mélange, and from the syn-subduction evolution of Gosau forearc basins pointing to tectonic erosion as prevailing mass transfer mode during the time of subduction. Lack of a metamorphic contrast between the South Penninic mélange and the Austroalpine upper plate favors exhumation of the suture zone due to a combination of tectonic underplating and surface erosion. The end of sedimentation in the forearc Gosau basins is contemporaneous with basal accretion of the South Penninic mélange and the Middle Penninic units at ~50 Ma. Therefore, we hypothesize a causal link of both processes, with the change from tectonic erosion to basal accretion caused by underplating of subducted material, which is responsible for a regional uplift leading to inversion of the forearc basins. The end of subduction-related deformation is most likely caused by locking of the South Penninic paleosubduction interface due to underplating of the Middle Penninic micro-continent, so that the active subduction interface is relocated into the new Middle Penninic footwall. Pseudotachylytes along a restricted segment of the upper plate base delineated by ca. 200°C updip and ca. 300°C downdip - define the limits of the unstable slip region within the fossil seismogenic coupling zone. Our 40Ar/39Ar ages constrain the generation of pseudotachylytes during a time span between 60 Ma to 80 Ma. The heterogeneous texture of the ultra fine grained pseudotachylyte groundmass is composed of a mixture of amphibole, feldspar and biotite, as well as of incorporated rock fragments and single minerals of comparable size. Due to the temporal similarity between subduction and pseudotachylyte formation, and the fact that the pseudotachylytes occur subparallel to the main thrust where Austroalpine rocks were overthrust onto South Penninic rocks, we interpret the generation of pseudotachylytes to be related to unstable slip processes occurring along the plate interface zone during subduction.The zone of unstable slip coincides with a domain of intense formation of foliation-parallel mineralized veins with partly blocky minerals in the subduction mélange. We suggest that the mineralized veins reflect seismic failure in the mélange due to their similarity in spatial distribution and textures compared to pseudotachylytes. Mineralized veins, and brittle fractures continue into the conditionally stable region below, maybe indicating a domain of slow earthquakes and non-volcanic tremors as recently discovered for this depth range along many active convergent margins. The conditionally stable zone above the unstable slip area is devoid of mineralized veins, but displays ample evidence of fluid-assisted processes like the deeper zone: solution-precipitation creep and dehydration reactions in the mélange matrix, hydration and sealing of the base of the upper plate. Seismic rupture is possibly expressed by ubiquitous localized deformation zones. Fluids are most likely provided by dehydration during subduction of sedimentary material from different sources. This is indicated by elevated Sr isotope signatures of marine (meta-) carbonates from the South Penninic mélange, which are caused by the interaction of syn-subduction fluids with old continental crust.In summary, the exposed plate interface has experienced flow and fracturing over an extended period of time reflecting a multistage evolution, but resembles active convergent plate margins in terms of e.g. sediment input, earthquake distribution, fluid circulation, and possible slow slip events and associated tremors.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Das erste deutsche Rails-Handbuch für Entwickler zur aktuellen Version 2! Hier werden die zahlreichen und komplexen Möglichkeiten des Frameworks ausführlich und verständlich gezeigt. Lesen Sie, wie Sie Rails installieren, wie Sie Ihre ersten Anwendungen erstellen und lernen Sie schließlich alle Module des Frameworks kennen. Das Buch bleibt stets praxisbezogen, da Rails anhand mehrerer »Realworld«-Beispiele erläutert wird. Alle Applikationen sind dabei systematisch aufgebaut, von einfachen bis hin zu komplexen Anwendungen. Für alle, die zum ersten Mal mit Ruby arbeiten, enthält das Buch außerdem eine umfassende Einführung in die Programmiersprache.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Aktuell zum neuen Visual Studio 2008 erscheint diese Einführung in die Programmierung mit Visual Basic 2008. Hier finden Sie alles, was Sie zum Programmieren mit VB wissen müssen, angefangen bei den Grundlagen zu Variablen, Operatoren, Schleifen und Co. über Fehlerbehandlung, objektorientierte Programmierung bis hin zu Datenbank-Anwendungen mit ADO.NET und Internet-Anwendungen mit ASP.NET. Auch Einsteiger ohne Vorkenntnisse werden sich schnell zurechtfinden. Schritt-für-Schritt-Anleitungen, Übungsaufgaben mit kommentierten Lösungen und regelmäßige Zusammenfassungen erleichtern das Lernen und garantieren einen schnellen Erfolg. Ein umfangreiches Kapitel widmet sich detailliert den Neuerungen in Visual Basic 2008 im Vergleich zur Vorgängerversion.