ALBERT

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ = Soderžanie = Contents: Предисловие = Predislovie = Foreword. - Метеорология = Meteorologija = Meteorology. - Метеорологические наблюдения = Meteorologičeskie nabljudenija = Meteorological observations. - Таблицы = Tablicy = Tables. - Актинометрия = Aktinometrija = Actinometry. - Актинометрические наблюдения = Aktinometričeskie nabljudenija = Actinometric observations. - Некоторые результаты наблюдений = Nekotorye rezul'taty nabljudenij = Some results of observations. - Таблицы = Tablicy = Tables. - , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ = Soderžanie = Contents: Предисловие = Predislovie = Foreword. - Геофизина = Geofizika = Geophysics. - Ионосферные наблюдения = Ionosfernye nabljudenija = Ionospheric observations. - Таблица. Ионосферные данные = Tablica. Ionosfernye dannye = Table. Ionospheric data. - Магнитные наблюдения = Magnitnye nabljudenija = Magnetic observations. - Таблица 1. Ежечасные значения магнитных элементов D, Н, Z = Tablica 1. Ežečasnye značenija magnitnych ėlementov D, H, Z = Table 1. Hourly values of the magnetic elements D, H, Z. - Таблица 2. Ежечасные значения амплитуд горизонтальной составляющей rγH = Tablica 2. Ežečasnye značenija amplitud gorizontal'noj sostavljajuščej rγH = Table 2. Hourly values of amplitudes of the horizontal component rγH. - Таблица 3. Наблюденные значения магнитных элементов D, Н, Z = Tablica 3. Nabljudennye značenija magnitnych ėlementov D, H, Z = Table 3. Observed values of the magnetic elements D, H, Z. , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ = Soderžanie = Table of Contents. - Предисловие = Predislovie = Foreword. - Аэрология = Aėrologija = Aerology. - Методика и результаты аэрологических наблюдений = Metodika i rezul'taty aėrologičeskich nabljudenij = Method and results of upper-air observations. - Таблица 1. Географические координаты станций = Tablica 1. Geografičeskie koordinaty stancij = Table 1. Geographical coordinates of stations. - Таблица 2. Среднее месячное давление = Tablica 2. Srednee Mesjačnoe davlenie = Table 2. Average monthly pressure. - Таблица 3. Средняя месячная высота и температура изобарических поверхностей = Tablica 3. Srednjaja mesjačnaja vysota i temperatura izobaričeskich poverchnostej = Table 3. Average monthly height and temperature of isobaric surfaces. - Таблица 4. Средняя месячная плотность воздуха = Tablica 4. Srednjaja mesjačnaja plotnost' vozducha = Table 4. Average monthly air density. - Таблица 5. Средняя месячная температура = Tablica 5. Srednjaja mesjačnaja temperatura = Table 5. Average monthly temperature. - Таблица 6. Максимальная температура = Tablica 6. Maksimal'naja temperatura = Table 6. Maximum temperature. - Таблица 7. Минимальная температура = Tablica 7. Minimal'naja temperatura = Table 7. The minimum temperature. - Таблица 8. Средняя высота изотермических поверхностей = Tablica 8. Srednjaja vysota izotermičeskich poverchnostej = Table 8. The average height of isothermal surfaces. - Таблица 9. Повторяемость высоты нижней границы инверсий и изотермий и числа дней с инверсиями и изотермиями = Tablica 9. Povtorjaemost' vysoty nižnej granicy inversij i izotermij i čisla s inversijami i izotermijami = Table 9. Repeatability of the height of the lower boundary of inversions and isotherms and the number of days with inversions and isotherms Таблица 10. Средняя мощность инверсий и изотермий = Tablica 10. Srednjaja moščnost' inversij i izotermij = Table 10. The average power of inversions and isotherms. - Таблица 11. Средняя интенсивность инверсий и изотермий = Tablica 11. Srednaja intensivnost' inversij i izotermij = Table 11. The average intensity of inversions and isotherms. - Таблица 12. Средняя высота и температура нижней границы тропопаузы = Tablica 12. Srednjaja vysota i temperatura nižnej granicy tropopauzy = Table 12. The average height and temperature of the lower border of the tropopause. - Таблица 13. Повторяемость высоты нижней границы тропопаузы = Tablica 13. Povtorjaemost' vysoty nižnej granicy tropopauzy = Table 13. Repeatability of the height of the lower tropopause border. - Таблица 14. Повторяемость температуры нижней границы тропопаузы = Tablica 14. Povtorjaemost' temperatury nižnej granicy tropopauzy =Table 14. Repeatability of temperature of the lower tropopause border. - Таблица 15. Средняя месячнан относительная