ALBERT

Note: Contents I Review of Current Concepts 1 Introduction 1.1 Sequence Stratigraphy: A New Paradigm? 1.2 From Sloss to Vail 1.3 Problems and Research Trends: The Current Status 1.4 Stratigraphic Terminology 2 Methods for Studying Sequence Stratigraphy 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Erecting a Sequence Framework 2.2.1 The Importance of Unconformities 2.2.2 Facies Cycles 2.2.3 Stratigraphic Architecture: The Seismic Method 2.3 Methods for Assessing Regional and Global Changes in Sea Level, Other Than Seismic Stratigraphy 2.3.1 Areas and Volumes of Stratigraphic Units 2.3.2 Hypsometric Curves 2.3.3 Backstripping 2.3.4 Sea-Level Estimation from Paleoshorelines and Other Fixed Points 2.3.5 Documentation of Meter-Scale Cycles 2.4 Integrated Tectonic-Stratigraphic Analysis 3 The Four Basic Types of Stratigraphic Cycle 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Supercontinent Cycle 3.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years 3.4 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities 3.5 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years 4 The Basic Sequence Model 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Terminology 4.3 Depositional Systems and Systems Tracts 4.4 Sequence Boundaries 4.5 Other Sequence Concepts 5 The Global Cycle Chart II The Stratigraphic Framework 6 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens to Hundreds of Millions of Years 6.1 Climate, Sedimentation, and Biogenesis 6.2 The Supercontinent Cycle 6.2.1 The Tectonic-Stratigraphic Model 6.2.2 The Phanerozoic Record 6.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years 6.3.1 Intercontinental Correlations 6.3.2 Tectonostratigraphic Sequences 6.4 Main Conclusions 7 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities 7.1 Extensional and Rifted Clastic Continental Margins 7.2 Foreland Basin of the North American Western Interior 7.3 Other Foreland Basins 7.4 Forearc Basins 7.5 Backarc Basins 7.6 Cyclothems and Mesothems 7;7 Carbonate Cycles of Platforms and Craton Margins 7.8 Evidence of Cyclicity in the Deep Oceans 7.9 Main Conclusions 8 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Neogene Clastic Cycles of Continental Margins 8.3 Pre-Neogene Marine Carbonate and Clastic Cycles 8.4 Late Paleozoic Cyclothems 8.5 Lacustrine elastic and Chemical Rhythms 8.6 Clastic Cycles of Foreland Basins 8.7 Main Conclusions III Mechanisms 9 Long-Term Eustasy and Epeirogeny 9.1 Mantle Processes and Dynamic Topography 9.2 Supercontinent Cycles 9.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years 9.3.1 Eustasy 9.3.2 Dynamic Topography and Epeirogeny 9.4 Main Conclusions 10 Milankovitch Processes 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Nature of Milankovitch Processes 10.2.1 Components of Orbital Forcing 10.2.2 Basic Climatology 10.2.3 Variations with Time in Orbital Periodicities 10.2.4 Isostasy and Geoid Changes 10.2.5 The Nature of the Cyclostratigraphic Data Base 10.2.6 The Sensitivity of the Earth to Glaciation 10.2.7 Glacioeustasy in the Mesozoic? 10.2.8 Nonglacial Milankovitch Cyclicity 10.3 The Cenozoic Record 10.4 Late Paleozoic Cyclothems 10.5 The End-Ordovician Glaciation 10.6 Main Conclusions 11 Tectonic Mechanisms 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Rifting and Thermal Evolution of Divergent Plate Margins 11.2.1 Basic Geophysical Models and Their Implications for Sea-Level Change 11.2.2 Some Results from the Analysis of Modern Data Sets 11.3 Tectonism on Convergent Plate Margins and in Collision Zones 11.3.1 Magmatic Arcs and Subduction 11.3.2 Tectonism Versus Eustasy in Foreland Basins 11.3.2.1 The North American Western Interior Basin 11.3.2.2 The Appalachian Foreland Basin 11.3.2.3 Pyrenean and Himalayan Basins 11.3.3 Rates of Uplift and Subsidence 11.3.4 Discussion 11.4 Intraplate Stress 11.4.1 The Pattern of Global Stress 11.4.2 In-Plane Stress as a Control of Sequence Architecture 11.4.3 In-Plane Stress and Regional Histories of Sea-Level Change 11.5 Basement Control 11.6 Other Speculative Tectonic Hypotheses 11.7 Sediment Supply and the Importance of Big Rivers 11.8 Environmental Change 11.9 Main Conclusions IV Chronostratigraphy and Correlation: Why the Global Cycle Chart Should Be Abandoned 12 Time in Sequence Stratigraphy 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Hierarchies of Time and the Completeness of the Stratigraphic Record 12.3 Main Conclusions 13 Correlation, and the Potential for Error 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The New Paradigm of Geological Time? 13.3 The Dating and Correlation of Stratigraphic Events: Potential Sources of Uncertainty 13.3.1 Identification of Sequence Boundaries 13.3.2 Chronostratigraphic Meaning of Unconformities 13.3.3 Determination of the Biostratigraphic Framework 13.3.3.1 The Problem of Incomplete Biostratigraphic Recovery 13.3.3.2 Diachroneity of the Biostratigraphic Record 13.3.4 The Value of Quantitative Biostratigraphic Methods 13.3.5 Assessment of Relative Biostratigraphic Precision 13.3.6 Correlation of Biozones with the Global Stage Framework 13.3.7 Assignment of Absolute Ages 13.3.8 Implications for the Exxon Global Cycle Chart 13.4 Correlating Regional Sequence Frameworks with the Global Cycle Chart 13.4.1 Circular Reasoning from Regional Data 13.4.2 A Rigorous Test of the Global Cycle Chart 13.4.3 A Correlation Experiment 13.4.4 Discussion 13.5 Main Conclusions 14 Sea-Level Curves Compared 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The Exxon Curves: Revisions, Errors, and Uncertainties 14.3 Other Sea-Level Curves 14.3.1 Cretaceous Sea-Level Curves 14.3.2 Jurassic Sea-Level Curves 14.3.3 Why Does the Exxon Global Cycle Chart Contain So Many More Events Than Other Sea-Level Curves? 14.4 Main Conclusions V Approaches to a Modern Sequence-Stratigraphic Framework 15 Elaboration of the Basic Sequence Model 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Definitions 15.2.1 The Hierarchy of Units and Bounding Surfaces 15.2.2 Systems Tracts and Sequence Boundaries 15.3 The Sequence Stratigraphy of Clastic Depositional Systems 15.3.1 Pluvial Deposits and Their Relationship to Sea-Level Change 15.3.2 The Concept of the Bayline 15.3.3 Deltas, Beach-Barrier Systems, and Estuaries 15.3.4 Shelf Systems: Sand Shoals and Condensed Sections 15.3.5 Slope and Rise Systems 15.4 The Sequence Stratigraphy of Carbonate Depositional Systems 15.4.1 Platform Carbonates: Catch-Up Versus Keep-Up 15.4.2 Carbonate Slopes 15.4.3 Pelagic Carbonate Environments 15.5 Main Conclusions 16 Numerical and Graphical Modeling of Sequences 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Model Design 16.3 Selected Examples of Model Results 16.4 Main Conclusions VI Discussion and Conclusions 17 Implications for Petroleum Geology 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Integrated Tectonic-Stratigraphic Analysis 17.2.1 The Basis of the Methodology 17.2.2 The Development of an Allostratigraphic Framework 17.2.3 Choice of Sequence-Stratigraphic Models 17.2.4 The Search for Mechanisms 17.2.5 Reservoir Characterization 17.3 Controversies in Practical Sequence Analysis 17.3.1 The Case of the Tocito Sandstone, New Mexico 17.3.2 The Case of Gippsland Basin, Australia 17.3.3 Conclusions: A Modified Approach to Sequence Analysis for Practicing Petroleum Geologists and Geophysicists 17.4 Main Conclusions 18 Conclusions and Recommendations 18.1 Sequences in the Stratigraphic Record 18.1.1 Long-Term Stratigraphic Cycles 18.1.2 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities 18.1.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years 18.2 Mechanisms 18.2.1 Long-Term Eustasy and Epeirogeny 18.2.2 Milankovitch Processes 18.2.3 Tectonic Mechanisms 18.3 Chronostratigraphy and Correlation 18.3.1 Concepts of Time 18.3.2 Correlation Problems, and the Basis of the Global Cycle Chart 18.3.3 Comparison of Sea-Level Curves 18.4 Modern Sequence Analysis 18.4.1 Elaboration of the Basic Sequence Model 18.4.2 Numerical and Graphical Modeling of Stratigraphic Sequences 18.5 Implications for Petroleum Geology 18.6 The Global-Eustasy Paradigm: Working Backwards from the Answer? 18.6.1 The Exxon Factor 18.6.2 Conclusions . 18.7 Recommendations References Author Index Subject Index

Note: Contents 1. Introductory overview 2. Selected research topics Food availability and microbial activity on the continental slope: from the Siberian shelf to the Arctic basin (Boetius, Damm, Nothig) Ecology of summer sea ice (Cieitz, Kukert, Riebesell, Rutgers v. d. Loeff, Crossmann, Dieckmann) Temperature physiology of marine invertebrates and fish (Hardewig, Sartoris, Sommer, van Dijk, Zielinski, Partner) The 'multistoried' habitat on the Antarctic sea floor (Cutt) The near-surface air flow at Neumayer Station (Handorf) Simulation of atmospheric climate processes over the Arctic (Dethloff, Rinke) Coordinated ozone soundings for determination of ozone depletion rates in the Arctic and sub-Arctic winter (Rex, van der Cathen) Sunshine Simulation (Tüg) Ice-free areas in pack ice - The Northeast Water Polynya in the Greenland Sea (Budeus, Schneider, Kattner, Hirche) Exchange of deep water across the Greenland-Iceland-Scotland sills (Beckmann, Doscher) The large-scale distribution of inorganic carbon in the Atlantic sector of the Antarctic (Hoppema, Fahrbach) Modelling the circulation under the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf (Determann, Cerdes, Crosfeld) Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Programme (FRISP) (Oerter, Mayer, Hempel, Lambrecht, Nixdorf) Plate tectonics in the Bellingshausen Sea, Southeast Pacific (Cohl, Nitsche, Miller) Small-scale structures from multibeam bathymetry in the Weddell Sea (Schenke, Kuhn) Radiolarians as a paleothermometer in the Southern Ocean - reconstruction of climatic changes (Abelmann, Brathauer, Sieger) Sibiria: Region of origin for Arctic sediments (Rachold, Hoops, Hubberten) Late and postglacial vegetation and climate history of northern Central Siberia (Hahne, Harwart) SEPAN (Sediment and Paleoclimate Data Network) (Diepenbroek, Crobe, Reinke, Schlitzer, Sieger, Siems) 3. Reports by the Scientific Sections 3.1 Oceanic and atmospheric processes in polar regions 3.2 Modelling of ocean processes and circulation 3.3 Marine physics and instrument development 3.4 The bedrock of the polar regions in the Atlantic and the surrounding continental margin 3.5 Glaciology 3.6 Marine geology 3. 7 Marine ecosystem research and ecophysiology 3.8 Biological oceanography 3.9 Ceoscientific studies in ice-margin regions 3.10 Physics and chemistry of the polar atmosphere 3.11 Sea-ice research 3.12 The oceanic carbon cycle 4. Large equipment, expeditions and land-based stations 4.1 'Polarstern' 4.2 'Victor Hensen' 4.3 Polar Aircraft 4.4 Land Expeditions 4.5 Neumayer Station 4.6 Dallmannn Laboratory 4.7 Koldewey Station 4.8 Other small stations 5. Logistics 6. International and National Cooperation 6.1 National Cooperation 6.2 International Cooperation 7. Central Facilities 7.1 Computer Centre 7.2 Libraries 7.3 Public Relations 8. Personnel Structure and Budget Trends 8.1 Staff plan 8.2 Budget 8.3 On the Situation of Women at the AWl 9. Publications 9.1 Publications of the Institute 9.2 Publications of the Staff Annex I. Staff II. Scientific Events Ill. Completed Theses and Dissertations IV 'Polarstern' Expeditions , Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitende Übersicht 2. Ausgewählte Forschungsthemen Vom sibirischen Schelf zur arktischen Tiefsee: Nahrungsverfügbarkeit und mikrobielle Aktivität am Meeresboden (Boetius, Damm, Nöthig) Zur Ökologie des sommerlichen Meereises (Gleitz, Kukert, Riebesell, Rutgers v. d. Loeff, Grossmann, Dieckmann) Temperaturphysiologie von marinen Invertebraten und Fischen (Hardewig, Sartoris, Sommer, van Dijk, Zielinski, Pörtner) Der "mehrstöckige" Lebensraum am Meeresboden der Antarktis (Gutt) Die bodennahe Luftströmung an der Neumayer-Station (Handorf) Die Simulation atmosphärischer Klimaprozesse über der Arktis (Dethloff, Rinke) Koordinierte Ozonsondierungen zur Bestimmung des Ozonabbaus im arktischen und subarktischen Winter (Rex, von der Gathen) Der Sonnenscheinsimulator (Tüg) Eisfreie Stellen im Packeis - Die Nordostwasser-Polynja in der Grönlandsee (Budeus, Schneider, Kattner, Hirche) Der Austausch von Tiefenwasser über die untermeerischen Schwellen zwischen Grönland und Schottland (Beckmann, Döscher) Die großräumige Verteilung des anorganischen Kohlenstoffs im atlantischen Sektor der Antarktis (Hoppema, Fahrbach) Modeliierung der Ozeanzirkulation unter dem Filchner-Ronne-Schelfeis (Determann, Gerdes, Grosfeld) Das Filchner- Ronne-Schelfeis-Projekt (Oerter, Mayer, Hempel, Lambrecht, Nixdorf) Die Plattentektonik des Bellingshausenmeeres (Gohl, Nitsche, Miller) Entdeckung neuer Strukturen auf dem Meeresboden des südlichen Weddellmeeres (Schenke, Kuhn) Radiolarien als Paläothermometer im Südpolarmeer (Abelmann, Brathauer, Sieger) Sibirien: Ursprungsregion arktischer Sedimente (Rachold, Hoops, Hubberten) Spät- und postglaziale Vegetations- und Klimageschichte des nördlichen Mittelsibiriens (Hahne, Harwart) Informationssystem SEPAN (Sediment and Paleoclimate Data Network) (Diepenbroek, Grobe, Reinke, Schlitzer, Sieger, Siems) 3. Berichte der wissenschaftlichen Arbeitsgruppen 3.1 Ozeanische und atmosphärische Prozesse in den Polargebieten 3.2 Modellierung von Prozessen und Zirkulationssystemen im Ozean 3.3 Meeresphysikalische Messungen und Instrumentenentwicklung 3.4 Der Untergrund der polaren Teile des Atlantik und seiner kontinentalen Umrandung 3.5 Glaziologie 3.6 Meeresgeologie 3.7 Marine Ökosystemforschung und Ökophysiologie (Sektion Biologie I) 3.8 Biologische Meereskunde (Sektion Biologie II) 3.9 Geowissenschaftliche Studien in Eisrandgebieten 3.10 Physik und Chemie der polaren A tmosphäre 3.11 Meereisforschung 3.12 Der Kohlenstoffkreislauf 4. Großgeräte, Expeditionen und Landstationen 4.1 "Polarstern" 4.2 "Victor Hensen" 4.3 Polarflugzeuge 4.4 Landexpeditionen 4.5 Neumayer-Station 4.6 Dallmann-Laboratorium 4.7 Koldewey-Station 4.8 Weitere kleine Stationen 5. Logistik 6. Internationale und nationale Zusammenarbeit 6.1 Nationale Zusammenarbeit 6.2 Internationale Zusammenarbeit 7. Zentrale Einrichtungen 7.1 Rechenzentrum 7.2 Bibliothek 7.3 Presse-und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit 8. Personeller Aufbau und HaushaItsentwicklung 8.1 Personal 8.2 Haushalt 8.3 Bericht der Frauenbeauftragten 9. Veröffentlichungen 9.1 Veröffentlichungen des Instituts 9.2 Veröffentlichungen der Mitarbeiter Anhang I. Personal II. Wissenschaftliche Veranstaltungen III. Abgeschlossene Examensarbeiten IV. "Polarstern"-Expeditionen

