ALBERT

Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Aufgabenstellung 2. Expeditionsverlauf 2.1. Vorbereitung der Expedition 2.2. Schiffsreise und Arbeiten im Expeditionsgebiet 3. Die trigonometrischen Messungen 3.1. Vorbereitung 3.2. Signalisierung 3.3.Beobachtung 3.4. Genauigkeit der Beobachtungen 4. Die Auswertung 4.1. Aufbereitung der Maßergebnisse 4.2. Berechnung der Basen und Azimute 4.3. Lagebestimmung 4.3.1. Ermittlung der Näherungskoordinaten 4.3.2. Ausgleichung der Richtungsmessungen 4.3.3. Zusammenschluß der vier Teilnetze 4.3.4. Einfluß der Eisbewegung während der Messung 4.3.5. Genauigkeit der Lagebestimmung und der Eisbewegungsvektoren 4.4. Höhenbestimmung 4.4.1. Ermittlung der einzelnen Höhenunterschiede 4.4.2. Ausgleichung des Höhennetzes 4.4.3. Genauigkeit der Höhenbestimmung 5. Die Angabe der Eisbewegung und kurzer Vergleich mit den Meßergebnissen 1962 6. Ausblick 7. Zusammenfassung Schrifttum Schlußbemerkungen Anlagenverzeichnis

Note: Table of Contents: GENERAL INTRODUCTION. - Figures. - North Arm of Great Slave Lake, showing positions of present and former Fort Rae sites. - Site plan of station. - METEOROLOGY. - Introduction. - PART 1. - TEMPERATURE. - 1. Instruments, exposures, and methods. - 2. Annual variation of temperature. - 3. Diurnal variation of temperature. - 4. The effect of cloud and wind upon temperature. - 5. Temperature and wind direction. - 6. Non-periodic temperature changes. - PART 2. - PRESSURE. - 1. Instruments and methods. - 2. Annual variation of pressure. - 3. Diurnal variation of pressure. - 4. Non-periodic pressure changes. - 5. Pressure waves. - 6. Pressure surges. - PART 3. - SURFACE WIND. - 1. Instruments, exposures, and methods. - 2. Annual variation of wind velocity. - 3. Diurnal variation of wind velocity. - 4. Frequency of winds of different velocities. - 5. Frequency of winds of different directions and of calms. - 6. SE. and NW. wind at Fort Rae. - 7. Velocity of winds from different directions. - 8. Distribution of wind velocities from different directions. - 9. Highest instantaneous wind speeds and extreme hourly winds. - 10. The effect of the NW. and SE. wind upon the meteorological elements. - 11. The resultant winds. - 12. Diurnal inequalitites of N. and E. components of resultant winds. - PART 4. - UPPER WINDS. - 1. General remarks. - 2. Monthly and seasonal mean wind velocities at different heights. - 3. Frequency of wind from various directions in the upper atmosphere. - 4. Distribution oof wind at different levels irrespective of direction. - 5. Mean wind velocities from different directions at different levels. - 6. Resultant winds in the upper atmosphere. - 7. The direction of the wind in the upper atmosphere when the wind at the surface is from stated directions. - PART 5. - UPPER AIR TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE. - PART 6. - CLOUDS. - 1. General. - 2. Percentage frequency of different could forms. - 3. Cloud amount: percentage frequency of each cloud amount. - 4. Annual variation of cloud. - 5. Diurnal variation of cloud. - PART 7. - PRECIPITATION. - 1. Instruments and methods. - 2. Annual variation of precipitation. - 3. Snow crystals. - PART 8. - RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF THE AIR. - 1. General. - 2. Mean monthly values of humidity during the winter months. - 3. Annual variation of the relative humidity. - 4. Diurnal variation of the relative humidity. - PART 9. - SUNSHINE AND RADIATION. - PART 10. - HALO PHENOMENA. - PART 11. - VISIBILITY. - PART 12. - THE METEOGRAPH DIAGRAMS. - TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM AND AURORA. - 1. Magnetograph chamber. - 2. Temperature insulation of the magnetograph hut. - 3. Temperature variation within the recording chamber. - 4. Recording instruments. - 5. ILLUMINATION. - 6. TIMING. - 7. CONTROL HUT AND CONTROL INSTRUMENTS USED. - 8. CONTROL OBSERVATIONS OF H. - 9. CONTROL OBSERVATIONS OF D. - 10. AZIMUTH MARK. - 11. CONTROL OBSERVATIONS OF INCLINATION. - 12. PROCEDURE IN CONTROL OBSERVATIONS. - 13. SUMMARISED RESULTS OF CONTROL OBSERVATIONS. - 14. SCALE VALUES OF DECLINATION MAGNETOGRAPHS. - 15. SCALE VALUES OF H AND Z MAGNETOGRAPHS. - 16. EFFECT ON SCALE VALUES OF GREAT SEASONAL RANGE OF HUMIDITY WITHIN THE RECORDING CHAMBER. - 17. TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF H AND Z VARIOMETERS. - 18. METHODS OF DETERMINING TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF