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  • Books  (165)
  • Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory  (130)
  • Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat  (25)
  • Berlin : Borntraeger  (10)
  • Uppsala
  • 1980-1984  (157)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1940-1944  (8)
  • 1930-1934
  • 1925-1929
  • AWI Library  (165)
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  • Books  (165)
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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Berlin : Borntraeger
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-866-9
    In: Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Instituts zu Kopenhagen
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 16 S.
    Series Statement: Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Instituts zu Kopenhagen : Reihe 1: Arktis 9
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  • 2
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Berlin : Borntraeger
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    Call number: ZSP-866-6
    In: Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Instituts zu Kopenhagen
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 21 S. : graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Instituts zu Kopenhagen : Reihe 1: Arktis 6
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  • 3
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Berlin : Borntraeger
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    Call number: ZSP-866-8
    In: Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Instituts zu Kopenhagen
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 24 S. : graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Instituts zu Kopenhagen : Reihe 1: Arktis 8
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  • 4
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Berlin : Borntraeger
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-866-3
    In: Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Instituts zu Kopenhagen
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 18 S.
    Series Statement: Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Instituts zu Kopenhagen : Reihe 1: Arktis 3
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  • 5
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: AWI A2-07-0040 ; MOP 45173 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 359 S. : graph. Darst., Kt.
    Uniform Title: Climatic Change
    Language: Russian
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
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  • 6
    Call number: ZSP-866-4
    In: Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Instituts zu Kopenhagen
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 12 S. : graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Instituts zu Kopenhagen : Reihe 1: Arktis 4
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  • 7
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Berlin : Borntraeger
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-866-12
    In: Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Instituts zu Kopenhagen
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 11 S. : graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Instituts zu Kopenhagen : Reihe 1: Arktis 12
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  • 8
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Berlin : Borntraeger
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-866-7
    In: Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Instituts zu Kopenhagen
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Series Statement: Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Instituts zu Kopenhagen : Reihe 1: Arktis 7
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  • 9
    Call number: 20/M 95.0354 ; AWI G4-92-0400
    In: Lehrbuch der Hydrogeologie, Band 8
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XX, 400 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISBN: 3443010121
    Series Statement: Lehrbuch der Hydrogeologie 8
    Classification:
    Hydrology
    Language: German
    Note: Inhalt 1 Einführung 1.1 Zweck und Rahmen des Lehrbuchs 1.2 Isotope: Physikalische Grundlagen 1.2.1 Stabile Isotope 1.2.1.1 Isotopenfraktionierung in der Hydrosphäre 1.2.1.1.1 Isotopenfraktionierung bei Phasenübergängen mit thermodynamischem Gleichgewicht 1.2.1.1.2 Isotopenfraktionierung bei Phasenübergängen ohne thermodynamisches Gleichgewicht 1.2.1.2 Meßmethodik 1.2.1.2.1 Probenpräparation 1.2.1.2.2 Massenspektrometrische Messung, Auswertung und Standards 1.2.2 Radioaktive Isotope 1.2.2.1 Allgemeines zur Radioaktivität 1.2.2.2 Strahlungsmessung 1.2.2.3 Zur Auswertung von Strahlungsmessungen 1.3 Isotope als Tracer und Strahlungsquellen für hydrologische Untersuchungen 1.3.1 Umweltisotope in der Hydrosphäre 1.3.1.1 Stabile Isotope 1.3.1.1.1 Allgemeines 1.3.1.1.2 Deuterium und Sauerstoff-18 in den Niederschlägen 1.3.1.2 Radioaktive Umweltisotope 1.3.1.2.1 Allgemeines zur Low-Level-Meßtechnik 1.3.1.2.2 Tritium Tritium in den Niederschlägen Messung des Tritiumgehalts in Wasserproben 1.3.1.2.3 Kohlenstoff-14 (M.A.GEYH) Allgemeines zur Altersbestimmung mit der Radiokohlenstoff-Methode (14C-Methode) Altersbestimmung von Grundwasser mit der 14C-Methode Messung des 14C-Gehalts und 13C-Wertes in Grundwasser und Karbonatproben Fehlergrenzen bei 14C-Altern 1.3.1.2.4 Weitere radioaktive Umweltisotope für hydrologische Untersuchungen (M. A. GEYH und H. MOSER) 1.3.2 Isotope als absichtlich zugegebene hydrologische Tracer (H. BEHRENS und H. MOSER) 1.3.3 Verwendung von Radionukliden in umschlossenen Strahlenquellen für hydrologische Untersuchungen 1.3.3.1 Wechselwirkung von Gamma-Strahlung mit Wasser und Boden 1.3.3.2 Wechselwirkung von Neutronen mit Wasser und Boden 1.3.4 Zur Planung und Probenentnahme bei isotopenhydrologischen Untersuchungen 1.3.5 Zum Strahlenschutz bei hydrologischen Untersuchungen mit radioaktiven Substanzen 2 Anwendungen von Isotopen im Oberflächenwasser 2.1 Offene Gerinne (H. BEHRENS) 2.1.1 Grundlagen der Abflußmessungen in offenen Gerinnen 2.1.1.1 