ALBERT

Note: Ersch. unregelmäßig , Beiträge teilweise in Englisch

Note: Beiträge teilweise in deutscher, teilweise in englischer Sprache

Note: Chapter 1: Reasons to conduct research in space -- Chapter 2: History of Human Space Exploration -- Chapter 3: Major frontiers in space science (I) -- Chapter 4: Major frontiers in space science (II) -- Chapter 5: Space Systems Engineering and Its Systems -- Chapter 6: Technical fundamentals (I): orbit, attitude and TT&C -- Chapter 7: Technical fundamentals (II): scientific payloads and its application environment -- Chapter 8: Technical fundamentals (III): Mission Planning and Operations -- Chapter 9: Managements (I): Call for Mission Proposals and Its Selection -- Chapter 10: Managements (II): Mission Development and the Duty of Scientists and Engineers -- Chapter 11: Managements (III): Quality Management and Risk Control -- Chapter 12: Managements (IV): Full Mission Lifecycle Management and Output Evaluation -- Chapter 13: International Cooperation -- Chapter 14: Strategic Planning of Space Science in China -- Chapter 15: Relations of Space science, Space Technology and Space Applications.

Note: Contents Xu, J., Oppenheimer, C., Hammond, J.O.S. and Wei, H. / Perspectives on the active volcanoes of China Wei, H., Zhao, B., Chen, Z. and Yu, H. / Volcanic processes and magmatic evolution of Tianchi volcano, Changbaishan Zhao, B., Xu, D., Bai, Z. and Chen, Z. / Volcanism in the Longgang volcanic field of NE China: insights from eruption history, volcano types and geochemical characteristics Bai, X., Wei, W., Yu, H. and Chen, Z. / Petrogenesis and dynamic implications of the Cenozoic alkali basalts from the Jingpohu Volcanic Field, NE China Chen, Z., Zhao, Y., Bai, X., Wei, W., Liu, Y. and Bai, Z. / Wudalianchi volcanic field, NE China: tectonic setting, eruptive history, and geophysical insights Zhao, Y.-W., Zou, H. and Li, N. / Geomorphology and geochemistry of the Late Cenozoic volcanoes in the Halaha River–Chaoer River volcanic fields, western Greater Hinggan Mountain Range, NE China Li, N., Zhao, Y.-W., Gong, L.-W. and Wang, J.-L. / The Late Cenozoic volcanic groups in the South Daxing’anling, NE China: geology, geochemistry, and chronology Hong, L., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Xu, Y.-G., Liu, Z. and He, P. / Olivine chemistry of the Quaternary Datong basalts of the Trans-North China Orogen: insights into mantle source lithology and redox–hydration state Xu, J., Zhao, B., Yu, H., Wei, F. and Chen, Z. / Volcanic geology and petrochemistry of Ashikule volcanic field in western Kunlun Mountains of the Tibetan plateau Zhao, B., Wei, F., Yang, W., Xu, J. and Cui, X. / Cenozoic volcanism along Dahongliutan fault in the West Kunlun Mountains, China: implication from distribution of volcanic rocks, volcanic geology, and geochemistry Yu, H., Zhao, B., Chen, Z., Wei, H., Yang, W. and Bai, X. / Eruption history, petrogeochemistry, and geodynamic background of Tengchong volcanoes in Yunnan Province, SW China Wei, F., Wei, W. and Yu, H. / The Cenozoic volcanic fields in northern Hainan Island and the Leizhou Peninsula, south China: eruption history, magma source and dynamic background Yu, W., Wei, W., Wei, F., Bai, X., Liu, S. and Xu, D./ Magma plumbing system and origin of the intraplate volcanoes in Mainland China: an overview of constraints from geophysical imaging Ji, L., Xu, J., Liu, L. and Zhang, W. / A review of present-day deformation of active volcanoes in China between 1970 and 2013 Pan, B., Liu, G., Cheng, T., Zhang, J., Sun, Z., Ma, B., Wu, H., Liang, G., Guo, M., Kong, Q., Wei, F., Zhao, C. and Zhao, Q. / Development and status of active volcano monitoring in China Liang, Y. and Xu, J. / The impact of volcanic ash on the safety of aviation industry: review of China’s current situation Wang, X., Pan, B., Pan, M. and Liang, Y. / Current situation of early warning and emergency countermeasures of volcanic eruptions in China Chen, Z. and Chen, Z. / Identifying references to volcanic eruptions in Chinese historical records Pan, B., Cheng, T., Xu, J., Zhang, J. and Chen, Z. / Knowledge base of Cenozoic volcanoes in China Index

Note: Contents Dedication Preface Background and importance Fitzpatrick, R. W. and Donnelly, L. J. / An introduction to forensic soil science and forensic geology: a synthesis Kobus, H. and Robertson, J. / The importance of forensic soil science and geology being connected to mainstream forensic science Search for burials Ruffell, A. and Barry, L. / The desktop study – an essential element of geoforensic search: homicide and environmental cases (west Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK) McKinley, J. and Ruffell, A. / Geographical Information Science (GIS), spatial sampling and sediment variability examined using a case of manslaughter Donnelly, L. J., Cassella, J., Pirrie, D., Dawson, L., Blom, G., Davidson, A., Arnold, P., Harrison, M. and Hope, C. / Analysis of soil following a police-led open area search and the recovery of a cold-case homicide grave Barone, P. M. and Di Maggio, R. M. / Dealing with different forensic targets: geoscientists at crime scenes Canata, R. E., Salvador, F. A. S., Borges, W. R., Ferreira, F. J. F., Seimetz, E. X., Pinto, I. and Barros, E. O. / The forensic application of ground-penetrating radar, Tekoha Jevy indigenous village, Paraná, Brazil Molina, C. M. and Pringle, J. K. / Comparison of geophysical and botanical results in simulated clandestine graves in rural and tropical environments in Colombia, South America Donnelly, L. / A standard operating procedure (SOP), for soil sampling, for the detection of volatile organic compounds and leachate associated with human decomposition from a shallow, unmarked, homicide grave Trace evidence Dixon, R. D. and Merkle, R. K. W. / Identifying the source of illicit gold from South America Salvador, F. A. da S., Nogueira e Silva, M. P., de Oliveira Mascarenhas, R. and Rumbelsperger, A. M. B. / The application of forensic geology to investigate the substitution of zinc ingots between China and Brazil Guo, H., Wang, P., Hu, C., Zhu, J., Yang, X., Quan, Y., Mei, H. and Li, J. / A case study in forensic soil examination from China Raven, M. D., Fitzpatrick, R. W. and Self, P. G. / Trace evidence examination using laboratory and synchrotron X-ray diffraction technique Testoni, S. A., Melo, V. F., Dawson, L. A., Salvador, F. A. S. and Prandel, L. V. / Evaluation of forensic soil traces from a crime scene: robbery of a safety deposit box in Brazil Fitzpatrick, R. W. and Raven, M. D. / The forensic comparison of trace amounts of soil on a pyjama top with hypersulphidic subaqueous soil from a river as evidence in a homicide cold case Research developments Di Maggio, R. M. and Barone, P. M. / Geoforensics in Italy: education and research standards Bergslien, E. / Portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometry of earth materials: considerations for forensic analysis Young, J. M., Higgins, D. and Austin, J. J. / Soil DNA: advances in DNA technology offer a powerful new tool for forensic science Dawson, L. A., Macdonald, L. M. and Ritz, K. / Plant wax compounds and soil microbial DNA profiles to ascertain urban land use type Pirrie, D., Crean, D. E., Pidduck, A. J., Nicholls, T. M., Awbery, R. P. and Shail, R. K. / Automated mineralogical profiling of soils as an indicator of local bedrock lithology: a tool for predictive forensic geolocation Index