влажность = Tablica 15. Srednjaja mesjačnan otnositel'naja vlažnost' = Table 15. Average monthly relative humidity. - Таблица 16. Средняя месячная удельная влажность = Tablica 16. Srednjaja mesjačnaja udel'naja vlažnost' = Table 16. Average monthly specific humidity. - Таблица 17. Средняя высота нижней границы облаков = Tablica 17. Srednaja vysota nižnej granicy oblakov = Table 17. The average height of the lower boundary of the clouds. - Таблица 18. Средняя месячная скорость ветра = Tablica 18. Srednjaja mesjačnaja skorost' vetra = Table 18. Average monthly wind speed. - Таблица 19. Максимальная скорость ветра = Tablica 19. Maksimal'naja skorost' vetra = Table 19. Maximum wind speed. - Таблица 20. Повторяемость направления ветра = Tablica 20. Povtorjaemost' napravlenija vetra = Table 20. Wind direction repeatability. - Таблица 21. Результаты температурно-ветрового зондирования атмосферы = Tablica 21. Rezul'taty temperaturno-vetrovogo zondirovanija atmosfery = Table 21. Results of temperature-wind sounding of the atmosphere. - , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Inhaltsübersicht: A. Die Problemstellungen. - B. Überblick über die geomorphologische Entwicklung des Ostseeraumes. - 1. Der Baltische Schild und die ihn flankierenden Depressionen. - 2. Die Entwicklung des Ostseebeckens im Quartär. - I. Die Faktoren, die entscheidend die Morphologie Nordeuropas mitgestalteten. - II. Der Anteil der Weichsel-(Würm-)Vereisung an der morphologischen Formung. - III. Interglaziale Meerestransgressionen im Ostseeraum; Entwicklungsphasen der Ostsee im Spät- und Postglazial. - C. Eisstauseen des eurasischen Vergletscherungsgebietes als wesentliche Elemente des Smmelzwasserstromnetzes vor der Front des pleistozänen Inlandeises. - 1. Die Eisstauseen. - a) Im Gebiete des nordwesteuropäischen Kontinentalschelfes; die Reliktvorkommen in Großbritannien und Irland. - b) Entwicklungsgeschichte und Charakter des Südbaltischen Eisstausees. - c) Weichselzeitliche Stauseebildungen im Bereiche des Baltischen Landrückens. - d) Der Eisstausee im oberen Onega-Tal. - e) Das Becken des Weißen Meeres und seine Randgebiete. - f) Eisstauseen im östlichen Eurasien. - 2. Die Bedeutung der Lage und Verbreitung der Eisstauseen für die Lösung des Problems. - 3. Die Wasserscheiden im Raume des einstigen Pommersehen Stadiums und seines Hinterlandes. - 4. Die Abflußverhältnisse vor der Front des Inlandeises. - 5. Die Bedeutung der Richtung der Rückzugsbewegung des nordeuropäischen Inlandeises auf die Eiszentren in Fennoskandia. - D. Einwanderungsmöglichkeiten von Faunenelementen des Nördlichen Eismeeres in den Südbaltischen Eisstausee und in Binnengewässer Mittel- und Nordeuropas. - 1. Übersicht. - 2. Einwanderungsmöglichkeiten auf westlichen Wegen. - I. Der südwestliche Weg zwischen Jütland und Südschweden. - II. Die West-Ost-Verbindung vom Skagerrak-Kattegat über die mittelschwedischen Seen zum Ostseebecken. - 3. Einwanderungsmöglichkeiten auf östlichen Wegen. - I. Der nordöstliche Weg vom Weißen Meer über den Onega- und Ladoga-See zum Finnischen Meerbusen. - lI. Der Weg von der Kandalakscha-Bucht des Weißen Meeres zum Finnischen Meerbusen. - III. Der nordöstliche Weg unter Benutzung von Eisstauseen im Bereiche des Baltischen Landrückens und in den Küstenbezirken des Weißen Meeres. - a) Die Bedeutung der Brackwasser-Transgression beim Vorrücken der Kola- und Nowaja-Semlja-Gletscher. - b) Die Bedeutung des Langelancl-Vorstoßes für die Bildung von Eisstauseen und für die Hochschleusung von Reliktpopulationen aus dem Südbaltischen Eisstausee. - IV. Der Weg durch das Europäische Nordmeer entlang der norwegischen Küste zur Nord- und Ostsee. - 4. Der Einwanderungsweg von Pallasea quadrispinosa G. O. SARS. - E. Eisstauseen auf dem nordamerikanischen Kontinent und ihre Bedeutung für die Verbreitung mariner Glazialrelikte. - F. Die Vorkommen mariner Glazialrelikte an der Ostküste Gränlands. - G. Die Lebensmöglichkeiten während der weichselzeitlichen Rückzugsphasen. - H. Anlagen: I. Die Hauptstadien der Weichsel-Vereisung (Waldai-Vereisung der sowjetisehen Autoren) in Mittel- und Osteuropa. - II. Das nordamerikanische Vergletscheru:ngsgebiet: die Laurentische Inlandeisdecke. - III. Übersicht über die Hauptgliederung des Pleistozäns in Eurasien und Nordamerika. - I. Zusammenfassung. - K. Résumé. - L. Summary. - M. Schriftenverzeichnis (Auswahl).