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Dieses Buch bietet Ihnen einen gründlichen und umfassenden Einstieg in die C#-Programmierung. Der erste Teil enthält eine Einführung in .NET, Visual Studio 2008, C# und die objektorientierte Programmierung. Hier werden besonders Einsteiger angesprochen, die noch nicht objektorientiert unter .NET programmiert haben. Im zweiten Teil werden elementare Klassen und Programmiertechniken vorgestellt. Daran schließt sich die Windows-Programmierung an. Großen Raum nimmt die Entwicklung von grafischen Benutzerschnittstellen mit der neuen Windows Presentation Foundation, kurz WPF, ein. Auch ADO.NET und LINQ sind wichtige Themen des Buches.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Dieses Buch bietet sowohl eine umfassende Einführung in die Sprache Python als auch viele weiterführende Kapitel zu fortgeschrittenen Themen wie GUI-Entwicklung, Web-Programmierung mit Django oder Netzwerkkommunikation. Nach der Lektüre sind Sie in der Lage, Python professionell einzusetzen. Die Einführung erfolgt systematisch vom ersten einfachen Programm bis hin zu komplexen objektorientierten Programmen. Das Buch ist konsequent praxisorientiert und zum Lernen und Nachschlagen hervorragend geeignet.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Coal is and will remain the world’s most abundant and widely distributed fossil fuel. Burning coal, however, can pollute and it produces carbon dioxide. Clean coal technologies address this problem. The widespread deployment of pollution-control equipment to reduce sulphur dioxide, Nox and dust emissions from industry is just one example which has brought cleaner air to many countries. Since the 1970s, various policy and regulatory measures have created a growing commercial market for these clean coal technologies, with the result that costs have fallen and performance has improved. More recently, the need to tackle rising CO2 emissions to address climate change means that clean coal technologies now extend to include those for CO2 capture and storage (CCS). This short report from the IEA Coal Industry Advisory Board (CIAB) presents industry’s considered recommendations on how to accelerate the development and deployment of this important group of new technologies and to grasp their very signifi cant potential to reduce emissions from coal use. It identifies an urgent need to make progress with demonstration projects and prove the potential of CCS through government-industry partnerships. Its commercialisation depends upon a clear legal and regulatory framework,public acceptance and market-based financial incentives. For the latter, the CIAB favours cap-and-trade systems, price supports and mandatory feed-in tariffs, as well as inclusion of CCS in the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism to create demand in developing economies where coal use is growing most rapidly. This report offers a unique insight into the thinking of an industry that recognises both the threats and growing opportunities for coal in a carbonconstrained world.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Renewable energy can play a fundamental role in tackling climate change, environmental degradation and energy security. As these challenges have become ever more pressing, governments and markets are seeking innovative solutions. Yet, what are the key factors that will determine the success of renewable energy policies? How can current policies be improved to encourage greater deployment of renewables? What impact can more effective policies have on renewables’ share in the future global energy mix and how soon? Deploying Renewables: Principles for Effective Policies addresses these questions. Responding to the Gleneagles G8 call for a clean and secure energy future, it highlights key policy tools to fast-track renewables into the mainstream. This analysis illustrates good practices by applying the combined metrics of effectiveness and efficiency to renewable energy policies in the electricity, heating and transport sectors. It highlights significant barriers to accelerating renewables penetration, and argues that the great potential of renewables can be exploited much more rapidly and to a much larger extent if good practices are adopted. Carefully designed policy frameworks, customised to support technologies at differing stages of maturity, will deliver a strong portfolio of renewable energy technologies. Deploying Renewables: Principles for Effective Policies provides recommendations on key principles for policy design as a template for decision makers.