VARIOMETERS. - 19. ASSIGNMENT OF H BASE LINE VALUES DURING PERIODS OF LARGE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF VARIOMETER. - 20. ASSIGNMENT OF H BASE LINE VALUES IN GENERAL. - 21. Z BASE LINE VALUES DURING PERIOD OF LARGE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF VARIOMETER. - 22. Z BASE LINE VALUES IN GENERAL. - 23. USE OF AUXILIARY H AND Z MAGNETOGRAPHS. - 24. D BASE LINE VALUES. - 25. MONTHLY MEAN VALUES: THE ANNUAL VARIATION AND SECULAR CHANGE. - 26. MONTHLY AND SEASONAL VALUES OF N, E, T, I, AND A. - 27. COMPARISON OBSERVATIONS AT 1882-83 (OLD FORT) STATION. - 28. DETERMINATION OF H AT OLD FORT RAE. - 29. DETERMINATION OF D AT OLD FORT RAE. - 30. DETERMINATION OF I AT OLD FORT RAE. - 31. SECULAR CHANGE AT OLD FORT RAE. - 32. LONGITUDE OF OLD FORT RAE SITE. - 33. AZIMUTH OF FIXED MARK AT OLD FORT RAE. - 34. RELATIONSRIPS BETWEEN ALL, QUIET, AND DISTURBED DAY VALUES AT THE MAIN STATION. - 35. NON-CYCLIC CHANGE. - 36. NON-CYCLIC CHANGE ON QUIET DAYS. - 37. EXAMINATION OF THE NEGATIVE NON-CYCLIC CHANGE ON q DAYS. - 38. NON-CYCLIC CHANGE ON DISTURBED DAYS. - 39. OVERLAPPING DAY MEANS. - 40. CHARACTERISTICS OF CURRENT SYSTEM NECESSARY TO PRODUCE H AND Z DEPARTURES FROM MEAN VALUES. - 41. POSITION OF CURRENT SYSTEM AND DIRECTION OF FLOW DEDUCED FROM MEAN H AND Z DEPARTURES AT OTHER STATIONS ON d DAYS. - 42. CONCLUSIONS REGARDING CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS ON DISTURBED DAYS. - 43. CURRENT SYSTEM ON q DAYS. - 44. CONSIDERATIONS UNDERLYING APPLICATION OF NON-CYCLIC CHANGE AND USE OF GREENWICH DAYS IN FORMATION OF DIURNAL INEQUALITIES. - 45. SOME FEATURES OF THE DIURNAL VARIATIONS. - 46. DIURNAL INEQUALITIES FOR SELECTED q AND d DAYS. - 47. MEAN ANNUAL VECTOR DIAGRAMS. - 48. SEASONAL VECTOR. DIAGRAMS. - 49. VECTOR DIAGRAMS ON d' AND q' DAYS. - 50. THE TOTAL FIELD VECTOR T AND ITS POSITIONAL CO-ORDINATES. - 51. SEASONAL MEAN VALUES OF T AND p IN DISTURBANCE. - 52. DIURNAL VARIATION OF T AND p IN DISTURBANCE. - 53. SOME DIURNALLY VARYING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CURRENT SYSTEM PRODUCING DISTURBANCE. - 54. CHANGE IN POSITION OF DISTURBING CURRENT WITH SEASON. - 55 EFFECT OF INCREASED SCALE OF DISTURBANCE ON THE CURRENT SYSTEM. - 56. T AND p ON QUIET DAYS. - 57 RANGE AND AVERAGE DEPARTURES OF DIURNAL INEQUALITIES. - 58. COMPARISON OF INEQUALITY RANGE AND AVERAGE DEPARTURE AT FORT RAE WITH THOSE AT OTHER STATIONS. - 59. COMPARISON WITH 1882-83 INEQUALITY RANGES. - 60. ESTIMATE OF ELEVATION OF DISTURBING CURRENT SYSTEM FROM IR AND AD. - 61. HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF REGULAR DIURNAL VARIATIONS. - (i) 24-hour component. - (ii) 12-hour component. - (iii) 8-hour wave. - (iv) 6-hour wave. - 62. HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF MEAN INEQUALITIES FOR q' AND d' DAYS. - 63. ABSOLUTE DAILY RANGE: R. - 64. COMPARISON WITH 1882-83 RANGES. - 65. COMPARISON WITH R AT OTHER STATIONS. - 66. RELATION OF DISTURBANCE TO MAGNETIC LATITUDE. - 67. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF R. - 68. DIURNAL DISTRIBUTION OF TIMES OF INCIDENCE OF MAXIMA AND MINIMA. - 69. DIURNAL INCIDENCE OF EXTREME VALUES IN Z. - 70. INCIDENCE OF EXTREME VALUES IN H AND D. - 71. DAILY RANGE PRODUCTS HRH AND ZRz. - 72. HOURLY RANGES AND RANGE PRODUCTS. - 73. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF HOURLY RANGES IN REPRESENTATIVE MONTHS. - 74. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE HOURLY RANGES. - 75. RELATIVE MAGNITUDE OF PERTURBATIONS IN H AND Z. - 76. THE RATIO p = CR/Cr. - 77. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF Cr AND ITS CONSTITUENTS. - 78. RANK ORDER OF DAYS, ON BASIS OF CR AND Cr: COMPARISON WITH INTERNATIONAL SELECTION OF q AND d DAYS. - 79. EFFECT OF USE OF GREENWICH DAY ON SELECTION OF q AND d DAYS. - 80. DIURNAL VARIATION OF IRREGULAR DISTURBANCE (Di). - 81. RELATION OF Di TO TIME DIFFERENTIALS OF FORCE VECTORS. - 82. CHARACTERISTICS OF D1. - 83. Di ON q' AND d' DAYS. - 84. HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF Di. - 85. LOCAL CHARACTER FIGURES. - 86. RANK ORDER OF MONTHS IN DISTURBANCE BY VARIOUS CRITERIA. - 87. INTERDIURNAL VARIABILITY OF H AND z: MONTHLY U ACTIVITY MEASURES. - 88. INTERDIURNAL VARIABILITY ON q' AND d' DAYS. - 89. COMPARISON OF COMPOSITE RANK ORDER OF MONTHS WITH INTERDIURNAL VARIABILITY MEASURES. - 90. DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF DISTURBANCE. - 91. N DISTURBANCES. - 92. M DISTURBANCES. - 93. OSCILLATORY DISTURBANCE. - 94. RECOVERY MOVEMENTS. - 95. SEASONAL AND DIURNAL DISTRIBUTION OF N AND M MOVEMENTS. - 96. REPETITION OF ISOLATED PERTURBATIONS. - NON-INSTRUMENTAL AURORAL OBSERVATIONS. - 97. THE SCOPE OF THE OBSERVATIONS. - 98. ESTIMATION OF AURORAL INTENSITY. - 99. AURORAL "ACTIVITY" FIGURES. - 100. THE AURORAL LOG. - 101. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF AURORAL FREQUENCY. - 102. AURORAL ACTIVITY OF THE YEAR: GENERAL NOTE. - 103. QUARTER-HOUR AURORAL INTENSITY FIGURES. - 104. MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF BRIGHT AURORA. - 105. DIURNAL