Note: CONTENTS: THE COMPOSITION OF SEA-WATER. - SECTION I. CHEMISTRY. - 1. THE OCEANS AS A CHEMICAL SYSTEM / BY E. D. GOLDBERG. - 1. The composition of sea-water. - 2. Reactivities of the elements. - 3. Chemical reaction in the oceans and the compositions of the end-products. - 4. Space and time distributions of the elements. - 2. THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANISMS ON THE COMPOSITION OF SEAWATER / BY A. C. REDFIELD, B. H. KETCHUM AND F. A. RICHARDS. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The biochemical cycle. - 3. The biochemical circulation. - 3. ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY IN THE SEA / BY Y. MIYAKE. - 1. Artificial radioactivity in oceanic waters. - 2. Enrichment of radioactive substances in marine products. - 3. Artificial radioactivity as a tracer of water movements in the ocean. - 4. Disposal of radioactive waste in the ocean. - 4. RADIOISOTOPES AND LARGE-SCALE OCEANIC MIXING / W. BROECKER. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Useful isotopes. - 3. Steady-state distribution of 14C. - 4. Ocean-atmosphere CO2 exchange rates. - 5. Oceanic mixing models. - 6. Industrial CO2 effect. - 7. 226Ra distribution. - 8. 90Sr distribution. - 9. Non-steady-state conditions. - 10. Conclusion. - 5. CHEMICAL INSTRUMENTATION / BY D. E. CARRITT. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Chlorinity, salinity, density and related properties. - 3. Water tagging and tracer techniques. - 4. Measurement of dissolved gases. - 6. WATER SAMPLING AND THERMOMETERS / BY H. F. P. HERDMAN. - 1. Sampling. - 2. Thermometry. - SECTION II. FERTILITY OF THE OCEANS. - 7. PRODUCTIVITY, DEFINITION AND MEASUREMENT / BY E. STEEMANN NIELSEN. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Definitions. - 3. Methods for measuring primary production. - 4. The relation between the rate of gross production and net production below a surface unit. - 5. Transparency of the water versus organic production. - 6. The significance of single individual measurements of primary production. - 7. The influence of weather conditions. - 8. ORGANIC REGULATION OF PHYTOPLANKTON FERTILITY / BY L. PROVASOLI. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Data from chemical analysis. - 3. Organic products of algae and bacteria. - 4. Nutritional requirements of marine algae. - 5. Crustacea and organic solutes. - 6. Data from biological analysis of sea-water. - 7. Prospects. - 8. Addendum. - 9. BIOASSAY OF TRACE SUBSTANCES / BY W. L. BELSER. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Vitamins. - 3. Amino acids. - 4. Purines and pyrimidines. - 5. Perspectives. - COMPARATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE OCEANOGRAPHY. - SECTION III. CURRENTS. - 10. EQUATORIAL CURRENT SYSTEMS / BY J. A. KNAUSS. - 1. Methods of study of ocean currents. - 2. Gross circulation pattern. - 3. A two-layer ocean - the thermocline. - 4. Zonal fiow-geostrophic currents. - 5. Meridional flow-upwelling. - 6. Conclusions and speculations. - 11. EASTERN BOUNDARY CURRENTS / BY W. S. WOOSTER AND J. L. REID, JR. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Common features of eastern boundary currents. - 3. Coastal upwelling. -4. Poleward eastern boundary currents. - 5. Biological implications. - 12. THE SOUTHERN OCEAN / BY G. E. R. DEACON. - 1. Topography. - 2. Oceanographic data. - 3. Wind zones. - 4. The water-masses. - 5. Climatology and zoogeography. - 6. Nutrient salts. - 7. Future needs. - 13. DEEP-CURRENT MEASUREMENTS USING NEUTRALLY BUOYANT FLOATS / BY G. H. VOLKMANN. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The pinger. - 3. Measurements. - 14. DROGUES AND NEUTRAL-BUOYANT FLOATS / BY J. A. KNAUSS. - 15. ESTUARIES / BY W. M. CAMERON AND D. W. PRITCHARD. - 1. Definition of estuaries. - 2. General considerations. - 3. Estuarine circulation patterns. - 4. Some variations on the estuarine sequence. - 5. Flushing in estuaries. - 6. Dynamics of estuaries. - 7. Kinematic description of the distribution of properties in an estuary. - 16. APPLICATIONS OF THE GYROPENDULUM / BY W. S. VON ARX. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The gyropendulum. - 3. The problem of time variations. - SECTION IV. BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY. - 17. GEOGRAPHIC VARIATIONS IN.PRODUCTIVITY / BY J. H. RYTHER. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Incident radiation. - 3. Transparency. - 4. Nutrients. - 5. Latitudinal variations in the stability of surface water. - 6. Productivity of the major oceanic regions. - 7. Hydrodynamic features which influence productivity. - 8. Plankton production in coastal and inshore waters. - 9. Production of benthic plant communities. - 18. BIOLOGICAL SPECIES, WATER-MASSES AND CRRRENTS / BY M. W. JOHNSON AND E. BRINTON. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Water-masses and biological species. - 3. Water currents and biological species. - 19. COMMUNITIES OF ORGANISMS / BY E. W. FAGER. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Definition of community. - 3. Identification of communities. - 4. Community structure. - 5. Community function. - 6. Community theory. - 20. THEORY OF FOOD-CHAIN RELATIONS IN THE OCEAN / BY G. A. RILEY. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Mathematical models of plankton populations. - 3. Complex versus simple models. - 4. Prognosis for mathematical models. - 5. Higher elements of the food chain. - 21. FISHERY DYNAMICS - THEIR ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION / BY M. B. SCHAEFER AND R. J. H. BEVERTON. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The Beverton-Holt approach. - 3. The Schaefer approach. - 4. Concluding remarks. - SECTION V. OCEANOGRAPHICAL MISCELLANEA. - 22. SEASONAL CHANGES IN SEA-LEVEL / BY JUNE G. PATTULLO. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The observed seasonal variations. - 3. Factors influencing variations in sea-level. - 4. Summary. - 5. Conclusions. - 23. BATHYSCAPHS AND OTHER DEEP SUBMERSIBLES FOR OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH / BY R. S. DIETZ. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Diving chambers. - 3. Bathyscaphs. - 4. Diving saucer. - 5. Buoyant-hulled deep ships or bathynauts. - 6. Deep-research vessel (D.R.V.). - 7. Remote underwater manipulator (RUM). - 8. Concluding remarks. - 24. DEEP-SEA ANCHORING AND MOORING / BY JOHN D. ISAACS. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Historical background. - 3. Problems of taut-mooring. - 4. Remarks on components of moorings. - 5. Mooring cables. - 6. The anchors. - 7. Fittings. - 8. Performance. - AUTHOR INDEX. - SUBJECT INDEX.