Note: Contents Dedication Introduction Background and context Shumilovskikh, L., O’Keefe, J. M. K. and Marret, F. / An overview of the taxonomic groups of non-pollen palynomorphs Pound, M. J., O’Keefe, J. M. K. and Marret, F. / An overview of techniques applied to the extraction of non-pollen palynomorphs, their known taphonomic issues and recommendations to maximize recovery O’Keefe, J. M. K., Nuñez Otaño, N. B. and Virginia Bianchinotti, M. / Nomenclature: how do we designate NPP taxa? The major groups of NPPs Nuñez Otaño, N. B., Virginia Bianchinotti, M. and Saparrat, M. C. N. / Palaeomycology: a modern mycological view of fungal palynomorphs McCarthy, F. M. G., Pilkington, P. M., Volik, O., Heyde, A. and Cocker, S. L. / Non-pollen palynomorphs in freshwater sediments and their palaeolimnological potential and selected applications Andrews, L. O., Payne, R. J. and Swindles, G. T. / Testate amoebae as non-pollen palynomorphs in pollen slides: usefulness and application in palaeoenvironmental reconstruction Mudie, P. J., Marret, F., Gurdebeke, P. R., Hartman, J. D. and Reid, P. C. / Marine dinocysts, acritarchs and less well-known NPP: tintinnids, ostracod and foraminiferal linings, copepod and worm remains Application of NPPs to a variety of problems Gauthier, E. and Jouffroy-Bapicot, I. / Detecting human impacts: non-pollen palynomorphs as proxies for human impact on the environment van Asperen, E. N., Perrotti, A. and Baker, A. / Coprophilous fungal spores: non-pollen palynomorphs for the study of past megaherbivores Denison, C. N. / Stratigraphic and sedimentological aspects of the worldwide distribution of Apectodinium in Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum deposits Wellman, C. H. and Ball, A. C. / Early land plant phytodebris Agić , H. and Cohen, P. A. / Non-pollen palynomorphs in deep time: unravelling the evolution of early eukaryotes Index

Note: Dissertation, Fakultät für Bauingenieurwesen und Geodäsie der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2021 , 1 Introduction 1.1 Problem Statement 1.2 Contributions 1.3 Thesis Outline 2 Basics 2.1 Dense Stereo Matching 2.1.1 Terminology and Practical Simplifications 2.1.2 Taxonomy of the Matching Process 2.1.3 Challenges and Common Assumptions 2.2 Uncertainty Quantification 2.3 Deep Learning 2.3.1 Convolutional Neural Networks 2.3.2 Bayesian Neural Networks 3 Related Work 3.1 Dense Stereo Matching 3.2 Aleatoric Uncertainty Estimation 3.3 Epistemic Uncertainty Estimation 3.4 Discussion 4 Uncertainty Estimation for Dense Stereo Matching - A New Method 4.1 Overview 4.2 Aleatoric Uncertainty Estimation 4.2.1 CNN-based Cost Volume Analysis 4.2.2 Uncertainty Models 4.3 Epistemic Uncertainty Estimation 4.3.1 Functional Model 4.3.2 Stochastic Model 4.4 Joint Uncertainty Estimation 4.5 Discussion 5 Experimental Setup 5.1 Objectives 5.2 Datasets 5.3 Training and Hyper-parameter Settings 5.3.1 General Remarks 5.3.2 CVA-Net 5.3.3 Probabilistic GC-Net 5.3.4 Combined Approach 5.4 Evaluation Strategy andCriteria 5.4.1 Disparity Error Metrics 5.4.2 Confidence Error Metric 5.4.3 Uncertainty Error Metric 5.4.4 Region Masks 5.4.5 Monte Carlo Sampling 6 Results and Discussion 6.1 CVA-Net Architecture 6.2 Aleatoric Uncertainty Models 6.3 Dense Stereo Matching using a Bayesian Neural Network 6.3.1 Comparison to the Deterministic Baseline 6.3.2 On the Relevance of Aleatoric and Epistemic Uncertainty 6.3.3 The Kullback-Leibler Divergence and the Mode Collapse Problem 6.4 Discussion 7 Conclusions and Outlook Bibliography Acknowledgment

Note: Contents I Artificial Intelligence 1 Introduction 1.1 What Is AI? 1.2 The Foundations of Artificial Intelligence 1.3 The History of Artificial Intelligence 1.4 The State of the Art 1.5 Risks and Benefits of AI Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes 2 Intelligent Agents 2.1 Agents and Environments 2.2 Good Behavior: The Concept of Rationality 2.3 The Nature of Environments 2.4 The Structure of Agents Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes II Problem-solving 3 Solving Problems by Searching 3.1 Problem-Solving Agents 3.2 Example Problems 3.3 Search Algorithms 3.4 Uninformed Search Strategies 3.5 Informed (Heuristic) Search Strategies 3.6 Heuristic Functions Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes 4 Search in Complex Environments 4.1 Local Search and Optimization Problems 4.2 Local Search in Continuous Spaces 4.3 Search with Nondeterministic Actions 4.4 Search in Partially Observable Environments 4.5 Online Search Agents and Unknown Environments Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes 5 Constraint Satisfaction Problems 5.1 Defining Constraint Satisfaction Problems 5.2 Constraint Propagation: Inference in CSPs 5.3 Backtracking Search for CSPs 5.4 Local Search for CSPs 5.5 The Structure of Problems Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes 6 Adversarial Search and Games 6.1 Game Theory 6.2 Optimal Decisions in Games 6.3 Heuristic Alpha-Beta Tree Search 6.4 Monte Carlo Tree Search 6.5 Stochastic Games 6.6 Partially Observable Games 6.7 Limitations of Game Search Algorithms Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes III Knowledge, reasoning, and planning 7 Logical Agents 7.1 Knowledge-Based Agents 7.2 The Wumpus World 7.3 Logic 7.4 Propositional Logic: A Very Simple Logic 7.5 Propositional Theorem Proving 7.6 Effective Propositional Model Checking 7.7 Agents Based on Propositional Logic Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes 8 First-Order Logic 8.1 Representation Revisited 8.2 Syntax and Semantics of First-Order Logic 8.3 Using First-Order Logic 8.4 Knowledge Engineering in First-Order Logic Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes 9 Inference in First-Order Logic 9.1 Propositional vs. First-Order Inference 9.2 Unification and First-Order Inference 9.3 Forward Chaining 9.4 Backward Chaining 9.5 Resolution Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes 10 Knowledge Representation 10.1 Ontological Engineering 10.2 Categories and Objects 10.3 Events 10.4 Mental Objects and Modal Logic 10.5 Reasoning Systems for Categories 10.6 Reasoning with Default Information Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes 11 Automated Planning 11.1 Definition of Classical Planning 11.2 Algorithms for Classical Planning 11.3 Heuristics for Planning 11.4 Hierarchical Planning 11.5 Planning and Acting in Nondeterministic Domains 11.6 Time, Schedules, and Resources 11.7 Analysis of Planning Approaches Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes IV Uncertain knowledge and reasoning 12 Quantifying Uncertainty 12.1 Acting under Uncertainty 12.2 Basic Probability Notation 12.3 Inference Using Full Joint Distributions 12.4 Independence 12.5 Bayes' Rule and Its Use 12.6 Naive Bayes Models 12.7 The Wumpus World Revisited Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes 13 Probabilistic Reasoning 13.1 Representing Knowledge in an Uncertain Domain 13.2 The Semantics of Bayesian Networks 13.3 Exact Inference in Bayesian Networks 13.4 Approximate Inference for Bayesian Networks 13.5 Causal Networks Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes 14 Probabilistic Reasoning over Time 14.1 Time and Uncertainty 14.2 Inference in Temporal Models 14.3 Hidden Markov Models 14.4 Kalman Filters 14.5 Dynamic Bayesian Networks Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes 15 Making Simple Decisions 15.1 Combining Beliefs and Desires under Uncertainty 15.2 The Basis of Utility Theory 15.3 Utility Functions 15.4 Multiattribute Utility Functions 15.5 Decision Networks 15.6 The Value of Information 15.7 Unknown Preferences Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes 16 Making Complex Decisions 16.1 Sequential Decision Problems 16.2 Algorithms for MDPs 16.3 Bandit Problems 16.4 Partially Observable MDPs 16.5 Algorithms for Solving POMDPs Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes 17 Multiagent Decision Making 17.1 Properties of Multiagent Environments 17.2 Non-Cooperative Game Theory 17.3 Cooperative Game Theory 17.4 Making Collective Decisions Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes 18 Probabilistic Programming 18.1 Relational Probability Models 18.2 Open-Universe Probability Models 18.3 Keeping Track of a Complex World 18.4 Programs as Probability Models Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes V Machine Learning 19 Learning from Examples 19.1 Forms of Learning 19.2 Supervised Learning 19.3 Learning Decision Trees 19.4 Model Selection and Optimization 19.5 The Theory of Learning 19.6 Linear Regression and Classification 19.7 Nonparametric Models 19.8 Ensemble Learning 19.9 Developing Machine Learning Systems Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes 20 Knowledge in Learning 20.1 A Logical Formulation of Learning 20.2 Knowledge in Learning 20.3 Explanation-Based Learning 20.4 Learning Using Relevance Information 20.5 Inductive Logic Programming Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes 21 Learning Probabilistic Models 21.1 Statistical Learning 21.2 Learning with Complete Data 21.3 Learning with Hidden Variables: The EM Algorithm Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes 22 Deep Learning 22.1 Simple Feedforward Networks 22.2 Computation Graphs for Deep Learning 22.3 Convolutional Networks 22.4 Learning Algorithms 22.5 Generalization 22.6 Recurrent Neural Networks 22.7 Unsupervised Learning and Transfer Learning 22.8 Applications Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes 23 Reinforcement Learning 23.1 Learning from Rewards 23.2 Passive Reinforcement Learning 23.3 Active Reinforcement Learning 23.4 Generalization in Reinforcement Learning 23.5 Policy Search 23.6 Apprenticeship and Inverse Reinforcement Learning 23.7 Applications of Reinforcement Learning Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes VI Communicating, perceiving, and acting 24 Natural Language Processing 24.1 Language Models 24.2 Grammar 24.3 Parsing 24.4 Augmented Grammars 24.5 Complications of Real Natural Language 24.6 Natural Language Tasks Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes 25 Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing 25.1 Word Embeddings 25.2 Recurrent Neural Networks for NLP 25.3 Sequence-to-Sequence Models 25.4 The Transformer Architecture 25.5 Pretraining and Transfer Learning 25.6 State of the art Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes 26 Robotics 26.1 Robots 26.2 Robot Hardware 26.3 What kind of problem is robotics solving? 26.4 Robotic Perception 26.5 Planning and Control 26.6 Planning Uncertain Movements 26.7 Reinforcement Learning in Robotics 26.8 Humans and Robots 26.9 Alternative Robotic Frameworks 26.10 Application Domains Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes 27 Computer Vision 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Image Formation 27.3 Simple Image Features 27.4 Classifying Images 27.5 Detecting Objects 27.6 The 3D World 27.7 Using Computer Vision Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes VII Conclusions 28 Philosophy, Ethics, and Safety of AI 28.1 The Limits of AI 28.2 Can Machines Really Think? 28.3 The Ethics of AI Summary Bibliographical and Historical Notes 29 The Future of AI 29.1 AI Components 29.2 AI Architectures A Mathematical Background A.1 Complexity Analysis and 0() Notation A.2 Vectors, Matrices, and Linear Algebra A.3 Probability Distributions Bibliographical and Historical Notes B Notes on Languages and Algorithms B. l Defining Languages with Backus-Naur Form (BNF) B.2 Describing Algorithms with Pseudocode B.3 Online Supplemental Material Bibliography Index