Abflußmessung mit kontinuierlicher Tracereinspeisung 2.1.1.2 Abflußmessung mit momentaner Tracereinspeisung 2.1.1.3 Vergleich der Abflußmeßmethoden mit kontinuierlicher und momentaner Tracereinspeisung 2.1.2 Bestimmung von Fließ- bzw. Verweilzeiten in offenen Gerinnen 2.1.3 Praktische Durchführung von Abfluß- und Fließzeitmessungen in offenen Gerinnen mit radioaktiven Tracern 2.1.3.1 Art und Menge der Tracersubstanz 2.1.3.2 Vorrichtungen zur Tracereinspeisung 2.1.3.3 Probenentnahme und Meßanordnungen 2.1.3.4 Kalibrierung der Meßanordnungen 2.1.3.5 Auswertung der Meßergebnisse 2.1.4 Beispiele für Abfluß- und Fließzeitmessungen in offenen Gerinnen 2.1.5 Das Problem der Durchmischung 2.1.5.1 Untersuchung von Durchmischungsvorgängen in offenen Gerinnen mit Tracermethoden 2.1.5.2 Verwendung des Gehalts an stabilen Isotopen zur Untersuchung von Durchmischungsvorgängen 2.1.6 Spezielle Anwendungen von Isotopenmethoden bei Wasserqualitätsuntersuchungen in offenen Gerinnen 2.2 Sedimentbewegungen (H. PAHLKE) 2.2.1 Einführung 2.2.2 Schwebstoffe 2.2.2.1 Bestimmung der Schwebstoffk.onzentration mit Hilfe der Schwächung von Gamma-Strahlen 2.2.2.1.1 Grundlagen des Meßverfahrens 2.2.2.1.2 Meßanordnungen 2.2.2.1.3 Vor- und Nachteile des radiometrischen Verfahrens gegenüber mechanischen Messungen der Schwebstoffkonzentration 2.2.2.1.4 Anwendungsbeispiel 2.2.2.2 Messung der Schwebstoffbewegung mit Hilfe von Tracerverfahren 2.2.2.2.1 Markierung der Schwebstoffe 2.2.2.2.2 Meßverfahren 2.2.2.2.3 Anwendungsbeispiele 2.2.3 Geschiebe 2.2.3.1 Messung der Geschiebebewegung 2.2.3.1.1 Voruntersuchungen 2.2.3.1.2 Markierung des Geschiebes 2.2.3.1.3 Einbringung des markierten Geschiebes als Tracer 2.2.3.1.4 Tracemachweis und Bestimmung der Parameter der Geschiebebewegung 2.2.3.2 Bestimmung der Transportrate des Geschiebes 2.2.3.2.1 Methode der Raumintegration 2.2.3.2.2 Methode der stetigen Verdünnung 2.2.3.2.3 Methode der Zeitintegration 2.2.3.2.4 Dispersionsmodelle 2.2.3.3 Anwendungsbeispiele 2.3 Seen und Stauseen 2.3.1 Durchmischung und Schichtung in Seen 2.3.1.1 Beispiele für Untersuchungen der Durchströmung von Seen mit Hilfe von Umweltisotopen 2.3.1.2 Beispiele für Untersuchungen der Durchströmung von Seen mit Hilfe absichtlich zugegebener radioaktiver Tracer 2.3.2 Verdunstung bei Seen 2.3.2.1 Vorbemerkungen und theoretische Ansätze 2.3.2.2 Anwendungsbeispiele 2.3.3 Dichtigkeit von Stauanalgen 2.3.3.1 Isotopenmethoden zur Lokalisierung von Undichtigkeiten und zur Bestimmung von Leckraten 2.3.3.2 Anwendungsbeispiele 2.4 Schnee und Eis (H. MOSER und W. STICHLER) 2.4.1 Vorbemerkungen 2.4.2 Entstehung von Hagelkörnern 2.4.3 Auf- und Abbau der Schneedecke 2.4.3.1 Wasseräquivalent und Dichteprofil einer Schneedecke 2.4.3.1.1 Grundlagen des Meßverfahrens 2.4.3.1.2 Bestimmung des Gesamtwasseräquivalents einer Schneedecke mit Hilfe von umschlossenen radioaktiven Quellen 2.4.3.1.3 Bestimmung des Gesamtwasseräquivalents einer Schneedecke mit Hilfe der natürlichen Gamma-Strahlung des Bodens 2.4.3.1.4 Messung des Dichteprofils einer Schneedecke mit umschlossenen radioaktiven Quellen 2.4.3.2 Abbild des Isotopengehalts der Niederschläge in der Schneedecke 2.4.3.3 Isotopengehalt und Winddrift 2.4.3.4 Isotopengehalt und Reifbildung 2.4.3.5 Isotopengehaltsänderung bei Verdunstung von der Schneeoberfläche 2.4.3.6 Perkolation von Regen und Schmelzwasser und ihre Wirkung auf das Isotopengehaltsprofil einer temperierten Schneedecke 2.4.3.7 Mechanismus des Abbaus einer Schneedecke 2.4.4 Isotopengehaltsänderungen im Akkumulationsgebiet von Gletschern beim Übergang der Schneedecke in Eis 2.4.4.1 Isotopengehaltsänderung in oberflächennahen Schneeschichten 2.4.4.2 Isotopengehaltsprofil in der porösen Firnzone von Gletschern 2.4.4.3 Isotopengehaltsprofil im kompakten Gletschereis; Theorie der Diffusionsströmung von JOHNSEN 2.4.4.4 Verteilung der Gesamt-Beta-Aktivität in Firn- und Eisprofilen 2.4.4.5 Messung von Akkumulationsraten 2.4.5 Schnee- und Eishydrologie 2.4.5.1 Wasserbilanz einer Schneedecke aus Isotopengehaltsmessungen in Schneelysimetern 2.4.5.2 Bestimmung von Abflußanteilen aus Isotopengehaltsmessungen 2.4.5.2.1 Abflußanteile bei der Schneeschmelze in Einzugsgebieten mit temporärer Schneedecke 2.4.5.2.2 Abflußanteile in vergletscherten Einzugsgebieten während der Ablationsperiode 2.4.5.3 Verweilzeit von Wasser in Einzugsgebieten mit temporärer Schneedecke oder Gletschern 2.4.6 Historische Glaziologie 2.4.6.1 Datierung von Firn und Eis in Gletschern mit Hilfe von Isotopengehaltsmessungen 2.4.6.2 Paläoklimatische Aussagen aus Sauerstoff-18-Messungen an Eiskernen 3 Anwendungen von Isotopenmethoden im Grundwasser 3.1 Einführung 3.2 Ungesättigte Zone des Grundwasserleiters 3.2.1 Methodik der Messung und Auswertung der Tracer-Verteilung im Wasser der ungesättigten Zone 3.2.1.1 Tracer-Input in die ungesättigte Zone 3.2.1.2 Nachweis der Tracer im Vertikalprofil der ungesättigten Zone 3.2.1.3 Zur Ausbreitung des markierten Wassers in der ungesättigten Zone 3.2.1.4 Bestimmung der Grundwasserneubildungsrate 3.2.2 Anwendungsbeispiele 3.2.2.1 Untersuchungen mit Hilfe des Gehalts am Umweltisotopen (meist Tritium) 3.2.2.2 Untersuchungen mit Hilfe von absichtlich zugegebenen Tracern (meist Tritium) 3.3 Gesättigte Zone des Grundwasserleiters 3.3.1 Interpretation von Messungen des Gehalts an Umweltisotopen 3.3.1.1 Interpretation von Messungen des Deuterium- und Sauerstoff-18-Gehalts im Grundwasser 3.3.1.1.1 Zeitliche Differenzierung von Grundwässern 3.3.1.1.2 Lokalisierung von Grundwassereinzugsgebieten 3.3.1.1.3 Typisierung von Grundwässern und Grundwasserleitern Typisierung von Thermal- und Mineralwässern Unterscheidung von verschiedenen Grundwasserströmen in einem Grundwasserleiter Anteil von uferfiltriertem Flußwasser im Grundwasser Hydraulische Verbindung von Grundwasserleitern Identifizierung von Salzwässern Typisierung von Grundwasserleitern 3.3.1.2 Interpretation von Messungen des Tritium und Kohlenstoff-14-Gehalts im Grundwasser (M.A.GEYH) 3.3.
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  • 10
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: AWI G7-82-0320
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 135 S. : graph. Darst.