Note: CONTENTS: PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY. - SECTION I. FUNDAMENTALS. - 1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SEA-WATER / BY N. P. FOFONOFF. - 1. The equilibrium thermodynamic state. - 2. Equation of state for sea-water. - 3. Entropy. - 4. Chemical potential difference. - 5. The non-equilibrium state. - 6. Other physical properties of sea-water. - 2. THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION OF SEA-WATER / BY CARL ECKART. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Thermodynamics. - 3. Hydrodynamics. - 4. The irreversible processes. - 5. Transformation of the equation. - 6. The zeroth approximation. - 7. The first approximation. - 8. Definitions related to convective motion. - 9. The field equations. - SECTION II. INTERCHANGE OF PROPERTIES BETWEEN SEA AND AIR. - 3. SMALL-SCALE INTERACTIONS / BY E. L. DEACON AND E. K. WEBB. - 1. General considerations of transfer. - 2. Momentum transfer and the wind-profile. - 3. Drag coefficients of the sea surface. - 4. Transfer of heat and water vapour. - 4. LARGE-SCALE INTERACTIONS / BY JOANNE S. MALKUS. - 1. Introduction. - 2. How the whole system works. - 3. Determination of air-sea fluxes. - 4. Climatology of energy exchange and the global heat and water budgets. - 5. Heat and water exchange and its role in tropical circulations. - 6. Large-scale momentum relations. - 7. Exchange mechanisms and fluctuations. - 8. Exchange fluctuations in mid-latitudes and long-period interaction anomalies. - 9. Concluding remarks. - 5. INSOLUBLES / BY R. W. REX AND E. D. GOLDBERG. - 1. Meteorology of transport. - 2. Eolian materials in marine sediments. - 6. SOLUBLES / BY A. H. WOODCOCK. - 7. GASES / BY R. REVELLE AND H. E. SUESS. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Oxygen and nitrogen. - 3. Rare gases. - 4. Carbon dioxide. - SECTION III. DYNAMICS OF OCEAN CURRENTS / BY N. P. FOFONOFF. - 1. Conservation equations for momentum and mass. - 2. Separation into steady and time-dependent motion. - 3. Magnitude of forces. - 4. Steady-state circulation. - 5. Steady inertial circulation. - 6. Convective circulation. - 7. Time-dependent motion. - SECTION IV. TRANSMISSION OF ENERGY WITHIN THE SEA. - 8. LIGHT / BY J. E. TYLER AND R. W. PREISENDORFER. - 1. Physical constructs. - 2. Instrumentation for the measurement of the underwater light field and the determination of the optical properties of the sea. - 3. Radiance distribution. - 4. Attenuation coefficient. - 5. Volume scattering functions and total scattering coefficient. - 6. Irradiance. - 7. Diffuse attenuation function and reflectance function. - 8. Scalar irradiance (spherical irradiance). - 9. Absorption coefficient. - 10. Path function. - 11. Data. - 12. Applications. - 13. List of symbols. - 9. UNDERWATER VISIBILITY / BY S. Q. DUNTLEY. - 1. Image transmission. - 2. Inherent contrast. - 3. Sighting range. - 10. LIGHT AND ANIMAL LIFE / BY G. L. CLARKE AND E. J. DENTON. - 11. OTHER ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION / BY L. N. LIEBERMANN. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Electromagnetic properties of sea-water. - 3. Propagation through sea-water. - 4. The effect of the sea-surface on electromagnetic propagation. - 5. Natural electromagnetic radiation or "noise" in the sea. - 12. SOUND IN THE SEA / BY P. VIGOUREUX and J. B. HERSEY. - 1. The nature of sound. - 2. Propagation of sound in water. - 3. Noise. - 4. Instruments and applications of sound to oceanography. - 13. SOUND SCATTERING BY MARINE ORGANISMS / BY J. B. HERSEY AND R. H. BACKUS. