ALBERT

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: Erscheinungsjahr in Vorlageform:c2007

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PART I. GEOLOGICAL AND P ALEOECOLOGICAL EVENTS OF THE LATE PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE IN THE NORTHERN EURASIA Chapter 1. Geological and paleoecological events of the late Pleistocene along Eurasian coastal areas of the Arctic Ocean Chapter 2. Late Pleistocene geologic-paleoecological events on the North of European part of Russia Chapter 3. Main geologic-paleoecological events of the late Pleistocene on the North of Western Siberia Chapter 4. Geologic-paleoecological events of the late Pleistocene on the territory of Northern-Siberian lowland and Taimyr Peninsula Chapter 5. Late glacial time and Holocene of the Northern Eurasia Chapter 6. Base of the late Pleistocene and Holocene history of the East Arctic Seas Chapter 7. Deglaciation and Holocene of the Northern Eurasia PART II. MARINE SEDIMENTATION IN THE SUBARCTIC BASINS AND THE ARCTIC OCEAN Chapter 1. Western Subarctic Seas 1.1. Recent environment 1.2. Sedimentation history 1.2.1. History of sedimentation rates 1.2.2. Sedimentation history on the Vering Plateau for the last 25 ky 1.2.3. Sedimentation history on the continental margin of the Eastern and South-Eastern Greenland for the last 130 ky Chapter 2. The Arctic Ocean 2.1. Recent environment 2.1.1. Morphostructure, physical oceanography and ice conditions, Recent sediments and their mineral composition 2.1.2. Facies variability of the Yermak Plateau Holocene sediments (on data of fraction 〉63 mkm study) 2.2. Sedimentation history 2.2.1. History of sedimentation rates during the last 130 ky 2.2.2. Sedimentation history of the Yermak Plateau during the last 190 ky 2.2.3. Organic geochemical studies of the eastern central Arctic sediments Chapter 3. Western Arctic Seas 3.1. Recent environment 3.1.1. Surface-layer sediments of the Pechora Sea 3.1.2. Surface-layer sediments of the St. Anna Trough 3.1.3. Facies zonality of the Recent sedimentation in the eastern Kara Sea 3.2. Sedimentation history 3.2.1. Late- and postglacial sedimentation history in the eastern Barents Sea 3.2.2. Holocene sedimentation history in the South Novaya Zemlya Trough 3.2.3. Sedimentation history in the Pechora Sea in the late Pleistocene and Holocene 3.2.4. Mineral composition of the light fraction of Upper Quaternary sediments of the St. Anna Trough and its paleoceanographic interpretation 3.2.5. Holocene history of the Yenisey riverine discharge 3.2.6. Holocene history of the Ob riverine discharge Chapter 4. Eastern Arctic Seas 4.1. Recent environment 4.2. Sedimentation history 4.2.1. Sedimentation history in the Laptev Sea during the late Valdai-Holocene (on geophysical-geochemical data) 4.2.2. Holocene history of the Lena and other rivers riverine discharge in the Laptev Sea 4.2.3. Organic geochemical data about sedimentation history along continental slope of the East Siberian Sea during the last climatic cycle 4.2.4. Preliminary data about accumulation of diatom muds on the Chuckchi Sea shelf Chapter 5. Eastern Subarctic Seas 5.1. Recent environment 5.2. Sedimentation history 5.2.1. Sedimentation history of the deep-sea part of Shirshov Ridge during the last three marine isotope stages 5.2.2. Sedimentation history of the center of the northern Okhotsk Sea during the last 1,1 my PART III. CORRELATION OF GEOLOGIC-PALEOECOLOGICAL EVENTS OF THE LATE PLEISTOCENE-HOLOCENE OF THE NORTHERN HALF OF EURASIA AND SEDIMENTATION HISTORY IN THE SUBARCTIC SEAS AND THE ARCTIC OCEAN IN CONNECTION WITH GLACIATION HISTORY OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE DURING THE LAST CLIMATIC CYCLE Chapter 1. Characteristic features of Mikulino paleolandscapes Chapter 2. Results ofpaleoclimate studies Chapter 3. Specifics of sedimentation processes within continental blocks and marine sedimentation basins REFERENCIES , In kyrillischer Schrift , Inhaltsverzeichis in russischer Sprache S. 398-400 sowie in englischer Sprache S.401- 403

Note: CONTENTS: Summary for Policy-Makers. - 1 Climate protection: Swift action is essential. - The scientific evidence is clear. - Compliance with the 2 °C guard rail is worthwhile. - 2 Transforming the world‘s energy systems: The cornerstone of climate protection. - The energy portfolio for the future. - A new generation of energy technologies . - Mobilizing untapped efficiency potential. - Financing the transformation of energy systems. - A new climate policy dynamic. - 3 Implementing and developing the Climate Change Convention. - Making the 2 °C guard rail an international standard. - Gearing the Kyoto Protocol towards the long term. - Agreeing ambitious reduction targets for industrialized countries. - Integrating newly industrializing countries on a differentiated basis. - Giving adaptation high priority. - 4 Agreeing an innovation pact with Road Atlas at the G8 summit. - Agreeing parameters for climate-compatible technologies. - Developing a joint Road Atlas. - Offering technological cooperation as an incentive. - Harnessing impetus for the Climate Change Convention. - 5 Strengthening the EU‘s leading role. - Triggering an efficiency revolution. - Expanding renewables. - Fostering international cooperation in the energy sector. - Making the Emission Trading Scheme efficient and effective . - Strengthening the function of the public sector as a role model. - Implementing the programme of action on ‘sustainable consumption‘. - Redirecting energy subsidies. - Boosting adaptation within the framework of development cooperation. , Deutsche Ausgabe unter dem Titel: Neue Impulse für die Klimapolitik

Note: CONTENTS ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. AIMS AND SCOPE 3. NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC ACIDIFICATION AND ITS ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES 3.1. The role of water pH 3.2. Description of natural and anthropogenic acid sources 3.3. Anthropogenic acidification and its ecological consequences 3.4. Diatoms as indicators of water acidity and related factors 4. MATERIAL AND METHODS 4.1. Field samples 4.2. Laboratory methods 4.3. Data analysis 5. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREAS 6. RESULTS 6.1. Diatom community patterns vs. water chemistry in relation to different water types 6.2. Diatom community patterns in relation to altitude 6.3. Diatom community patterns in relation to dijf'erent geographical regions in Poland and Finland 6.4. Diatoms as indicators of pH, alkalinity and TOC 6.5. Restoration and recovery of acidified aquatic ecosystems 6.5.1. Diatoms as indicators of restoration: effect of water neutralization 6.5.2. Diatoms as indicators of lake recovery 7. DISCUSSION 8. NOTES ON AUTECOLOGY OF SELECTED DIATOM TAXA 9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES APPENDIX (Codes of diatom taxa used in the graphs and tables) PLATES