Note: Inhalt: Vorbemerkung. - Inhalt. - Abkürzungen. - Verzeichnis der Zeitschriften und Sammelwerke. - lateinisches Alphabet. - kyrillisches Alphabet. - Verzeichnis der Verlage. - Ortsverzeichnis. - Autorenverzeichnis.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Svojstva koėfficientov prelomlenija, zatuchania i koėfficienta propuskanija ionosfery na nizkich i sverchnizkich častotach = Свойства коэффициентов преломления, затухания и коэффициента пропускания ионосферы на низких и сверхнизких частотах = Die Eigenschaften des Brechungs- und Dämpfungskoeffizienten sowie des Durchlässigkeitskoeffizienten der Ionosphäre bei niedrigen und extrem niedrigen Frequenzen / D. S. Fligel' = Д. С. Флигель. - Scatter an Meteorspuren / L. Třiskova. - Radio-Echos von Meteorspuren und ihre Bedeutung für die Physik der Hochatmosphäre / P. Glöde. - Die Windsysteme in der unteren Ionosphäre nach Radiobeobachtungen im Langwellenbereich und nach Radarbeobachtungen an Meteoriten / K. Sprenger. - Ergebnisse und Aspekte von Messungen des atmosphärischen Funkstörpegels im Längstwellenbereich in verschiedenen Breiten / E. A. Lauter, B. Schäning. - Molnievye razrjady i rasprostranenie ėlektromagnitnych voln nizkoj i sverchnizkoj častoty nad zemnoj poverchnost'ju = Молниевые разряды и распространение электромагнитных волн низкой и сверхнизкой частоты над земной поверхностью = Blitzentladungen und die Ausbreitung elektromagnetischer Wellen niedriger und extrem niedriger Frequenzen über die Erdoberfläche / D. S. Fligel' = Д. С. Флигель. - Funkcija rasprostranenija i srednjaja fazovaja skorost' ėlektromagnitnych voln na sverchnizkich častotach = Функция распространения и средняя фазовая скорость электромагнитных волн на сверхнизких частотах = Die Ausbreitungsfunktion und die mittlere Phasengeschwindigkeit der elektromagnetischen Wellen extrem niedriger Frequenzen / G. A. Michailova = Г. А. Михайлова. - Weitere Untersuchungen über Sq und L / G. Fanselau.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die Ausbreitung langer Wellen / H. Volland. - Abbildungen. - Die Entstehung der niederen Ionosphäre im Lichte der Aeronomie / Chr.-U. Wagner. - Abbildungen.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Einführungsvortrag zum Internationalen Ozonseminar / K. H. Grasnick. - On the accuracy of spectroscopic measurements of atmospheric ozone / G. M. B. Dobson. - Atmospheric ozone in Central and Southeast Europe during the IQSY / Rumen D. Bojkov. - Über Ozongehalt und stratosphärische Zirkulation im europäischen Raum bei spezieller Wetterlage / C. Busch. - Infra-red emission and atmospheric ozone / C. D. Walshaw. - Nekotorye rezul'taty issledovanij atmosfernogo ozona v SSSR v period MGSS = Некоторые результаты исследований атмосферного озона в СССР в период МГСС = Einige Ergebnisse der Untersuchung des atmosphärischen Ozons während des IQSY in der UdSSR / G. P. Guščin = Г. П. Гущин = G. P. Guschtschin. - Die stratosphärische Erwärmung über Mitteleuropa vom 8.-12- März 1965 / W. Hoebbel, K. H. Grasnick. - Einige Erscheinungen der unteren Ionosphäre und mögliche Kopplungen zu tieferen Atmosphärenschichten / G. Entzian. - Comparison between the vertical ozone distribution profiles obtained from Umkehr and ozonesonde data / Rumen D. Bojkov. - Entwicklungsstand der Ozonsondentechnik / D. Sonntag. - Opyty po usoveršenstvovaniju apparatury spektrofotometra dobsona i nekotorye techničeskie uslovija graduirovki optičeskich klinov = Опыты по усовершенствованию аппаратуры спектрофотометра добсона и некоторые технические условия градуировки оптических клинов = Versuche zur Vervollkommnung der Apparatur des Dobson-Spektrophotometers und einige technische Bedingungen der Eichung der optischen Keile / M. Gorski = М. Горски. - The analysis of the accuracy