Note: CONTENTS VOLUME 2 Section 6 GULLY DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES Chapter 31 Thresholds of Channel Initiation in Historical and Holocene Times, Southeastern Australia / I. P. Prosser Chapter 32 The Role of Sideslope Gullies in the Production andDelivery of Sediment to Contemporary Terraces, Rambla del Hornillo, Southern Spain / H. Faulkner Chapter 33 Holocene Hillslope Gully Systems in the Howgill Fells, Cumbria / A. M. Harvey Chapter 34 Unsaturated Strength and Preferential Flow as Controls on Gully Head Development / A. J. C. Collison Section 7 SLOPE STABILITY Chapter 35 Landslides and Stability in the Nepalese Middle Hills under Seasonal and Agricultural Land-Use Change Scenarios / K. Wu and J. B. Thornes Chapter 36 Developments in Slope Hydrology-Stability Modelling for Tropical Slopes / M. G. Anderson, A. J. C. Collison, J. Hartshorne, D. M. Lloyd and A. Park Chapter 37 The Mechanics and Landforms of Deep-Seated Landslides / D. Petley Chapter 38 The Assessment and Modelling of Hydrological Failure Conditions of Landslides in the Puriscal Region (Costa Rica) and the Manizales Region (Colombia) / M. T. J. Terlien, P. G. B. De Louw, Th. W. J. Van Asch and R. A. A. Hetterschijt Chapter 39 The Effects of Grass Roots on the Shear Strength of Colluvial Soils in Nepal / C. J. Lawrance, R. J. Rickson and J. E. Clark Chapter 40 Development of an Episodic Landform Change Model based upon the Black Ven Mudslide, 1946-1995 / D. Brunsden and J. H. Chandler Chapter 41 Coastal Slope Development: Temporal and Spatial Periodicity in the Holderness Cliff Recession / J. Pethick Section 8 TROPICAL HILLSLOPE PROCESSES Chapter 42 A New Approach towards the Quantification of Runoff and Eroded Sediment from Bench Terraces in Humid Tropical Steeplands and its Application in South-Central Java, Indonesia / L. A. Bruijnzee/ and W. R. S. Critchley Chapter 43 Hydrological Pathways and Water Chemistry in Amazonian Rain Forests / H. Elsenbeer and A. Lack Chapter 44 Observations on Slope Processes in a Tropical Rain Forest Environment Before and After Forest Plantation Establishment / A. Maimer Chapter 45 Tectonics and Relief in Tropical Forested Mountains: The Gipfelflur Hypothesis Revisited / A. P. Dykes and J. B. Thornes Section 9 SEMI-ARID HILLSLOPE PROCESSES Chapter 46 Hillslope Response to Extreme Storm Events: The Example of the Vaison-La-Romaine Event / J. Wainwright Chapter 47 Geomorphological Implications of Vegetation Patchiness on Semi-arid Slopes / J. Puigdefabregas and G. Sanchez Chapter 48 Runoff and Erosion on Semi-arid Hillslopes / A. J. Parsons, J. Wainwright and A. D. Abrahams Chapter 49 Cuesta Scarp Forms and Processes in Different Attitudinal Belts of the Colorado Plateau as Indicators of Climatic Change / K.-H. Schmidt and P. Meitz Chapter 50 Modelling the Complexity of Land Surface Response to Climatic Variability in Mediterranean Environments / M. Mulligan Section 10 PERIGLACIAL HILLSLOPE PROCESSES Chapter 51 Processes of Thaw-Induced Mass Movement in Non-cohesive Soils: Results of an Instrumented Slope Simulation Experiment / C. Harris and M. C. R. Davies Chapter 52 Paraglacial Slope Adjustment during Recent Deglaciation and Its Implication for Slope Evolution in Formerly Glaciated Environments / C. K. Ballantyne and D. I. Benn Chapter 53 Paraglacial or Periglacial? The Sedimentology of Slope Deposits in Upland Northumberland / S. Harrison Chapter 54 Slow Mass Movements and Climatic Relationships, 1972-1994, Kapp Linné, West Spitzbergen / H. J. Akerman Chapter 55 Rock Weathering and the Formation of Summit Blockfield Slopes in Norway: Examples and Implications / B. R. Rea, W. B. Whalley and E. M. Porter Author Index Subject Index

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS PROLOGUE INDICATORS INTRODUCTION ICE VOLUME Glacial Moraines Shorelines Oxygen Isotopes Summary TEMPERATURE Mountaintop Temperatures Polar Temperatures Sea Surface Teiμperatures Continental Temperatures The Tropical Temperature Dilemma ARIDITY Precipitation Rock Varnish Dust ATMOSPHERIC GAS COMPOSITION Carbon Dioxide Methane Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Gases OCEANIC CHEMISTRY Trace Metals Carbon Isotopes RATE OF DEEP SEA VENTUATION CO3 Concentration Paleo pH Preservation Events CLOCKS INTRODUCTION THE RADIOCARBON CLOCK ANNUAL CLOCKS THE URANIUM-THORIUM CLOCK CLOCKS READING MORE THAN 50,000 YEARS THE POTASSIUM-ARGON CLOCK PLANETARY CLOCKS IN SITU PRODUCTION CLOCKS SUNDIALS RECORDS SETTING THE STAGE: 55 MILLION YEARS OF POLAR COOLING MILANKOVITCH CYCLES THE LAST 160,000 YEARS THE LAST TERMINATION DANSGAARD-OESCHGER EVENTS HEINRICH EVENTS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DANSGAARD-OESCHGER EVENTS AND HEINRICH EVENTS PHYSICS INTRODUCTION WATER VAPOR THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION FRESH WATER FLUXES MODE SWITCH TRIGGERS EPILOGUE BIBLIOGRAPHY PROBLEMS APPENDICES ∑CO2 and Alkalinity in the Sea What Drives Glacial Cycles? (Scientific American) The Great Ocean Conveyor (Oceanography)

Note: Contents: Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - Part 1. - 1 Preliminary Description of Error Analysis. - 1.1 Errors as Uncertainties. - 1.2 Inevitability of Uncertainty. - 1.3 Importance of Knowing the Uncertainties. - 1.4 More Examples. - 1.5 Estimating Uncertainties When Reading Scales. - 1.6 Estimating Uncertainties in Repeatable Measurements. - 2. How to Report and Use Uncertainties. - 2.1 Best Estimate ± Uncertainty. - 2.2 Significant Figures. - 2.3 Discrepancy. - 2.4 Comparison of Measured and Accepted Values. - 2.5 Comparison of Two Measured Numbers. - 2.6 Checking Relationships with a Graph. - 2.7 Fractional Uncertainties. - 2.8 Significant Figures and Fractional Uncertainties. - 2.9 Multiplying Two Measured Numbers. - Problems for Chapter 2. - 3. Propagation of Uncertainties. - 3.1 Uncertainties in Direct Measurements. - 3.2 The Square-Root Rule for a Counting Experiment. - 3.3 Sums and Differences; Products and Quotients. - 3.4 Two Important Special Cases. - 3.5 Independent Uncertainties in a Sum. - 3.6 More About Independent Uncertainties. - 3.7 Arbitrary Functions of One Variable. - 3.8 Propagation Step by Step. - 3.9 Examples. - 3.10 A More Complicated Example. - 3.11 General Formula for Error Propagation. - Problems for Chapter 3. - 4. Statistical Analysis of Random Uncertainties. - 4.1 Random and Systematic Errors. - 4.2 The Mean and Standard Deviation. - 4.3 The Standard Deviation as the Uncertainty in a Single Measurement. - 4.4 The Standard Deviation of the Mean. - 4.5 Examples. - 4.6 Systematic Errors. - Problems for Chapter. - 5. The Normal Distribution. - 5.1 Histograms and Distributions. - 5.2 Limiting Distributions. - 5.3 The Normal Distribution. - 5.4 The Standard Deviation as 68% Confidence Limit. - 5.5 Justification of the Mean as Best Estimate. - 5.6 Justification of Addition in Quadrature. - 5.7 Standard Deviation of the Mean. - 5.8 Acceptability of a Measured Answer . - Problems for Chapter 5. - Part II. - 6. Rejection of Data. - 6.1 The Problem of Rejecting Data. - 6.2 Chauvenet's Criterion. - 6.3 Discussion. - Problems for Chapter 6. - 7. Weighted Averages. - 7.1 The Problem of Combining Separate Measurements. - 7.2 The Weighted Average. - 7.3 An Example. - Problems for Chapter 7. - 8. Least-Squares Fitting. - 8.1 Data That Should Fit a Straight Line. - 8.2 Calculation of the Constants A and В. - 8.3 Uncertainty in the Measurements of у. - 8.4 Uncertainty in the Constants A and В. - 8.5 An Example. - 8.6 Least-Squares Fits to Other Curves. - Problems for Chapter 8. - 9. Covariance and Correlation. - 9.1 Review of Error Propagation. - 9.2 Covariance in Error Propagation. - 9.3 Coefficient of Linear Correlation. - 9.4 Quantitative Significance of r. - 9.5 Examples. - Problems for Chapter 9. - 10. The Binomial Distribution. - 10.1 Distributions. - 10.2 Probabilities in Dice Throwing. - 10.3 Definition of the Binomial Distribution. - 10.4 Properties of the Binomial Distribution. - 10.5 The Gauss Distribution for Random Errors. - 10.6 Applications; Testing of Hypotheses. - Problems for Chapter 10. - 11. The Poisson Distribution. - 11.1 Definition of the Poisson Distribution. - 11.2 Properties of the Poisson Distribution. - 11.3 Applications. - 11.4 Subtracting a Background. - Problems for Chapter 11. - 12. The Chi-Squared Test for a Distribution. - 12.1 Introduction to Chi Squared. - 12.2 General Definition of Chi Squared. - 12.3 Degrees of Freedom and Reduced Chi Squared. - 12.4 Probabilities for Chi Squared. - 12.5 Examples. - Problems for Chapter 12. - Appendixes. - Appendix A. Normal Error Integral, I. - Appendix B. Normal Error Integral, II. - Appendix C. Probabilities for Correlation Coefficients. - Appendix D. Probabilities for Chi Squared. - Appendix E. Two Proofs Concerning Sample Standard Deviations. - Bibliography. - Answers to Quick Checks and Odd-Numbered Problems. - Index.