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  • 11
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: AWI G7-85-0784 ; AWI S5-19-74859
    Description / Table of Contents: This is the first attempt at compiling a comprehensive glossary of glaciology and related Earth sciences. The wordstock of this edition amounts to 2200 terms covering all types of snow and natural ice: snowcover, avalanches, sea, river, and lake ice, ground ice and aufice, as well as such phenomena as glacial mudflows. The entries contain definitions of terms with explicit references to related processes and phenomena. The glossary is provided with many figures and sample reference material. The glossary is considered for specialists in glaciology, hydrology, meteorology, climatology, geography, geophysics, and geology. It may serve as a textbook for university students ans as a manual for the highschool teachers.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 526 Seiten , Illustrationen , 24 cm
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 12
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Berlin : Borntraeger
    Call number: AWI G3-92-0379
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: VIII, 304 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: 2. veränderte Auflage
    ISBN: 3443010172 , 3-443-01017-2
    Language: German
    Note: Inhalt Vorwort III 1 Der Gegenstand der Geomorphologie: Die irdische Reliefsphäre und ihr Bildungsgang 1.1. Die Vorrangstellung der festländischen (subaerischen) Reliefsphäre. Die Hauptphasen ihrer Entwicklung 1.2 Die Reliefsphäre im Schalenbau der Erde 1.3 Die Stellung der Geomorphologie im System der Naturwissenschaften 1.4 Endogene Rohform und exogene Realform 1.5 Die Reliefsphäre als Haupt-Energie-Umsatzfläche der Erde 1.6 Die stabilen Elemente des Formungsmechanismus 1.6.1 Bodenwärme, Wasser und Eis im Boden 1.6.2 Lösung 1.6.3 Mechanische Verwitterung 1.6.4 Chemischer Zersatz und Umsatz 1.6.5 Pflanzenkleid, tierische Biosphäre 1.6.6 Bodenbildung 1.7 Die vier Begleitsphären der Reliefsphäre: Terrestrische Hydro- und Kryosphäre, Biosphäre, Pedosphäre und Dekompositionssphäre 1.8 Die mobilen Elemente des Formungsmechanismus 1.8.1 Breitendenudation und Hangabtragung 1.8.2 Flächenbildende Denudation 1.8.3 Linienerosion und Talbildung. Reifeform des Reliefs. Die Rolle von Klimaumbrüchen 1.8.4 Transportvorgänge 1.8.5 Durchgangsaufschüttung und Kleinkatastrophen 1.8.6 Defenitive oder Daueraufschüttung (Sedimentation) 1.9 Die klimabedingten Abwandlungen des heutigen Formungsmechanismus bilden die Klima-morphologischen Zonen der Gegenwart 2 Klimatische Geomorphologie 2.1 Sinn Klima-geomorphologischer Zonen 2.1.1 Geographische Inhaltsgrenzen 2.1.2 Der kleine Hügel bei Woronesch 2.1.3 Die Abgrenzung von Prozeßbereichen 2.1.4 Die Schwierigkeit genetischer Abgrenzung 2.1.5 Die Ungleichwertigkeit Klima-morphologischer Zonen 2.2 Die subpolare Zone exzessiver Talbildung (lebendes Periglazialgebiet) 2.2.1 Die Frostschuttzone Südost-Spitzbergens (Ergebnisse der Stauferland-Expedition) Problemstellung. Wahl des Arbeitsgebietes 2.2.2 Der präglaziale Formenschatz 2.2.3 Das würmzeitliche Inlandeis von Svalbard und seinem Umkreis 2.2.4 Günstige Versuchsanordnung der Natur für die Erfassung der im Holozän erzeugten Reliefzüge 2.2.5 Die holozänen Kryoturbationsvorgänge auf den Altflächen und Vorländern 2.2.6 Pedo- und Dekompositionsphäre im Dauerfrostbereich 2.2.7 Frostschuttzone und Moostundra 2.2.8 Die Bildung der Frostmusterböden 2.2.9 Traditionale Weiterbildung von Altflächen; keine Neubildung von Altflächen durch ,Kryoplanation' 2.2.10 Derfossile Auftauboden der postglazialen Wärmezeit 2.2.11 Die Eisrinde 2.2.12 Eiskeile, Eiskeilnetze und Pingos 2.2.13 Die Denudationsvorgänge am einteiligen Konvex-Konkavhang: Solifluktion und Abspülung, Runsenspülung, Hangzerschneidung, Zufuhrsolifluktion 2.2.14 Die holozäne Abtragungsleistung auf Konvex-Konkavhängen 2.2.15 Der dreiteilige Hang: Denudationsvorgänge und Abtragungsleistung 2.2.16 Die Lateralerosion der Flüsse 2.2.17 Der Eisrindeneffekt als Motor der Tiefenerosion 2.2.18 Das Maß der im Holozän erreichten Tiefenerosion, bestimmt durch exakte Reliefanalyse 2.2.19 Die Rolle der fossilen exzessiven Talbildung in den Mittelbreiten 2.2.20 Ausblick auf die rezente Tundrenzone 2.2.21 Die Taiga-Talbildungszone 2.2.22 Die Hauptprägestöcke holozäner Reliefgestaltung 2.3 Die randtropische Zone exzessiver Flächenbildung 2.3.1 Die Rolle der tropischen Reliefbildung für die Gesamterde 2.3.2 Die Bildung von Rumpfflächen (planation surfaces, erosional plains) durch den Mechanismus der doppelten Einebnung 2.3.2.1 Die Verwitterungs-Basisfläche. Grundhöcker und Grundblöcke. Dekompositionssphäre 2.3.2.2 Die Pedosphäre im feuchttropischen Tiefland 2.3.2.3 Die Spüloberfläche 2.3.3 Das Gesamtbild lebender Rumpfflächen 2.3.3.1 Inselberge, Inselgebirge, Flächenpässe, Spülsockel, Randsenken 2.3.3.2 Die Regel der divergierenden Abtragung ' 2.3.3.3 Dreiecksbuchten (Flächenspitzen) und intramontane Ebenen (Flächeninseln) 2.3.4 Rumpfstufen und Schichtstufen. Rumpftreppen 2.3.5 Alter und Alterung von Rumpfflächen. Spültäler 2.3.6 Das tropische Rückenrelief 2.3.7 Das tropische Gebirgsrelief 2.3.8 Wandlungen des tropischen Gebirgsreliefs nach Klimawechsel 2.3.9 Erhaltung und traditionale Weiterbildung von Rumpfflächen. Genetische, Aktive und Dynamische Geomorphologie 2.3.10 Transformierung von Rumpfflächen 2.3.11 Fossile Rumpfflächen als Zeugen fossilen feuchttropischen Klimas 2.4 Die innertropische Zone partieller Flächenbildung 2.4.1 Reliefvergleich zwischen wechselfeuchten und immerfeuchten Tropen 2.4.2 Bodenbildung und Regenwald in den immerfeuchten Tropen 2.4.3 Flußarbeit, Subrosion und partielle Flächenbildung mit Bodenkarst und Bodenzertalung in den immerfeuchten Tropen 2.4.4 Tiefgreifende Karstlösung in den immerfeuchten Tropen 2.5 Warme Trockenzone der Flächenerhaltung und traditionalen Weiterbildung (vorweg durch Sandschwemmebenen) 2.5.1 Der Saharisch-Arabische Trockenraum 2.5.1.1 Das Flächenrelief der Sahara zwischen Anti-Atlas und Hoggar-Gebirge. Mergelsand-Fazies. Sandschwemmebene im ganzen 2.5.1.2 Einzelbild der Sandschwemmebene und anderer rezenter Oberflächentypen als weitere Zeugen traditionaler Weiterbildung 2.5.1.3 Die Reliefgenerationen des Hoggar-Gebirges 2.5.1.4 Die Höhenstufen des Hochlandes von Tibesti 2.5.2 Der inneraustralische Trockenraum 2.5.2.1 Rumpfflächen, Bodenbildung 2.5.2.2 Inselberge, Hangverwitterung 2.5.2.3 Flußarbeit und Talentwicklung 2.5.2.4 Intramontane Becken 2.5.2.5 Gesamtrelief 2.6 Winterharte Trockenzone der Flächenüberprägung (Transformation) vorweg durch Pedimente und Glacis 3 Klima-genetische Geomorphologie 3.1 Die Erforschung der Reliefgenerationen als eine Kernfrage der Geomorphologie 3.2 Rolle der älteren Reliefgenerationen in den einzelnen Klima-morphologischen Zonen 3.3 Ektropische Zone retardierter Talbildung 3.3.1 Reliefgenerationen im außeralpinen Mitteleuropa 3.3.1.1 Erzgebirge, Leipziger Bucht, Harz 3.3.1.2 Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Wetterau, Vogelsberg, Rhön 3.3.1.3 Oberrheinebene, Schwarzwald, Neckarschwaben, Schwabenalb 3.3.1.4 W-E-Profil durch Franken (Spessart bis Frankenwald) 3.3.1.5 Reliefgenerationen der Frankenalb 3.3.1.6 Ostsudeten und Mühlviertel 3.3.1.7 Form und Alter der Dellen, gezeigt am Neukirchener Feld 3.3.1.8 Dellen und Klingen: allgemein klimabedingte und lokale Rückschneidungs-Erosion 3.3.2 Reliefgenerationen der Alpen 3.3.2.1 Grundfragen der Eiszeitwirkung in den Alpen und in Skandinavien 3.3.2.2 Der Klima- und Vereisungsgang der Würm-Kaltzeit. Die Stellung des Hochglazials 3.3.2.3 Die Reliefgenerationen der Hohen Tauern und der nördlichen Kalkalpen 3.3.2.4 Die Reliefgenerationen am Alpen-Ostrand 3.4 Subtropische Zone gemischter Reliefbildung 3.4.1 Allgemeinzüge des etesischen Bereichs 3.4.2 Die Reliefgenerationen in der Zone gemischter Reliefbildung 3.4.3 Rumpftreppe und Poljen in Mittel-Dalmatien 3.4.4 Mediterrane Flußtätigkeit seit der Frühantike (Aufbau und Verschüttung Olympias) Nachwort und Folgerungen Literatur Orts- und Sachregister
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  • 13
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: AWI G7-83-0626
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 287 S. : Tab. ; 23 cm
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  • 14
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: AWI P4-85-1034 ; AWI G7-85-1034(2. Ex.)