of measurements of the total ozone amount performed at Belsk - Poland / A. Dziewulska-Łosiowa. - Einige Verbesserungen zur Temperaturkonstanz innerhalb des Dobson-Spektrophotometers / K. H. Grasnick. - On isotopic mass transport from stratosphere to troposphere by baroclinic disturbances / M. Łękawska-Degórska. - Anschriften der Verfasser. , Beiträge teilweise in deutscher, teilweise in englischer, teilweise in russischer Sprache , Beiträge teilweise in kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Inhalt: I. PFP-Periode Juli 1966. - 1. The variation of the geomagnetic field in middle and high latitude during the period from June, 28th to July, 13th, 1966 / A. Best, G. Fanselau, A. Grafe, H.-R. Lehmann, Chr.-Ulr. Wagner. - 2. Some characteristics of the disturbances of the ionospheric F2 region, following the proton flares of July and September 1966, and May 1967 / H. Lange, J. Taubenheim. - 3. Remarks on the storage of energy leading to impulsive bursts and proton flares / A. Krüger. - II. PFP-Periode August-September 1966. - 4. The radio bursts associated with the active region of the second PFP-period 1966 / A. Böhme, A. Krüger. - 5. On the type IV events of 1966, August 28th and September 2nd / A. Böhme, A. Krüger. - 6. The variations of the geomagnetic field in northern latitudes and of the ring-current field during the proton flare events from 27th August to 7th September, 1966. - 7. Effects in the lower ionosphere during the September 1966 PFP-Event / R. Knuth, E. A. Lauter, W. Lippert. - Autorenverzeichnis. , Mit Text in englischer Sprache

Note: Contents: Preface. - Symbols, units and numerical values. - 1. The nature and scope of meteorology. - 1.1. Meteorology in relation to other sciences. - 1.2. Variations in space and time. - 1.3. Applied meteorology. - 2. Physical properties of the atmosphere. - 2.1. Composition of dry air. - 2.1.1. Mean molecular weight. - 2.1.2. Dissociation and ionization. - 2.1.3. Escape to space of component molecules. - 2.2. Pressure, density and temperature. - 2.2.1. Definition of pressure. - 2.2.2. Values near sea level. - 2.2.3. Variations in the vertical. - 2.2.4. Diurnal fluctuations at upper levels. - 2.2.5. Horizontal pressure gradients. - 2.3. Water vapour. - 2.3.1. Humidity mixing ratio. - 2.3.2. Density of moist air. - 2.3.3. Saturation vapour pressure. - 2.3.4. Paths leading to saturation. - 2.3.5. Measurement of vapour pressure. - 2.3.6. Distribution of water vapour. - 3. Heat transfer. - 3.1. Radiation processes. - 3.1.1. Solar radiation: its energy distribution. - 3.1.2. The solar constant. - 3.1.3. Effect of the atmosphere and earth on solar radiation. - 3.1.4. Radiation from the earth and atmosphere. - 3.2. Convection. - 3.2.1. Adiabatic temperature changes. - 3.2.2. Adiabatic equation. - 3.2.3. Potential temperature: dry adiabatic lapse rate. - 3.2.4 Saturated adiabatic lapse rate. - 3.2.5. Stability and instability. - 3.3. Heat transfer in land and sea. - 3.3.1. Heating and cooling of soil. - 3.3.2. Heating and cooling of water. - 4. Condensation and precipitation. - 4.1. Microphysical processes. - 4.1.1 Condensation nuclei. - 4.1.2. Curvature and solute effects. - 4.1.3. Water-droplet clouds. - 4.1.4. Ice nuclei. - 4.1.5. Ice-crystal clouds. - 4.1.6. Precipitation from water clouds. - 4.1.7. Precipitation from mixed clouds. - 4.1.8. Thunderstorm electricity. - 4.2. Larger-scale processes. - 4.2.1. Surface cooling. - 4.2.2. Evaporation. - 4.2.3. Vertical motion. - 4.3. Cloud observations. - 4.3.1. Cloud genera: their heights and composition. - 4.3.2. Cloud recognition and general features. - 4.3.3. Effects of vertical wind shear. - 4.3.4. Cloud classification for forecasting. - 5. The tephigram. - 5.1. Construction of the diagram. - 5.1.1. Coordinates: area and energy. - 5.1.2. Isobars. - 5.1.3. Saturation mixing ratio lines. - 5.1.4. Saturated adiabatics. - 5.1.5. Height variation. - 5.2. Simple graphical computations. - 5.2.1. Height. - 5.2.2. Humidity elements. - 5.2.3. Condensation levels. - 5.2.4. Föhn effects. - 5.3. Precipitable water and precipitation rate. - 5.3.1. Formula and calculation. - 5.3.2. Precipitation rate. - 5.3.3. Water content of convection clouds. - 5.4. The effects of vertical motion on lapse rate. - 5.4.1. Unsaturated or saturated motion. - 5.4.2. Potential (convective) instability. - 5.5. Tephigram analysis. - 5.5.1. Latent instability. - 5.5.2. Air mass characteristics. - 