Note: Contents Preface 1 The evidence for cryospheric change 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The geomorphic and hydrologic effects of cryospheric change 1.3 Sub-arctic and alpine hydrology 1.4 Glacier loss and mountain permafrost 1.5 Permafrost 1.6 The carbon balance of the cryosphere 1.7 River and lake ice break-up and freeze-up 1.8 Ocean circulation 1.9 The mass balance of the polar ice sheets 1.10 Sea level 1.11 Importance of sea ice. 1.12 Ecological impacts 1.13 Socio-economic effects 1.14 Conclusions (Text word count-including figure captions and tables but excluding references- 9,015) 2 The monitoring of cryospheric change 2.1 Introduction 2.2 In situ measurements 2.2.1 Land surface air temperature 2.2.2 Terrestrial snow and snow on sea ice 2.2.3 Sea ice 2.2.4 Ice sheets and alpine glaciers 2.2.5 Permafrost and seasonally frozen ground 2.2.6 River runoff 2.2.7 River and lake ice freeze-up and break-up 2.3 Conclusions 3 Processes of cryospheric change 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Snow and ice as energy regulators 3.2.1 The energetics of the snow surface 3.2.2 The energetics of the snowpack 3.2.3 The energetics of glaciers 3.2.4 The energetics of sea ice and various terrain types 3.2.5 Permafrost 3.3 Snow and ice reservoir functions 3.3.1 Mass budget for snow 3.3.2 Mass balance for glacier ice 3.3.3 The mass balance of an ice sheet 3.3.4 Mass balance of sea ice 3.4 Snowfall 3.4.1 Interception by vegetation 3.4.2 Snow accumulation 3.4.3 Snow cover structure 3.5 Snow avalanches 3.6 Snow melt, runoff and streamflow generation 3.7 Snow chemistry 3.8 Snow ecology 3.9 Glacier melt 3.10 Formation of an ice cover 3.11 River and lake ice 3.12 Sediment budgets 4 Patterns of the contemporary cryosphere at local to global scales 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Remote sensing observations 4.3 Land and sea surface temperature 4.3.1 Terrestrial snow and snow on sea ice 4.3.2 Sea ice 4.3.3 Ice sheets & glaciers: estimation of volume 4.3.4 Ice sheets & glaciers: mass balance components 4.3.5 Permafrost 4.3.6 River runoff 4.3.7 River and lake ice freeze-up/break-up 4.4 Numerical Models 4.5 Conclusions: validation, coordinated projects and climate data records 5 The evidence for past cryospheric changes 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The uniqueness of the Quaternary Period 5.3. Initiation of glacial ages 5.4 Reconstructing extent of glacial environments 5.5 Extreme events 5.6 Ice sheet modelling 5.6.1 The Antarctic Ice Sheet 5.6.2 Greenland 5.6.3 North America: Innuitian, Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets 5.6.4 British Isles, Scandinavian and Barents ice sheets 5.6.5 The Patagonian and New Zealand ice caps 5.7 Non-glacial Quaternary environments 5.7.1 Late Quaternary permafrost in North America and Europe 5.7.2 Treeline variations 5.7.3 Climatic snowline 5.7.4 Glacier fluctuations 5.7.5 Paraglaciation 6 The transience of the cryosphere and transitional landscapes 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 The landscape as palimpsest 6.2 Glacial landscapes: macro scale 6.2.1 Cirque landscapes 6.2.2 Fjord and strandflat landscapes 6.3 Periglacial landscapes: macro-scale 6.4 Paraglacial landscapes: macro-scale 6.5 Glacial landscapes: medium-scale 6.5.1 The transition from glacial to fluvial dominance 6.6 Proglacial landscapes: medium-scale 6.6.1 Glacifluvial landforms 6.6.2 The Channeled Scablands 6.6.3 Sub-glacial channels 6.6.4 Sub-glacial, ice-marginal and supraglacial sediment-landform associations 6.7 Periglacial landscapes: medium scale 6.7.1 The transition from periglacial to fluvial dominance 6.8 Paraglacial landscapes: medium-scale 6.9 Glacial landscapes: local-scale 6.9.1 Primary glacigenic deposits 6.9.2 Small scale erosional forms 6.10 Proglacial landscapes: local-scale 6.11 Periglacial landscapes: local scale 6.13 Paraglacial landscapes: local-scale 6.13 Landscape resistance, collapse and recovery 6.14 Transitional landscapes at Quaternary, Holocene and Anthropocene timescales 7 Cryospheric change and vulnerability at Quaternary, Holocene and Anthropocene time scales 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Panarchy 7.2.1 Panarchy, sustainability and transformability 7.2.2 Collapse and the vulnerability of socio-economic systems 7.3 Changing ice cover and biomes since the Last Glacial Maximum 7.3.1 The Last Glacial Maximum 7.3.2 The Holocene Optimum 7.4 The first explorers in North America 7.5 Implications of cryospheric change/collapse 7.5.1 Snow quantity 7.5.2 Snow quality 7.5.3 River and lake ice 7.5.4 Permafrost 7.5.5 Glaciers 7.5.6 River basins 7.5.7 Sea ice 7.5.8 Ice sheets 7.5.9 Sea level change 7.5.10 Carbon sequestration 7.5.11 Vegetation 7.5.12 Polar bears 7.5.13 Human health 7.5.14 Persistent organic pollutants 7.5.15 Socio-cultural conditions and health status 7.5.16 Livelihoods and socio-economic conditions 7.5.17 Governance 7.6 Concluding thoughts References Index