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 87, [61] S. : graph. Darst., Kt.
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  • 15
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: AWI G7-82-0934
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 191 S. : Abb. ; 23 cm
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  • 16
    Call number: AWI E3-84-0607
    Description / Table of Contents: В настоящем сборнике освещен широкий круг вопросов, связанных с изучением ледникового покрова и Южного океана, колебаний уровня оледенения Антарктиды, глубинного строения рифтовых зон, атмосферных процессов, геомагнитных пульсаций в полярной шапке, сейсмичности Антарктики, биологии Южного океана, материально-технического обеспечения экспедиции, международного сотрудничества на шестом континенте, адаптации человека в Южнои полярной области, а также с созданием взлетно-посадочных полос на ледниковой поверхности. Сборник рассчитан на специалистов-полярников, занимающихся изучением Антарктики, и ученых, исследующих природные процессы в глобальном масштабе.
    Description / Table of Contents: This collection covers a wide range of issues related to the study of the ice sheet and the Southern Ocean, fluctuations in the glaciation level of Antarctica, the deep structure of rift zones, atmospheric processes, geomagnetic pulsations in the polar cap, seismicity of the Antarctic, biology of the Southern Ocean, logistics of the expedition, international cooperation on the sixth continent, human adaptation in the South polar region, as well as the creation of runways on the glacial surface. The collection is intended for polar explorers who study Antarctica and scientists who study natural processes on a global scale.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 175 Seiten , Illustrationen , 22 cm
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 17
    Call number: AWI E2-84-0827
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 127 Seiten , Illustrationen , 20 см
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 18
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: AWI E3-81-1087 ; AWI E3-90-0092
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 117 Seiten , Illustrationen , 21 cm
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
    Location: AWI Reading room
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  • 19
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Berlin : Borntraeger
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-866-10
    In: Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Instituts zu Kopenhagen
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 80 S. : graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Instituts zu Kopenhagen : Reihe 1: Arktis 10
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  • 20
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: AWI A10-17-90636
    Description / Table of Contents: The book "Radiation in cloudy atmosphere" is devoted to description of the radiative peculiarities of the cloudy atmosphere which depends on the large-scale and microphysical properties of clouds. The data of micro- and macrophysical and optical characteristics of clouds are widely presented. The various methods for calculations of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes in cloudy and clear atmosphere are described. There are shown some regularities of variations of albedo, absorbability and heat fluxes of clouds and cloudy atmosphere in dependence on their properties. The empirical radiation models of atmosphere in dependence on their properties. The empirical radiation models of atmosphere are presented. The results of measurements and calculations are compared. The book may be of interest for specialists in atmospheric physics, oceanology and some adjacent sciences. It has a reference character and so may be useful to scientists who take interest in radiation and cloudiness structure of the atmosphere. It may be used also by students, post-graduate students and lectureres of corresponding specialities.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 279 S.
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrill. Schr. , Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
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  • 21
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: AWI A3-17-90425
    Description / Table of Contents: The book by A. S. Monin "Introduction to the theory of climate" summarizes the principal notions, information and methods of the physical theory of climate in its contemporary sense which implies that the basis of this theory is formed by a physico-mathematical modelling of the climatic system the atmosphere-ocean-land. The book is meant for specialists dealing with investigations of atmosphere, cryosphere, biosphere and land hydrology.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 245 S.
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrill. Schr.
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  • 22
    Call number: AWI G7-83-1269
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 119, [1] p. : ill.
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  • 23
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: AWI A4-82-0393 ; AWI A4-82-1055
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 174 S. : Ill.
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  • 24
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat
    Call number: AWI A4-82-0777
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 117 S. : graph. Darst.
    Language: Russian
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  • 25
    Call number: AWI A4-85-0427
    Description / Table of Contents: Приводятся основные результаты докладов на совещании-семинаре "Изучение Арктики, Антарктики и Мирового океана - на службу людям", проводившемся в Москве, на ВДНХ 9 - 13 февраля 1981 г. = The main results of the reports at the workshop-seminar "The study of the Arctic, Antarctic and the World Ocean - for people", held in Moscow, at the Exhibition of Economic Achievements, February 9 - 13, 1981.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 182 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.
    Language: Russian
    Note: Soderžanie: Predislovie. - Osnovnye rezul'taty 25-letnego issledovanija Antarktiki / N. A. Kornilov. - Poljarnaja klimatologija na službe narodnogo chozjajstva / A. I. Voskresenskij, G. U. Karimova, L. S. Petrov. - Sostojanie i perspektivy okeanologičeskogo obespečenija narodnogo chozjajstva v Arktike / N. V. Mustafin, E. N. Dvorkin. - Sostojanie i perspektivy gidrochimičeskich issledovanij dlja obsluživanija naučnych i chozjajstvennych učreždenij Arktiki / V. P. Rusanov. - Obespečenie ledovoj informaciej ledokol'no-transportnych sudov v Arktike / V. E. Borodačev, A. V. Bušuev, A. A. Kirillov. - Izučenie prirodnych uslovij dlja obespečenija tranzitnogo plavanija po Severnomu Morskomu Puti / A. Ja. Buzuev, V. B. Fedjakov. - Ispol'zovanie novych metodov v monitoringe termičeskogo režima Arktiki / I. B. Eserkepova, K. M. Lugina, N. A. Speranskaja, R. L. Kagan, I. P. Smirnova, V. V. Subbotin. - Izučenie vysokich sloev atmosfery v Arktike, Antarktike, i nad Mirovym okeanom s pomošč'ju meteoraket / G. A. Kokin, K. E. Speranskij, S. S. Gajgerov. - Optičeskie svojstva atmosfery nad Atlantičeskim okeanom / E. E. Artemkin, S. I. Avdjušin, A. E. Mikirov. - Voprosy soveršenstvovanija sinoptičeskogo obespečenija sudochodstva i rybopromyslovych rabot v Južnom okeane / L. Ju. Ryžakov. - Radiolokacionnye issledovanija oblakov v različnych rajonach Mirovogo okeana / A. I. Korotov, A. E. Mjagkov, A. B. Ščupjackij. - Osnovnye itogi i perspektivy naučnych issledovanij Severozemel'skogo gljaciologičeskogo stacionara AANII "Kupol Vavilova" / L. S. Govorucha. - Nekotorye rezul'taty issledovanij po programme Meždunarodnogo antarktičeskogo gljaciologičeskogo proekta (MAGP) / V. G. Aver'janov. - Prilivnye javlenija vo l'dach Severnogo Ledovitogo okeana (po kosmičeskim dannym) / V. V. Bogorodskij, M. G. Nazirov. - Nekotorye čerty prostranstvennoj struktury ledjanogo pokrova arktičeskich morej v svjazi s turbulentnym treniem i geostrofičeskim zachvatom prilivnoj volny / M. G. Nazirov, V. G. Trofimova. - Primenenie model'nych naturnych ėksperimentov pri izučenii vzaimodejstvija nefteproduktov s okeanom i atmosferoj / V. V. Izmajlov, V. S. Račkov. - Neftjanye uglevodorody v vodach mirovogo okeana i metody bor'by s nimi / M. P. Nestepova, I. A. Nemirovskaja, O. S. Močalova. - Osnovnye rezul'taty issledovanij vozmožnych izmenenij gidrometeorologičeskich uslovij severnych morej pod vlijaniem vodochozjajstvennych meroprijatij / V. A. Potanin, A. A. Dement'ev. - Issledovanie struktury gidrofizičeskich polej v central'noj časti Arktičeskogo bassejna / L. I. Zubkov, A. V. Gusev, P. V. Bogorodskij. - Ispol'zovanie infrakrasnych (IK) aėrokosmičeskich nabljudenij Arktičeskich morej v navigacii i pri rešenii drugich narodnochozjajstvennych zadač / A. I. Paramonov, V. A. Čebotareva. - Set' avtomatičeskich magnitografov po proektu "Geografičeskij poligon v Antarktide" dlja izučenija okolozemnogo kosmičeskogo prostranstva / A. N. Zajcev, G. A. Timofeev, V. O. Papitašvili. - Prognozirovanie chodkosti sudov vo l'dach / V. I. Kašteljan, D. D. Maksutov, O. V. Faddeev. , In kyrill. Schr.