Note: CONTENTS: Preface. - Glossary of some Mongolian words. - Spelling. - 1. A brief history of botanical research in Mongolia. - 2. Introduction to the country. - 2.1 Geographical position and administrative division. - 2.2 Topography. - 2.3 Hydrography. - 2.4 Climate. - 2.5 Vegetation zones of Mongolia. - 3. Methods of vegetation analysis. - 4. The plant communities of Mongolia. - 4.1 Needle-leaved forest. - 4.2 Broad-leaved forest. - 4.3 Shrubbery. - 4.4 Tall-forb vegetation. - 4.5 Steppe. - 4.6 Vegetation of rocky and stony sites. - 4.7 Semi-desert vegetation. - 4.8 Desert vegetation. - 4.9 Alpine vegetation. - 4.10 Aquatic vegetation. - 4.11 Marshland vegetation. - 4.12 Montane seep water and stream vegetation. - 4.13 Isoeto-Nanojuncetea. - 4.14 Bidentetea. - 4.15 Hatophytic vegetation. - 4.16 Meadow and pasture. - 4.17 Arable fields. - 4.18 Ruderal vegetation. - 5. Human impact on plant communities. - 6. Vegetation profiles of some selected geographical areas. - 7. Future research on the vegetation of Mongolia. - 8. References. - 9. Index.

Note: Contents: 1 Global Distribution of Lakes / M. MEYBECK. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Background Material and Approaches to Global Lake Census. - 2.1 Data Used. - 2.2 Approaches to Global Lake Census. - 3 General Laws of Lake Distribution. - 3.1 Lake Density . - 3.2 Limnic Ratio. - 4 Distribution of Lakes of Tectonic Origin. - 5 Lakes of Glacial Origin. - 5.1 Lake Densities. - 5.2 Global Deglaciated Area. - 5.3 Total Number of Glacial Lakes. - 6 Fluvial Lakes. - 7 Global Distribution of Crater Lakes. - 8 Global Distribution of Saline Lakes. - 8.1 Coastal Lagoons. - 8.2 Salinized Lakes due to Evaporation. - 9 Global Lake Distribution. - 9.1 Extrapolation Approach. - 9.2 Lake Type Approach. - 9.3 Climatic Typology Approach. - 9.4 Lake Distribution in Endorheic Areas. - 9.5 Global Dissolved Salt Distribution in Lakes. - 10 Major Changes in Global Lake Distribution in the Geological Past. - 10.1 Lake Ages. - 10.2 Historical Changes. - 10.3 Postglacial Changes. - 11 Discussion and Conclusions. - References. - 2 Hydrological Processes and the Water Budget of Lakes / T. C. WINTER. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Hydrological System with Regard to Lakes. - 2.1 Interaction of Lakes with Atmospheric Water. - 2.2 Interaction of Lakes with Surface Water. - 2.3 Interaction of Lakes with Subsurface Water. - 2.4 Change in Lake Volume. - 3 Summary. - References. - 3 Hydrological and Thermal Response of Lakes to Climate: Description and Modeling / S. W. HOSTETLER. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Hydrological Response. - 3 The Hydrological Budget. - 4 Hydrological Models. - 5 Thermal Response. - 5.1 Energy Budget and Energy Budget Models. - 5.2 Models and Modeling. - 6 Use of Models to Link Lakes with Climate Change. - 7 Input Data Sets. - 8 Sample Applications. - 9 Summary. - References. - 4 Mixing Mechanisms in Lakes / D. M. IMBODEN and A. WÜEST. - 1 Transport and Mixing. - 2 Lakes as Physical Systems. - 3 Fluid Dynamics: Mathematical Description of Advection and Diffusion. - 3.1 Equations of Fluid Motion. - 3.2 Turbulence, Reynolds' Stress, and Eddy Diffusion. - 3.3 Vertical Momentum Equation. - 3.4 Nonlocal Diffusion and Transilient Mixing. - 4 Density and Stability of Water Column. - 4.1 Equation of State of Water. - 4.2 Potential Temperature and Local Vertical Stability. - 5 Energy Fluxes: Driving Forces Behind Transport and Mixing. - 5.1 Thermal Energy. - 5.2 Potential Energy. - 5.3 Kinetic Energy. - 5.4 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Balance in Stratified Water. - 5.5 Internal Turbulent Energy Fluxes: Turbulence Cascade. - 6 Mixing Processes in Lakes. - 6.1 Waves and Mixing. - 6.2 Mixing in the Surface Layer. - 6.3 Diapycnal Mixing. - 6.4 Boundary Mixing. - 6.5 Double Diffusion. - 6.6 Isopycnal Mixing. - 7 Mixing and Its Ecological Relevance. - 7.1 Time Scales of Mixing. - 7.2 Reactive Species and Patchiness. - 7.3 Mixing and Growth: The Search for an Ecological Steering Factor. - References. - 5 Stable Isotopes of Fresh and Saline Lakes / J. R. GAT. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Isotope Separatio During Evaporation. - 2 Small-Area Lakes. - 2.1 Seasonal and Annual Changes. - 2.2 Deep Freshwater Lakes. - 2.3 Transient Surface-Water Bodies. - 3 Interactive and Feedback Systems. - 3.1 Network of Surface-Water Bodies. - 3.2 Recycling of Reevaporated Moisture into the Atmosphere. - 3.3 Large Lakes. - 3.4 Large-Area Lakes with Restricted Circulation. - 4 Saline Lakes. - 4.1 Isotope Hydrology of Large Salt Lakes. - 4.2 Ephemeral Salt Lakes and Sabkhas. - 5 Isotopie Paleolimnology. - 6 Conclusions: From Lakes to Oceans. - References. - 6 Exchange of Chemicals Between the Atmosphere and Lakes / P. VLAHOS, D. MACKAY, S. J. EISENREICH, and KC. HORNBUCKLE. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Air-Water Partitioning Equilibria. - 3 Diffusion Between Water and Air. - 4 Volatilization and Absorption: Double-Resistance Approach. - 5 Factors Affecting Mass-Transfer Coefficients. - 6 Partitioning of Chemical to Paniculate Matter in Air and Water. - 6.1 Air. - 6.2 Water. - 7 Atmospheric Deposition Processes. - 7.1 Dry Deposition. - 7.2 Wet Deposition. - 8 Specimen Calculation. - 8.1 Step 1: Physicochemical Properties. - 8.2 Step 2: Mass-Transfer Coefficients. - 8.3 Step 3: Sorption in Air and Water. - 8.4 Step 4: Equilibrium Status. - 8.5 Step 5: Volatilization and Deposition Rates. - 9 Role of Air-Water Exchange in Lake Mass Balances. - 10 Case Studies. - 10.1 Mass Balance on Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. - 10.2 Mass Balance on Lake Superior. - 10.3 Air-Water Exchange in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. - 10.4 Air-Water Exchange in Lake Superior. - 11 Conclusions. - References. - 7 Atmospheric Depositions: Impact of Acids on Lakes / W. STUMM and J. SCHNOOR. - Abstract. - 1 Introduction: Anthropogenic Generation of Acidity. - 1.1 Genesis of Acid Precipitation. - 2 Acidity and Alkalinity: Neutralizing Capacities. - 2.1 Transfer of Acidity (or Alkalinity) from Pollution Through the Atmosphere to Ecosystems. - 3 Acidification of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems. - 3.1 Disturbance of H+ Balance from Temporal or Spatial Decoupling of the Production and Mineralization of the Biomass. - 3.2 In Situ H+ Ion Neutralization in Lakes. - 3.3 Krug and Frink Revisited. - 4 Brønsted Acids and Lewis Acids: Pollution by Heavy Metals, as Influenced by Acidity. - 4.1 Cycling of Metals. - 4.2 Pb in Soils. - 5 Impact of Acidity on Ecology in Watersheds. - 5.1 Soils. - 5.2 Lakes. - 5.3 Nitrogen Saturation of Forests. - 6 Critical Loads. - 6.1 Critical Load Maps. - 6.2 Models for Critical Load Evaluation. - 7 Case Studies. - 7.1 Chemical Weathering of Crystalline Rocks in the Catchment Area of Acidic Ticino Lakes, Switzerland. - 7.2 Watershed Manipulation Project at Bear Brooks, Maine. - 8 Summary. - References. - 8 Redox-Driven Cycling of Trace Elements in Lakes / J. HAMILTON-TAYLOR and W. DAVISON. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Major Biogeochemical Cycles and Pathways. - 3 Iron and Manganese. - 3.1 Transformations and Cycling. - 3.2 Iron and Manganese Compounds as Carrier Phases. - 4 Sediment-Water Interface. - 4.1 Diffusive Flux from Sediments. - 4.2 Evidence of Little or No Diffusive Efflux from Sediments. - 4.3 Transient Remobilization. - 4.4 Diffusive Flux into Sediments. - 5 Pathways Involving Redox Reactions Directly: Case Studies. - 5.1 Arsenic. - 5.2 Chromium. - 5.3 239,240Pu. - 5.4 Selenium 6 Pathways Involving Redox Reactions Indirectly: Case Studies. - 6.1 137Cs. - 6.2 Stable Pb, 210Pb, and 210Po. - 6.3 Zinc. - 7 Summary and Conclusions. - References. - 9 Comparative Geochemistry of Marine Saline Lakes / F. T. MACKENZIE, S. VINK, R. WOLLAST, and L. CHOU. - 1 Introduction. - 2 General Characteristics of Marine Saline Lakes. - 3 Comparative Sediment-Pore-Water Reactions. - 3.1 Mangrove Lake, Bermuda. - 3.2 Solar Lake, Sinai. - 4 Conclusions. - References. - 10 Organic Matter Accumulation Records in Lake Sediments / P. A. MEYERS and R. ISHIWATARI. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Significance of Organic Matter in Lake Sediments. - 1.2 Origins of Organic Matter to Lake Sediments. - 1.3 Alterations of Organic Matter During Deposition. - 1.4 Similarities and Differences Between Organic Matter in Sediments of Lakes and Oceans. - 1.5 Dating of Lake-Sediment Records. - 2 Indicators of Sources and Alterations of Total Organic Matter in Lake Sediments. - 2.1 Source Information Preserved in C/N Ratios of Sedimentary Organic Matter. - 2.2 Source Information from Carbon-Stable Isotopic Compositions. - 2.3 Source Information from Nitrogen-Stable Isotopic Compositions. - 3 Origin and Alterations of Humic Substances. - 4 Sources and Alterations of Lipid Biomarkers. - 4.1 Alteration of Lipids During Deposition. - 4.2 Changes in Sources vs Selective Diagenesis. - 4.3 Effects of Sediment Grain Size on Geolipid Compositions. - 4.4 Source Records of Alkanes in Lake Sediments. - 4.5 Preserv