Note: Contents Introduction / A.G. Georgiadi, A.N. Zolotokrylin CHAPTER 1. SUBARCTIC TUNDRA 1.1. Characteristics of subarctic polygon and a complex of field experimental investigations / A.G. Georgiadi 1.2. Landscapes and their characteristics 1.2.1. Types and distribution over territory / R.V. Desyatkin, L.D. Hinzman 1.2.2. Seasonal changes of spectral characteristics of landscapes by data of remote sensing measurements / V.B. Malyshev, N. S. Ozerov 1.3. The active layer of subarctic landscapes: typology and geography 1.3.1. Spatial variabi!ity of the active layer thickness / A.G. Georgiadi, V.G. Onischenko 1.3.2. Hydrophysical characteristics of the seasonal-melting layer / A.G. Georgiadi,V.G. Onischenko 1.4. Radiation and thermal characteristics of landscapes in the summer period 1.4.1. Systematization of experimental information on albedo and surface temperature / A.N. Zolotokrylin 1.4.2. Analysis of experimental information on the surface temperature / A.N. Zolotokrylin, V.V. Vinogradova 1.5. Heat exchange in tundra landscapes 1.5.1. Structure of heat exchange and its seasonal features / A.N. Zolotokrylin 1.5.2. Theoretical analysis of the process of heat transfer in the surface thawed layer of soil grounds / A.B. Kazansky, A.N. Zolotokrylin 1.6. Features of water regime and water exchange in tundra 1.6.1. Water regime and water balance of river basins by results of experimental measurements / A.G. Georgiadi 1.6.2. Interrelationship of underground and surface waters and underground alimentation of rivers in different year seasons / V.V. Shepelev CHAPTER 2. CENTRAL PLAIN TAIGA 2.1. Geographical characteristics of Spasskaya Pad polygon / A.N. Fedorov 2.2. Types of landscapes, their distribution over territory and seasonal dynamics / A.N. Fedorov, Ya. I. Torgovkin, S.P. Varlamov 2.3. Characteristics of the active layer and its physical properties 2.3.1. Spatial and seasonal variability of the active layer thickness 2.3.1.1. Inter-landscape variability of the seasonal-thawing layer thickness / I.S. Vasiliev 2.3.1.2. Variability of the active layer thickness at experimental sites / E.Yu. Gerasimov 2.3.1.3. Freezing of the active layer / P.Ya. Konstantinov 2.3.2. Physical properties of soils of the seasonal-thawing layer under larch forest / A.G. Georgiadi, V.G. Onischenko 2.3.3. Inter-landscape differences of physical properties of the active layer / P.Ya. Konstantinov, I.S. Ugarov, R.N. Argunov 2.3.4. Features of thermal conductivity of soil grounds / V.G. Onischenko, I.S. Lisker, A.G. Georgiadi 2.4. Radiation balance and thermal regime of landscapes 2.4.1. Radiation balance and its components / I.S. Ugarov 2.4.2. Temperature regime of the active layer / P.P. Gavriliev, I.S. Ugarov, P.V. Efremov 2.4.3. Temperature regime of the upper layers of perennially frozen grounds / P.Ya. Konstantinov 2.5.Heat exchange in permafrost landscapes of plain taiga / P.P. Gavriliev 2.6. Features of heat and moisture balance in taiga-alas landscapes / R.V. Desyatkin, I. Ishii, Kh. Yabuki, A.R. Desyatkin, P.P. Fedorov, T.N. Semenova 2.7. Turbulent energy- and moisture exchange in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over thermally heterogeneous surface (over the Lena River lowland in the Yakutsk area) / M.A. Strunin 2.7.1. Some aspects of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) observations using the aircraft laboratory 2.7.2. Aircraft experiment of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) observations in the Yakutsk area 2.7.2.1. Aicraft laboratory IL-18d and its instruments for investigations of ABL 2.7.2.2. Scheme and conditions of the aircraft experiment 2.7.2.3. Radiosounding, surface measurements and satellite observations 2.7.2.4. Turbulence and turbulent fluxes data processing and analyzing 2.7.3. Some features of the convective boundary layer (CBL) development over thermally heterogeneous surface 2.7.3.1. Seasonal variability of turbulent fluxes 2.7.3.2. Fine spatial ABL structure 2.7.3.3. Conditions of appearance and development of the mesoscale thermal internal boundary layer (MTIBL) inside the CBL 2.7.3.4. Appearance of the local circulation over thermal mesoscale patch on the underlying surface 2.7.3.5. The local circulation and the problem of energy balance in the atmospheric boundary layer 2.7.3.6. Conditions of applying the scaling models for the CBL developing over heterogeneous underlying surface 2.7.3.7. The spectral structure of fluxes 2.7.3.8. Flux separating into turbulent and mesoscale portions 2.7.3.9. Separating approach models for mesoscale and turbulent fluxes in the CBL 2.7.3.10. Some f eatures of mesoscale and turbulent fluxes seasonal variations 2.7.4. The main results of observations of the CBL, developing over the thermally heterogeneous surface 2.8 Moisture exchange in plain taiga landscape 2.8.1. Moisture regime of the active layer 2.8.1.1. Landscape features of moisture dynamics of the active layer / P.P. Gavriliev, I.S. Ugarov, P.V. Efremov, R.N. Argunov 2.8.1.2. Spatial and temporal distribution of moisture reserves in the active layer / A.N. Fedorov, Ya.I.Torgovkin, R.N. Arguniov, P.P. Gavriliev, I.S. Vasiliev, J.S. Ugarov, P.V. Efremov 2.8.2. Interrelationship of underground and surface waters and underground alimentation of rivers in different seasons / V.V. Shepelev CHAPTER 3. SOUTHERN MOUNTAIN TAIGA 3.1. Natural conditions of the region / V.S. Vuglinsky, M.L. Markov 3.1.1. Climate 3.1.2. Relief and geological structure 3.1.3. Permafrost and hydrogeological conditions 3.1.4. Hydrography and hydrological conditions 3.1.5. Interrelationship of surface and underground waters, underground alimentation of rivers 3.1.5.1. lntraannual dynamics of water exchange of rivers with drained aquifers 3.1.5.2. Seasonal glaciation and its impact upon formation of river runoff 3.2. Results of study of regularities of heat- and moisture exchange at an experimental SHI Mogot polygon / N.G. Vasilenko, S.A. Zhuravin 3.2.1. General characteristics of the Mogot polygon and program of investigations 3.2.2. Landscape and soil characteristics of catchments of the Mogot polygon 3.2.2.1. Landscapes of the Mogot polygon 3.2.2.2. Landscape-hydrology complexes 3.2.2.3. Types of soils and their water physical characteristics 3.2.3. Features of climate in the region of the Mogot polygon 3.2.4. Radiation and heat balances 3.2.4.1. Radiation balance 3.2.4.2. Heat balance 3.2.5. Water balance 3.2.5.1. Methods of identification of the main components of water balance 3.2.5.2. Features of fo rmation of water balance elements 3.2.5.3. Results of calculation of water balances List of literature SUPPLEMENT TO PART 2.7. INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS FOR INVESTIGATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE USING THE AIRCRAFT LABORATORY / M.A. Strunin S.2.7.1. Methods of wind speed and direction, air temperature and humidity and turbulence measurements based on aircraft data S.2.7.2. Aircraft laboratory IL-18d and its instruments for investigation of the atmosphere S.2.7.3. Database of aircraft observations and preliminary data processing S.2.7.4. Errors of turbulent fluxes calculations based on aircraft data S.2.7.5. Methods of spectral analysis of turbulence data S.2.7.6. Calculations of spectral characteristics of fluctuations based on Fourier analysis S.2.7.7. Using the wavelet-transformations for the spectral analysis List of literature to Supplement 2.7 , In kyrillischer Schrift , Einführung und Inhaltsverzeichnis in englischer Sprache