6. Winds. - 6.1. Laws of motion and the earth's rotation. - 6.1.1. Newton's First and Second Laws. - 6.1.2. Nature of the earth's rotation. - 6.1.3. Effects of the earth's rotation: the Coriolis force. - 6.2. Inertial flow and geostrophic winds. - 6.2.1. Nature of inertial flow. - 6.2.2. Nature of geostrophic flow. - 6.2.3. Geostrophic wind equation. - 6.2.4. Wind and pressure near the equator. - 6.3. Gradient winds. - 6.4. Winds in the friction layer. - 6.5. Thermal winds. - 6.5.1. Vertical shear vector. - 6.5.2. Temperature control of the shear vector. - 6.5.3. Thermal wind equation and thickness charts. - 6.5.4. Hodographs and temperature advection. - 6.5.5. Jet streams. - 7. Instruments and observations. - 7.1. Routine surface observations. - 7.1.1. Pressure. - 7.1.2. Temperature and humidity. - 7.1.3. Precipitation and evaporation. - 7.1.4. Wind. - 7.1.5. Clouds and visibility. - 7.1.6. Sunshine and radiation. - 7.1.7. Ship observations. - 7.2. Upper air observations. - 7.2.1. Historical. - 7.2.2. The radiosonde: radar winds. - 7.2.3. Ozone measurements. - 7.3. World Weather Watch. - 7.4. Experiments in observation and interpretation. - 7.4.1. Pressure. - 7.4.2. Temperature and humidity. - 7.4.3. Evaporation and rainfall. - 7.4.4. Wind. - 7.4.5. Radiation. - 7.4.6. Topographical influences. - 8. Synoptic Meteorology. - 8.1. The surface weather map: an introduction. - 8.1.1. The plotting code. - 8.1.2. Pressure systems and features. - 8.1.3. Air masses. - 8.1.4. Fronts. - 8.2. Air mass characteristics. - 8.2.1. Classification. - 8.2.2. Modifications. - 8.2.3. Air masses over the British Isles. - 8.3. Frontal characteristics. - 8.3.1. The stability of a frontal surface. - 8.3.2. Equilibrium slope of a frontal surface. - 8.3.3. Frontal structure. - 8.4. Frontal depressions. - 8.4.1. The life cycle of a frontal depression. - 8.4.2. Cold front waves; depression families. - 8.4.3. Warm front waves. - 8.4.4. Secondaries at points of occlusion. - 8.5. Non-frontal depressions. - 8.5.1. Heat lows. - 8.5.2. Polar lows. - 8.5.3. Orographic lows. - 8.5.4. Tropical cyclones. - 8.5.5. Tornadoes. - 8.6. Anticyclones. - 8.6.1. General characteristics. - 8.6.2. Cold and warm anticyclones. - 8.7 Synoptic development. - 8.7.1. Convergence, divergence and vertical motion. - 8.7.2. Convergence and vorticity. - 8.7.3 Long waves. - 8.7.4. Circulation indices: blocking. - 8.8. Surface analysis. - 8.8.1. General. - 8.8.2. Representativeness of observations. - 8.8.3. METMAPS. - 9. Micrometeorology. - 9.1. The nature of airflow near the ground. - 9.1.1. Wind speeds over a uniform level surface. - 9.1.2. Flow within a fluid boundary layer. - 9.1.3. Shearing stress via the mixing length concept. - 9.1.4. The friction velocity u*. - 9.1.5. Interpretation of the mixing length concept. - 9.1.6. The wind profile equation in complete form. - 9.2. The influence of surface roughness on the wind. - 9.2.1. Roughness in the aerodynamic sense. - 9.2.2. Roughness in relation to shearing stress and mean wind speed. - 9.2.3. The drag coefficient CD. - 9.2.4. CD as a transfer coefficient. - 9.2.5. Effect of a change in surface roughness. - 9.3. Vertical transport by turbulence. - 9.3.1. Flux equations; use of electrical analogy. - 9.3.2. Heat flux and other calculations. - 9.3.3. Vertical temperature gradients in relation to turbulent exchange. - 10. The general circulation. - 10.1. General characteristics. - 10.1.1. Genesis and interactions. - 10.1.2. Time fluctuations. - 10.2. Observations. - 10.2.1. Time- and space-averaging. - 10.2.2. Tracers. - 10.3. Experiment and theory. - 10.3.1. The rotating vessel experiment. - 10.3.2. Conservation principles. - 10.3.3. Cellular models. - 10.4. Climatic zones. - 11. Weather forecasting. - 11.1. Historical survey. - 11.1.1. 1860-1920. - 11.1.2. 1920-1945. - 11.1.3. 1945-1960. - 11.1.4. 1960 onwards. - 11.2. Conventional forecasting. - 11.2.1. Pressure tendency. - 11.2.2. Making the forecast. - 11.3. Long-range forecasting. - 11.3.1. Statistical methods. - 11.3.2. Synoptic methods. - 11.3.3. Analogues. - 11.4. Numerical forecasting. - 11.4.1. The barotropic model. - 11.4.2. Later developments. - 11.5. Predictability and control. - 11.5.1. Short-range predictability. - 11.5.2. Medium-range predictability. - 11.5.3. Long-range predictability: climatic trends. - 11.5.4. Weather and climate modification. - Answers to Problems. - Subject Index. - The Wykeham Series.