Note: Introduction and Overviews --- J.-P. Henriet and J. Mienert: Gas Hydrates: the Gent debates. Outlook on research horizons and strategies / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:1-8, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.01 --- K. A. Kvenvolden: A primer on the geological occurrence of gas hydrate / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:9-30, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.02 --- E. D. Sloan, Jr: Physical/chemical properties of gas hydrates and application to world margin stability and climatic change / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:31-50, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.03 --- Analysis and Modelling of Hydrate Formation --- G. D. Ginsburg: Gas hydrate accumulation in deep-water marine sediments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:51-62, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.04 --- A. W. Rempel and B. A. Buffett: Mathematical models of gas hydrate accumulation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:63-74, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.05 --- R. J. Bakker: Improvements in clathrate modelling II: the H2O-CO2-CH4-N2-C2H6 fluid system / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:75-105, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.06 --- H. Lu and R. Matsumoto: Synthesis of CO2 hydrate in various CH3CO2Na/CH3CO2H pH buffer solutions / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:107-111, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.07 --- Exploration Strategy and Reservoir Evaluation Methodology --- J. S. Booth, W. J. Winters, W. P. Dillon, M. B. Clennell, and M. M. Rowe: Major occurrences and reservoir concepts of marine clathrate hydrates: implications of field evidence / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:113-127, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.08 --- D. Goldberg and S. Saito: Detection of gas hydrates using downhole logs / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:129-132, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.09 --- J. W. Hobro, T. A. Minshull, and S. C. Singh: Tomographic seismic studies of the methane hydrate stability zone in the Cascadia Margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:133-140, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.10 --- U. Tinivella, E. Lodolo, A. Camerlenghi, and G. Boehm: Seismic tomography study of a bottom simulating reflector off the South Shetland Islands (Antarctica) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:141-151, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.11 --- Worldwide Gas Hydrate Occurrences and Regional Case Studies --- C. K. Paull, W. S. Borowski, and N. M. Rodriguez: Marine gas hydrate inventory: preliminary results of ODP Leg 164 and implications for gas venting and slumping associated with the Blake Ridge gas hydrate field / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:153-160, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.12 --- R. Thiéry, R. Bakker, and C. Monnin: Geochemistry of gas hydrates and associated fluids in the sediments of a passive continental margin. Preliminary results of the ODP Leg 164 on the Blake Outer Ridge / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:161-165, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.13 --- G. J. De Lange and H.-J. Brumsack: The occurrence of gas hydrates in Eastern Mediterranean mud dome structures as indicated by pore-water composition / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:167-175, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.14 --- J. M. Woodside, M. K. Ivanov, and A. F. Limonov: Shallow gas and gas hydrates in the Anaximander Mountains region, eastern Mediterranean Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:177-193, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.15 --- M. K. Ivanov, A. F. Limonov, and J. M. Woodside: Extensive deep fluid flux through the sea floor on the Crimean continental margin (Black Sea) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:195-213, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.16 --- S. V. Bouriak and A. M. Akhmetjanov: Origin of gas hydrate accumulations on the continental slope of the Crimea from geophysical studies / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:215-222, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.17 --- D. Long, S. Lammers, and P. Linke: Possible hydrate mounds within large sea-floor craters in the Barents Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:223-237, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.18 --- M. Veerayya, S. M. Karisiddaiah, K. H. Vora, B. G. Wagle, and F. Almeida: Detection of gas-charged sediments and gas hydrate horizons along the western continental margin of India / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:239-253, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.19 --- S. Neben, K. Hinz, and H. Beiersdorf: Reflection characteristics, depth and geographical distribution of bottom simulating reflectors within the accretionary wedge of Sulawesi / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:255-265, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.20 --- G. Delisle, H. Beiersdorf, S. Neben, and D. Steinmann: The geothermal field of the North Sulawesi accretionary wedge and a model on BSR migration in unstable depositional environments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:267-274, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.21 --- Relevance to Margin Stability and Climatic Change --- J. Mienert, J. Posewang, and M. Baumann: Gas hydrates along the northeastern Atlantic margin: possible hydrate-bound margin instabilities and possible release of methane / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:275-291, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.22 --- W. P. Dillon, W. W. Danforth, D. R. Hutchinson, R. M. Drury, M. H. Taylor, and J. S. Booth: Evidence for faulting related to dissociation of gas hydrate and release of methane off the southeastern United States / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:293-302, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.23 --- B. U. Haq: Natural gas hydrates: searching for the long-term climatic and slope-stability records / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:303-318, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.24 --- R. B. Thorpe, J. A. Pyle, and E.G. Nisbet: What does the ice-core record imply concerning the maximum climatic impact of possible gas hydrate release at Termination 1A? / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:319-326, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.25 --- D. Raynaud, J. Chappellaz, and T. Blünier: Ice-core record of atmospheric methane changes: relevance to climatic changes and possible gas hydrate sources / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:327-331, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.26

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements Introduction Chapter One: Causes of sea-level change 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Changes in the quantity of oceanic water 1.3 Deformation of the shape of the oceanic basin 1.4 Variations of water density and dynamic changes affecting the water masses Chapter Two: Evidence of former sea levels 2.1 Rocky shores 2.2 Sedimentary shores 2.3 Archaeological and historical sea-level indicators 2.4 Dating a sea-level indicator 2.5 How sea-level curves are constructed Chapter Three: The ice age Earth 3.1 How the last glaciation developed 3.2 The sea-level positions during the last Ice age 3.3 Low-sea-level land bridges and landscapes 3.4 Last glaciation climate and hydrology 3.5 Last glaciation biomass and CO2 exchanges Chapter Four: Deglacial sea-level changes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Modelling results 4.3 Regional case studies 4.4 A gradually rising or a fluctuating sea level? 4.5 The Younger Dryas sea-level change 4.6 Impacts of past sea-level rise on coastal systems 4.7 Palaeomonsoons Chapter Five: Relative sea-level changes in the late Holocene 5.1 Delta and coral reef development 5.2 Continuance of isostatic emergence / submergence processes 5.3 Seismo-tectonic displacements 5.4 Relative sea-level changes produced by aseismic tectonics 5.5 Transgression-regression sequences and sea-level changes 6 Present-day sea-level trends 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Instrumental measurements . 6.3 Explanation of current estimations of global sea-level rise 6.4 Coastal areas at risk from sea-level rise Conclusions References Author Index Geographical Index Subject Index

Note: Contents Preface Part I Introduction 1 Applications and uses of diatoms: prologue / EUGENE F. STOERMER AND JOHN P. SMOL Part II Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in flowing waters and lakes 2 Assessing environmental conditions in rivers and streams with diatoms / R. JAN STEVENSON AND YANGDONG PAN 3 Diatoms as indicators of hydrologic and climatic change in saline lakes / SHERILYN C. FRITZ, BRIAN F. CUMMING, FRANQOISE GASSE, AND KATHLEEN R. LAIRD 4 Diatoms as mediators of biogeochemical silica depletion in the Laurentian Great Lakes / CLAIRE L. SCHELSKE 5 Diatoms as indicators of surface water acidity / RICHARD W. BATTARBEE, DONALD F. CHARLES, SUSHIL S. DIXIT, AND INGEMAR RENBERG 6 Diatoms as indicators of lake eutrophication / ROLAND I. HALL AND JOHN P. SMOL 7 Continental diatoms as indicators of long-term environmental change / J. PLATT BRADBURY 8 Diatoms as indicators of water level change in freshwater lakes / JULIE A. WOLIN AND HAMISH C. DUTHIE Part III Diatoms as indicators in extreme environments 9 Diatoms as indicators of environmental change near arctic and alpine treeline / ANDRE F. LOTTER, REINHARD PIENITZ, AND ROLAND SCHMIDT 10 Freshwater diatoms as indicators of environmental change in the High Arctic / MARIANNE S. V. DOUGLAS AND JOHN P. SMOL 11 Diatoms as indicators of enviromental change in antarctic freshwaters / SARAH A. SPAULDING AND DIANE M. MCKNIGHT 12 Diatoms of aerial habitats / JEFFREY R. JOHANSEN Part IV Diatoms as indicators in marine and estuarine environments 13 Diatoms as indicators of coastal paleoenvironments and relative sea-level change / LUC DENYS AND HEIN DE WOLF 14 Diatoms and environmental change in brackish waters / PAULI SNOEIJS 15 Applied diatom studies in estuaries and shallow coastal environments / MICHAEL J. SULLIVAN 16 Estuarine paleoenyironmental reconstructions using diatoms / SHERRI R. COOPER 17 Diatoms and marine paleoceanography / CONSTANCE SANCETTA PartV Other applications 18 Diatoms and archeology / STEVEN JUGGINS AND NIGEL CAMERON 19 Diatoms in oil and gas exploration / WILLIAM N. KREBS 20 Forensic science and diatoms / ANTHONY J. PEABODY 21 Toxic and harmful marine diatoms / GRETA A. FRYXELL AND MARIA C. VILLAC 22 Diatoms as markers of atmospheric transport / MARGARET A. HARPER 23 Diatomite / DAVID M. HARWOOD Part VI Conclusions 24 Epilogue: a view to the future / EUGENE F. STOERMER AND JOHN P. SMOL Glossary, and acronyms Index

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements Part 1: Introduction 1 Sedimentology in the earth sciences 1.1 Introduction: sedimentology and earth cycling 1.2 Erosional drainage basins and depositional sedimentary basins 1.3 Global sediment discharge and earth recycling: the rock cycle 1.4 Comparative interplanetary sedimentology 1.5 Practical sedimentology 1.6 A brief history of sedimentology Part 2: Origin and Types of Sediment Grains 2 Water-rock interactions: chemical and physical breakdown of catchment bedrock to soil and elastic sediment grains 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Natural waters as proton donors: pH, acid hydrolysis and limestone weathering 2.3 Metallic ions, electron transfer and Eh-pH diagrams 2.4 Behaviour of silicate minerals during chemical weathering: breakdown products and newly formed minerals 2.5 Acid rain and whole-catchment studies of chemical weathering 2.6 The rates and mechanisms of chemical weathering 2.7 A simple index of chemical alteration (CIA) 2.8 Vegetation, chemical weathering and the Precambrian controversy 2.9 Physical weathering 2.10 Soils as valves and filters for the natural landscape 3 The inorganic and organic precipitation of sediment: chemical, biochemical and biological 3.1 Marine and freshwater chemical composition: chemical fluxes to and from the oceans 3.2 The carbonate system in the oceans 3.3 Advances in understanding carbonate reaction kinetics and their significance 3.4 Pre-Recent and future CaCO3 reactions 3.5 Ooids 3.6 Carbonate grains from plants and animals 3.7 Carbonate muds, oozes and chalks 3.8 Other carbonate grains of biological origins 3.9 Organic productivity, sea-level and atmospheric controls of biogenic CaCO3 deposition rates 3.10 CaCO3 dissolution in the deep ocean and the oceanic CaCO3 compensation mechanism 3.11 Evaporite salts and their inorganic precipitation 3.12 Silica and pelagic plankton 3.13 Iron minerals and biomineralizers 3.14 Phosphates Part 3: User's Guide to Sedimentological Fluid Dynamics 4 Back to basics: fluid flow in general 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Material properties of fluids 4.3 Plastic behaviour 4.4 Dimensionless numbers 4.5 Reference frames for flows 4.6 The concepts of flow steadiness and uniformity 4. 7 Visualization of flow patterns 4.8 Ideal (potential) flow 4.9 Dynamics of fluid motion 4.10 Strategies for coping with the dynamic equations 5 Flow in the real world: laminar and turbulent behaviour 5.1 Osborne Reynolds and types of flow 5.2 The distribution of velocity in viscous flows: the boundary layer 5.3 Turbulent flow 5.4 The distribution of velocity in turbulent flows 5.5 Shear velocity, bed roughness, bed shear stress and flow power 5.6 The periodic coherent structures of turbulent shear flows 5.7 Shear flow instabilities, flow separation and secondary currents 6 Sediment grains in fluids: settling, transport and feedback 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Fall of grains through stationary fluids 6.3 Natural flows carrying particulate material are complex 6.4 Fluids as transporting machines 6.5 Initiation of particle motion 6.6 Initiation of motion by air flow 6.7 Paths of grain motion 6.8 Solid transmitted stresses 6.9 A dynamic sediment suspension theory 6.10 A warning: nonequilibrium effects may dominate natural sediment transport systems 6.11 Steady state, deposition or erosion: the sediment continuity equation Part 4: Sediment Transport and Sedimentary Structures 7 Bedforms and structures formed by unidirectional water flows over granular sediment 7.1 The 'trinity' of flow, transport and bedform 7.2 Current ripples 7.3 Lower-stage plane beds and cluster bedforms 7.4 Dunoids (bars, 2D dunes) 7.5 Dunes 7.6 Upper-stage plane beds 7.7 Antidunes, transverse ribs, chutes and pools, and related forms 7.8 Bedforms and sediment transport in poorly sorted sediment 7.9 Bedform phase diagrams 7.10 Bedform 'lag' effects 7.11 Bedform theory 7.12 Measurement of palaeocurrents and problems arising from trough-shaped sets of cross- stratification 8 Bedforms and structures formed by atmospheric flows 8.1 Introduction: some contrasts between air and water flows 8.2 Aeolian bedforms in general 8.3 Ballistic ripples and ridges 8.4 Dunes in general 8.5 Flow-transverse dunes 8.6 Flow-parallel dunes 8.7 Complex flow dunes 8.8 Vegetated parabolic dunes 9 Oscillatory water waves, combined flows and tides: their bedforms and structures 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Simple wave theory 9.3 Near-bed flow and bedforms 9.4 Combined flows, wave-current ripples and hummocky cross-stratification 9.5 Tidal flows 10 Bedforms and cohesive sediment transport and erosion 10.1 The 'special' case of clays and cohesive beds 10.2 Flow erosion of cohesive beds 10.3 Erosion by 'tools' 11 Sediment gravity flows and their deposits 11.1 Introduction and static grain aggregates 11.2 Static friction and stability of granular masses 11.3 Grain flow avalanches: from cross-bedding to megabreccias 11.4 Debris flows 11.5 Turbidity flows 12 Liquefaction, liquefaction structures and other 'soft' sediment deformation structures 12.1 Liquefaction 12.2 Sedimentary structures formed by and during liquefaction 12.3 Submarine landslides, growth faults and slumps 12.4 Desiccation and synaeresis shrinkage structures Part 5: External Controls on Sediment Derivation, Transport and Deposition 13 Climate and sedimentary processes 13.1 Introduction: climate as a fundamental variable in sedimentology 13.2 Solar radiation: ultimate fuel for the climate machine 13.3 Earth's reradiation and the 'greenhouse' concept 13.4 Radiation balance, heat transfer and simple climatic models 13.5 Climate and the water cycle, 13.6 General atmospheric circulations 13.7 Global climates: a summary 13.8 Climate, mountains and plateaux 13.9 Climate change 13.10 Sedimentological evidence for palaeoclimate 14 Changing sea level and sedimentary sequences 14.1 Introduction: sea level as datum 14.2 Sea-level changes 14.3 Rates and magnitude of sea-level change 14.4 Origins of global sea-level change: slow vs. fast eustasy 14.5 Sequence stratigraphy: layers, cheesewires and bandwagons 15 Tectonics, denudation rates and sediment yields 15.1 Basic geodynamics of uplift 15.2 Elevation and gradients 15.3 Catchment processes 15.4 Erosion and denudation 15.5 Large-scale studies of denudation rates 15.6 Basinal studies of denudation and sediment flux: the inverse approach 15.7 Sediment supply, vegetation and climate change: implications for basin stratigraphy 15.8 Marine strontium isotope ratio and continental erosion rates Part 6: Sediment Deposition, Environments and Facies in Continental Environments 16 Aeolian sediments in low-latitude deserts 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Physical processes and erg formation 16.3 Modern desert bedform associations and facies 16.4 Aeolian architecture 16.5 Climate change, erg abandonment and desert-lake-river sedimentary cycles 16.6 Ancient desert facies 17 Rivers 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Channel magnitude and gradient 17.3 Channel form 17.4 Channel sediment transport processes, bedforms and internal structures 17.5 The floodplain 17.6 Channel belts, alluvial ridges, combing and avulsion 17.7 River channel changes, adjustable variables and equilibrium 17.8 The many causes of channel incision-aggradation cycles 17.9 Fluvial architecture: scale, controls and time 17.10 Fluvial deposits in the geological record 18 Alluvial fans and fan deltas 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Controls on the size (area) of fans 18.3 Physical processes on alluvial fans 18.4 Debris-flow-dominated alluvial fans 18.5 Stream-flow-dominated alluvial fans 18.6 Recognition of ancient alluvial fans 18.7 Fan deltas 19 Lakes 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Lake stratification 19.3 Clastic input by rivers and the effect of turbidity currents 19.4 Wind-forced physical processes 19.5 Chemical processes and cycles 19.6 Biological processes and cycles 19.7 Modern temperate lakes and their continental sedimentary facies 19.8 Lakes in the East African rifts 19.9 Lake Baikal 19.10 Shallow saline lakes 19.11 The succes