Note: Contents Abstract Zusammenfassung List of Figures List of Tables Abbreviation Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Proposal and content 2 State of art in terrestrial laser scanning and finite element analysis 2.1 General surface measurements and TLS 2.1.1 Surface measurement 2.1.2 Geometric measurements with TLS and its technical fundamentals 2.2 FEA computations 2.2.1 FEA 2.2.2 FEA computation and the description of the boundary domain 2.3 TLS application in FEA 2.3.1 FEA parameter calibration with TLS 2.3.2 FEA geometric boundary modeling with TLS 2.3.3 Benefits of combination between TLS and FEA 3 Finite element analysis parametric geometric modeling and calibration based on terrestrial laser scanning 3.1 Fundamentals of polynomial and B-spline fitting 3.1.1 Polynomial fitting 3.1.2 B-spline fitting 3.2 Other parametric methods in fitting point clouds 3.3 Analysis and comparison between polynomial and B-spline approximations 3.4 Implementation of the calibration cases 3.5 Validation based on deformation analysis 3.5.1 General methods in deformation computation and analysis for TLS 3.5.2 Case implementation 4 Sequential calibration of finite element analysis results with terrestrial laser scanning reference based on deep learning 4.1 Employment of DL in FEA 4.1.1 Direct outputs corresponding to inputs by training neural networks 4.1.2 Material model 4.1.3 Other problems 4.1.4 Summary and analysis 4.2 DL sequential prediction and its potential in FEA 4.3 LSTM methods based on sequential prediction 4.3.1 Challenges and advanced variant models of LSTM 4.3.2 Effects of activation functions in convolutional LSTM 4.4 Sequential prediction and calibration of FEA results with a TLS reference based on convolutional LSTM 5 Conclusions and outlook Contributions of authors Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3 Paper 4 Bibliography Curriculum Vitae Acknowledgment

Note: Contents Preface Introduction 1.1 Hazard and Risk Analysis 1.2 Uses of Hazard and Risk Infonnation 1.3 Detenninistic Analysis 1.4 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis 1.5 Probabilistic Risk Analysis 1.6 Benefits of Probabilistic Analysis I. 7 Uncertainties in Probabilistic Analysis 1.8 Validation Part I Hazard Inputs 2 Seismic Source Characterization 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics 2.3 Faults 2.4 Earthquake Processes 2.5 Earthquake Size 2.6 Definitions of Seismic Sources 2. 7 Source Characteristics 2.8 Conceptual Development of SSMs Exercises 3 Characterization of Earthquake Rates and Rupture Scenarios 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Approaches to Determining Rupture Rates 3.3 Constraints from Seismicity Data 3.4 Geological Constraints on Activity 3.5 Magnitude-Frequency Distributions 3.6 Rupture Scenarios and Computation of Rates 3.7 Generation of Rupture Scenarios 3.8 Time-Dependent Ruptw-e Rates Exercises 4 Empirical Ground-Motion Characterization 147 4.1 Introduction 147 4.2 Engineering Characterization of Ground Motion 149 4.3 Ground-Motion Databases 161 4.4 Mathematical Representation 166 4.5 General Trends in Empirical Data and Models 170 4.6 Prediction Using Empirical GMMs 179 4.7 Epistemic Uncertainty 186 4.8 Limitations of Empirical GMMs 192 Exercises 193 5 Physics-Based Ground-Motion Characterization 196 5.1 Introduction 196 5.2 Utility of Physics-Based Ground-Motion Simulation 198 5.3 Earthquake Source Representation 200 5.4 Seismic Wave Propagation 205 5.5 Methods for Physics-Based Ground-Motion Simulation 220 5.6 Prediction Using Physics-Based GMMs 233 Exercises Part II Hazard Calculations 247 6 PSHA Calculation 249 6.1 Introduction 249 6.2 The PSHA Calculation 250 6.3 Example Calculations 255 6.4 Hazard Curve Metrics 262 6.5 Sensitivity of Hazard Results to Inputs 266 6.6 Model Uncertainty 269 6.7 Logic Trees 272 6.8 PSHA with Epistemic Uncertainty 276 6.9 Monte Carlo PSHA 279 6.10 Discussion 280 Exercises 7 PSHA Products 286 7.1 Introduction 286 7.2 Disaggregation 287 7.3 Uniform Hazard Spectrum 301 7.4 Hazard Maps 306 7.5 Conditional Spectrum 307 7.6 VectorPSHA 312 7.7 Earthquake Sequences in PSHA 312 7.8 Implementation and Documentation of Hazard Studies 316 Exercises 8 Non-Ergodic Hazard Analysis 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Fundamental Concepts 8.3 Aleatory Variability versus Epistemic Uncertainty 8.4 When Can Non-Ergodic Approaches Be Applied? 8.5 Non-Ergodic Ground-Motion Models 8.6 Non-Ergodic Site Effects 8.7 Non-Ergodic Path Effects 8.8 Non-Ergodic Source Effects 8.9 Non-Ergodic Components in Seismic-Source Models Exercises Part Ill Risk 9 Seismic Risk 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Fragility and Vulnerability Functions 9.3 Calibrating Fragility and Vulnerability Functions 9.4 Risk Metrics 9.5 PEER Framework 9.6 Epistemic Uncertainty 9.7 Risk-Targeted Ground-Motion Intensity Exercises 10 Ground-Motion Selection I 0.1 Introduction I 0.2 Principles of Hazard-Consistent Ground-Motion Selection 10.3 Target Intensity Measure Distributions I 0.4 Selection Algorithms 10.5 Assessing Accuracy and Precision of Seismic Responses 10.6 Application-Specific Decisions 10.7 Design Code and Guideline Requirements 10.8 Documentation Exercises 11 Spatially Distributed Systems 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Parameterization Using Empirical Ground-Motion Models 11.3 Parameterization Using Physics-Based Simulations 11.4 Numerical Implementation 11.5 Coherency 11.6 Risk Exercises 12 Validation 12. l Introduction 12.2 Verification and Validation 12.3 Validation from Limited Observations 12.4 Direct Validation of Seismic Hazard Curves 12.5 Validation of Model Components 12.6 Do Failures of Past Calculations [nvalidate the PSHA Methodology? 12.7 Seismic Hazard and Risk Analysis for Decision-Making Exercises Appendix A Basics of Probability A. l Random Events A.2 Conditional Probability A.3 Random Variables A.4 Expectations and Moments A.5 Common Probability Distributions A.6 Random Number Generation Appendix B Basics of Statistics for Model Calibration 1 B.3 Statistical Estimation of m1,,x my,y B.5 Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Seismicity Parameters Estimation ofIM ofSymbols 433 484 486 494 514 519 523 529 533 578 viii Contents 12 Validation 12. l Introduction 12.2 Verification and Validation 12.3 Validation from Limited Observations 12.4 Direct Validation of Seismic Hazard Curves 12.5 Validation of Model Components 12.6 Do Failures of Past Calculations [nvalidate the PSHA Methodology? 12.7 Seismic Hazard and Risk Analysis for Decision-Making Exercises Appendix A Basics of Probability A. l Random Events A.2 Conditional Probability A.3 Random Variables A.4 Expectations and Moments A.5 Common Probability Distributions A.6 Random Number Generation Appendix B Basics of Statistics for Model Calibration B. l Confidence Intervals for the Sample Mean and Standard Deviation B.2 Hypothesis Testing for Statistical Significance B.3 Statistical Estimation of mmax B.4 Bayesian Estimation of lnmax B.5 Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Seismicity Parameters B.6 Empirical GMM Calibration B.7 Estimation of JM Correlations from GMMs B.8 Fragility Function Fitting References List of Symbols and Abbreviations Notation Conventions Index