Note: Contents Contributors 1 Introduction 1.1 Part 1: Applied statistical theory 1.2 Part 2: The case studies 1.3 Data, software and flowcharts 2 Data management and software 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Data management 2.3 Data preparation 2.4 Statistical software 3 Advice for teachers 3.1 Introduction 4 Exploration 4.1 The first steps 4.2 Outliers, transformations and standardisations 4.3 A final thought on data exploration 5 Linear regression 5.1 Bivariate linear regression 5.2 Multiple linear regression 5.3 Partial linear regression 6 Generalised linear modelling 6.1 Poisson regression 6.2 Logistic regression 7 Additive and generalised additive modelling 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The additive model 7.3 Example of an additive model 7.4 Estimate the smoother and amount of smoothing 7.5 Additive models with multiple explanatory variables 7.6 Choosing the amount of smoothing 7.7 Model selection and validation 7.8 Generalised additive modelling 7.9 Where to go from here 8 Introduction to mixed modelling 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The random intercept and slope model 8.3 Model selection and validation 8.4 A bit of theory 8.5 Another mixed modelling example 8.6 Additive mixed modelling 9 Univariate tree models 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Pruning the tree 9.3 Classification trees 9.4 A detailed example: Ditch data 10 Measures of association 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Association between sites: Q analysis 10.3 Association among species: R analysis 10.4 Q and R analysis: Concluding remarks 10.5 Hypothesis testing with measures of association 11 Ordination — First encounter 11.1 Bray-Curtis ordination 12 Principal component analysis and redundancy analysis 12.1 The underlying principle of PCA 12.2 PCA: Two easy explanations 12.3 PCA: Two technical explanations 12.4 Example of PCA 12.5 The biplot 12.6 General remarks 12.7 Chord and Hellinger transformations 12.8 Explanatory variables 12.9 Redundancy analysis 12.10 Partial RDA and variance partitioning 12.11 PCA regression to deal with collinearity 13 Correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis 13.1 Gaussian regression and extensions 13.2 Three rationales for correspondence analysis 13.3 From RGR to CCA13.4 Understanding the CCA triplot 13.5 When to use PCA, CA, RDA or CCA 13.6 Problems with CA and CCA 14 Introduction to discriminant analysis 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Assumptions 14.3 Example 14.4 The mathematics 14.5 The numerical output for the sparrow data 15 Principal coordinate analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling 15.1 Principal coordinate analysis 15.2 Non-metric multidimensional scaling 16 Time series analysis — Introduction 16.1 Using what we have already seen before 16.2 Auto-regressive integrated moving average models with exogenous variables 17 Common trends and sudden changes 17.1 Repeated LOESS smoothing 17.2 Identifying the seasonal component 17.3 Common trends: MAFA 17.4 Common trends: Dynamic factor analysis 17.5 Sudden changes: Chronological clustering 18 Analysis and modelling of lattice data 18.1 Lattice data 18.2 Numerical representation of the lattice structure 18.3 Spatial correlation 18.4 Modelling lattice data 18.5 More exotic models 18.6 Summary 19 Spatially continuous data analysis and modelling 19.1 Spatially continuous data 19.2 Geostatistical functions and assumptions 19.3 Exploratory variography analysis 19.4 Geostatistical modelling: Kriging 19.5 A full spatial analysis of the bird radar data 20 Univariate methods to analyse abundance of decapod larvae 20.1 Introduction 20.2 The data 20.3 Data exploration 20.4 Linear regression results 20.5 Additive modelling results 20.6 How many samples to take? 20.7 Discussion 21 Analysing presence and absence data for flatfish distribution in the Tagus estuary, Portugal 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Data and materials 21.3 Data exploration 21.4 Classification trees 21.5 Generalised additive modelling 21.6 Generalised linear modelling 21.7 Discussion 22 Crop pollination by honeybees in Argentina using additive mixed modelling 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Experimental setup 22.3 Abstracting the information 22.4 First steps of the analyses: Data exploration 22.5 Additive mixed modelling 22.6 Discussion and conclusions 23 Investigating the effects of rice farming on aquatic birds with mixed modelling 23.1 Introduction 23.2 The data 23.3 Getting familiar with the data: Exploration 23.4 Building a mixed model 23.5 The optimal model in terms of random components 23.6 Validating the optimal linear mixed model 23.7 More numerical output for the optimal model 23.8 Discussion 24 Classification trees and radar detection of birds for North Sea wind farms 24.1 Introduction 24.2 From radars to data 24.3 Classification trees 24.4 A tree for the birds 24.5 A tree for birds, clutter and more clutter 24.6 Discussion and conclusions 25 Fish stock identification through neural network analysis of parasite fauna 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Horse mackerel in the northeast Atlantic 25.3 Neural networks 25.4 Collection of data 25.5 Data exploration 25.6 Neural network results 25.7 Discussion 26 Monitoring for change: Using generalised least squares, non-metric multidimensional scaling, and the Mantel test on western Montana grasslands 26.1 Introduction 26.2 The data 26.3 Data exploration 26.4 Linear regression results 26.5 Generalised least squares results 26.6 Multivariate analysis results 26.7 Discussion 27 Univariate and multivariate analysis applied on a Dutch sandy beach community 27.1 Introduction 27.2 The variables 27.3 Analysing the data using univariate methods 27.4 Analysing the data using multivariate methods 27.5 Discussion and conclusions 28 Multivariate analyses of South-American zoobenthic species — spoilt for choice 28.1 Introduction and the underlying questions 28.2 Study site and sample collection 28.3 Data exploration 28.4 The Mantel test approach 28.5 The transformation plus RDA approach 28.6 Discussion and conclusions 29 Principal component analysis applied to harbour porpoise fatty acid data 29.1 Introduction 29.2 The data 29.3 Principal component analysis 29.4 Data exploration 29.5 Principal component analysis results 29.6 Simpler alternatives to PCA 29.7 Discussion 30 Multivariate analyses of morphometric turtle data — size and shape 30.1 Introduction 30.2 The turtle data 30.3 Data exploration 30.4 Overview of classic approaches related to PCA 30.5 Applying PCA to the original turtle data 30.6 Classic morphometric data analysis approaches 30.7 A geometric morphometric approach 31 Redundancy analysis and additive modelling applied on savanna tree data 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Study area 31.3 Methods 31.4 Results 31.5 Discussion 32 Canonical correspondence analysis of lowland pasture vegetation in the humid tropics of Mexico 32.1 Introduction 32.2 The study area 32.3 The data 32.4 Data exploration 32.5 Canonical correspondence analysis results 32.6 African star grass 32.7 Discussion and conclusion 33 Estimating common trends in Portuguese fisheries landings 33.1 Introduction 33.2 The time series data 33.3 MAFA and DFA 33.4 MAFA results 33.5 DFA results 33.6 Discussion 34 Common trends in demersal communities on the Newfoundland-Labrador Shelf 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Data 34.3 Time series analysis 34.4 Discussion 35 Sea level change and salt marshes in the Wadden Sea: A time series analysis 35.1 Interaction between hydrodynamical and biological factors 35.2 The data 35.3 Data exploration 35.4 Additive mixed modelling 35.5 Additive mixed modelling results 35.6 Discussion 36 Time series analysis of Hawaiian waterbirds 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Endangered Hawaiian waterbirds 36.3 Data exploration 36.4 Three ways to estimate trends 36.5 Additive mixed modelling 36.6 Sudden breakpoints 36.7 Discussion 37 Spatial modelling of forest community features in the Volzhsko-Kamsky reserve 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Study area 37.3 Data exploration 37.4 Models of boreality without spatial auto-correlation 37.5 Models of boreality with spatial auto-correlation 37.6 Conclusion References Index

Note: Inhalt: Die Polarregionen. - Die Arktis. - Die arktische Landschaft. - Leben in der Arktis. - Menschen in der Arktis. - Leben im Wasser. - Leben an Land. - Arktische Vögel. - Die Antarktis. - Die antarktische Landschaft. - Ein Kontinent für die Wissenschaft. - Die Erforschung der Antarktis. - Leben im Meer. - Vögel in der Antarktis. - Polarregionen im Vergleich. - Fakten der Polarregionen. - Register.

Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: Table of Contents: Chapter 1 Randomization. - 1.1 The Idea of a Randomization Test. - 1.2 Examples of Randomization Tests. - 1.3 Aspects of Randomization Testing Raised by the Examples. - 1.3.1 Sampling the Randomization Distribution or Systematic Enumeration. - 1.3.2 Equivalent Test Statistics. - 1.3.3 Significance Levels for Classical and Randomization Tests. - 1.3.4 Limitations of Randomization Tests. - 1.4 Confidence Limits by Randomization. - 1.5 Applications of Randomization in Biology and Related Areas. - 1.5.1 Single Species Ecology. - 1.5.2 Genetics, Evolution, and Natural Selection. - 1.5.3 Community Ecology. - 1.5.4 Other Environmental Applications. - 1.6 Randomization and Observational Studies. - 1.7 Chapter Summary. - Chapter 2 The Jackknife. - 2.1 The Jackknife Estimator. - 2.2 Applications of Jackknifing in Biology. - 2.2.1 Single-Species Analyses. - 2.2.2 Genetics, Evolution, and Natural Selection. - 2.2.3 Community Ecology. - 2.3 Chapter Summary. - Chapter 3 The Bootstrap. - 3.1 Resampling with Replacement. - 3.2 Standard Bootstrap Confidence Limits. - 3.3 Simple Percentile Confidence Limits. - 3.4 Bias- Corrected Percentile Confidence Limits. - 3.5 Accelerated Bias-Corrected Percentile Limits. - 3.6 Other Methods for Constructing Confidence Intervals. - 3.7 Transformations to Improve Bootstrap-t Intervals. - 3.8 Parametric Confidence Intervals. - 3.9 A Better Estimate of Bias. - 3.10 Bootstrap Tests of Significance. - 3.11 Balanced Bootstrap Sampling. - 3.12 Applications of Bootstrapping in Biology. - 3.12.1 Single-Species Ecology. - 3.12.2 Genetics, Evolution, and Natural Selection. - 3.12.3 Community Ecology. - 3.12.4 Other Ecological and Environmental Applications. - 3.13 Further Reading. - 3.14 Chapter Summary. - Chapter 4 Monte Carlo Methods. - 4.1 Monte Carlo Tests. - 4.2 Generalized Monte Carlo Tests. - 4.3 Implicit Statistical Models. - 4.4 Applications of Monte Carlo Methods in Biology. - 4.4.1 Single-Species Ecology. - 4.4.2 Genetics and Evolution. - 4.4.3 Community Ecology. - 4.5 Chapter Summary. - Chapter 5 Some General Considerations. - 5.1 Questions about Computer-Intensive Methods. - 5.2 Power. - 5.3 Number of Random Sets of Data Needed for a Test. - 5.4 Determining a Randomization Distribution Exactly. - 5.5 The Number of Replications for Confidence Intervals. - 5.6 More Efficient Bootstrap Sampling Methods. - 5.7 The Generation of Pseudo-Random Numbers. - 5.8 The Generation of Random Permutations. - 5.9 Chapter Summary. - Chapter 6 One- and Two-Sample Tests. - 6.1 The Paired Comparisons Design. - 6.2 The One-Sample Randomization Test. - 6.3 The Two-Sample Randomization Test. - 6.4 Bootstrap Tests. - 6.5 Randomizing Residuals. - 6.6 Comparing the Variation in Two Samples. - 6.7 A Simulation Study. - 6.8 The Comparison of Two Samples on Multiple Measurements. - 6.9 Further Reading. - 6.10 Chapter Summary. - Chapter 7 Analysis of Variance. - 7.1 One-Factor Analysis of Variance. - 7.2 Tests for Constant Variance. - 7.3 Testing for Mean Differences Using Residuals. - 7.4 Examples of More Complicated Types of Analysis of Variance. - 7.5 Procedures for Handling Unequal Variances. - 7.6 Other Aspects of Analysis of Variance. - 7.7 Further Reading. - 7.8 Chapter Summary. - Chapter 8 Regression Analysis. - 8.1 Simple Linear Regression. - 8.2 Randomizing Residuals. - 8.3 Testing for a Nonzero β Value. - 8.4 Confidence Limits for β. - 8.5 Multiple Linear Regression. - 8.6 Alternative Randomization Methods with Multiple Regression. - 8.7 Bootstrapping and Jackknifing with Regression. - 8.8 Further Reading. - 8.9 Chapter Summary. - Chapter 9 Distance Matrices and Spatial Data. - 9.1 Testing for Association between Distance Matrices. - 9.2 The Mantel Test. - 9.3 Sampling the Randomization Distribution. - 9.4 Confidence Limits for Regression Coefficients. - 9.5 The Multiple Mantel Test. - 9.6 Other Approaches with More Than Two Matrices. - 9.7 Further Reading. - 9.8 Chapter Summary. - Chapter 10 Other Analyses on Spatial Data. - 10.1 Spatial Data Analysis. - 10.2 The Study of Spatial Point Patterns. - 10.3 Mead's Randomization Test. - 10.4 Tests for Randomness Based on Distances. - 10.5 Testing for an Association between Two Point Patterns. - 10.6 The Besag-Diggle Test. - 10.7 Tests Using Distances between Points. - 10.8 Testing for Random Marking. - 10.9 Further Reading. - 10.10 Chapter Summary. - Chapter 11 Time Series. - 11.1 Randomization and Time Series. - 11.2 Randomization Tests for Serial Correlation. - 11.3 Randomization Tests for Trend. - 11.4 Randomization Tests for Periodicity. - 11.5 Irregularly Spaced Series. - 11.6 Tests on Times of Occurrence. - 11.7 Discussion on Procedures for Irregular Series. - 11.8 Bootstrap Methods. - 11.9 Monte Carlo Methods. - 11.10 Model-Based vs. Moving-Block Resampling. - 11.11 Further Reading. - 11.12 Chapter Summary. - Chapter 12 Multivariate Data. - 12.1 Univariate and Multivariate Tests. - 12.2 Sample Mean Vectors and Covariance Matrices. - 12.3 Comparison of Sample Mean Vectors. - 12.4 Chi-Squared Analyses for Count Data. - 12.5 Comparison of Variations for Several Samples. - 12.6 Principal Components Analysis and Other One-Sample Methods. - 12.7 Discriminant Function Analysis. - 12.8 Further Reading. - 12.9 Chapter Summary. - Chapter 13 Survival and Growth Data. - 13.1 Bootstrapping Survival Data. - 13.2 Bootstrapping for Variable Selection. - 13.3 Bootstrapping for Model Selection. - 13.4 Group Comparisons. - 13.5 Growth Data. - 13.6 Further Reading. - 13.7 Chapter Summary. - Chapter 14 Nonstandard Situations. - 14.1 The Construction of Tests in Nonstandard Situations. - 14.2 Species Co-Occurrences on Islands. - 14.3 Alternative Switching Algorithms. - 14.4 Examining Time Changes in Niche Overlap. - 14.5 Probing Multivariate Data with Random Skewers. - 14.6 Ant Species Sizes in Europe. - 14.7 Chapter Summary. - Chapter 15 Bayesian Methods. - 15.1 The Bayesian Approach to Data Analysis. - 15.2 The Gibbs Sampler and Related Methods. - 15.3 Biological Applications. - 15.4 Further Reading. - 15.5 Chapter Summary. - Chapter 16 Final Comments. - 16.1 Randomization. - 16.2 Bootstrapping. - 16.3 Monte Carlo Methods in General. - 16.4 Classical vs. Bayesian Inference. - References. - Appendix Software for Computer-Intensive Statistics. - Author Index. - Subject Index.