Note: Contents: Preface. - Notation. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Background. - 1.2 What is an inverse problem?. - 1.3 What's here. - 2 Physics of the ocean circulation. - 2.1 Basic physical elements. - 2.2 Observations. - 2.3 The classical problem. - 2.4 Hidaka's problem and the algebraic formulation. - 2.5 The absolute velocity problem in retrospect. - 3 Basic machinery. - 3.1 Matrix and vector algebra. - 3.2 Simple statistics; regression. - 3.3 Least squares. - 3.4 The singular vector expansion. - 3.5 Using a steady model-combined least squares and adjoints. - 3.6 Gauss-Markov estimation, mapmaking, and more simultaneous equations. - 3.7 Improving solutions recursively. - 3.8 Estimation from linear constraints - a summary. - 4 The steady ocean circulation inverse problem. - 4.1 Choosing a model. - 4.2 The initial reference level. - 4.3 Simple examples. - 4.4 Property fluxes. - 4.5 Application to real data sets. - 4.6 Climatologies and box models. - 4.7 The β-spiral and variant methods. - 5 Additional useful methods. - 5.1 Inequality constraints; nonnegative least squares. - 5.2 Linear programming and eclectic models. - 5.3 Quantifying water mass; empirical orthogonal functions. - 5.4 Kriging and other variants of Gauss-Markov estimation. - 5.5 Nonlinear problems. - 6 The time-dependent inverse problem. - 6.1 Some basic ideas and notation. - 6.2 Estimation. - 6.3 Control problems: Pontryagin principle and adjoint methods. - 6.4 Duality and simplification: steady-state filter and adjoint. - 6.5 Controllability and observability. - 6.6 Nonlinear models. - 6.7 Assimilation. - 6.8 Other minimization methods and the search for practicality. - 6.9 Forward models. - 6.10 A last word. - References. - Author Index. - Subject Index.

Note: Contents: Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - 1. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. - History. - The Discovery of X-Rays. - The Discovery of X-Ray Diffraction. - History of Clay Mineralogy. - The Importance of Clay Mineralogy. - Box 1.1 Clay Minerals as Catalysts. - The Literature of Clay Mineralogy. - Summary. - References. - 2. NATURE AND PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS. - Box 2.1 Other Methods. - Safety and Protection. - Box 2.2 Defining a Dose of Radiation. - The Nature or X-Rays. - Continuous or White Radiation. - Characteristic Radiation. - General Absorption of X-Rays. - Characteristic Absorption. - Equipment for Producing and Recording X-Rays. - Stabilizing the Voltage. - Generating X-Rays. - The Diffractometer. - Step-Scanning with Automated Diffractometers. - The Single-Crystal Monochromator. - The Detector. - Signal Processing Circuitry. - The Strip-Chart Recorder. - An Example of a Checklist for Operating XRD Equipment. - Summary. - References. - 3. X-RAY DIFFRACTION. - Scattering. - Interference. - Scattering from a Row of Atoms. - Scattering from a Three-Dimensional Array of Atoms. - Bragg's Law. - Box 3.1 Diffraction and Reflection. - The Arithmetic of Scattering. - The Summation of Scattering Amplitudes. - The Structure Factor F. - Information from Intensity. - The Reciprocal Lattice. - Real versus Idealized Peaks on XRD Tracings. - The Interference Function F: Diffraction from a Crystal. - Whose Unit Cell Has a Unitary Scattering Factor. - The Lorentz-Polarization Factors. - Putting It All Together—Building an 001 Diffraction Pattern. - Exercise: Calculation of the Intensity from d(001) for Illite. - Points to Remember. - References. - 4. STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES: GENERAL TREATMENT. - General Structural Features. - Tetrahedral Sheets. - Octahedral Sheets. - Dioctahedral and Trioctahedral. - Joining the Sheets. - Stacking the Layers. - Properties. - Total Charge, Layer or Permanent Charge, and Variable Charge. - Electric Double Layer. - Exchangeable Ions or Cation-Exchange Capacity. - Interaction of Water with Clay Mineral Surfaces. - Interaction with Organic Compounds. - Classification. - Box 4.1 Nomenclature. - References. - 5. STRUCTURE, NOMENCLATURE, AND OCCURRENCES OF CLAY MINERALS. - The Individual Clay Minerals. - The 1:1 Layer Type. - Serpentine minerals. - Berthierine. - Odinite. - Kaolin minerals. - Box 5.1 Uses of Kaolinite. - Allophane and imogolite. - The 2:1 Layer Type, x = 0. - The 2:1 Layer Type, x ~ 1. - The trioctahedral subgroup. - The dioctahedral subgroup. - The 2:1 Layer Types with x 〈 1. - Illite. - Glauconite. - Smectite. - Box 5.2 Alteration of Ash-Fall Layers. - Vermiculite. - Chlorite. - Mixed-Layered Clay Minerals. - Mixed-layering, interlayering, and interstratification. - Illite/smectite (I/S). - Box 5.3 Reichweite or Ordering. - Models for smectite-to-illite transition. - MacEwan crystallite model. - Fundamental particle model. - Two-solid-solution model. - Chlorite/smectite (C/S). - Serpentine/chlorite. - Kaolinite/expandables (K/E). - Sepiolite and Palygorskite. - The Origin of Clay Minerals. - Summary. - Exercise: Calculating Structural Formulas. - Exercise: Making Structural Models of Layer Silicates. - References. - 6. SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR CLAY MINERALS. - Evaluating the Sample. - Disaggregating the Rock. - Separating Clay Minerals from Clastic Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Carbonate Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Sulfate Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Unconsolidated Materials. - Box 6.1 Glacial Deposits, North American Interior. - Chemical Pretreatments. - Removal of Iron Oxides. - Removal of Organic Materials. - Saturating the Clay Minerals with Different Cations. - Particle-Size Separation. - Preparing the Oriented Clay Mineral Aggregates. - The Glass Slide Method. - The Smear Mount Method. - The Millipore® Filter Transfer Method. - The Centrifuged Porous Plate Method. - Dealing with Curlers or Peelers. - Making the Random Powder Mount. - Everyday random powder packs. - Freeze-dried random powder packs. - Ethylene Glycol Solvation. - Final Note. - References. - IDENTIFICATION OF CLAY MINERALS AND ASSOCIATED MINERALS. - Clay Mineral Identification—General Principles. - Illite and Glauconite. - Chlorite and Kaolinite. - Vermiculite. - Smectite. - Sepiolite, Palygorskite, and Halloysite. - 060 Reflections. - The Use of hkl Reflections for the Determination of Polytypes. - Chlorite Polytypes. - The Kaolin Polytypes. - The Micas, Illite, and Glauconite. - Nonclay Minerals. - Silica Minerals. - Feldspar. - Zeolites. - Carbonates. - Apatite, Pyrite, and Jarosite. - Gypsum, Anhydrite, Celestite, and Barite. - Lepidocrocite, Goethite, Gibbsite, and Anatase. - Summary. - References. - 8. IDENTIFICATION OF MIXED-LAYERED CLAY MINERALS. - Méring's Principles and Mixed-Layered Nomenclature. - The Q Rule, a Broadening Descriptor. - Mixed-Layered Clay Minerals. - Illite/Smectite. - Chlorite/Smectite and Chlorite/Vermiculite. - Kaolinite/Smectite. - Serpentine/Chlorite. - Mica/Vermiculite. - Summary. - References. - 9. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS. - Required Sample Characteristics. - Sample Length. - Sample Thickness. - Sample Position. - Homogeneity of the Sample. - Equations for Quantitative Analysis. - Basic Quantitative Diffraction Equation. - Derivation of a Working Form of the Equation for Analysis. - The Method of the Orienting Internal Standard. - Mineral Reference Intensities. - General Comments. - Calculated Mineral Reference Intensities. - Practical Examples of the Application of Reference. - Intensities. - Measurement of Peak Intensity. - Comments and Summary. - References. - 10. DISORDER IN SMECTITE, ILLITE/SMECTITE, AND ILLITE. - Small Crystals in Reciprocal Space. - Turbostratic Disorder. - Theory. - Smectite. - Illite/Smectite. - Rotational Disorder in Illite and Illite/Smectite. - Cis-Vacant Elite and Interstratified Cis- and Trans-Vacant. - Illite/Smectite. - Conclusions. - References. - APPENDIX: MODELING ONE-DIMENSIONAL X-RAY PATTERNS. - The Input Variables. - Simulating the Instrument. - Describing the Clay Mineral. - Theory. - Structures of the Component Layers. - Advanced Techniques. - Pure Minerals. - Compositional Superstructures. - Layer Types Not Specifically Included. - Atom Types Not Incorporated in the Model. - Defect Broadening. - References. - INDEX.