Note: Dissertation, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2021 , Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Problemstellung 2 Stand der Forschung: Literaturreview und Beurteilung 2.1 Die Boden- und Gebäudewertermittlung aus Kaufpreisen bebauter Grundstücke 2.1.1 Beiträge zur Bodenwertableitung oder Repartition mittels Umkehrung der Wertermittlungsverfahren 2.1.2 Beiträge zur Bodenwertableitung oder Repartition mittels konstantem Verteilungsschlüssel 2.1.3 Beiträge zur Bodenwertableitung oder Repartition mittels sachverständigem Ermessen 2.1.4 Beiträge zur Bodenwertableitung oder Repartition mittels sonstiger Ansätze 2.1.5 Beiträge zur Bodenwertableitung oder Repartition ohne Benennung eines spezifischen Ansatzes 2.2 Bodenwertermittlung über den direkten und indirekten Preisvergleich 2.2.1 Verfahren des direkten Preisvergleichs 2.2.2 Verfahren des indirekten Preisvergleichs 2.3 Zusammenfassung und Beurteilung der Verfahren zur Bodenwertermittlung und Repartition 3 Zielstellung und Methodik 3.1 Forschungslücke und Forschungsbeitrag 3.2 Eingrenzung der Untersuchung 3.3 Methodik 4 Die Bodenwertableitung aus Kaufpreisen bebauter Grundstücke (Ziel 1) 4.1 Definition wesentlicher Begriffe 4.1.1 Der Marktteilnehmer 4.1.2 Preis und Wert 4.1.3 Die Trennung von Boden und Gebäude 4.2 Prozess der Kaufentscheidung 4.3 Verhalten des Marktteilnehmers 4.4 Dem Marktteilnehmer zugängliche Marktdaten 4.5 Mathematischer Ansatz 4.6 Erläuterungen zu den Merkmalen 4.7 Die kausale Unabhängigkeit von Gebäude- und Bodenwertanteil 4.8 Regressionsanalyse – Verfahrenswahl 4.9 Die Regressionsanalyse mit partieller Modellauflösung unter Anwendung des Normierungsprinzips gemäß Mann (2004) 4.9.1 Das Verfahren im Überblick 4.9.2 Schritt 1: Teilmarktdefinition 4.9.3 Schritt 2: Klassierung der Merkmalsausprägungen 4.9.4 Schritt 3: Regressionsanalyse 4.9.5 Schritt 4: Partielle Zerlegung und Normierung 4.10 Bodenrichtwerte aus Kaufpreisen bebauter Grundstücke 5 Fallstudien, Parameterschätzung und Validierung 5.1 Innere und äußere Genauigkeit 5.2 Datenbasis – Wahl der Testregionen und des Untersuchungszeitraums 5.3 Parameterschätzung – Empirische Untersuchung anhand ausgewählter Fallstudien 5.3.1 Einführende Hinweise 5.3.2 Dresden, Doppelhaushälften 5.3.3 Dresden, Freistehende Einfamilienhäuser 5.3.4 Düsseldorf, Doppelhaushälften 5.3.5 Düsseldorf, Freistehende Einfamilienhäuser 5.3.6 Frankfurt a. M., Doppelhaushälften 5.3.7 Frankfurt a. M., Freistehende Einfamilienhäuser 5.3.8 Freiburg i. Br., Doppelhaushälften 5.3.9 Freiburg i. Br., Freistehende Einfamilienhäuser 5.3.10 Hannover, Doppelhaushälften 5.3.11 Hannover, Freistehende Einfamilienhäuser 5.3.12 Stuttgart, Doppelhaushälften 5.3.13 Stuttgart, Freistehende Einfamilienhäuser 5.4 Innere Genauigkeit 5.4.1 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 5.4.2 Eine Besonderheit in Hannover? 5.5 Die multiple lineare Regression im Vergleich 5.5.1 Lösung des Modells mithilfe der Methode der klassischen multiplen linearen Regression 5.5.2 Überführung des Regressionsmodells in eine einfache lineare Form 5.5.3 Vergleich der Ergebnisse 5.5.4 Die Frage der Objektivierung 5.5.5 Zur Bestätigung der Verfahrenswahl 5.6 Äußere Genauigkeit – Validierung des Verfahrens 5.7 Anwendungsbeispiel 6 Die überregionale Vergleichbarkeit des Preisbildungsmechanismus 6.1 Die Korrekturfunktionen fk(BW ), gk(FL) und uk(GSW ) 6.2 Der Normpreis N 6.3 Fazit 7 Die Repartition von Kaufpreisen bebauter Grundstücke (Ziel 2) 7.1 Entwicklung eines Ansatzes zur Repartition 7.2 Bedeutung und Interpretation der korrigierten Konstanten β0 korr 7.3 Plausibilisierung der Interpretation der korrigierten Konstanten β0 korr durch Expertenbefragung 7.4 Diskussion und Schlussfolgerungen aus dem Repartitionsansatz 7.5 Modellgröße und Marktgröße vs. Markttransparenz 8 Schlussbetrachtung 8.1 Methodenkritik 8.2 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Quellenverzeichnis Literatur Interviews Anhang: Plots und Berechnungsprotokolle , Sprache der Kurzfassungen: Englisch, Deutsch