Note: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Indre Kongsfjorden (Vestspitsbergen) : Nordblatt 〈1 : 25 000〉 , Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Indre Kongsfjorden (Vestspitsbergen) : Südblatt 〈1 : 25 000〉 , Inhalt: Zur Karte "Indre Kongsfjorden (Vestspitsbergen) 1: 25 000" (W. Pillewizer) Zur Karte des Kongsvegen-Kronebre 1 : 50 000, (Westspitzbergen) (W. Pillewizer) Die Bewegung der Zunge des Blomstrandbre (Kongsfjord, Vestspitzbergen) (I. Militzer, U. Voigt) Block Movement of Glaciers (W. Pillewizer, U. Voigt) Errata zu Teil I

Note: Table of Contents: 1. Monthly means and diurnal inequalities of temperature. - 2. Diurnal inequalities of temperature during clear and overcast days. - 3. Absolute extremes of temperature for each day, 1932-33. - 4. Corrections for index error, temperature and latitude to the standard barometer. - 5. Monthly means and diurnal inequalities of pressure. - 6. Maximum and minimum pressures at station level each day, 1932-33. - 7. Monthly means and diurnal inequalities of wind velocity, 1932-33. - 8. Diurnal inequalities of wind velocity during clear and overcast days, 1932-1933. - 9. Percentage frequency of observations with wind velocity between definite intervals. - 10. Percentage frequency of winds from different directions, and of calms. - 11. Mean wind velocity from various directions, exclusive of calms. - 12. Highest instantaneous wind speed for each day, 1932-33. - 13. Diurnal inequalities of pressure, temperature, cloud amount and wind velocity during N.W. and S.E. Winds. - 14. Hourly values of the resultant wind speed and direction. - 15. Seasonal adjusted means of the N. and E. Components of wind velocity. - 16. Diurnal inequalities of the N. and E. components of the resultant wind. - 17. Diurnal inequalities of the N. and E. components of the resultant wind during clear and overcast days. - 18. Monthly and seasonal mean wind velocity in the upper air, 1932-33. - 19. Mean hourly values of total and low cloud amount, 1932-33. - 20. Diurnal inequalities of total and low cloud amount, 1932-33. - 21. Diurnal inequalities of total cloud amount, 1882-83. - 22. Forms of snow crystals at Fort Rae, 1932-33. - 23. Monthly means and diurnal inequalities of the relative humidity. - 24.-37. Hourly values of temperature for 14 months. - 38.-50. Hourly values of pressure for 13 months. - 51.-64. Hourly values of relative humidity for 14 months. - 65.-78. Hourly values of precipitation for 14 months. - 79.-92. Hourly values of sunshine and radiation for 14 months. - 93.-106. Hourly values of wind: direction and velocity for 14 months. - 107.-119. Diary of weather and visibility for 13 months. - 120.-132. Hourly values of cloud for 13 months. - 133.-145. Nephoscope observations: 13 months (each month constituting a table). - 146.-159. Pilot ballon ascents. - 160.-211. Hourly values H, D and Z: hourly, daily and monthly means. - Daily extremes and range: monthly means. - Daily numerical indices of disturbance: local character figures. - Temperatures in magnetograph chamber (4 tables for each of 13 months, 1932 August to 1933 August). - 212.-214. Monthly and seasonal mean inequalities H, D, Z: all days. - 215.-217. Monthly and seasonal mean inequalities H, D, Z: quiet days. - 218.-220. Monthly and seasonal mean inequalities H, D, Z: disturbed days. - 221.-223. Monthly and seasonal mean inequalities N, E, I: all days. - 224.-226. Monthly and seasonal mean inequalities N, E, I: quiet days. - 227.-229.: Monthly and seasonal mean inequalities N, E, I: disturbed days. - 230. Seasonal mean inequalities H, D, Z: q' and d' days. - 231. Seasonal mean inequalities N, E, I: q' and d' days. - 232.