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  • 26
    Call number: AWI A4-89-0036-3 ; MOP 45231/C / Mitte
    In: Spravočnik po klimatu Antarktidy / pod red. I. M. Dolgina, Tom 3
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 270 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Spravočnik po klimatu Antarktidy / pod red. I. M. Dolgina 3
    Language: Russian
    Note: In kyrillischer Schrift
    Location: AWI Reading room
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
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  • 27
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/25
    In: CRREL Report, 83-25
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice action on two cylindrical and conical structures, located side by side, was investigated in a small-scale experimental study to determine the interference on the ice forces generated during ice-structure interaction. The proximity of the two structures changes the mode of ice failure, the magnitude and direction of ice forces on the individual structure, and the dominant frequency of ice force variations. Interference effects were determined by comparing the experimental results of tests at different structure spacings.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-25
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental setup and procedure Results and discussion Cylindrical structures Conical structures Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Relationship between flexural strength and in-situ unconfined compressive strength Appendix B: Test data
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  • 28
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/26
    In: CRREL Report, 83-26
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice accreted on high-speed rotors operating in supercooled fog can be thrown off by centrifugal force, creating severe unbalance and dangerous projectiles. A simple force balance analysis indicates that the strength of accreted ice and its adhesive strength can be obtained by measuring the thickness of the accretion, the location of the separation, the rotor speed, and the density. Such an analysis was applied to field and laboratory observations of self-shedding events. The results agree reasonably well with other observations.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-26
    Language: English
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  • 29
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/24
    In: CRREL Report, 83-24
    Description / Table of Contents: Secondary recovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, will involve transporting large quantities of seawater in elevated pipelines across tundra for injection into oil-bearing rock strata. The possibility of a pipeline rupture raises questions concerning the effects of seawater on tundra vegetation and soils. To evaluate the relative sensitivities of different plant communities to seawater, eight sites representing the range of vegetation types along the pipeline route were treated with single, saturating applications of seawater during the summer of 1980. Within a month of the treatment 30 of 37 taxa of shrubs and forbs in the experimental plots developed clear symptoms of stress, while none of the 14 graminoid taxa showed apparent adverse affects. Live vascular plant cover was thus reduced by 89 and 91% in the two dry sites and by 54, 74 and 83% in the three moist sites, respectively. Live(green) bryophyte cover was markedly reduced in the moist experimental sites in 1981. Bryophytes in all but one of the wet-site experimental plots were apparently unaffected by the seawater treatment. Two species of foliose lichens treated with seawater showed marked deterioration in 1981. All other lichen taxa were apparently unaffected by the seawater treatment. The absorption and retention of salts by the soil is inversely related to the soil moisture regime. In the wet sites, conductivities approached prespill levels within about 30 days. In such sites, spills at the experimental volumes are quickly diluted and the salts flushed from the soil. In the dry sites, on the other hand, salts are retained in the soil, apparently concentrating at or near the seasonal thaw line.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-24
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods Site selection and preparation Prespill assessment Seawater application Postspill assessment Enzyme assay and analysis of soil flora Results and discussion Soil-solution conductivities Vascular plant response Cryptogam response Site factors and plant response Soil flora and extracellular soil enzymes Limitations of this study Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Plant taxa included in this study
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  • 30
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-82/31
    In: CRREL Report, 82-31
    Description / Table of Contents: Information on sea ice conditions in the Bering Strait and the icefoot formation around Fairway Rock, located in the strait, is presented. Cross-sectional profiles of Fairway Rock and the relief of the icefoot are given along with theoretical analyses of the possible forces active during icefoot formation. It is shown that the ice cover most likely fails in flexure as opposed to crushing or buckling, as the former requires less force. Field observations reveal that the Fairway Rock icefoot is massive, with ridges up to 15 m high, a seaward face only 20 degrees from vertical, and interior ridge slopes averaging 33 degrees. The icefoot is believed to be grounded and its width ranges from less than 10 to over 100 m.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 44 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-31
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Bering Strait Field reconnaissance Estimation of ice forces on Fairway Rock 1. Creep deformation 2. Crushing failure 3. Flexural failure 4. Forces required to form floating or grounded pressure ridges along therock or to pile ice on the beaches 5. Buckling failure Driving forces Angle of internal friction of sea ice Summary Literature cited Appendix A: April 1982 field observations at Fairway Rock
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  • 31
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/4
    In: CRREL Report, 83-4
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurements and analysis of seasonal ice growth and decay on Post Pond, New Hampshire, for the period 1973-1982 are presented. Observations included ice thickness measurements, examination of the various ice types contributing to the ice cover, and measurements of meteorological parameters for correlation with and modeling of the ice growth process. The overall nature of ice growth and decay (ice loss) on the Post Pond has been ascertained, the seasonal variability in the timing of freeze-up and ice-out and the duration of the ice cover have been determined, and the relationship of ice growth to freezing-degree-day (deg C) records evaluated on the basis of a Stefan conduction equation modified to deal with ice sheets covered with or free of snow. Ice growth occurs predominantly by the direct freezing of lake water, but snow ice may compose as much as 50% of the ice cover in winters with higher than average snowfall. Freeze-up leading to the establishment of a stable ice cover occurs during the 4-week period from the end of November to the end of December. Maximum seasonal ice thicknesses were from 45 to 67 cm and are generally attained during the first two weeks of March; ice-out, marking the final disappearance of ice from Post Pond, usually occurs by the third week of April. The overall rate of the ice loss is three to four times that of ice growth, and is dominated initially by melting from the top. As much as 50% of the ice may be lost in this way before the onset of any bottom melting. Final dissipation of the ice cover is usually expedited by candling resulting from preferential melting and disintegration of the ice at crystal boundaries.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 30 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-4
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Location of study Study methods Ice thickness Ice-cover composition Surface air temperatures Freeze-up and ice-out characteristics Results and discussion Ice-growth record Freezing-degree-day records Ice-growth predictions Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice-growth records Appendix B: Measured and computed ice-growth curves
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  • 32
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/1
    In: CRREL Report, 83-1