Note: Contents Foreword Introduction / Charles Cockell, Gerda Horneck 1. Mars Simulations - Past Studies on the Biological Response to Simulated Martian Conditions / Aviaja Anna Hansen 2. Possible Atmospheric and UV Conditions on Mars in the Past - Biological Implications / H. Lammer, Yu. N. Kulikov 3. The Microbial Case for Mars and its Implication for Human Expeditions to Mars / Gerda Horneck 4. Response of Organics to Simulated Martian Conditions / J.R.C. Garry, I.L. ten Kate, P. Ehrenfreund, B.H. Foing 5. Mars Simulation Experiments with Complex Microbial Soil Communities / Kai Finster, Aviaja A. Hansen, Lars Liengaard, Karina Mikkelsen, Tommy Kristoffersen, Jonathan Merrison, Per Nornberg, Bente Aa.Lomstein 6. Fungi From Antarctic Desert Rocks as Analogues for Martian Life / S. Onofri, L. Zucconi, L. Selbmann, G. S. de Hoog, D. Barreca, S. Ruisi, M. Grube 7. The Response of Bacillus Subtilis to Simulated Martian Conditions and to the Space Environment / Petra Rettberg 8. Photosynthetic Organisms on Mars - Prospects and Limitations / Charles S. Cockell, Andrew C. Schuerger, Daniela Billi, E. Imre Friedmann, Corinna Panitz 9. Viable Haloarchaea from Ancient Salt Sediments and their Response to Simulated Mars Conditions / Helga Stan-Lotter, Sergiu Fendrihan 10. Response of Methanogenic Archaea from Siberian Permafrost to Martian Thermophysical Conditions / Daria Morozova, Diedrich Mohlmann, Dirk Wagner 11. Adaptation of the Lichen Rhizocarpon Geographicum to Harsh High-Altitude Conditions: Relevance to a Habitable Mars / Rosa de la Torre, Leopoldo Garcia-Sancho, Gerda Horneck 12. Photosynthetic Life Support Systems in the Martian Conditions / Kirsi Lehto, Eira Kanervo, Kurt Stahle, Harry Lehto, Milja Tammi, Joni Virtanen 13. Photo-Catalytic Redox-Processes and Adsorption Water on Mars / Chr. Jung, D. Mohlmann, Chr. Sattler, R. Staudt, M. Weeks 14. Design, Building and Applications of a Portable Martian UV Simulator / C. Kolb, R. Abart, A. Berces, J.R.C. Garry, A. A. Hansen, W. Hohenau, G. Kargl, H. Lammer, MR. Patel, P. Rettberg, H. Stan-Lotter 15. Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Extremophilic Organisms Under Martian Conditions / Howell G. M. Edwards

Note: Inhalt Vorwort und Dank Widmung Frühes Wissen um den Nordpol Der Globus des Johannes Schöner von 1515 Theodor de Bry als Verleger von Barentsz und Hudsons Polarfahrten Die Globen von Andreae (1717), Doppelmayr (1730 und 1792) und Klinger (1792) in der Frankfurter Stadtbibliothek »Zwei Grönländer« im Prehn'schen Kabinett Die Nordfahrt des Georg Berna 1861 Das Personal Die Reise Der Beginn deutscher Polarforschung Das offene Polarmeer? Die erste Versammlung Deutscher Meister und Freunde der Erdkunde am 23. und 24. Juli 1865 in Frankfurt am Main Die Erste Deutsche Nordpolar-Expedition von 1868 Die Zweite Deutsche Nordpolar-Expedition von 1869/1870 Die Österreich-Ungarische Nordpolar-Expedition von 1872-1874 Julius Payer vor 1871 Carl Weyprecht vor 1871 Die Vorexpedition von 1871 Die Österreich-Ungarische Nordpolar-Expedition von 1872 bis 1874 Carl Weyprecht nach 1874: Die Begründung der Internationalen Polarjahre Julius Payer nach 1874 Nachruhm Erstes Internationales Polarjahr und Kontinentalverschiebung Das Erste Internationale Polarjahr Der Frankfurter Verein für Geographie und Statistik Die Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft Theodor Lerner, Polarfahrer Andrée, »Fauna Árctica« und die Bäreninsel Eine Überwinterung auf Spitzbergen Die Rettungsexpedition von 1913 Forschen für Senckenberg Auf nach Grönland! Die Erste Hessische Grönlandexpedition von Hans Krüger und Fritz Klute 1925 Waldemar Coste und der Film »Milak der Grönlandjäger« 1926 Die Zweite Hessische Grönlandexpedition 1929/1930 und das Verschwinden Hans Krügers Friedrich Sieburg und Anne Schmücker als Propagandisten Grönlands Johannes Georgi »im Eis vergraben« 1930/1931 Die Internationalen Polarjahre Und der Südpol? Georg von Neumayers unermüdliche Agitation Die drei deutschen Expeditionen in antarktische Gewässer Anhang Literaturverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Impressum