-244. Values of horizontal force hourly range product, Hrh 10^-4: hourly, daily and monthly means. - 245.-257. Values of declination hourly range, rD: Hourly, daily and monthly means. - 258.-270. Values of vertical force hourly range product, Zrz 10^10-4: hourly, daily and monthly means. - ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY. - 271.-283. Hourly values of potential gradient. - 284. Quiet day diurnal variation of potential gradient: monthly and seasonal mean values. - 285. Concentration of positive and negative small ions. - 286. Positive atmospheric electrical conductivity and air-earth current. - 287. Number of condensation nuclei per cubic centimetre.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis = Contents Inhalt = Contents Vorwort = Foreword A. Seismologie = A. Seismology B. Physik des oberen Erdmantels = B. Physics of the Upper Mantle of the Earth C. Gravimetrie, Geodäsie, Erdgezeiten und rezente Erdkrustenbewegungen = C. Gravimetry, Geodesy, Tides of the Earth and Recent Movements of the Earth' s Crust. D. Magnetismus = D. Magnetism E. Theorie und Berechnungsanlagen = E. Theory and· Computers F. Tiefbohrungen für wissenschaftliche Zwecke = F. Deep Drilling for Scientific Purposes G. Petrologie = G. Petrology H. Tektonik = H. Tectonics J. Geochemie = J. Geochemistry , Text deutsch und englisch

Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: Jena, Univ., Diss., 1935 , nhaltsverzeichnis: Vorwort. - Einleitender Teil: (als kurze Zusammenfassung gedruckt). - 1. Geschichte der pflanzengeographischen Erforschung der Taiga. - 2. Lage, Größe, Grenzen und Name der Taiga. - 3. Das Bild der Taiga und ihre wichtigsten Baumarten. - a. Die Lärche (Larix sibirica Ldb. et L. dahurica Turcz). - b Die sibirische Fichte (Picea obovata Ldb.). - c. Die Ajan-Fichte (Picea ajanensis Fisch). - d. Die sibirische Tanne oder Pichta (Abies sibirica Mayr.). - e. Die Kiefer (Pinus silvestris L.). - f. Die Arve oder sibirische Zeder (Pinus sibirica Mayr.). - g. Die Straucharve (Pinus pumila Rgl.). - h. Der Wacholder (Juniperus communis L.). - i. Die Birke (Betula sp. sp.). - j. Die Espe (Populus tremula L.). - k. Andere Laubhölzer. - Hauptteil: Die Gliederung der Taiga. - I. Bereits bestehende Gliederungen. - II. Westsibirien. - a. Das eigentliche Tiefland des Ob-Irtysch-Gebietes. - 1. Nördliche Fichten- und Lärchenwälder. - 2. Die dunkle Taiga - der Urman. - 3. Der Bor. - 4. Birkenwälder. - b. Das Übergangsgebiet zum sibirischen Mittelgebirge am Jenissei. - 1. Flechten-Wälder. - 2. Trockene Wälder. - c. Das Übergangsgebiet am Kusnezker Alatau. - 1. Birkenwälder. - 2. Lärchenwälder. - 3. Dunkle Bergtaiga. - III. Mittelsibirien. - a. Die Landschaft am Jenissei. - 1. Nördliche Lärchen- und Fichtenwälder. - 2. Südliche, trockene Nadelwälder. - b. Das Stromgebiet der Lena. - 1a. Nördliche Plateauwälder. - 1b. Südliche Plateauwälder. - 2. Talwälder. - IV. Die südlichen Gebirge. - a. Der Altai. - 1. Lärchenwälder. - 2. Der Schwarzwald - Tschernj. - 3. Fichtenwälder. - 4. Arvenwälder. - 5. Kiefernwälder. - b. Das Sajanische Gebirge. - 1. Lichte Lärchen- und Laubwälder. - 2. Dunkle Bergtaiga. - c. Transbaikalien. - 1. Höhenwälder. - 2. Baikal-See-Hangwälder. - 3. Daurische Hangwälder. - V. Ostsibirien. - a. Die nördlichen Gebirgslandschaften und das Gebiet der zum Eismeer fließenden Ströme. - 1. Wälder der Südhänge. - 2. Wälder der Nordseite. - b. Das Stanowoigebirge und das Ochotsker Küstenland. - c. Kamschatka. - 1. Zentrale Mischwälder. - 2. Periphere Laubwälder. - d. Das Amurland. - 1. Küstenwälder mit nördlichem Charakter. - 2. Begwälder. - 3. Nordmandschurische Übergangswälder. - 2. Sachalin. - 1. Talwälder. - 2. Höhenwälder. - Zusammenfassung.