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Occurrence and description of scattering layers. - 3. Identification of sound scatterers. - 4. Sound-scattering theory. - 5. Sound-scattering observations. - 6. What is "the deep scattering layer"?. - 7. Ideas and miscellaneous observations. - 14. SOUND PRODUCTION BY MARINE ANIMALS / BY W. E. SCHEVILL, R. H. BACKUS, AND J. B. HERSEY. - 1. Introduction. - 2. History. - 3. Instrumentation. - 4. Identification of source. - 5. Purposeful and adventitious sounds. - 6. Sound-producing mechanisms. - 7. Spectra of sounds. - 8. Functions of sound. - 9. Hearing as related to sound production. - 10. Eliciting and suppressing marine animal sounds. - 11. Exploitation of marine animal sounds by the oceanographer. - SECTION V. WAVES. - 15. ANALYSIS AND STATISTICS / BY D. E. CARTWRIGHT. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Fundamental equations of wave motion. - 3. Statistical formulation. - 4. Properties of a wave system in terms of its directional energy spectrum. - 5. Estimating the directional energy spectrum. - 6. Waves recorded by a single detector. - 7. Spectral measurement. - 8. Second-order approximations to energy spectra. - 16. LONG-TERM VARIATIONS IN SEA-LEVEL / BY J. R. ROSSITER. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The determination of mean sea-level. - 3. Causes of variations in sea-level. - 4. The analysis of observations. - 5. Some geophysical implications of long-term variations in sea-level. - 6. Conclusion. - 17. SURGES / BY P. GROEN AND G. W. GROVES. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Description. - 3. Dynamics and forecasting. - 18. LONG OCEAN WAVES / BY W. H. MUNK. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The instruments. - 3. The spectrum. - 4. Surf beat. - 5. Shelf waves. - 6. Tsunamis. - 19. WIND WAVES / BY N. F. BARBER AND M. J. TUCKER. - 1. Kinematics of waves. - 2. The description of a complicated wave pattern: the wave spectrum. - 3. Theories of wave generation by wind. - 4. Wave prediction. - 5. Waves from distant storms. - 6. Waves approaching the shore. - 7. The surf zone. - 8. Ships and waves. - 9. Methods of observation and analysis-methods taking no account of direction of travel. - 10. Methods of observation and analysis - the directional power spectrum. - 20. MICROSEISMS / BY J. DARBYSHIRE. - 1. Relation between sea waves and microseisms. - 2. The nature of microseisms. - 3. Refraction of microseisms. - 4. Storm tracking and estimation of the direction of approach of microseisms. - 5. Estimation of direction from the nature of microseisms. - 6. Instruments. - 7. Other work. - 21. RIPPLES / BY C. S. COX. - 1. Spectrum and mean square slope. - 2. Effect of slicks. - 3. Shape of a rippled water surface. - 4. Growth of ripples. - 22. INTERNAL WAVES : Part I / BY E. C. LAFOND. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Measurements. - 3. Observed relations. - 22. INTERNAL WAVES : Part II / BY C. S. COX. - 4. Differential equations. - 5. Spectrum. - 6. Internal waves and turbulence. - 23. TIDES / BY W. HANSEN. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The hydrodynamic equations and their application to tidal problems. - 3. Tidal observation. - 4. Tidal charts. - 5. Classical theory. - 6. Numerical methods for ascef!.aining the tides and tidal currents. Boundary-value problems. - 7. The application of difference methods to initial-boundary problems. - 8. Numerical solutions of initial-boundary-value problems of tides in one and two dimensions. - 9. Internal tides. - SECTION VI. TURBULENCE / BY K. F. BOWDEN. - 1. General properties of turbulence. - 2. Turbulence in the sea. - 3. Turbulent fluctuations and turbulent transports. - 4. Vertical turbulence. - 5. Horizontal turbulence. - SECTION VII. THE PHYSICS OF SEA-ICE / BY E. R. POUNDER. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Mechanical properties. - 3. Thermal properties. - 4. Electrical properties. - 5. Growth and disintegration of an ice cover. - 6. Theory of sea-ice structure and properties. - AUTHOR INDEX. - SUBJECT INDEX.