Note: Contents: Preface. - List of Symbols. - 1 Groundwater flow. - 1.1 Darcy's law. - 1.1.1 The limits of Darcy's law. - 1.1.2 Driving forces for groundwater flow. - 1.2 Crustal permeability. - 1.2.1 Permeability versus porosity. - 1.2.2 Heterogeneity and anisotropy. - 1.2.3 Scale dependence. - 1.2.4 Depth dependence. - 1.2.5 Time dependence. - 1.2.6 Some limiting values. - 1.3 Conceptualizing groundwater systems. - 1.4 The continuum approach. - 1.5 The groundwater flow equation. - 1.5.1 Conservation of mass. - 1.5.2 The storage term. - 1.5.3 Various forms of the groundwater flow equation Problems. - 2 Solute transport. - 2.1 Governing equations. - 2.1.1 Molecular diffusion. - 2.1.2 Advection. - 2.1.3 Mechanical dispersion. - 2.1.4 Mass balance equation. - 2.1.5 Chemical reactions. - 2.1.6 Initial and boundary conditions. - 2.2 Numerical solution techniques. - 2.3 Density-driven flow. - 2.4 Multicomponent diffusion. - 2.5 Multicomponent reactive transport. - 2.5.1 Rate-based reactions. - 2.5.2 Surface reactions. - 2.5.3 Homogeneous reactions. - 2.5.4 Heterogeneous reactions. - 2.5.5 Solution algorithms Problems. - 3 Heat transport. - 3.1 Governing equations. - 3.1.1 Choice of dependent variables. - 3.1.2 Statements of mass and energy conservation. - 3.1.3 A form of Darcy's law for two-phase flow of compressible fluids. - 3.1.4 Conductive heat flux. - 3.1.5 One-dimensional forms of the governing equations. - 3.1.6 Extending the governing equations to three dimensions. - 3.1.7 Assumptions. - 3.1.8 Fluid properties. - 3.1.9 Numerical solution. - 3.2 Initial and boundary conditions. - 3.3 Temperature-based formulations. - 3.4 One-dimensional groundwater flow. - 3.4.1 Steady vertical flow. - 3.4.2 Flow in a confined aquifer or fault zone. - 3.5 Dimensionless numbers. - 3.5.1 Nusselt number. - 3.5.2 Peclet number. - 3.5.3 Rayleigh number. - 3.6 Buoyancy-driven flow. - 3.7 Heatpipes Problems. - 4Regional-scale flow and transport. - 4.1Sources and sinks of fluid. - 4.1.1 Geologic forcing. - 4.1.2 Anomalous fluid pressures. - 4.1.3 Hydraulic fracturing. - 4.1.4 The Gulf Coast. - 4.1.5 Accretionary prisms. - 4.2 Regional-scale solute transport. - 4.2.1 Groundwater age. - 4.2.2 Large-scale dispersion. - 4.2.3 Evolution of regional groundwater chemistry. - 4.3 Regional-scale heat transfer. - 4.3.1 The conductive regime in sedimentary basins. - 4.3.2 Thermal effects of groundwater flow in sedimentary basins. - 4.3.3 Some case studies of sedimentary basins. - 4.3.4 An example from volcanic terrane. - 4.3.5 The stress-heat flow paradox of the San Andreas fault Problems. - 5 Ore deposits. - 5.1Mississippi Valley-type deposits. - 5.1.1 Evidence for regional-scale brine migration. - 5.1.2 The salt problem. - 5.1.3 Controls on ore deposition. - 5.1.4 Driving forces for fluid flow. - 5.1.5 The Irish MVTs. - 5.2 Sediment-hosted uranium. - 5.2.1 Redox control of uranium solubility. - 5.2.2 Tabular uranium deposits. - 5.2.3 Unconformity-type uranium deposits. - 5.3 Supergene enrichment of porphyry copper. - 5.4 Colombian emeralds. - Problems. - 6 Hydrocarbons. - 6.1 Maturation. - 6.1.1 The oil window. - 6.1.2 Groundwater flow and the thermal regime. - 6.2 Migration. - 6.2.1 Capillary effects. - 6.2.2 Primary migration. - 6.2.3 Secondary migration. - 6.3 Entrapment. - 6.4 Governing equations for immiscible multiphase flow. - 6.5 Case studies. - 6.5.1 The Uinta basin. - 6.5.2 The Los Angeles basin. - Problems. - 7 Geothermal processes. - 7.1 Crustal heat flow. - 7.1.1 Measurement. - 7.1.2 Lateral and vertical variations. - 7.1.3 Perturbations due to groundwater flow. - 7.2 Magmatic-hydrothermal systems. - 7.2.1 Magmatic heat sources. - 7.2.2 Heat transfer from magma to groundwater. - 7.2.3 Fluid circulation near magma bodies. - 7.2.4 Permeabilities in near-magma environments. - 7.3 Fluid flow and heat transport near the critical point. - 7.3.1 One-dimensional pressure-enthalpy paths. - 7.3.2 Two-dimensional convection. - 7.4 Multiphase processes. - 7.4.1 Phase separation. - 7.4.2 Vapor-dominated zones. - 7.4.3 Pressure transmission. - 7.4.4 Boiling point-depth curves. - 7.5 Hotsprings. - 7.6 Geysers. - 7.7 Geothermal resources. - 7.8 Ore deposits. - 7.9 Subsea hydrothermal systems. - 7.9.1 Importance to the Earth's thermal budget. - 7.9.2 Influence on ocean chemistry. - 7.9.3 Quantitative description. - Problems. - 8 Earthquakes. - 8.1 Effective stress. - 8.2 Coulomb's law of failure. - 8.3 Induced seismicity. - 8.3.1 The Rocky Mountain arsenal. - 8.3.2 Rangely,Colorado. - 8.4 Fluid pressures at seismogenic depths. - 8.4.1 Hubbert and Rubey. - 8.4.2 Irwin and Barnes model for the San Andreas. - 8.4.3 Byerlee and Rice models for the San Andreas. - 8.5 Earthquake-induced hydrologic phenomena. - 8.5.1 Stream flow and springs. - 8.5.2 Well behavior. - 8.5.3 Geysering. - 8.6 Effect of earthquakes on crustal permeability. - 8.6.1 Analysis of the Loma Prietacase. - 8.6.2 State-of-stress and the orientation of conductive fractures. - Problems. - 9 Evaporites. - 9.1 Evaporite formation. - 9.1.1 The marine evaporite problem. - 9.1.2 Groundwater inflow. - 9.1.3 CaCl2 brines. - 9.1.4 Magnesium depletion. - 9.1.5 Continental evaporites. - 9.1.6 Groundwater outflow. - 9.2 Bedded evaporites. - 9.3 Saltdomes. - 9.3.1 Variable-density convection. - 9.3.2 Caprock formation. - Problems. - 10 Diagenesis and metamorphism. - 10.1 Reaction-Flow coupling. - 10.2 Diagenesis of siliciclastic sequences. - 10.2.1 Diagenesis in sedimentary basins. - 10.2.2 Silica cementation by thermal convection. - 10.3 Diagenesis of carbonate platforms. - 10.3.1 Dolomitization. - 10.3.2 Mixing-zone dissolution. - 10.4Local-scale diagenetic features. - 10.4.1 Mechanochemical coupling. - 10.4.2 Geochemical banding. - 10.5 Metamorphism. - 10.5.1 The evidence for voluminous fluid fluxes. - 10.5.2 The nature of permeability in metamorphic environments. - 10.5.3 Contact metamorphism at Skaergaard. - 10.5.4 Low-pressure metamorphic belts. - Problems. - References. - Index.

Note: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1996. - C130 schedule. - NGRIP 1996 Schedule. - Overview of 1996 schedule. - Camp Layout. - Buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1996 Sub programs. - CARDS Radar test. - KMS Elevation measurements. - SITREP. - Terms of Reference during the field operation. - Accidents and Illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1996. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NGRIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and Surrounding Area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Other useful information for Thule passengers. - Uplift 1996. - Typical specs for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan. - Summary of frequencies used in Greenland. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Map of GRIP camp. - NGRIP, Maps of one and two line set up. - NGRIP trenches. - Map of Greenland. - Map of north Greenland. - Map of ice divide north of GRIP. - Map of magnetic declination in Greenland. - Positions in Greenland. - Relevant distances and directions. - 1996 Twin Otter hours. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: Contents Introduction Acknowledgements Classification of British diatoms New combinations References Description of plates Index to the genera and plates

Note: Table of Contents Chapter 1 Analysis / John S. Robertson, Karen Bolinger, Lawrence M. Glasser, Neil J.A. Sloane, and Rob Gross Chapter 2 Algebra / Brad Wilson, John Michaels, Patrick J. Driscoll, and Rob Gross Chapter 3 Discrete Mathematics / George K. Tzanetopoulos, Jeff Goldberg, Joseph J. Rushanan, and Mel Hausner Chapter 4 Geometry / Ray McLenaghan and Silvio Levy Chapter 5 Continuous Mathematics / Catherine Roberts and Ray McLenaghan Chapter 6 Special Functions / Ahmed I. Zayed, Nicco M. Temme, and Paul Jameson Chapter 7 Probability and Statistics / William C. Rinaman, Christopher Heil, Michael T. Strauss, Michael Mascagni, and Mike Sousa Chapter 8 Scientific Computing / Gary Stanek Chapter 9 Financial Analysis / Daniel Zwillinger Chapter 10 Miscellaneous / Michael T. Strauss, Rob Gross, and Victor J. Katz List of Notations Index

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Uppsala, 1997 , Contents Frozen soil hydrology Review and practical relevance The complex frozen soil environment Objectives Heat exchange above and within frozen soils Heat exchange at the snow surface Heat transfer through the snow pack Soil freezing characteristic curve Frost-induced solute redistribution Water infiltration and redistribution in frozen soil Experimental work Modelling Model versus measurements Conclusions Ongoing and future work Improved description of the processes at the pore scale Improved description of the snow pack Link to larger-scale models References Acknowledgments , Englisch

Note: Masterarbeit, University of Waterloo, 1995 , TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE AUTHOR'S DECLARATION BORROWER'S PAGE ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS DEDICATION LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF PLATES CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 PURPOSE 1.3 OBJECTIVES CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 THERMAL REGIME 2.3 INHERENT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 2.4 HYDROLOGICAL REGIME 2.5 INTEGRATED STUDIES 2.6 SUMMARY CHAPTER 3 STUDY SITE LOCATION 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 REGIONAL CLIMATE 3.3 GEOLOGY 3.4 VEGETATION 3.5 COLOUR LAKE BASIN CHAPTER4 INHERENT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACTIVE LAYER 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 METHODS 4.3 RESULTS 4.4 DISCUSSION 4.4.1 SS, EIF and GC Transects 4.4.2 Permafrost Transects 4.5 SUMMARY CHAPTER 5 THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACTIVE LAYER 5.1 lNTRODUCTION 5.2 THEORY 5.2.1 Energy Balance 5.2.2 Active Layer Development 5.3 METHODS 5.3.1 Energy Balance 5.3.2 Ground Thermal Regime 5.3.3 Predicting of Active Layer Depths 5.4 RESULTS 5.4.1 Energy Balance 5.4.2 Ground Thermal Regime 5.4.3 Predicting Active Layer Depths 5.5 DISCUSSION 5.S.1 Energy Balance 5.5.2 Ground Temperatures and Ground Heat Flux 5.5.3 Predicting Active Layer Depths 5.6 SUMMARY CHAPTER 6 HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACTIVE LAYER 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 THEORY 6.2.1 Moisture Distribution 6.2.2 Maximum Storage within the Active Layer 6.3 METHODS 6.3.1 Moisture Profiles Using TDR 6.3.2 Precipitation and Evaporation 6.3.3 Changes in Water Storage in the Active Layer 6.3.4 Maximum Water Storage in the Active Layer 6.4 RESULTS 6.4.1 Moisture Distribution 6.4.1.1 Water Content Peaks 6.4.1.2 Apparent Unfrozen Water Content 6.4.1.3 Temporal Trends of a Typical Moisture Profile 6.4.1.4 Deviations from a Typical Site 6.4.1.5 Moisture Distribution Along a Hillslope 6.4.2 Precipitation Infiltration 6.4.3. Water Storage 6.5 DISCUSSION 6.5.1 Effect of Hydrology on Active Layer Development 6.5.1.1 Precipitation 6.5.1.2 Ice and Water Content 6.5.1.3 Seasonal Changes in Soil Moisture Distribution 6.5.2 Effect of Active Layer on Hydrology 6.5.2. 1 Impermeable Boundary 6.5.2.2 Subsurface Ponding 6.5.2.3 Permafrost/Active Layer Boundary Topography 6.5.2.4 Effect of Active Layer Hydrology on Surface Water 6.6 SUMMARY CHAPTER 7 CLIMATE CHANGE AND ACTIVE LAYER DEVELOPMENT 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.2 SUMMARY 7.3 CLIMATE CHANGE 7.3.1 Introduction 7.3.2 Increase of Temperature 7.3.3 Changing Precipitation 7.4 REMOTE SENSING 7.5 RECOMMENDATION FOR FuRTHER RESEARCH APPENDIX A PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS APPENDIX A.1: ACTIVE LAYER DEPTHS APPENDIX B THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS APPENDIX B.1: BASE CAMP METEOROLOGICAL STATION OBSERVATIONS APPENDIX B.2: DAILY ENERGY-BALANCE SUMMARY APPENDIX B.3: MONTHLY AVERAGES FROM THE DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE METEOROLOGICAL STATION APPENDIX B.4: EXAMPLE OF DIURNAL FLUCTUATIONS IN TEMPERATURE AND ENERGY BALANCE COMPONENTS APPENDIX B.5: SOIL TEMPERATURES AT THE INTENSIVE STUDY SITES APPENDIX B.6: ACCUMULATED THAWING DEGREE DAYS APPENDIX B.7: CURVE FOR FENWALL THERMISTORS APPENDIX B.8: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN √ADDT AND √TT APPENDIX C HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS APPENDIX C.1: VOLUMETRIC WATER CONTENT VALUES APPENDIX C.2: POTENTIAL INFILTRATION REFERENCES , Englisch