Note: Potsdam, Univ., Diss., 2007

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 2006

Note: Inhalt: 1 Einleitung. - 1.1 Alltägliche Probleme. - 1.2 Uni- und multivariate Daten. - 1.3 Wege ins Statistiklabyrinth. - 2 Statistische Grundlagen. - 2.1 Einführung in die Terminologie. - 2.2 Datentypen -Skalenniveaus. - 2.3 Korrelation. - 2.4 Regression. - 2.5 Lineare Regression. - 2.6 Multiplelineare Regression. - 2.7 Unimodale Modelle - die Gauß'sche Regression. - 2.8 Logistische und Gauß'sche logistische Regression. - 2.9 Interaktionen. - 2.10 Gewichtetes Mittel. - 2.11 Partielle Analysen. - 3 Datenmanipulationen. - 3.1 Normalverteilung und Transformationen. - 3.2 Standardisierungen. - 3.3 Transponieren, Umkodieren und Maskieren. - 4 Ähnlichkeits- und Distanzmaße. - 4.1 Qualitative Ähnlichkeitsmaße. - 4.2 Quantitative Ähnlichkeitsmaße. - 4.3 Distanzmaße. - 4.4 Vergleich der geschilderten Koeffizienten. - 5 Ordinationen - das Prinzip. - 5.1 Dimensionsreduktion als Analysestrategie. - 5.2 Polare Ordination. - 6 Korrespondenzanalyse (CA). - 6.1 Das Prinzip. - 6.2 Mathematische Artefakte - Probleme der CA. - 6.3 DCA {Detrended Correspondence Analysis). - 6.4 Zusammenfassendes zu Problemen der CA und DCA. - 7 Interpretation von CA und DCA. - 7.1 Zur Skalierung und Interpretation der Ordinationsdiagramme. - 7.2 Umweltvariablen-Interaktionen von Effekten. - 7.3 Ordination und Umweltdaten. - 8 Kanonische Ordination (constrained ordination). - 8.1 Prinzip der Kanonischen Korrespondenzanalyse (CCA). - 8.2 Interpretation eines CCA-Diagramms. - 8.3 Forward selection bei kanonischen Ordinationen. - 8.4 Überprüfung einer CCA. - 9 Hauptkomponentenanalyse (PCA). - 9.1 Das Prinzip - geometrische Herleitung. - 9.2 Das Prinzip - der mathematische Ansatz. - 9.3 Optionen bei einer PCA. - 9.4 Stärken und Schwächen der PCA. - 9.5 Faktorenanalyse. - 10 Lineare Methoden und Umweltdaten: PCA und RDA. - 10.1 Indirekte Ordination. - 10.2 Kanonische Ordination - Prinzip der Redundanzanalyse. - 10.3 Interpretation einer RDA. - 11 Partielle Ordination und variance partitioning. - 11.1 Kovariablen. - 11.2 Partielle PCA, CA, DCA. - 11.3 Partielle kanonische Ordination. - 11.4 Variance partitioning. - 12 Multidimensionale Skalierung. - 12.1 Der andere Weg zum Ziel. - 12.2 Metrische Multidimensionale Skalierung - Hauptkoordinatenanalyse. - 12.3 Nichtmetrische Multidimensionale Skalierung. - 12.3.1 Das Prinzip. - 12.3.2 NMDS - Optionen und Probleme. - 12.3.3 Ablauf einer NMDS. - 13 Klassifikation - das Prinzip. - 13.1 Das Wesen von Klassifikationen. - 13.2 Die wichtigsten Klassifikationsstrategien. - 14 Agglomerative Klassifikationsverfahren. - 14.1Clusteranalyse - Grundlagen. - 14.2 Auswertung von Dendrogrammen. - 15 Divisive Klassifikationsverfahren. - 15.1 Ordination Space Partitioning. - 15.2 TWINSPAN. - 15.3 Ablauf einer TWINSPAN-Analyse. - 15.4 Kritik an der TWINSPAN-Analyse. - 16 Sonstige Verfahren zur Beschreibung von Gruppenstrukturen. - 16.1 Nichthierarchische agglomerative Verfahren. - 16.2 Nichthierarchische divisive Verfahren. - 16.3 Numerische "treue"-basierte Verfahren. - 16.4 Diskriminanzanalyse. - 16.4.1 Das Prinzip. - 16.4.2 Voraussetzungen. - 16.4.3 Gütekriterien/Prüfung der Ergebnisse. - 17 Permutationsbasierte Tests. - 17.1 Das Prinzip von Permutationstests. - 17.2 Test auf Signifikanz von Ordinationsachsen. - 17.3 Mantel-Test. - 17.4 Gruppenvergleiche - Mantel-Tests und MRPP. - 17.5 Procrustes-Analysen. - 17.6 Indicator Species Analysis. - 17.7 Ausblick Randomisierungsverfahren. - Literatur. - Sachverzeichnis.

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 2006

Note: Zugl.: Berlin, Freie Univ., Diss., 2007

Note: Contents Preface 1 Data Analysis in Earth Sciences 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Collecting Data 1.3 Types of Data 1.4 Methods of Data Analysis Recommended Reading 2 Introduction to MATLAB 2.1 MATLAB in Earth Sciences 2.2 Getting Started 2.3 The Syntax 2.4 Data Storage 2.5 Data Handling 2.6 Scripts and Functions 2.7 Basic Visualization Tools Recommended Reading 3 Univariate Statistics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Empirical Distributions Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Dispersion 3.3 Example of Empirical Distributions 3.4 Theoretical Distributions Uniform Distribution Binomial or Bernoulli Distribution Poisson Distribution Normal or Gaussian Distribution Logarithmic Normal or Log-Normal Distribution Student's t Distribution Fisher's F Distribution Χ2 or Chi-Squared Distribution 3.5 Example ofTheoretical Distributions 3.6 Thet-Test 3.7 TheF-Test 3.8 The Χ2-Test Recommended Reading 4 Bivariate Statistics 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Pearson's Correlation Coefficient 4.3 Classical Linear Regression Analysis and Prediction 4.4 Analyzing the Residuals 4.5 Bootstrap Estimates of the Regression Coefficients 4.6 Jackknife Estimates of the Regression Coefficients 4.7 Cross Validation 4.8 Reduced Major Axis Regression 4.9 Curvilinear Regression Recommended Reading 5 Time-Series Analysis 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Generating Signals 5.3 Blackman-Tukey Autospectral Analysis 5.4 Blackman-Tukey Crossspectral Analysis 5.5 Interpolating and Analyzing Unevenly-Spaced Data 5.6 Evolutionary Blackman-Tukey Powerspectrum 5.7 Lomb-Scargle Powerspectrum 5.8 Wavelet Powerspectrum 5.9 Nonlinear Time-Series Analysis (by N. Marwarn) Phase Space Portrait Recurrence Plots Recommended Reading 6 Signal Processing 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Generating Signals 6.3 Linear Time-Invariant Systems 6.4 Convolution and Filtering 6.5 Comparing Functions for Filtering Data Series 6.6 Recursive and Nonrecursive Filters 6.7 Impulse Response 6.8 Frequency Response 6.9 Filter Design 6.10 Adaptive Filtering Recommended Reading 7 Spatial Data 7.1 Types of Spatial Data 7.2 The GSHHS Shoreline Data Set 7.3 The 2-Minute Gridded Global Elevation Data ETOPO2 7.4 The 30-Arc Seconds Elevation Model GTOPO30 7.5 The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SRTM 7.6 Gridding and Contouring Background 7.7 Gridding Example 7.8 Comparison of Methods and Potential Artifacts 7.9 Statistics of Point Distributions Test for Uniform Distribution Test for Random Distribution Test for Clustering 7.10 Analysis of Digital Elevation Models (by R. Gebbers) 7.11 Geostatistics and Kriging (by R. Gebbers) Theorical Background Preceding Analysis Variography with the Classical Variogram Kriging Discussion of Kriging Recommended Reading 8 Image Processing 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Datastorage 8.3 Importing, Processing and Exporting Images 8.4 Importing, Processing and Exporting Satellite Images 8.5 Georeferencing Satellite Images 8.6 Digitizing from the Screen Recommended Reading 9 Multivariate Statistics 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Principal Component Analysis 9.3 Independent Component Analysis (by N. Marwan) 9.4 Cluster Analysis Recommended Reading 10 Statistics on Directional Data 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Graphical Representation 10.3 Empirical Distributions 10.4 Theoretical Distributions 10.5 Test for Randomness of Directional Data 10.6 Test for the Significance of a Mean Direction 10.7 Test for the Difference of Two Sets of Directions Recommended Reading General Index