Note: Dissertation, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2021 , Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. Motivation and Research Goal 1.2. Outline 2. Basics 2.1. Archaeology 2.2. Geographic Information System 2.2.1. Spatial Reference System 2.2.2. Coordinate Reference Systems 2.2.3. Raster and Vector Data 2.2.4. GIS Software 2.2.5. GIS Data File Formats 2.3. Remote Sensing 2.3.1. Passive and Active Remote Sensing 2.3.2. LiDAR Systems 2.3.3. Processing LiDAR Data 2.3.4. Digital Terrain Models and Derived Rasters 2.4. Deep Learning 2.4.1. Neurons 2.4.2. Layers 2.4.3. Objective Functions 2.4.4. Evaluation Metrics 2.4.5. Backpropagation 2.4.6. Gradient Descent 2.4.7. Gradient Descent Optimization Algorithms 2.4.8. Supervised Learning 2.4.9. Transfer Learning 2.4.10. Unsupervised Learning 2.4.11. Self Supervised Learning 3. Related Work 3.1. Remote Sensing in Archaeology 3.2. Deep Learning in Remote Sensing 3.3. Deep Learning in Point Clouds and Digital Terrain Models 3.4. Deep Learning in Archaeology 4. Datasets 4.1. Digital Terrain Model and Relief Visualization Dataset 4.2. Archaeological Monuments in the Harz 4.2.1. Areal Dataset 4.2.2. Linear Dataset 4.2.3. Stone Quarries Dataset 4.3. Data Preparation for Deep Learning Models 4.3.1. Data Processing for Self Supervised Learning Pretext 4.3.2. Data Processing for Classification 4.3.3. Data Processing for Instance Segmentation 4.3.4. Data Processing for Semantic Segmentation 5. Methodology 5.1. Pretext Methods 5.1.1. Relief Visualization Network (RVNet) 5.1.2. Relief Visualization GAN (RVGan) 5.2. Downstream Method 5.2.1. Classification of Archaeological Monuments and Terrain Structures 5.2.2. Instance Segmentation of Archaeological Monuments and Terrain Structures 5.2.3. Semantic Segmentation of Archaeological Monuments and Terrain Structures 6. Experiments and Results 6.1. Self Supervised Learning Pretext Experiments 6.2. Classification 6.3. Instance Segmentation 6.3.1. Areal Dataset 6.3.2. Linear Dataset 6.4. Semantic Segmentation 6.4.1. Areal Dataset 6.4.2. Linear Dataset 6.4.3. Stone Quarries Dataset 6.5. Evaluation on 4 Test Regions with Distinct Objects 6.6. Qualitative Evaluations 6.6.1. Qualitative Results for Areal Dataset 6.6.2. Qualitative Results for the Linear Dataset 6.6.3. Qualitative Results for Stone Quarries Dataset 6.7. Summary 7. Discussions and Conclusions 7.1. Discussions 7.1.1. Assessment of Pretext Methods 7.1.2. Assessment of Downstream Methods 7.1.3. Assessment of Selected Core Deep Learning Architectures 7.1.4. Assessment of Predictions for each Category 7.2. Summary and Outlook List of Figures List of Tables Bibliography Acknowledgements Resume A. Appendix A.1. Self Supervised Learning Pretext A.2. Classification A.3. Areal Dataset A.4. Linear Dataset , Sprache der Kurzfassungen: Englisch, Deutsch

Note: Contents 1 End Poverty in All Its Forms Everywhere / Joel C. Gill, Sarah Caven, and Ekbal Hussain 2 Zero Hunger / Benson H. Chishala, Rhoda Mofya-Mukuka, Lydia M. Chabala, and Elias Kuntashula 3 Ensure Healthy Lives and Promote Well-Being for All At All Ages / Kim Dowling, Rachael Martin, Singarayer K. Florentine, and Dora C. Pearce 4 Quality Education / Ellen Metzger, David Gosselin, and Cailin Huyck Orr 5 Achieve Gender Equality and Empower All Women and Girls / Ezzoura Errami, Gerel Ochir, and Silvia Peppoloni 6 Clean Water and Sanitation / Kirsty Upton and Alan MacDonald 7 Affordable and Clean Energy / Michael H. Stephenson 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth / Katrien An Heirman, Joel C. Gill, and Sarah Caven 9 Infrastructure, Industry, and Innovation / Joel C. Gill, Ranjan Kumar Dahal, and Martin Smith 10 Reduce Inequality Within and Amongst Countries / Melissa Moreano and Joel C. Gill 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities / Martin Smith and Stephanie Bricker 12 Ensure Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns / Joseph Mankelow, Martin Nyakinye, and Evi Petavratzi 13 Climate Action / Joy Jacqueline Pereira, T. F. Ng, and Julian Hunt 14 Conserve and Sustainably Use the Oceans, Seas, and Marine Resources / Michael G. Petterson, Hyeon-Ju Kim, and Joel C. Gill 15 Life on Land / Eric O. Odada, Samuel O. Ochola, and Martin Smith 16 Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions / Joel C. Gill, Amel Barich, Nic Bilham, Sarah Caven, Amy Donovan, Marleen de Ruiter, and Martin Smith 17 Partnerships for the Goals / Susanne Sargeant, Joel C. Gill, Michael Watts, Kirsty Upton, and Richard Ellison 18 Reshaping Geoscience to Help Deliver the Sustainable Development Goals / Joel C. Gill Index

Note: Common theoretical and practical basis -- The multifaceted nature of magma mixing -- The fundamental phenomenon -- The evolution of igneous rocks and in triggering explosive volcanic eruptions -- Draw the most complete picture about this natural process.

Note: Contents Dedication Bojar, A.-V., Pelc, A. and Lécuyer, C. / Stable isotope studies of the water cycle and terrestrial environments: introduction The water cycle Lécuyer, C., Bojar, A.-V., Daux, V. and Legendre, S. / Geographic variations in the slope of the δ2H–δ18O meteoric water line over Europe: a record of increasing continentality Nagavciuc, V., Bădăluță , C.-A. and Ionita, M. / The influence of the Carpathian Mountains on the variability of stable isotopes in precipitation and the relationship with large-scale atmospheric circulation Daux, V., Minster, B., Cauquoin, A., Jossoud, O., Werner, M. and Landais, A. / Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of tap waters in France Marche, B. M., Rashid, H. and Parkinson, D.-R. / Correlation of seasonal precipitation isotopic profile with the modern climatological data: a case study from the western Newfoundland region of Canada Varlam, C., Duliu, O. G., Ionete, R. E. and Costinel, D. / Time series analysis of the δ2 H, δ18 O and dexcess values in correlation with monthly temperature, relative humidity and precipitation in Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania: 2012–2018 Bojar, A.-V., Chmiel, S., Bojar, H.-P., Varlam, C. and Barbu, V. / Hydrological system in Quaternary clastic deposits, Mehedinţi County, Romania: isotope composition, chemistry and radiocarbon dating Bădăluț ă, C. A., Mihă ilă, D., Mihă ilă, D., Bădăluț ă, G. and Bistricean, P. I. 7 Stable isotopic and geochemical characterization of precipitation and riverine waters in the Eastern Carpathians and links with large-scale drivers Joshi, S. K., Rai, S. P. and Sinha, R. / Understanding groundwater recharge processes in the Sutlej-Yamuna plain in NW India using an isotopic approach Sironić, A., Bronić, I. K., Horvatinčić, N., Barešić, J., Borković, D., Vurnek, M. and Mikelić, I. L. / Carbon isotopes in dissolved inorganic carbon as tracers of carbon sources in karst waters of the Plitvice Lakes, Croatia Papp, D. C., Baciu, C., Turunen, K. and Kittilä, A. / Applicability of selected stable isotopes to study the hydrodynamics and contaminant transport within mining areas in Romania and Finland Terrestrial environments Bojar, A.-V., Lécuyer, C., Duliu, O. G., Bojar, H.-P. and Fourel, F. / Isotopic and time series investigations of recent stalagmites (1945–2018), Schlossberg tunnels, Graz, Austria: implications for climate change in Central Europe Cleary, D. M. and Onac, B. P. / Using ratios in cave guano to assess past environmental changes Tabor, N. J., Jahren, A. H., Wyman, L., Feseha, M., Todd, L. and Kappleman, J. / Stable isotope geochemistry of the modern Shinfa River, northwestern Ethiopian lowlands: a potential model for interpreting ancient environments of the Middle Stone Age Bayat, O., Karimi, A. and Amundson, R. / Stable isotope geochemistry of pedogenic carbonates in calcareous materials, Iran: a review and synthesis Dias Veras, J. D., de Souza Neto, J. A., Sial, A. N., Ferreira, V. P. and Neumann, V. H. de M. L. / Stable isotope and chemical stratigraphy of the Eocene Tambaba Formation: correlations with the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum event Yamamura, D., Suarez, C. A., Titus, A. L., Manlove, H. M. and Jackson, T. 7 Multiproxy approaches to investigating palaeoecology and palaeohydrology in the Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation, USA Suarez, M. B., Knight, J. A., Godet, A., Ludvigson, G. A., Snell, K. E., Murphy, L. and Kirkland, J. I. / Multiproxy strategy for determining palaeoclimate parameters in the Ruby Ranch Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation Suarez, C. A., Frucci, M. N., Tompkins, T. B. and Suarez, M. B. / Quantification of a North American greenhouse hydrological cycle: using oxygen isotopic composition of phosphate from Early Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian) turtles Index