Note: Table des Matières: Liste des figures. - Avant propos. - Préambule. - Introduction. - 1. Programme du Géomagnétisme. - 2. Situation de la base Roi Baudouin et plans des installations. - 3. Installation de la station de Géomagnétisme. - Pavillon des mesures absolues. - Pavillon des enregistreurs. - Le géomagnétisme au bâtiment "Science". - Installations électriques. - 4. Les instruments. - Nomenclature et description. - Etablissement du méridien magnétique et orientation des aimants des variomètres. - Installation et réglage des instruments. - 5. Les températures. - Variations journalières pour chaque variomètre. - Moyennes et écarts max. - Humidité relative. - 6. Les temps. - Controle et correction du temps. - Temps vrai de la station. - 7. Les magnétogrammes. - Marquage et magnétogrammes disponibles. - Magnétogramme du 8/9/1958 et description de l'aurore. - 8. Méthodes d'observation. - Constantes, méthodes de mesure utilisées, calculs. - Valeurs d'echelle et parallaxes. - Valeurs tabulées des mesures absolues. - 9. Mesures magnétiques en campagne. - Etablissement des stations. - Températures, durée et nombre des mesures. - Azimuts et temps. - Valeurs tabulées des mesures. - 10. Difficultés rencontrées et propositions. - Choix du terrain et installation des pavillons. - Solutions proposées pour la stabilité des pilliers. - Résumé des caractéristiques principales de la station. - Bibliographie.