    Description / Table of Contents: Roof snow load case studies gathered throughout the United States over a three-year period are analyzed. The objective of the analysis is to determine a relationship between the snow load on the ground and the corresponding uniform snow load on flat and sloped roofs. The main parameters considered are the thermal characteristics of the roof, the roof slope and the exposure of the structure. Exposure has the strongest effect on the ratio of ground to roof snow loads. Comparisons are made with existing and proposed building codes and standards.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 47 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-1
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Data base Conversion factor Ground load effects Exposure effects Thermal effects Slope effects Expected value relationship Comparison with existing codes and standards Comparison with relationships proposed in new ANSI standard Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Roof snow load case history reports Appendix B. Roofs in the snow load case study data base Appendix C. Ground and roof snow load data Appendix D. Conversion factors from the 1982 ANSI standard
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  • 33
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/30
    In: CRREL Report, 83-30
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice sheets are formed and retained in several ways in nature, and an understanding of these factors is needed before most structures can be successfully applied. Many ice sheet retention structures float and are somewhat flexible; others are fixed and rigid or semirigid. An example of the former is the Lake Erie ice boom and of the latter, the Montreal ice control structure. Ice sheet retention technology is changing. The use of timber cribs is gradually but not totally giving way to sheet steel pilings and concrete cells. New structures and applications are being tried but with caution. Ice-hydraulic analyses are helpful in predicting the effects of structures and channel modifications on ice cover formation and retention. Often, varying the flow rate in a particular system at the proper time will make the difference between whether a structure will or will not retain ice. The structure, however, invariably adds reliability to the sheet ice retention process.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 39 Seiten , Illustrationen , 1 Beilage
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-30
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Natural ice sheets Choosing an ice control structure Flexible structures Ice booms Frazil collector lines Fence booms Rigid or semirigid structures Pier-mounted booms Stone groins Artificial islands Removable gravity structures Timber cribs Weirs Pilings and dolphins Structures built for other purposes Hydroelectric dams Wicket dams Light piers and towers Bridge piers Breakwaters Ice control not using Structures Channel improvements Ice sheet tying Ice sheet bridges Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice control structure
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  • 34
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-84/26
    In: CRREL Report, 84-26
    Description / Table of Contents: Observations of shore ice pile-up and ride-up along the Alaska Beaufort Sea coast in 1983 and 1984 are presented. New information on historical accounts of onshore ice movement, uncovered since publication of Part I in this series, is reported. An account is given of ice overtopping a concrete caisson exploration island in the Canadian Beaufort Sea.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 33 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-26
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Observations Discussion Literature cited Appendix A: Site location maps
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  • 35
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-80/9
    In: CRREL Report, 80-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Explosive cratering tests were conducted in seasonally frozen and thawed gravel at Ft. Richardson near Anchorage, Alaska, and in seasonallly frozen and thawed silt overlying permafrost and in silt permafrost at Ft. Wainwright near Fairbanks, Alaska. Explosive charge weights ranged from 26 to 3120 lb and charge burial depths ranged from about 3 to 40 ft. The cube root of the charge weight scaling was used to determine maximum scaled crater dimensions and optimum scaled depth of burial of the charge. Test results for frozen and thawed gravel were essentially the same because of the low moisture content and the relatively shallow depth of freezing (5 to 6 ft). The optimum depth of burial of the charge for maximizing the apparent radius and depth and the true radius was about 1.8 times the cube root of the charge weight for both the frozen and thawed conditions. In seasonally frozen silt overlying a talik and silt permafrost the maximum scaled crater dimensions and optimum scaled burial depths of the charge were smaller than for the thawed condition except for the true crater dimensions. The channeling of energy in the talik produces maximum crater dimensions and an optimum burial depth for the true crater that is larger than for the thawed condition. The results for the homogeneous silt permafrost were very similar to the frozen gravel results with much smaller maximum crater dimensions and smaller optimum charge burial depths than for the thawed silt overlying permafrost.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-9
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Test sites Test procedures and materials Analysis of test data Mobility tests Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 36
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-80/8
    In: CRREL Report, 80-8
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the results of the tests on the new U.S. Coast Guard 140-ft icebreaker Katmai Bay (WTGB-101) in the level plate ice and brash ice in Whitefish Bay and the St. Marys River. The results indicate that the vessel can penetrate 22 in. of level freshwater ice with 2-3 in. of snow cover. It can also penetrate up to 48 in. of brash ice in a continuous mode and at least 30 in. of plate ice by backing and ramming. The installed bubbler system decreased the required power of the vessel from 10 to 30% in brash ice and 25 to 35% in level ice. The low friction coating appears to be effective in decreasing the friction factor when it remains intact; when it peels off it appears to make conditions worse than plain paint. An average dynamic friction factor of 0.15 could be used over the entire hull for these tests.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-8
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Roughness and friction measurements Level plate ice performance Brash ice performance Ramming icebreaking performance Analysis of the data Propulsion efficiency in ice Regression analysis Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited
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  • 37
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-81/3
    In: CRREL Report, 81- 3
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: A 1:24 scale hydraulic model study of water intake under frazil ice conditions is presented. The intake, located 9 m below the surface of the St. Lawrence River in Massena, New York,has a through flow of 0.14 m^3/s. The model study, conducted in the refrigerated flume facility of the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, investigated methods of minimizing the frazil ice blockage on the intake. Two protective structures were modeled and the relative benefits of each are presented. The additional cross-sectional area provided by the protective structures lowered the vertical velocity component of the intake water to 0.0027 m/s. At this velocity the buoyant force acting on the frazil ice particle is larger than the downward drag force, causing the particle to rise. The results demonstrate that under certain low flow conditions a protective structure can minimize frazil ice blockage problems.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-03
    Language: English
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  • 38
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/15
    In: CRREL Report, 80-15
    Description / Table of Contents: This report discusses the time constraints on measuring the thermal resistance (R-value) of building components. Temperature changes on either side of a building component perturb measurement accuracy. Long measurement times and measurement times corresponding to a consistent diurnal cycle can be satisfactory; however, individual temperature changes cause significant error for shorter measurement periods. This report shows how to scale the thermal properties of individual constituent materials in a building element to determine its characteristic thermal time constant. The report then demonstrates the size of measurement error resulting from a variety of changes in temperature with representative walls of different time constants.