Note: Contents Reolid, M., Mattioli, E., Duarte, L. V. and Ruebsam, W. / The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event: where do we stand? Correia, V. F., Riding, J. B., Duarte, L. V., Fernandes, P. and Pereira, Z. / The effects of the Jenkyns Event on the radiation of Early Jurassic dinoflagellate cysts Fraguas, Á., Gómez, J. J., Goy, A. and Comas-Rengifo, M. J. / The response of calcareous nannoplankton to the latest Pliensbachian–early Toarcian environmental changes in the Camino Section (Basque Cantabrian Basin, northern Spain) Menini, A., Mattioli, E., Hesselbo, S. P., Ruhl, M. and Suan, G. / Primary v. carbonate production in the Toarcian, a case study from the Llanbedr (Mochras Farm) borehole, Wales Thuy, B. and Numberger-Thuy, L. D. / Brittlestar diversity at the dawn of the Jenkyns Event (early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event): new microfossils from the Dudelange drill core, Luxembourg Bomou, B., Suan, G., Schlögl, J., Grosjean, A.-S., Suchéras-Marx, B., Adatte, T., Spangenberg, J. E., Fouché, S., Zacaï, A., Gibert, C., Brazier, J.-M., Perrier, V., Vincent, P., Janneau, K. and Martin, J. E. / The palaeoenvironmental context of Toarcian vertebrate-yielding shales of southern France (Hérault) Martin, J. E., Suan, G., Suchéras-Marx, B., Rulleau, L., Schlögl, J., Janneau, K., Williams, M., Léna, A., Grosjean, A.-S., Sarroca, E., Perrier, V., Fernandez, V., Charruault, A.-L., Maxwell, E. E. and Vincent, P. / Stenopterygiids from the lower Toarcian of Beaujolais and a chemostratigraphic context for ichthyosaur preservation during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event Fernández-Martínez, J., Rodríguez-Tovar, F. J., Piñuela, L., Martínez-Ruiz, F. and García-Ramos, J. C. / The Halimedides record in the Asturian Basin (northern Spain): supporting the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event relationship Šimo, V. and Reolid, M. / Palaeogeographical homogeneity of trace-fossil assemblages in Lower Jurassic spotted marls and limestones: comparison of the Western Carpathians and the Betic Cordillera Reolid, M., Soussi, M., Reolid, J., Ruebsam, W., Taher, I. B., Mattioli, E., Saidi, M. and Schwark, L. / The onset of the Early Toarcian flooding of the Pliensbachian carbonate platform of central Tunisia (north–south axis) as inferred from trace fossils and geochemistry Boomer, I., Copestake, P., Page, K., Huxtable, J., Loy, T., Bown, P., Dunkley Jones, T., O’Callaghan, M., Hawkes, S., Halfacree, D., Reay, H. and Caughtry, N. / Biotic and stable-isotope characterization of the Toarcian Ocean Anoxic Event through a carbonate–clastic sequence from Somerset, UK Müller, T., Price, G. D., Mattioli, E., Leskó, M. Z., Kristály, F. and Pálfy, J. / Hardground, gap and thin black shale: spatial heterogeneity of arrested carbonate sedimentation during the Jenkyns Event (T-OAE) in a Tethyan pelagic Basin (Gerecse Mts, Hungary) Rodrigues, B., Silva, R. L., Mendonça Filho, J. G., Reolid, M., Sadki, D., Comas-Rengifo, M. J., Goy, A. and Duarte, L. V. / The Phytoclast Group as a tracer of palaeoenvironmental changes in the early Toarcian Fonseca, C., Mendonça Filho, J. G., Lézin, C., Baudin, F., de Oliveira, A. D., Souza, J. T. and Duarte, L. V. / Boosted microbial productivity during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event in the Paris Basin, France: new evidence from organic geochemistry and petrographic analysis Xu, W., Weijers, J. W. H., Ruhl, M., Idiz, E. F., Jenkyns, H. C., Riding, J. B., Gorbanenko, O. and Hesselbo, S. P. / Molecular and petrographical evidence for lacustrine environmental and biotic change in the palaeo-Sichuan mega-lake (China) during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event Ruebsam, W. and Schwark, L. / Impact of a northern-hemispherical cryosphere on late Pliensbachian–early Toarcian climate and environment evolution Silva, R. L., Ruhl, M., Barry, C., Reolid, M. and Ruebsam, W. / Pacing of late Pliensbachian and early Toarcian carbon cycle perturbations and environmental change in the westernmost Tethys (La Cerradura Section, Subbetic zone of the Betic Cordillera, Spain) Index

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 LEO satellites 1.2 ESA Swarm mission 1.3 Objectives and structure of this work 2 GPS data quality analysis of the Swarm satellite formation 2.1 Fundamentals of GPS 2.2 Tracking performance 2.2.1 Receiver settings 2.2.2 Number of satellites tracked 2.3 Observation Analysis 2.3.1 Signal strength 2.3.2 Code noise 2.3.3 Carrier phase noise 2.4 Geometry-free linear combination 2.5 Cycle Slip Detection/Repair 2.6 Outlier detection 3 Kinematic orbit determination 3.1 Observation modeling 3.1.1 Precise Point Positioning 3.1.2 Batch least-squares adjustment 3.2 Kinematic orbit results 3.2.1 Validation with reduced-dynamic orbits 3.2.2 Validation with external kinematic orbits 3.2.3 Evaluation of orbit quality with residuals of observations 3.2.4 Validation with Satellite Laser Ranging 3.2.5 Validation with gravity fields 3.2.6 Receiver clock 3.3 Covariance Information 4 Kinematic baseline determination 4.1 Relative positioning models 4.1.1 Single-difference model 4.1.2 Double-difference model 4.1.3 Processing strategy using LSA 4.2 Kinematic baseline results 4.2.1 Comparing PPP and DD float baseline 4.2.2 Comparing baselines with float and fixed ambiguities 5 Kinematic velocity determination 5.1 Observation modeling 5.2 Kinematic velocity results 6 Analysis and mitigation of ionospheric scintillation effects 6.1 Ionospheric scintillations characterized by the Swarm satellites 6.2 Phase tracking loop 6.3 Mitigation of high-frequency noise over the polar areas 6.4 Mitigation of tracking errors over the equatorial areas 7 Conclusions , Sprache der Kurzfassungen: Englisch, Deutsch

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Shared Space 1.2 Motivation and Research Objectives 1.3 Proposals and Contributions 1.3.1 Interaction Detection 1.3.2 Trajectory Prediction 1.4 Structure of the Thesis 2 Concepts of Deep Learning and Fundamental Methods for Behavior Modeling 2.1 Introduction to Deep Learning 2.1.1 Feed-Forward Network with Backpropagation 2.1.2 Convolutional Neural Network 2.1.3 Recurrent Neural Network 2.2 Approaches for Object Detection and Classification 2.2.1 You Only Look Once 2.2.2 Multi-Level Feature Pyramid Network 2.3 Optical Flow 2.4 Spatial Clustering 2.5 Transformer Encoder with Self-Attention 2.6 Conditional Generative Model 2.6.1 Variational Auto-Encoder 2.6.2 Conditional Variational Auto-Encoder 3 Related Work 3.1 Interaction Detectio 3.1.1 Collisions, Conflicts, and Interactions 3.1.2 Automated Detection Using Computer Vision Methods 3.2 Trajectory Prediction 3.2.1 Expert vs. Data Driven 3.2.2 State-of-the-Art Deep Learning Approaches 4 Methodological Contributions 4.1 Interaction Detection 4.1.1 Problem Formulation and the Proposed Model 4.1.2 Sequence-to-Sequence Processing 4.1.3 Estimation of Uncertainty 4.1.4 Feature Extraction 4.2 Trajectory Prediction 4.2.1 Problem Formulation and the Proposed Model 4.2.2 Trajectory Ranking 4.2.3 Feature Extraction 5 Interaction Detection 5.1 Data Acquisition and Pre-processing 5.2 Experiments 5.2.1 Pipeline 5.2.2 CVAE Model for Interaction Detection 5.2.3 Baseline Model 5.2.4 Ablation Studies 5.2.5 Evaluation Metrics 5.3 Results 5.3.1 Quantitative Results 5.3.2 Qualitative Results 5.3.3 Analysis of the Results 5.4 Discussion 5.4.1 Failed Detection 5.4.2 Challenges of Cross-Dataset Generalization 5.5 Summary 6 Trajectory Prediction 6.1 Multi-Context Encoder Network 6.1.1 Framework 6.1.2 Experiments 6.1.3 Results 6.1.4 Discussion 6.1.5 Summary 6.2 Attentive Maps Encoder Network 6.2.1 Framework 6.2.2 Experiments 6.2.3 Results 6.2.4 Discussion 6.2.5 Summary 6.3 Dynamic Context Encoder Network 6.3.1 Framework 6.3.2 Experiments 6.3.3 Results 6.3.4 Discussion 6.3.5 Summary 7 Conclusion and Outlook 7.1 Conclusion 7.2 Outlook List of Figures List of Tables Acronyms Bibliography Acknowledgements Curriculum Vitae , Sprache der Kurzfassungen: Deutsch, Englisch