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. Introduction. - 2. History of Arctic exploration. - 3. The meteorology and climate of the Arctic. - 4. Landforms of the Arctic. - 5. The Arctic Seas. - 6. Arctic flora and fauna. - 7. Native peoples. - 8. Transportation. - 9. Political geography of the Arctic. - 10. Regional description of the Canadian Arctic. - 11. Alaska. - 12. The Soviet Arctic. - 13. Svalbard. - 14. Greenland. - 15. The history of Antarctic exploration. - 16. The Antarctic continent. - 17. Meteorology and climate of the Antarctic. - 18. The Antarctic Seas. - 19. The sub-Antarctic islands. - Index.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents: Preface. - Summary. - Introduction. - Basis of theory. - Basic equations. - Ice sheets with only accumulation or ablation. - Growing ice sheets which contain only an accumulation zone. - Shrinking ice sheets which contain only an ablation zone. - Comments. - Ice sheet with both accumulation and ablation zones. - Growing ice sheets. - Shrinking ice sheets. - Conclusions. - References.

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary ­Introduction Sample preparation Sample homogeneity Distribution of samples Analysis Conclusions and suggested standardization References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental Materials Apparatus Experimental results Ice/metal interface Ice/quartz interface Discussion References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Experimental Materials Apparatus Experimental results Deformation under constant hydrostatic pressure Deformation as a function of hydrostatic pressure Deformation as a function of temperature at constant pressure Discussion References

Note: CONTENTS Test area description Experimental techniques Explosive initiation system Grid lines on snow Grid lines on driving plates The streak camera Synchronization of camera and event Synchronization of flash bulb and event Timing-light generator High-speed framing camera

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction The Sorge depth-density curve Generalization for time-variable rate of accumulation Path of a particle on the surface y=B(h,t) Effect of temperature Computational procedure Densification under high loads References

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Der erste Tag in Antarktika. - Hochsommer. - Die Traktoristen bestehen ihr Examen. - In der Luft und auf dem Eis. - Ins Innere des Kontinents. - 24 Uhr Moskauer Zeit. - Bei Kilometer 100. - Aus meinem Tagebuch. - Pionerskaja. - Was lehrte und der Marsch ins Innere?. - Der Speicher im Eis. - Wo soll die Ladung gelöscht werden?. - Katastrophe aud der Eisbarriere. - Die Flagge wird gehißt. - In Mirny brennt es!. - Der Schlittenzug auf dem Marsch. - Ein ungewöhnlicher Vorfall. - Flug nach Komsomolskaja. - Wostok 1 entsteht. - Wir müssen vorübergehend zurückweichen. - Erfolge der Geologen und Biologen. - Pinguine und Sturmvögel. - Beginn der Überwinterung. - So vergeht Tag um Tag. - Wütend heult der Sturm. - Im Labyrinth der Gletscherspalten verirrt. - Festtage in Mirny. - Unsere Nachbarn. - Alltag in Antarktika. - Winterflüge. - Die Flieger helfen uns aus der Klemme. - Dem Frühling entgegen. - Bei den "Eingeborenen" von Antarktika. - Little America - "Klein-Amerika". - Orkan. - "Brigade Uch!". - Die Amerikaner auf dem sechsten Kontinent. - Nachricht vom Nachbar. - So war das Wetter im August. - Australische Gäste in Mirny. - Luftaufklärung. - In der Bunger-Oase. - Neues vom amerikanischen Hauptstützpunkt. - Probe für den großen Marsch. - Kurs Süd. - In der Zone der "Drachenzähne". - Siedlung auf Schlitten. - Und weiter geht der Marsch. - Die Leute von Wostok 1. - Minus 74° Celsius!. - Komsomolskaja ersteht von neuem. - "Frühling" im Schnee. - Die Ablösung trifft ein. - Alle Mann an die Arbeit!. - Der Vormarsch wird fortgesetzt. - Am geomagnetischen Südpol. - Flug zum Pol der relativen Unzugänglichkeit. - Abschied von Antarktika. - Der Heimat entgegen!. - Anmerkungen. - Tabelle: Höhe der Gletscheroberfläche über dem Meeresspiegel.