Note: CONTENTS: Preface. - Summary. - Introduction. - Regional setting. - Description of watershed. - Climatic record. - Methods. - Precipitation. - Water and air temperatures. - Discharge. - Evaporation and pond levels. - Water chemistry. - Soil thaw. - Results and discussion. - Precipitation. - Runoff. - Evaporation and transpiration. - Water chemistry. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Allgemeiner Teil. - 1.1 Vorbereitung der Expedition. - 1.2 Reise in das Einsatzgebiet. - 1.3 Ablösung durch die 8. SAE. - 1.4 Allgemeiner Ablauf der Überwinterung. - 1.5 Abschluß der meteorologischen Arbeiten und Vorbereitung der Rückreise. - 1.6 Die Rückreise. - 2. Mirny. - 2.1 Unterkunft. - 2.2 Arbeitsplatz der Meteorologen im Wetterbüro. - 2.3 Ausrüstung. - 2.4 Allgemeine Lebensbedingungen. - 2.4.1 Ernährung. - 2.4.2 Stromversorgung und Telefon. - 2.4.3 Verbindung nach Deutschland. - 2.4.4 Medizin und Hygiene. - 2.4.5 Teilnahme an Arbeitseinsätzen. - 2.4.6 Freizeitgestaltung. - 2.4.7 Schutzeinrichtungen. - 2.4.8 Lagerung der Transportkisten. - 3. Molodjoschnaja. - 3.1 Anreise. - 3.2 Die Station. - 3.2.1 Aufenthalt. - 3.2.2 Allgemeine Beschreibung. - 3.2.3 Aufbau. - 3.2.4 Allgemeine Lebensbedingungen. - 3.2.5 Nebenarbeiten. - 3.2.6 Witterungsbedingungen. - 3.3 Abreise. - 4. Geologenlager. - 4.1 Anreise. - 4.2 Das Zeltlager. - 4.2.1 Aufenthalt. - 4.2.2 Allgemeine Beschreibung. - 4.2.3 Allgemeine Lebensbedingungen. - 4.2.4 Witterungsbedingungen. - 5. Wostok. - 5.1 Anreise. - 5.2 Die Station. - 5.2.1 Allgemeine Beschreibung. - 5.2.2 Allgemeine Lebensbedingungen. - 5.2.3 Nebenarbeiten. - 5.2.4 Witterungsbedingungen. - 5.3 Abreise. - 6. Heimreise. - 6.1 Mirny. - 6.2 Flug nach Molodjoschnaja. - 6.3 Molodjoschnaja. - 6.4 Schiffsreise Molodjoschnaja - Lasarew - Molodjoschnaja - Mirny. - 6.5 Schiffsreise Mirny - Leningrad. - 6.6 Leningrad. - 6.7 Rückflug Leningrad - Berlin. - 7. Betreuung durch das NKGG. - 8. Die Arbeiten der meteorologischen Arbeitsgruppe. - 8.1 Aufgabenstellung und Arbeitsprogramm. - 8.2 Durchführung der Arbeiten. - 8.2.1 Umfang der eingegangenen Meldungen. - 8.2.2 Bearbeitung der Meldungen. - 8.2.3 Über die Klimadaten von Mirny. - 8.2.4 Durchführung der Sonderarbeiten. - 8.3 Zusammenstellung des vorliegenden Materials. - 8.4 Teilnahme am Radiosondendienst. - 8.4.1 Zielstellung. - 8.4.2 Präparierung der Ballonhülle. - 8.4.3 Wasserstoffherstellung. - 8.4.4 Ein neuer Expeditions-Wasserstoffgenerator. - 8.4.5 Die sowjetische Radiosonde A-22-IV. - 8.4.6 Aufstiegstechnik bei starkem Wind. - 8.4.7 Bearbeitung und Verschlüsselung der Werte. - 8.5 Druck- und Temperaturänderungen über Mirny. - 8.6 Witterungsbericht von Mirny 1963. - 9. Die Arbeiten der astronomisch-geodätischen Arbeitsgruppe. - 9.1 Aufgabenstellung. - 9.2 Vorbereitung. - 9.2.1 Gerätebeschaffung. - 9.2.2 Gerätevorbereitung. - 9.3 Astropunkt II. Ordnung Molodjoschnaja. - 9.3.1 Aufgabenstellung. - 9.3.2 Auswahl des Beobachtungspunktes. - 9.3.3 Vorbereitung. - 9.3.4 Geräte. - 9.3.5 Breitenbestimmung. - 9.3.6 Längenbestimmung. - 9.3.7 Simultanbestimmung. - 9.3.8 Anschluß an trigonometrisches Lokalnetz. - 9.3.9 Vermarkung. - 9.4 Astropunkt III. Ordnung im Gebiet der Scott- und Tulaberge. - 9.4.1 Aufgabenstellung. - 9.4.2 Vorbereitung. - 9.4.3 Geräte. - 9.4.4 Beobachtung. - 9.4.5 Auswertung. - 9.4.6 Vermarkung. - 9.5 Astropunkt I. Ordnung Mirny. - 9.5.1 Aufgabenstellung. - 9.5.2 Vorbereitung. - 9.5.3 Geräte. - 9.5.4 Breitenbestimmung. - 9.5.5 Längenbestimmung. - 9.5.6 Anschlußmessung zur Koordinatenübertragung. - 9.5.7 Vermarkung. - 9.6 Astropunkt I. Ordnung Wostok. - 9.6.1 Aufgabenstellung. - 9.6.2 Auswahl des Beobachtungspunktes. - 9.6.3 Vorbereitung. - 9.6.4 Geräte. - 9.6.5 Uhrvergleiche. - 9.6.6 Orientierung und Justierung der Instrumente. - 9.6.7 Breitenbestimmung. - 9.6.8 Längenbestimmung. - 9.6.9 Simultanbestimmung. - 9.6.10 Beobachtungen zur Berechnung der astronomischen Refraktion. - 9.6.11 Vermarkung. - 9.7 Zusammenfassung. - 9.8 Zusammenstellung der Ergebnisse.