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation and objective 1.2 Problem statement and contributions 1.3 Reader's guide 2 State of the art 2.1 Image features and relative orientation 2.2 Efficient image matching 2.2.1 Reduction of the number of features per image 2.2.2 Reduction of the number of image pairs 2.2.3 Other integrated methods 2.3 Incremental and hierarchical image orientation 2.3.1 Incremental image orientation 2.3.2 Hierarchical image orientation 2.4 Global image orientation 2.4.1 Outlier detection in relative orientation 2.4.2 Global rotation estimation 2.4.3 Global translation estimation 2.5 Alternative solutions for image orientation 2.6 Discussion 3 Preprocessing 3.1 Time efficient image matching based on a random k-d forest 3.1.1 Construction of the random k-d forest 3.1.2 Determination of overlapping image pairs 3.1.3 Clustering images and discarding single images 3.1.4 Determination of relative orientation parameters 3.2 Robustifying the ROs for robust global image orientation 3.2.1 Detecting and eliminating RO outliers by checking compatibility of triplets 3.2.2 Detecting and eliminating RO outliers due to repetitive structure 3.2.3 Detecting and eliminating RO outliers of very short baselines and baselines parallel to the viewing direction 3.2.4 Identifying correct ROs of baselines parallel to the viewing direction 3.3 Discussion 4 Global image orientation 4.1 General Overview 4.2 Global rotation estimation 4.2.1 Rotation preliminaries and problem statement 4.2.2 Robust solution of global rotations 4.2.3 Discussion 4.3 Global translation estimation 4.3.1 Problem statements and relevant function model 4.3.2 Determination of globally consistent scale factors 4.3.3 Solving global translations based on relative translations 4.4 Robust bundle adjustment 4.5 Discussion 5 Experimental setup 5.1 Objectives of the designed experiments 5.2 Test datasets 5.3 Free parameter settings 5.4 Evaluation strategy and criteria 5.4.1 Preprocessing steps 5.4.2 Global image orientation 6 Evaluation 6.1 Evaluation of preprocessing steps 6.1.1 Performance of overlapping pair determination 6.1.2 Performance of the robustification of ROs 6.2 Evaluation of global image orientation 6.2.1 Ordered datasets 6.2.2 Unordered datasets 6.2.3 Problematic datasets 6.3 Synthesis 6.3.1 Preprocessing steps 6.3.2 Global image orientation 7 Conclusion and Outlook Appendix A. Proposition for very short baselines B. Calculation of the discrepancy between relative orientation and ground truth exterior orientation parameters B.l Discrepancy with respect to relative rotations B.2 Discrepancy with respect to relative translations C. Calculation of the mean translation errors References

Note: Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. Motivation 1.2. Main Contributions 1.3. Thesis Outline 2. Basics 2.1. Feature based Image Matching 2.1.1. Overview: What is Feature based Image Matching? 2.1.2. Desired Properties for Detected Features and Descriptors 2.1.3. Scale-Invariant Feature Detection 2.1.4. Feature Affine Shape Estimation 2.1.5. Feature Orientation Assignment 2.1.6. Feature Description 2.1.7. Descriptor Matching 2.2. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 2.2.1. Architecture of CNN 2.2.2. Training of CNN 2.3. Siamese Convolutional Neural Network 3. Related Work 3.1. Local Feature Detection 3.1.1. Translation and Rotation Invariant Features 3.1.2. Scale Invariant Features 3.1.3. Detectors based on a Comparison of Grey Values or Saliency 3.1.4. Detectors based on Machine Learning 3.2. Feature Orientation and Affine Shape Estimation 3.2.1. Orientation Assignment 3.2.2. Affine Shape Estimation 3.3. Local Feature Description 3.3.1. Hand Crafted Descriptors 3.3.2. Machine Learning based Descriptors 3.4. An Application: Orientation of Oblique Aerial Images 3.5. Discussion 3.5.1. Orientation Assignment and Affine Shape Estimation 3.5.2. Descriptor Learning 3.5.3. An Aerial Photogrammetric Benchmark 3.5.4. Ability to Transfer Learned Modules 4. Deep Learning Feature Representation 4.1. Overview of the Methodology 4.2. Descriptor Learning using Active Weak Match Finder - WeMNet 4.2.1. Descriptor Learning Architecture 4.2.2. Generation of Training Pairs 4.2.3. Loss Function 4.2.4. Weak Match Branch 4.3. Self Supervised Feature Affine Shape Learning - MoNet 4.3.1. Affine Transformation Decomposition 4.3.2. Self Supervised Affine Shape Estimation Module 4.4. Self Supervised Orientation Assignment Module - MGNet 4.5. Full Affine Estimation Network - Full-AfFNet 4.5.1. Full Affine Network 4.5.2. Training Loss 4.5.3. Data Augmentation 4.6. Inference based on the Trained Networks 4.7. Discussion 4.7.1. Descriptor Learning 4.7.2. Affine Shape Estimation 4.7.3. Orientation Assignment Learning 4.7.4. The Inference Pipeline 5. Experiments and Results 5.1. Datasets 5.1.1. Datasets for Training 5.1.2. Datasets for Testing 5.2. Evaluation and Analysis Criteria 5.2.1. Task A: Patch based Image Matching 5.2.2. Task B: Descriptor Distance Analysis 5.2.3. Task C: Feature based Image Matching 5.2.4. Task D: Image Orientation 5.2.5. Summary of Tasks and Involved Datasets 5.3. Descriptor Learning and Patch Based Image Matching 5.3.1. Parameter Study for WeMNet 5.3.2. Comparison to Related Work 5.4. Descriptor Distance Analysis 5.4.1. Translation 5.4.2. Rotation 5.4.3. Affine Shape Transformation 5.5. Image Matching Analysis 5.5.1. Parameter Study for Affine Shape Learning 5.5.2. Image Matching for Rotation Dataset 5.5.3. Image Matching for Hpatches Affine Dataset 5.6. Image Orientation 5.6.1. Determination of Image Orientation 5.6.2. Experiment Setup Details 5.6.3. Orientation Result of Different Blocks 5.6.4. Matching Quality Analysis 6. Discussion 6.1. Descriptor Learning and Patch Based Image Matching 6.1.1. Parameter Study 6.1.2. Comparison to Related Works 6.2. Descriptor Distance Analysis 6.2.1. Translation 6.2.2. Rotation 6.2.3. Affine Shape Transformation 6.3. Feature based Image Matching 6.3.1. Parameter Study 6.3.2. Rotation Set 6.3.3. Affine Set 6.4. Image Orientation 7. Conclusion and Outlook Bibliography A. Affine Shape Adaptation Theory A.l. transformation of affine Gaussian scale-space A.2. Local affine distortion measurement A.3. More affine transformation