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    Pages: iii, 30 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-15
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Field measurement and analysis of transient heat flow A closer look at handling the constraints Random change Step change Ramp change Application of theory Literature cited Appendix A. Percentage error from a step input Appendix B. Time constraints of sample walls Appendix C. Percentage error from a ramp input Appendix D. Percentage error from a sinusoidal input Appendix E. Percentage error programs for a Hewlett-Packard HP-25 calculator Appendix F. Experimental determination of time constants Appendix G. Derivation of time constant formula for multiple layers
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  • 39
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/11
    In: CRREL Report, 80-11
    Description / Table of Contents: Four types of roof leaks occurred at a new school building in Chevak, Alaska: 1) blowing snow entered the roof through eave vents and then melted, 2) slush and ice in roof valleys caused meltwater to overflow the valley flash­ing and run into the building, 3) water entered at a roof/wall intersection and 4) in many areas water entered through gaps in the sloping plywood deck. Sealing the eave vents made it impossible for blowing snow to enter the roof at the eaves. Electric heat tapes eliminated the valley icing problem. Missing flashing was responsible for the roof/wall intersection leaks. The absence of a vapor barrier in the roof was the cause of many leaks. We recom­mended that the roof be repaired from the exterior by removing component elements down to the plywood deck,installing an adhered continuous vapor barrier and reassembling the roof. An alternative roof cladding of compos­ition shingles was discussed as was conversion to a “cold roof.” The roof was repaired and modified following our recommendations, and problems appear to have been solved.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-11
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Description of school Roof problems Snow infiltration leaks Valley leaks Intersection leaks Condensation leaks Tests to verify the cause of condensation leaks Eliminating the condensation leaks Recommendations for eliminating condensation leaks Repairing existing roof An alternative roof cladding The "cold roof" alternative Repairs and modifications Summary and conclusions
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  • 40
    Call number: ZSP-201-80/29
    In: CRREL Report, 80-29
    Description / Table of Contents: This study was conducted to determine the short- and long-term physical, chemical and biological effects of spills of hot Prudhoe Bay crude oil on permafrost terrain near Fairbanks, Alaska. Two experimental oil spills, one in winter and one in summer, of 7570 liters (2000 gallons) were made at a forest site. The winter-spill oil moved within the surface moss layer beneath the snow. The summer-spill oil moved primarily below the moss in the organic soil. The oil moved faster and further downslope in the summer spill. Oil in the winter spill stopped during the first day but remobilized and flowed further downslope in the spring. The total area affected by the summer spill was nearly one and one-half times as large as that affected by the winter spill. The initial heat of the spilled oil had little measurable thermal effect on the soil. However, thaw depth significantly increased following two full thaw seasons. The greatest increases occurred beneath oil blackened surfaces. Evaporation of volatile components is the most significant weathering process in the first two years. Volatiles evaporated faster from surface oil than from oil carried deeper into the soil profile. Microbial degradation has not been observed. The indigenous soil microbial populations responded differently to winter and summer oil applications, ranging from inhibition to stimulation, with stimulation appearing to predominate. Vegetation showed both immediate and long-term damage. Damage was greatest near the top of the slope and in areas with surface oil. Deciduous species showed damage faster than evergreen species.
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    Pages: vii, 67 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-29
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Methods Site description Oil application Physical characterization Thermal characterization Oil and oily soil characterization Soil microbiological methodology Vegetation Results and discussion Oil movement Effects on permafrost Compositional changes Microbiological responses Oil effects on vegetation Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A Physical and thermal information Appendix B Chemical information Appendix C Microbiological information
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  • 41
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/40
    In: CRREL Report, 82-40
    Description / Table of Contents: The use of explosives to break floating ice sheets is described, and test data are used to develop design curves that predict explosives effects as ice thickness, charge size, and charge depth vary. Application of the curves to practical problems is illustrated by numerical examples. The general features of underwater explosions are reviewed and related to ice blasting. Quasi-static plate theory is considered, and is judged to be inapplicable to explosive cratering of ice plates. The specific energy for optimized ice blasting is found to compare quite favorably with the specific energy of icebreaking ships. All available field data for ice blasting are tabulated in appendices, together with details of the re­gression analyses from which the design curves are generated.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 68 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-40
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction General behavior of underwater explosions Regression analysis for ice-blasting data General features of the regression curves Use of the regression curves as design curves for ice blasting Row charges and pattern charges Response of floating ice sheets to underwater explosions Specific energy and “powder factor” Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Basic data on ice blasting Appendix B: Scaled input data Appendix C: Initial regression analysis using complete polynomial Appendix D: Regression analysis with two coefficients of the original poly­nomial deleted
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  • 42
    Call number: ZSP-201-82/39
    In: CRREL Report, 82-39
    Description / Table of Contents: Observations of a 4.4-m-high brine step in the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica, show that it has migrated about 1.2 km in 4 years. The present brine wave is overriding an older brine-soaked layer. This migration is proof of the dynamic nature of the step, which is the leading edge of a brine wave that originated at the shelf edge after a major break-out of the McMurdo Ice Shelf. The inland boundary of brine penetration is characterized by a series of descending steps that are believed to represent terminal positions of separate intrusions of brine of similar origin. The inland boundary of brine percolation is probably controlled largely by the depth at which brine encounters the firn/ ice transition (43 m). However, this boundary is not fixed by permeability considerations alone, since measurable movement of brine is still occurring at the inland boundary. Freeze-fractionation of the seawater as it migrates throught the ice shelf preferentially precipitates virtually all sodium sulfate, and concomitant removal of water by freezing in the pore spaces of the infiltrated firm produces residual brines approximately six times more concentrated than the original seawater.
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    Pages: v, 35 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-39
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Analytical techniques Radio echo profiling Core drilling Results and discussion Brine infiltration survey Brine layer steps Brine infiltration characteristics Brine infiltration mechanisms at inland boundary Confirmation of brine depths by drilling Density and temperature profiles Ice shelf freeboard Brine upwelling Brine chemistry Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 43
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/38
    In: CRREL Report, 82-38
    Description / Table of Contents: Extreme cold causes heavy buildup of frost, ice and condensation on many windows. It also increases the incentive for improving the airtightness of windows against heat loss. Our study shows that tightening specifications for Alaskan windows to permit only 30% of the air leakage allowed by current American airtightness standards is economically attractive. We also recommend triple glazing in much of Alaska to avoid window icing in homes and barracks. We base our conclusions on a two-year field study of Alaskan military bases that included recording humidity and temperature data, observing moisture accumulation on windows and measuring airtightness with a fan pressurization device.
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    Pages: v, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-38
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Previous work in cold weather window performance Investigation Data acquisition and analysis Modeling the window thermal regime Moisture and ice observations Airtightness testing and analysis Annual heat loss from air leakage Results and conclusions Moisture on windows Airtightness Airtightness economics Recommendations for windows in extreme cold Airtightness Multiple glazing Literature cited Appendix A: Moisture levels and airtightness Appendix B: Dewpoint data Appendix C: Sample observations of icing
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  • 44
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/14
    In: CRREL Report, 83-14
    Description / Table of Contents: An analysis of ice fracture that incorporates dislocation mechanics and linear elastic fracture mechanics is discussed. The derived relationships predict a brittle to ductile transition in polycrystalline ice under tension with a Hall-Petch type dependence of brittle fracture strength on grain size. A uniaxial tensile testing technique, including specimen preparation and loading system design was developed and employed to verify the model. The tensile strength of ice in purely brittle fracture was found to vary with the square root of the reciprocal of grain size, supporting the relationship that the theory suggests. The inherent strength of the ice lattice and the Hall-Petch slope are evaluated and findings discussed in relation to previous results. Monitoring of acoustic emissions was incorporated in the tests, providing insights into the process of microfracture during ice deformation.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-14
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Development of testing technique Test specimens Tensile testing Compression testing Experimental results Tensile tests Compression tests Discussion Conclusions Suggestions for further work Literature cited Appendix A: Additional information on seed grains Appendix B: Thin-sectioning procedure Appendix C: Displacement transducer calibration
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  • 45
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/16
    In: CRREL Report, 83-16
    Description / Table of Contents: The presence of snow on the ground can impose limitations on the mobility of wheeled and tracked vehicles. Snow depth and density are the two most easily measured snow properties that can be related to mobility over snow. Existing models of snowpack accumulation and ablation processes and models of internal snowpack structure were examined to determine if a model of the snowpack can be developed for use in predicting the snow parameters that affect mobility. Simple models, such as temperature index models, do not provide sufficient snowpack details, and the more detailed models require too many measured inputs. Components of the various models were selected from a basis of a snowpack model for predicting snow properties related to mobility over snow. Methods of obtaining the input data from some components are suggested, and areas where more development is needed are described.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 34 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-16
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion of metric units Introduction Review of existing models Accumulation models Ablation models Using existing models for studying mobility Proposed snowpack model for mobility studies Model components Implementation of the model Developing input data Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 46
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/17
    In: CRREL Report, 83-17
    Description / Table of Contents: A sea ice model was applied to the East Greenland Sea to examine a 60-day ice advance period beginning 1 October 1979. This investigation compares model results using driving geostrophic wind fields derived from three sources. Winds calculated from sea-level pressures obtained from the National Weather Service's operational analysis system resulted in strong velocities concentrated in a narrow band adjacent to the Greenland coast, with moderate velocities elsewhere. The model showed excessive ice transport and thickness build-ups in the coastal region. The extreme pressure gradient parallel to the coast resulted partially from a pressure reduction procedure that was applied to the terrain-following sigma coordinate system to obtain sea-level pressures. Additional sea-level pressure fields were obtained from an independent optimal interpolation analysis that merged FGGE buoys drifting in the Arctic basin with high latitude land stations and from manual digitization of the NWS hand-analyzed Northern Hemisphere Surface Charts. Modeling results using winds from both of these fields agreed favorably.