Note: CONTENTS: Preface. - Summary. - Chapter I. Introduction. - Operations and logistics. - Chapter II. Methods of investigation. - Region of investigation. - Pit studies. - Elevation measurements. - Chapter Ill. Stratigraphy and accumulation. - Introduction. - Diagenesis without melt. - Diagenesis with melt. - Diagenetic facies defined on glaciers. - Grain size. - Description of three stratigraphic features. - Principles of stratigraphic interpretation. - Selection of a reference datum in the annual stratigraphic sequence. - Stratigraphic correlation. - Distribution of annual accumulation. - Independent checks on the stratigraphic interpretations. - Chapter IV. Temperature distribution. - Seasonal temperature variation on the snow surface. - Seasonal temperature variation below the snow surface. - Distribution of mean annual temperature on the ice sheet. - Chapter V. Diagenetic facies- a classification of glaciers. - Temperature. - Hardness. - Density. - Glacier facies - a classification of glaciers. - Chapter VI. Densification of snow and firn. - Load-volume relationship. - Depth-density relationship. - Chapter VII. Climatological implications. - Introduction. - Katabatic winds and accumulation. - Annual heat exchange. - The balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet. - References. - Appendix A: Stratigraphy, meteorology and glaciology. - Appendix B: Mean annual temperature. - Appendix C: The data sheets.

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Previous work Experimental methods Experimental results Series A Series B Series C Series D Series E Discussion Conclusions References Appendix A

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Method of investigation Location Pit studies Temperature Hardness Density Stratigraphic measurements Thermal studies Stratigraphic features Grain size Grain shape Crusts Discussion of results Temperature Altitude gradient Latitude gradient Depth-density relationship Depth-load relationship Densification Stratigraphic analysis Facies relationship Climatological aspects 1960 meteorological observations Temperature Wind Barometric pressure Radiation Cloudiness Visibility Thermal studies Summary and conclusions References Appendix A Appendix B

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Open-loop system Method of analysis Time dependence of pond size Temperature of water in the pond Effect of inlet water temperature Effect of convection duct Power consumption for circulation of cooling water Condlusions Closed-loop system Method of analysis Time dependence of pond size Flow conditions of glycol solutions inside coil Discussion and conclusions References Appendix: Examples of calculations

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Field investigations Application of profile data Densification theory Engineering applications References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Air temperature Wind direction and speed Precipitation and accumulation Climatological map for the Greenland Ice Sheet Appendix A: Temperature data Appendix B: Precipitation data

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimentation Method of growing salt ice Strength test procedures Bulk properties of salt ice Phase relations Density and air content Strength results Strength of fresh-water ice Strength of NaCl ice as a function of brine volume Strength of NaCl· 2H2O ice as a function of the relative volume of solid salt Effect of thermal history on salt-ice strength Phase hysteresis Geometric hysteresis Effect of short-term cooling on the strength of fresh-water and NaCl·2H2O ice Effect of the volume of inclosed air on the strength of salt ice Conclusions NaCl ice Sea ice References Appendix A: Volume of brine and NaCl· 2H2O in NaCl ice as a function of salinity and temperature Appendix B: Ring test results Normal test sequences Appendix C: Ring test results Hysteresis test sequences Appendix .b: Ring test results Thermal history test sequences

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction to the problem Laboratory data Preliminary experiments Vertical sorting and volume changes produced by cyclic freeze -thaw Volume increase by sorting in straight graded samples without freezing and thawing Field data Vertical sorting of the active layer Correlation between laboratory and field data Conclusion and recommendations References