Note: Enthaltener Beitrag: Russian-German Cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA: The Expedition COAST I / edited by Paul Overduin , Enthaltener Beitrag: The Expedition Lena 2005 / edited by Lutz Schirrmeister, Dirk Wagner, Mikhail N. Grigoriev and Dimitry Yu. Bolshiyanov , Enthaltener Beitrag: Russian-German cooperation Yakutsk - Potsdam: the expedition CENTRAL YAKUTIA 2005 / edited by Bernhard Diekmann, Sebastian Wetterich and Frank Kienast , Contents for "Russian-German Cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA: The Expedition COAST I" The Expedition COAST I 1. Background and Objectives 2. Logistics and Itinerary 3. Field Methods and Sample Recovery 3.1 Coring 3.2 Pore water analyses 3.3 Temperature profiles 4. Sample lists , Contents for "The Expedition Lena 2005" The Expedition Lena 2005 1. Introduction 2. Expedition itinerary and general logistics 3. Microbiological processes, trace gas fluxes and hydrobiology in permafrost ecosystems of the Lena Delta 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Dynamic of methane oxidising communities in permafrost soils 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Sampling procedure and field parameters 3.2.3 Pore water methane concentration 3.2.4 Sample processing and analyses 3.3 Microbial studies on nitrification from permafrost environments 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Field experiments: Impact of polygonal soil parameter on nitrification 3.4 Closed chamber measurements of carbon exchange between Arctic tundra and the atmosphere 3.5 Micrometeorological measurements of energy, water, and carbon exchange between Arctic tundra and the atmosphere 3.6 Energy and water budget of permafrost soils – long time meteorology and soil survey station on Samoylov Island 3.7 Isotopic Studies on the 13C-fractionation during CH4-production in polygonal and thermokarst lakes of the Lena Delta 3.7.1 Introduction and methods 3.7.2 Preliminary results and further plans 3.8 Hydrobiological investigations on Samoylov Island 3.8.1 Objectives 3.8.2 Research tasks 3.8.3 Material and methods 3.8.4 Preliminary results 3.9 References 4. Studies of periglacial landscape dynamics and surface characteristics studies in the western Lena Delta 4.1. Scientific background and objectives 4.2. Geological and geographical characteristics 4.3. Studies of oriented lakes and thermokarst depressions 4.3.1 Background 4.3.2 Study area 4.3.3 Topographical and geomorphological settings 4.3.3.1 Depressions 1, 2 and 3 4.3.3.2 Depression 4 4.3.3.3 Depression 5 4.3.4 Bathymetrical surveys 4.3.5 Field sampling 4.4. Characteristics and spectral properties of periglacial landforms 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Methods 4.4.3 First results 4.5. Studies of permafrost sequences for paleo-environmental reconstruction 4.5.1 The “Arga-Sands” on Turakh Island 4.5.1.1 Exposure Tur-1 4.5.1.2 Core Tur-2 4.5.1.3 Exposure T021 4.5.2 Sand sequences of Ebe Basyn Sise Island 4.5.2.1 Exposure Ebe-4 4.5.2.2 Exposure Ebe-2 4.5.2.3 Exposure Ebe-3 4.5.2.4 Exposure Ebe-5 4.5.3 Sand and Ice Complex sequences of Khardang Island 4.5.3.1 The sand deposits in the exposure Kha-1 4.5.3.2 The sequence Kha-2 4.5.3.3 Exposure Kha-3: large ice wedge and surrounding sediments 4.6 Subsurficial and bathymetrical Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Investigations 4.6.1 Subsurface mapping of the Arga sands stratigraphical unit 4.6.1.1 GPR survey configuration 4.6.1.2 Transects at exposure Ebe-4 4.6.1.3 Transects at exposure/borehole Tur-1/Tur-2 4.6.2 Arynskaya Channel bathymetry 4.7 Measuring of local weather and soil conditions by soil probe and weather station 4.8 Palaeontological collection of the “Mammoth” fauna from the museum of the Lena Delta Reserve 4.9 References 4.10 Appendices chapter 4 Appendix 4-1: Field spectrometry – description of measuring points and profiles (see chapter 4.4) Appendix 4-2: List of sediment samples (see chapter 4.5) Appendix 4-3: Modern soil profiles and surface samples Appendix 4-4: List of ground ice and surface water samples Appendix 4-5. Bone collection of the expedition LENA 2005 Appendix 4-6: Bone collection of Lena Delta Reserve Tiksi (see chapter 4.8) 5. Holocene ice wedges of the 1st Lena terrace 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Outcrops 5.2.1 Outcrop 1 5.2.2 Outcrop 2 5.2.3 Geocryolithology on Samoylov Island: General impressions 5.2.4 Outcrop 3 5.2.5 Outcrop 4 5.2.6 Outcrop 5 5.2.7 Outcrop 6 5.2.8 Outcrop 7 5.2.9 Outcrop 8 5.2.10 Outcrop 9 5.2.11 Outcrop 10 5.2.12 Pingo at Olenyekskaya Channel 5.2.13 Summary 5.3 Studies on recent cryogenesis on Samoylov Island 5.4 References 5.5 Appendices chapter 5 Appendix 5-1: Ice sample list Appendix 5-2: List of sediment samples and ice content measurement Appendix 5-3: List of water samples 6. Report of the hydrological work in the Lena River Delta in August 2005 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Methods 6.3 Preliminary results 6.4 Conclusion , Contents for "Russian-German cooperation Yakutsk - Potsdam: the expedition CENTRAL YAKUTIA 2005" Central Yakutia 2005 1. Expedition ‘Verkhoyansk 2005’ • Limnogeological studies at Lake Billyakh, Verkhoyansk Mountains, Yakutia 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Regional Setting of Lake Billyakh 1.3 Itinerary 1.4 Methods 1.4.1 Bathymetric measurements 1.4.2 Water sampling and measurements 1.4.3 Sediment coring 1.5 Results 1.5.1 Bathymetry 1.5.2 Water profiles 1.5.3 Sediment cores 1.6 Outlook 1.7 References 2 Limnological studies in Central and North-east Yakutia in summer 2005 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Study sites and lake types 2.3 Material and methods 2.4 Preliminary results 2.5 Outlook 2.6 References 2.7 Appendices Appendix 2-1: General characteristics and geographical position of the studied lakes in Central and North-east Yakutia Appendix 2-2: Some properties of the studied lakes in Central and North-east Yakutia, obtained during the fieldwork (unfilled table cells imply no data or information) Appendix 2-3: Sample list for further analyses on sediments, hydro-chemistry, water isotopes and aquatic organisms Appendix 2-4: Occurrence of zoobenthos organisms in the sampled Central-Yakutian lakes in July 2005 3. Vegetation studies in extremely continental regions of Yakutia 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Study areas and investigated vegetation types 3.3 Material and methods 3.4 Preliminary results 3.5 Appendix 3-1: Metadata of studied vegetation records