Note: Contents Foreword Preface Contributors I Introduction 1 The Development of Climate Research / by ANTONIO NAVARRA 1.1 The Nature of Climate Studies 1.1.1 The Big Storm Controversy 1.1.2 The Great Planetary Oscillations 1.2 The Components of Climate Research 1.2.1 Dynamical Theory 1.2.2 Numerical Experimentation 1.2.3 Statistical Analysis 2 Misuses of Statistical Analysis in Climate Research / by HANS VON STORCH 2.1 Prologue 2.2 Mandatory Testing and the Mexican Hat 2.3 Neglecting Serial Correlation 2.4 Misleading Names: The Case of the Decorrelation Time 2.5 Use of Advanced Techniques 2.6 Epilogue II Analyzing The Observed Climate 3 Climate Spectra and Stochastic Climate Models / by CLAUDE FRANKIGNOUL 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Spectral Characteristics of Atmospheric Variables 3.3 Stochastic Climate Model 3.4 Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies 3.5 Variability of Other Surface Variables 3.6 Variability in the Ocean Interior 3.7 Long Term Climate Changes 4 The Instrumental Data Record: Its Accuracy and Use in Attempts to Identify the "CO2 Signal" / by PHIL JONES 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Homogeneity 4.2.1 Changes in Instrumentation, Exposure and Measuring Techniques 4.2.2 Changes in Station Locations 4.2.3 Changes in Observation Time and the Methods Used to Calculate Monthly Averages 4.2.4 Changes in the Station Environment 4.2.5 Precipitation and Pressure Homogeneity 4.2.6 Data Homogenization Techniques 4.3 Surface Climate Analysis 4.3.1 Temperature 4.3.2 Precipitation 4.3.3 Pressure 4.4 The Greenhouse Detection Problem 4.4.1 Definition of Detection Vector and Data Used 4.4.2 Spatial Correlation Methods 4.5 Conclusions 5 Interpreting High-Resolution Proxy Climate Data - The Example of Dendr о climatology / by KEITH R. BRIFFA 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Background 5.3 Site Selection and Dating 5.4 Chronology Confidence 5.4.1 Chronology Signal 5.4.2 Expressed Population Signal 5.4.3 Subsample Signal Strength 5.4.4 Wider Relevance of Chronology Signal 5.5 "Standardization" and Its Implications for Judging Theoretical Signal 5.5.1 Theoretical Chronology Signal 5.5.2 Standardization of "Raw" Data Measurements 5.5.3 General Relevance of the "Standardization" Problem 5.6 Quantifying Climate Signals in Chronologies 5.6.1 Calibration of Theoretical Signal 5.6.2 Verification of Calibrated Relationships 5.7 Discussion 5.8 Conclusions 6 Analysing the Boreal Summer Relationship Between World wide Sea-Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Variability / by M. NEIL WARD 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Physical Basis for Sea-Surface Temperature Forcing of the Atmosphere 6.2.1 Tropics 6.2.2 Extratropics 6.3 Characteristic Patterns of Global Sea Surface Temperature: EOFs and Rotated EOFs 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 SST Data 6.3.3 EOF method 6.3.4 EOFs p^→1 - p^→3 6.3.5 Rotation of EOFs 6.4 Characteristic Features in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with the SST Patterns p^→2, p ^→3 and p^→2R in JAS 6.4.1 Data and Methods 6.4.2 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with EOF p^→2 6.4.3 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with EOF p^→3 6.4.4 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with Rotated EOF p^→2R 6.5 JAS Sahel Rainfall Links with Sea-Surface Temperature and Marine Atmosphere 6.5.1 Introduction 6.5.2 Rainfall in the Sahel of Africa 6.5.3 High Frequency Sahel Rainfall Variations 6.5.4 Low Frequency Sahel Rainfall Variations 6.6 Conclusions III Simulating and Predicting Climate 7 The Simulation of Weather Types in GCMs : A Regional Approach to Control-Run Validation / by KEITH R. BRIFFA 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Lamb Catalogue 7.3 An "Objective" Lamb Classification 7.4 Details of the Selected GCM Experiments 7.5 Comparing Observed and GCM Climates 7.5.1 Lamb Types 7.5.2 Temperature and Precipitation 7.5.3 Relationships Between Circulation Frequencies and Temperature and Precipitation 7.5.4 Weather-Type Spell Lengths and Storm Frequencies 7.6 Conclusions 7.6.1 Specific Conclusions 7.6.2 General Conclusions 8 Statistical Analysis of GCM Output / by CLAUDE FRANKIGNOUL 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Univariate Analysis 8.2.1 The i-Test on the Mean of a Normal Variable 8.2.2 Tests for Autocorrelated Variables 8.2.3 Field Significance 8.2.4 Example: GCM Response to a Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly 8.3 Multivariate Analysis 8.3.1 Test on Means of Multidimensional Normal Variables 8.3.2 Application to Response Studies 8.3.3 Application to Model Testing and Intercomparison 9 Field Intercomparison / by ROBERT E . LIVEZEY 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Motivation for Permutation and Monte Carlo Testing 9.2.1 Local vs. Field Significance 9.2.2 Test Example 9.3 Permutation Procedures 9.3.1 Test Environment 9.3.2 Permutation (PP) and Bootstrap (BP) Procedures 9.3.3 Properties 9.3.4 Interdependence Among Field Variables 9.4 Serial Correlation 9.4.1 Local Probability Matching 9.4.2 Times Series and Monte Carlo Methods 9.4.3 Independent Samples 9.4.4 Conservatism 9.5 Concluding Remarks 10 The Evaluation of Forecasts / by ROBERT E. LIVEZEY 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Considerations for Objective Verification 10.2.1 Quantification 10.2.2 Authentication 10.2.3 Description of Probability Distributions 10.2.4 Comparison of Forecasts 10.3 Measures and Relationships: Categorical Forecasts 10.3.1 Contingency and Definitions 10.3.2 Some Scores Based on the Contingency Table 10.4 Measures and Relationships: Continuous Forecasts 10.4.1 Mean Squared Error and Correlation 10.4.2 Pattern Verification (the Murphy-Epstein Decomposition) 10.5 Hindcasts and Cross-Validation 10.5.1 Cross-Validation Procedure 10.5.2 Key Constraints in Cross-Validation 11 Stochastic Modeling of Precipitation with Applications to Climate Model Downscaling / by DENNIS LETTENMAIER 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Probabilistic Characteristics of Precipitation 11.3 Stochastic Models of Precipitation 11.3.1 Background 11.3.2 Applications to Global Change 11.4 Stochastic Precipitation Models with External Forcing 11.4.1 Weather Classification Schemes 11.4.2 Conditional Stochastic Precipitation Models 11.5 Applications to Alternative Climate Simulation 11.6 Conclusions IV Pattern Analysis 12 Teleconnections Patterns / by ANTONIO NAVARRA 12.1 Objective Teleconnections 12.2 Singular Value Decomposition 12.3 Teleconnections in the Ocean-Atmosphere System 12.4 Concluding Remarks 13 Spatial Patterns: EOFs and CCA / by HANS VON STORCH 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Expansion into a Few Guess Patterns 13.2.1 Guess Patterns, Expansion Coefficients and Explained Variance 13.2.2 Example: Temperature Distribution in the Mediterranean Sea 13.2.3 Specification of Guess Patterns 13.2.4 Rotation of Guess Patterns 13.3 Empirical Orthogonal Functions 13.3.1 Definition of EOFs 13.3.2 What EOFs Are Not Designed for 13.3.3 Estimating EOFs 13.3.4 Example: Central European Temperature 13.4 Canonical Correlation Analysis 13.4.1 Definition of Canonical Correlation Patterns 13.4.2 CCA in EOF Coordinates 13.4.3 Estimation: CCA of Finite Samples 13.4.4 Example: Central European Temperature 14 Patterns in Time : SSA and MSSA / by ROBERT VAUTARD 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Reconstruction and Approximation of Attractors 14.2.1 The Embedding Problem 14.2.2 Dimension and Noise 14.2.3 The Macroscopic Approximation 14.3 Singular Spectrum Analysis 14.3.1 Time EOFs 14.3.2 Space-Time EOFs 14.3.3 Oscillatory Pairs 14.3.4 Spectral Properties 14.3.5 Choice of the Embedding Dimension 14.3.6 Estimating Time and Space-Time Patterns 14.4 Climatic Applications of SSA 14.4.1 The Analysis of Intraseasonal Oscillations 14.4.2 Empirical Long-Range Forecasts Using MSSA Predictors 14.5 Conclusions 15 Multivariate Statistical Modeling : POP-Model as a First Order Approximation / by JIN-SONG VON STORCH 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Cross-Covariance Matrix and the Cross-Spectrum Matrix 15.3 Multivariate AR(1) Process and its Cross-Covariance and Cross-Spectrum Matrices 15.3.1 The System Matrix A and its POPs 15.3.2 Cross-Spectrum Matrix in POP-Basis: Its Matrix Formulation 15.3.3 Cross-Spectrum Matrix in POP-Basis: Its Diagonal Components

Note: Contents: Introduction / L. M. Parfenov. - Standards of geologic time scale / A. K. Val'kov, P. N. Kolosov, O. V. Grinenko. - Pleistocene ice-bearing complex in the Arctic - a vanishing ground ice land / M. N. Grigoryev. - Geological structures of frontal zones of orogenic belts / L. M. Parfenov, A. V. Prokopiev. - Geological structures of inner zones of orogenic belts / A. V. Prokopiev, V. S. Oxman, F. F. Tret'yakov. - Late Cenozoic (Younger than 7 MA) and recent deformation structures / O. V. Grinenko, V. S. Imaev, V. B. Spektor. - Ancient rocks of the continental crust / A. P. Smelov, A. B. Kotov. - Kimberlites and diamonds / V. K. Marshintsev. - Early-collisional gold deposits of eastern Yakutia / V. Yu. Fridovsky, I. I. Kolodeznikov. - Fuel mineral deposits / V. A. Kashirtsev, D. V. Mitronov. - Khonguruu zeolite deposit / K. Ye. Kolodeznikov. - Sirenevyy Kamen' charoite deposit / K. A. Lazebnik. - Kempendyay salt deformations / K. Ye. Kolodeznikov. - Geological structure and geological history of Yakutia / L. M. Parfenov. - Conclusions / V. B. Spector. , Teilw. in kyrill. Schr., , Text russ. und engl.

Note: Contents: Executive summary. - Introduction. - Consensus statement developed at workshop plenary session. - Summary statements on data bases, current and planned projects, technology and thematic and regional earth science issues. - Introduction. - Late phanerozoic global change challenges. - Data bases, current and planned projects, and technology issues. - ANTOSTRAT Seismic Data Library System (SDLS). - ANTOSTRAT Antarctic Margin Ocean Drilling Program Initiatives. - Deep Stratigraphic Drilling outside the ODP Organization. - Shallow Drilling Technology and Sampling of Late Phanerozoic Targets. - Thematic issues. - Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic plate tectonic and crustal history of Antarctica. - Geological time, and relative and absolute dating systems. - Continental shelf sedimentary basins. - Paleoceanography and circum-Antarctic deep sea marine biosphere history. - Glaciomarine sedimentary processes, events and stratigraphy. - Terrestrial geology. - Antarctic seismic stratigraphy. - Seismic Characterization and physical properties. - Paleoclimate modeling of glacial and climatic history. - Regional Earth Science Issues. - Antarctic Peninsula. - Weddell Sea. - Prydz Bay Region. - Wilkes Land Margin. - Ross Sea. - Acknowledgements. - Figures and captions. - APPENDICES. - 1. ANTOSTRAT Steering Committee. - 2. Workshop Participants. - 3. Selected References. - 4. ANTOSTRAT Workshop Program: Agenda and Format. - 5. Report on Hobart Workshop published in EOS. - 6. Three documents related to the evolution and implementation of the ANTOSTRAT subcommittee - July 1997 to July 1998. - 6a. Response to Consensus Statement on Hobart Workshop, by SCAR Executive Committee - August 1997. -

Note: Table of Contents: Climate and American People. - Earth's climate: A dynamic system. - Why does earth's climate change?. - Can we change the climate?. - The Greenhouse Effect. - Why are Greenhouse gas amounts increasing?. - Aerosols: Sunscreen for the planet?. - How has climate changed in the past century?. - Can we predict climate change?. - What do climate models tell us about our future?. - Where do we go from here?

Note: CONTENT: Introduction / M. Latif. - Graphic & Design at the Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology / Norbert P. Noreiks. - Atmospheric Modelling. - First results from ECHAM-5 / Erich Roeckner. - QBO experiments with MA/ECHAM4 and ECHAMS / Marco A. Giorgetta. - Using prognosed sub-grid scale cloud variability in shortwave radiation code / Georg Bäuml, Adrian Tompkins, Erich Roeckner. - Using ClearCase for ECHAMS Development / Monika Esch. - Estimation of Systematic Errors Using ECHAM in Data Assimilation Mode / Ingo Kirchner. - Atmospheric data assimilation activities at MPI-M / Andreas Rhodin, Luis Komblueh. - Software Design / Uwe Schulzweida. - Ocean and Coupled Modelling. - On the status of the new global coupled atmosphere-ocean model and applications of a limited area model to tackle regional aspects of climate and socio-economic issues / Michael Botzet. - The C-HOPE Ocean Model: Status of the Model Development / Johann Jungclaus. - Simulating Variabilty of the North Atlantic Ocean / Helmut Haak. - Taking C-HOPE's temperature / Scott Johnson. - C-HOPE simulation of the Southern Ocean/sea ice coupled system / Simon Marsland. - Land Surface and Vegetation Modelling. - Hydrological Cycle in ERA-40 and a refined surface runoff/drainage formulation based on the ARNO scheme / Stefan Hagemann. - Land Surface and Biogeochemical Modelling in Hamburg and Jena - Status, Co-operation, Outlook / Wolfgang Knorr. - Towards an improved land surface scheme in ECHAM / Reiner Schnur. - Impact of vegetation feedback on climate variability in the coupled ECHAM -land-vegetation model / Karl-Georg Schnitzler. - Impact of dynamic vegetation on the carbon cycle / Marko Scholze. - Natural Climate Variability and Anthropogenic Climate Change Intraseasonal variability in the Tropics / Stefan Liess. - Study on Monsoon Predictability with ECHAM4.5 / Y. Zhao, L. Diimenil. - Simulation of the rainfall variability in West-Africa Project ,IMPETUS" / Jürgen Bader. - Influence of SST on the NAO Variability / Holger Pohlmann. - The impact of ENSO on tropical and extratropical storms as simulated in high resolution ECHAM4 experiments / Ute Merkel. - Low-frequency variability in the tropical Indian Ocean / Astrid Baquero Bernal. - Assimilation of altimeter and temperature data for ENSO hindcasting / Sigrid Schöttle. - The heat content of the world ocean in ECHAM4/0PYC3 and observations / Katja Lohmann. - Trends in daily precipitation characteristics: transient climate change simulations with a coupled A OGCM / Vladimir Semenov and Lennart Bengtsson.