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Objective & Research Questions 1.3 Outline of the Thesis 2 Related Work and Theory 2.1 GNSS Positioning 2.1.1 GNSS Constellations 2.1.2 Position Estimation 2.1.3 Measurement Errors in GPS Measurements 2.2 Reliability 2.3 Integrity 2.3.1 Conventional RAIM 2.3.2 Advanced RAIM 2.3.3 Augmentation Systems 2.3.4 Derivation of Conventional RAIM 2.3.5 Protection Level 2.4 Interval Mathematics 2.4.1 Basic Interval Mathematical Operations 2.4.2 Interval Vectors and Matrices 2.4.3 Interval Functions 2.4.4 Set Inversion via Interval Analysis 2.4.5 Contractors 2.4.6 Application of Interval Analysis to Navigation 2.5 Determination of Observation Interval Bounds 2.5.1 Probabilistic Approaches with a Priori Integrity Risk 2.5.2 Sensitivity Analysis of the Measurement Correction 2.5.2.1 Concept 2.5.2.2 Klobuchar Ionospheric Model 2.5.2.3 Saastamoinen Tropospheric Model 2.5.3 Expert Knowledge and Desired Size of the Bounding Zone 3 Integrity Approaches Based on Interval Mathematics and Set Theory 3.1 Interval Extension of Least-Squares Adjustment 3.2 Set Inversion Via Interval Analysis 3.3 Linear Programming Bounding Method 3.4 Developed Method Based on Primal-Dual Poly tope and Intervals 3.4.1 Polytopes and Zonotopes 3.4.2 Formulation and Methodology 3.4.3 Interpretation of Bounding Zones and Related Consistency Measures 3.4.4 Minimum Detectable Bias Definition 3.4.5 Integrity Measures Via Zonotopes and Polytopes 4 Performance Analysis of the Developed Methods by Monte Carlo Simulations 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Characterization of a Nominal Behavior 4.3 Proposal to Select the Critical Value of the Polytope Tests 4.4 Impact of Biases 4.4.1 Introductory Example 4.4.2 Impact of Different Biased Satellites and Observation Interval Bounds 4.4.3 Impact of Different Biased Satellites and Satellite Geometry 4.5 Analysis of the Polytope Global and Local Tests 4.5.1 General Proceeding 4.5.2 Critical Detection Scenarios - Correlated Satellites 4.5.3 Critical Detection Scenarios - Bad Geometry 4.6 Probabilistic Test Statistic Results 4.6.1 Results of Probabilistic Test Statistics 4.7 Comparison Between Probabilistic Tests and Polytopal Test 4.7.1 Good Satellite Geometry 4.7.2 Bad Satellite Geometry 4.8 Analysis of Protection Levels 4.8.1 Zonotopal Horizontal and Vertical Protection Levels 4.8.2 Statistical Based Horizontal and Vertical Protection Level 5 Real Data Analysis 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Positioning Analysis 5.2.1 Results from Scenario 1 - Urban Area 5.2.2 Results from Scenario 2 - Semi-Urban Area 5.3 Fault Detection and Exclusion 5.4 Minimum Detectable Bias 5.5 Protection Level 6 Conclusions and Outlook Bibliography Acknowledgments Curriculum Vitae

Note: Contents ISOLA Code for Multiple-Point Source Modeling—Review / Jiří Zahradník and Efthimios Sokos Seismic Moment Tensors in Anisotropic Media: A Review / Václav Vavryčuk The Frequency-Domain Moment-Tensor Inversion: Retrieving the Complete Source Moment-Tensor Spectra and Time Histories / Xiaoning Yang, Brian W. Stump and Mason D. Macphail Berkeley Seismic Moment Tensor Method, Uncertainty Analysis, and Study of Non-double-couple Seismic Events / Douglas S. Dreger Estimating Stability and Resolution of Waveform Inversion Focal Mechanisms / S. Scolaro, C. Totaro, D. Presti, Sebastiano D’Amico, G. Neri and B. Orecchio The Method of Cataclastic Analysis of Discontinuous Displacements / Yu. L. Rebetsky and A. Yu. Polets Challenges in Regional Moment Tensor Resolution and Interpretation / Simone Cesca and Sebastian Heimann The Role of Moment Tensors in the Characterization of Hydraulic Stimulations / Ismael Vera Rodriguez, James Rutledge and Sergey Stanchits Constrained Moment Tensors: Source Models and Case Studies / Jan Šílený Seismic Deformation Derived from Moment Tensor Summation: Application Along the Hellenic Trench / Anastasia Kiratzi, Christoforos Benetatos and Filippos Vallianatos Estimation of Empirical Green’s Tensor Spatial Derivative Elements: A Preliminary Study Using Strong Motion Records in Southern Fukui Prefecture, Japan / Michihiro Ohori Retrieval of the Seismic Moment Tensor from Joint Measurements of Translational and Rotational Ground Motions: Sparse Networks and Single Stations / Stefanie Donner, Heiner Igel, Céline Hadziioannou and the Romy group Overview of Moment Tensor Analysis in New Zealand / John Ristau Applications of Moment Tensor Solutions to the Assessment of Earthquake Hazard in Canada / J. F. Cassidy, H. Kao, John Ristau and A. Bent Intraplate Earthquakes in Europe—Source Parameters from Regional Moment Tensor Analysis / Jochen Braunmiller Source Characteristics of the January 8, 2013 (M W = 5.7) and May 24, 2014 (M W = 6.8) North Aegean Earthquakes Sequence / Doğan Kalafat, Kıvanç Kekovalı and Ali Pınar Investigating the Focal Mechanisms of the August 4th, 2003, Mw 7.6, South Orkney Islands Earthquake and its Aftershocks Sequence / M. P. Plasencia Linares, M. Guidarelli, M. Russi and G. F. Panza Waveform Modelling of 2009 Bhutan Earthquake of Magnitude 6.1 (Mw) Using Local Network Data of North East India / Santanu Baruah and Midusmita Boruah Resolving the Tectonic Stress by the Inversion of Earthquake Focal Mechanisms. Application in the Region of Greece. A Tutorial / Ioannis G. Kassaras and Vasilis Kapetanidis Relative Locations of Clustered Earthquakes in the Sea of Marmara and States of Local Stresses in the East of the Central Marmara Basin / Yasemin Korkusuz Öztürk and Nurcan Meral Özel Focal Mechanisms of Earthquakes and Stress Field of the Earth Crust in Azerbaijan / G. J. Yetirmishli and S. E. Kazimova Seismotectonic Crustal Strains of the Mongol-Baikal Seismic Belt from Seismological Data / Alena Seredkina and Valentina Melnikova The Stress State of Seismic Areas of the Central and East Asia / Yu. L. Rebetsky, A. Yu. Polets, O. A. Kuchay and N. A. Sycheva The Significance of Crustal Velocity Model in Moment Tensor Solutions: A Case Study of Yedisu Earthquakes / Fatih Turhan, Musavver Didem Cambaz and Jiří Zahradník An Overview of the Seismicity and Tectonics of the Black Sea / Doğan Kalafat Coulomb Stress Changes in the Area of December 2013–January 2014 Sannio-Matese Seismic Sequence (Southern Italy) / Santanu Baruah and Sebastiano D’Amico Active Faulting in the Earth’s Crust of the Baikal Rift System Based on the Earthquake Focal Mechanisms / Vladimir A. Sankov and Anna A. Dobrynina Quaternary Stress Field and Faulting in the Western Part of the Catanzaro Trough (Calabria, Southern Italy) / F. Brutto, F. Muto, M. F. Loreto, Sebastiano D’Amico, N. De Paola, V. Tripodi and S. Critelli A Seismogenic Zone Model for Seismic Hazard Studies in Northwestern Africa / J. A. Peláez, J. Henares, M. Hamdache and C. Sanz de Galdeano A Trial Modeling of Perturbed Repeating Earthquakes Combined by Mathematical Statics, Numerical Modeling and Seismological Observations / Keisuke Ariyoshi, Shunichi Nomura, Naoki Uchida and Toshihiro Igarashi Getting Started with GMT: An Introduction for Seismologists / Matthew R. Agius Devices for a Rotational Ground Motion Measurement / Leszek R. Jaroszewicz and Anna Kurzych

Note: Text englisch mit deutscher und englischer Zusammenfassung

Note: Band 1: Bundesbericht Forschung und Innovation 2018 : Forschungs- und innovationspolitische Ziele und Maßnahmen Band 2: Daten und Fakten zum deutschen Forschungs- und Innovationssystem : Datenband Bundesbericht Forschung und Innovation 2018

Note: Das Wichtigste in Kürze … -- k-Means-Clustering -- Hauptkomponentenanalyse -- Assoziationsanalyse -- Soziale Netzwerkanalyse -- Regressionsanalyse -- k-nächste Nachbarn und Ausreißererkennung -- Support-Vektor-Maschine -- Entscheidungsbaum -- Random Forests -- Neuronale Netze -- A/B-Tests und vielarmige Banditen -- Anhang