Note: CONTENTS: Foreword / Klaus Hasselmann. - GROUP HASSELMANN. - Improving the SIAM Economy Module / Volker Barth. - A Nonlinear Impulse Response Model of the Coupled Carbon Cycle-Ocean-Atmosphere Climate System / Georg Hooß. - Potential Impact of Uncertainty and Natural Climate Variability in the Design of Optimal Climate Protection Policies / Victor Ocaña. - Climate Change Detection for the Annual Cycle of Temperature and Precipitation / Reiner Schnur. - Estimating the Sensitivity of a Regional Atmospheric Model to a Sea State Dependent Roughness Using Ensemble Calculations / Ralph Weisse, Hauke Heyen, and Hans von Storch. - CLIMATE MODEL AND DATA SECTION DKRZ. - Modellbetreuungsgruppe - An Update / Ulrich Cubasch. - Prediction of Global Change Using Different Models: An Intercomparison / Ulrich Cubasch. - The ECHO-G Coupled Climate Model on the NEC SX-4 / Stephanie Legutke. - Data Group Activities and Status / Hans Luthardt. - GROUP GRAF. - The Possible Effect of Biomass Burning on Local Precipitation and Global Climate / Hans-F. Graf. - The Leading Variability Mode of the Coupled Troposphere-Stratosphere Winter Circulation in Different Climate Regimes / Judith Perlwitz. - Numerical Simulation of Scavenging Processes in Explosive Volcanic Eruption Clouds / Christiane Textor. - Three-dimensional Simulation of Stratospheric Aerosol / Claudia Timmreck. - GROUP LATIF. - Oceanic Control of Decadal North Atlantic Sea Level Pressure Variability in Winter / Mojib Latif, Klaus Arpe, and Erich Roeckner. - Climatology and Variability in the Tropical Pacific in the Coupled GCM ECHO-G / Astrid Baquero. - Large-scale Air-sea Interactions in the Midlatitudes / Dietmar Dommenget. - ENSO Prediction Experiments with the Coupled GCM ECHO-G / Anselm Grötzner, Mojib Latif, and Stephan Venzke. - Simulating the Response of an Ocean General Circulation Model to North Atlantic Oscillation-type Forcing / Helmuth Haak. - The Role of Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature in Forcing East African Climate Anomalies / Mojib Latif, Dietmar Dommenget, and Mihai Dima. - A Circulation Model for Paleoclimate Studies: Model Description and First Applications / Gerrit Lohmann. - Southern Ocean Investigations with the HOPE Model / Simon J. Marsland. - The Atmospheric Response to SST Anomalies in Midlatitudes / Ute Merkel. - Equatorial Pacific Thermocline Circulation and Decadal Climate Variability / Keith Rodgers. - Ocean Model Intercomparison Project / Frank Röske. - Assimilation of Topex/Poseidon Altimeter Data into an Ocean GCM to Improve ENSO Forecasts / Sigrid Schöttle. - GROUP MIKOLAJEWICZ. - Development of the new C-HOPE OGCM / Uwe Mikolajewicz. - The Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation: Large Scale and Small Scale Aspects / Johann Jungclaus. - The Global Ocean Assimilation System GOAS / Detlev Müller. - Study of the Climate Variability in the Northern European and Arctic Seas Using Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models / Dmitry Sein. - GROUP MAIER-REIMER. - Modeling of Marine Biogeochemistry / Ernst Maier-Reimer. - (1) Optimisation of a Marine Silicon Cycle Model and (2) Artificial Sediment Cores / Christoph Heinze. - Modeling Stable Water Isotopes and Vapor Source Regions over Greenland and Antarctica / Martin Werner. - OTHERS. - Ongoing Work in the Bengtsson Department / Marco Giorgetta. - E-journals and Databases for MPG Scientists: How to's / Carola Kauhs. - INDEX OF AUTHORS. -

Note: Contents: Introduction / P. J. le B. Williams. - The management and behaviour of the Mesocosms / P. J. le B. Williams and J. K. Egge. - Evolution of phytoplankton pigments in Mesocosm experiments / R. G. Barlow, R. F. C. Mantoura, D. G. Cummings, D. W. Pond and R. P. Harris. - Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) gene expression and photosynthetic activity in nutrient-enriched Mesocosm experiments / M. Wyman, J. T. Davies, K. Weston, D. W. Crawford and D. A. Purdie. - Bacterial response to blooms dominated by diatoms and Emiliania huxleyi in nutrient-enriched Mesocosms / R. Sanders and D. A. Purdie. - Population dynamics of phytoplankton and viruses in a phosphate-limited Mesocosm and their effect on DMSP and DMS production / W. H. Wilson, S. Turner and N. H. Mann. - Microplanktonic polyunsaturated fatty acid markers: a Mesocosm trial / D. W. Pond, M. V. Bell, R. P. Harris and J. R. Sargent.

Note: Contents: 1. Personnel at DC. - 2. Summary timetable of events for EPICA personnel. - 3. Transport to/from DC for EPICA personnel. - 4. Building period. - 5. Scientific activity - equipment layout. - 6. Science processing line. - 7. Results from this season. - 8. General comments on communications, logistics and general status of the camp. - 9. Tasks that EPICA personnel need to do next season. - 10. Recommendations for 1998/99. - 11. Acknowledgements.

Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Sorption and desorption of organic contaminants Decontamination methods Aqueous cleaning methods Cleaning or rinsing with organic solvents Chemical neutralization methods Current protocols to decontaminate groundwater sampling devices Variations in methodology Special instructions for cleaning pumps Effectiveness of various decontamination methods Low-temperature considerations Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental procedure Results and analysis Leading tire resistance Trailing tire resistance Deep snow Undercarriage drag Multiple passes Shallow snow resistance model Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Snow data Appendix B: Observations of snow deformation by a wheel Appendix C: Wheeled vehicle motion resistance data Abstract

Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Shallow snow Undisturbed snow on a firm substrate Undisturbed snow on a soft substrate Undisturbed snow over ice Disturbed, processed and packed snow Deep snow Ice Freezing or thawing ground conditions Bearing capacity of freezing ground Effect of thawing conditions on vehicle performance Speed made good Internal motion resistance Slopes Summary and recornmendations Literature cited Appendix A: Cold Regions Mobility Model CRM-1.F Appendix B: FORTRAN code using NRMM/CAMMS variables and format Appendix C: Traction coefficients on packed snow Appendix D: NRMM checkout data Abstract

Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Introduction Elastomers and sealant formulations Mechanical behavior of sealants Phenomenological behavior of rubbers and elastomers Hyperelastic constitutive model Examples of sealant behavior Mechanical response of seals Basic structural geometry and loading configurations of seals Conventional performance testing for studying the load and deformation response of joint and crack seals Response of seals to joint movements Summary and recommendations Literature cited Abstract

Note: Contents Preface Symbols Abbreviations 1 The atmospheric boundary layer 1.1 Introduction 1.2 History 1.3 Observing the ABL 1.4 ABL modelling 1.5 Applications 1.6 Scope of the book 1.7 Nomenclature and some definitions Notes and bibliography 2 Basic equations for mean and fluctuating quantities 2.1 Turbulence and flow description 2.2 Governing equations for mean and fluctuating quantities 2.3 The simplified mean equations 2.4 The turbulence closure problem 2.5 The second-moment equations 2.6 Turbulent kinetic energy and stability parameters Notes and bibliography 3 Scaling laws for mean and turbulent quantities 3.1 The wind profile: simple considerations 3.2 Wind profile laws: the neutral case 3.3 Monin-Obukhov similarity theory: the non-neutral surface layer 3.4 Generalized ABL similarity theory 3.5 Similarity theory and turbulence statistics Notes and bibliography 4 Surface roughness and local advection 4.1 Aerodynamic characteristics of the land 4.2 Scalar roughness lengths 4.3 The vegetation canopy 4.4 Flow over the sea 4.5 Local advection and the internal boundary layer Notes and bibliography 5 Energy fluxes at the land surface 5.1 Surface energy balance and soil heat flux 5.2 Radiation fluxes 5.3 Evaporation 5.4 Condensation Notes and bibliography 6 The thermally stratified atmospheric boundary layer 6.1 The convective boundary layer 6.2 The stable (nocturnal) boundary layer 6.3 The marine atmospheric boundary layer 6.4 Mesoscale flow and IBL growth Notes and bibliography 7 The cloud-topped boundary layer 7.1 General properties of the CTBL 7.2 Observations 7.3 Radiation fluxes and cloud-top radiative cooling 7.4 Entrainment and entrainment instability 7.5 Numerical modelling of the CTBL Notes and bibliography 8 Atmospheric boundary-layer modelling and parameterization schemes 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Surface temperature 8.3 Surface humidity (soil moisture) 8.4 Canopy parameterization 8.5 Surface fluxes 8.6 Rate equation for ABL depth 8.7 Turbulence closure schemes 8.8 ABL cloud parameterization Notes and bibliography 9 The atmospheric boundary layer, climate and climate modelling 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Sensitivity of climate to the ABL and to land surface 9.3 Research priorities Notes and bibliography Appendices References Index

Note: Contents Summary Introduction Material and Methods 2.1 Experimental Approach and Concept 2.2 Cold Chamber Experiments 2.2.1 Packed Sand Columns 2.2.2 Undisturbed Soil Monolith 2.3 Tracer Extraction and Determination of Tracer Concentrations 2.4 Digital Image Analysis 2.4.1 Photographic Recording 2.4.2 Image Analysis 2.4.3 Statistical Regression Analysis 2.5 Fluorescence Imaging 2.6 Low-Temperature SEM and X-Ray Analysis 2.7 Numerical Simulation 2.7.1 Model Description 2.7.2 Model Application 3 Results From Cold Chamber Experiments 3.1 Packed Sand Columns (Experiment I-III) 3.1.1 Infiltration Behaviour (Experiment I-III) 3.1.2 Dye Tracer Distribution (Experiment III) 3.1.3 Mass Recovery of Dye Tracers (Experiment III) 3.1.4 Vertical Distribution of Dye Tracers Determined From Large Sections (Experiment III) 3.2 Undisturbed Soil Monolith (Experiment IV) 3.2.1 Infiltration Behaviour 3.2.2 Dye Tracer Distributions 3.2.3 Mass Recovery of all Tracers Determined From Large Sections 3.2.4 Vertical Distribution of all Tracers Determined From Large Sections 4 Results From Low-Temperature SEM and X-Ray Analysis 4.1 Dry Sand and Loam 4.2 Wet Sand 4.3 Wet Loam 5 Modelling Results 5.1 Thermal Regime 5.2 Water Content Profile Before the Irrigation 5.3 Infiltration Behaviour 5.4 Water Content Profile After the Irrigation 5.5 Solute Transport 5.6 Energy Exchange at the Surface 6 Conclusions 6.1 Conclusions About the Methods 6.2 Conclusions About the Water Infiltration in Frozen Soil List of Figures List of Tables Bibliography

Note: Zum Teil in kyrillischer Schrift. , Text in russischer, englischer und französischer Sprache

Note: Potsdam, Univ., Diss., 1999 , Table of Contents: Acknowledgements. - Table of Contents. - Abstract. - Kurzfassung. - List of figures. - List of tables. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Study area. - 2.1. Late Pleistocene history and Holocene transition. - 2.2. Present climate and vegetation. - 2.3. Studied lakes. - 2.3.1. Basaltsø. - 2.3.2. Lake B1. - 2.3.3. Noa Sø. - 2.3.4. Lake N1. - 2.3.5. Raffles Sø. - 3. Methods. - 4. Holocene climate history of geographical Society Ø, East Greenland - evidence from lake sediments. - 4.1. Abstract. - 4.2. Introduction. - 4.3. Geographical setting. - 4.4. Material and methods. - 4.4.1. Subbottom profiling, coring and physical properties. - 4.4.2. Grain-size and biogeochemical analyses. - 4.4.3. Palynological and analyses and radiocarbon dating. - 4.5. Lithofacies classification and interpretation. - 4.6. Climate history. - 4.6.1. Pleistocene / Holocene transition. - 4.6.2. Early Holocene. - 4.6.3. Middle Holocene. - 4.6.4. Late Holocene. - 4.7. Conclusions. - 5. Holocene climatic and oceanic changes at East Greenland - evidences from seabird affected lake sediments on Raffles Ø. - 5.1. Abstract. - 5.2. Introduction. - 5.3. Geographical setting. - 5.4. Material and methods. - 5.5. Results and discussion. - 5.5.1. Lithology and chronology. - 5.5.2. Vegetation. - 5.5.3. Biogeochemistry. - 5.5.4. Ecology of seabirds. - 5.5.5. Climatic and oceanic implications. - 5.6. Conclusions. - 6. Deglaciation and Holocene marine transgression on western Ymer Ø, East Greenland. - 6.1. Abstract. - 6.2. Introduction. - 6.3. Study area. - 6.4. Material and methods. - 6.5. Results and discussion. - 6.5.1. History of Noa Sø. - 6.5.2. History of lake N1. - 6.5.3. Holocene marine transgression. - 6.6. Conclusions. - 7. Synthesis. - 7.1 The need of a multi-disciplinary approach for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. - 7.2. Reconstruction of the Holocene environmental history of East Greenland. - References.