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    Pages: 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-17
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Description of study Model results The problem Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 47
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/11
    In: CRREL Report, 83-11
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of ground radar performance over thawed and seasonally frozen silts, and sands and gravels containing artificial and natural reflectors were carried out in Alaska. The radar emitted 5-10 ns pulses, the center frequency of which was approximately 150 MHz. The artificial reflectors were metal sheets and discs and the natural reflectors were the groundwater table and interfaces between frozen and thawed material. The water table was profiled at three sites where the subsurface material was coarse-grained alluvium. Dielectric constants of 16 to 18 were measured for the thawed silts, 6 to 7 for the frozen silts and 3 to 9 for the sands and gravels. Signal penetration in the thawed high moisture content silts may be achieved only by use of a lower frequency radar, whereas in the sands and gravels greater depths may be detected with more sophisticated signal processing.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-11
    Language: English
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  • 48
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/22
    In: CRREL Report, 83-22
    Description / Table of Contents: A new experimental method for measuring the soil-water diffusivity of frozen soil under isothermal conditions is introduced. The theoretical justification of the method is presented and the feasibility of the method is demonstrated by experiments conducted using marine-deposited clay. The measured values of the soil-water diffusivity are found comparable to reported experimental data.
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    Pages: 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-22
    Language: English
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  • 49
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/24
    In: CRREL Report, 84-24
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes the growth characteristics and crystalline textures of urea ice sheets which are now used extensively in the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab. (CRREL) test basin for modeling sea ice. The aims of the report are to describe the different kinds of crystalline texture encountered in urea ice sheets and to show that even small variations in texture can drastically influence the mechanical behavior of urea ice sheets. Standard petrographic techniques for studying microstructure in thin sections were used on 24 urea ice sheets. These investigations entailed observations of the crystalline texture of the ice (including details of the subgrain structure), grain size measurements, and studies of the nature and extent of urea entrapment and drainage patterns in the ice. Increased knowledge of the factors controlling the crystalline characteristics of urea ice sheets has progressed to the point where test basin researchers at CRREL are now able to fabricate ice sheets with prescribed structures leading to predictable mechanical properties. Originators supplied keywords include: Sea ice, and Mechanical properties.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-24
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Analytical techniques Procedures for growing urea ice sheets Analysis of the crystalline structure of urea ice Characteristics of urea ice Results and discussion Ice sheet no. 1 Ice sheet no. 2 Ice sheet no. 3 Ice sheet no. 4 Ice sheet no. 5 Ice sheet no. 6 Ice sheet no. 7 Ice sheet no. 8 Ice sheet no. 9 Ice sheet no. 10 Ice sheet no. 11 Ice sheet no. 12 Ice sheet no. 13 Ice sheet no. 14 Ice sheet no. 15 Ice sheet no. 16 Ice sheet no. 17 Ice sheet no. 18 Ice sheet no. 19 Ice sheet no. 20 Ice sheet no. 21 Ice sheet no. 22 Ice sheet no. 23 Ice sheet no. 24 Urea concentrations in test tank solution and ice Discussion and conclusions E/σf ratio Thickness of incubation layer Crystal properties Literature cited Appendix A: Thin sections of urea ice sheets
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  • 50
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/19
    In: CRREL Report, 84-19
    Description / Table of Contents: In this study a method for making long-range forecasts of freeze-up dates in rivers is developed. The method requires the initial water temperature at an upstream station, the long-range air temperature forecast, the predicted mean flow velocity in the river reach, and water temperature response parameters. The water temperature response parameters can be either estimated from the surface heat exchange coefficient and the average flow depth or determined empirically from recorded air and water temperature data. The method is applied to the St. Lawrence River between Kingston, Ontario, and Massena, New York, and is shown to be capable of accurately forecasting freeze-up. Originator-supplied keywords include: Ice formation, and River ice.
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    Pages: iii, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-19
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Problem formulation Analytical treatment Application to the upper St. Lawrence River Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Basic program for St. Lawrence River freeze-up forecast
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  • 51
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/30
    In: CRREL Report, 82-30
    Description / Table of Contents: Equations are developed that can be used to determine the amount of gas present in sea ice from measurements of the bulk ice density, salinity and temperature in the temperature range o f-2 to -30°C. Conversely these relationships can be used to give the density of sea ice as a function of its temperature and salinity, considering both the presence of gas and of solid salts in the ice. Equations are also given that allow the calculation of the gas and brine volumes in the ice at temperatures other than that at which the bulk density was determined.
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    Pages: 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-30
    Language: English
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  • 52
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/5
    In: CRREL Report, 83-5
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the results of dynamic ice-structure interaction model tests conducted at the CRREL Ice Engineering Facility. A flexible, single-pile, bottom-founded offshore structure was simulated by a test pile with about a one-to-ten scale ratio. Urea (instead of sodium chloride) was used as dopant to scale down the ice properties, resulting in good model ice properties. Six ice fields were frozen and 18 tests carried out. In all cases distinctive dynamic ice structure interaction vibrations appeared, from which abundant data were collected. In tests with linear ice velocity sweep, sawtooth-shaped ice force fluctuations occurred first. With increasing velocity the natural modes of the test pile were excited, and shifts from one mode to another occurred. The maximum ice force values appeared mostly with low loading rates, but high forces appeared random'y at high ice velocities. As a general trend, ice force maximums, averages and standard deviations decreased with increasing ice velocities. The aspect ratio effect of the ice force in continuous crushing follows the same dependence as in static loadings. The frequency of observed ice forces is strongly dominated by the natural modes of the structure. Dynamically unstable natural modes tend to make the developing ice force frequencies the same as the natural frequencies. Otherwise the resulting frequency depends directly on structural stiffness and ice velocity and inversely on the ice force range. During vibrations the displacement rates of the structure overcome the velocity of ice, making low loading rates and hence high ice forces possible. During crushing, ice induces both positive and negative damping.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 53 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-5
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test arrangements Ice properties Crushing patterns Maximum ice force vs velocity Dynamic aspect ratio effect and crushing strength Measured ice force frequencies Calculated ice force frequencies Accelerations, velocities and displacements Damping Ice-induced negative damping Limit cycles Buckling load Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 53
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/7
    In: CRREL Report, 83-7
    Description / Table of Contents: Peak power generation with hydropower creates tailwater flow conditions characterized by high and low flows with abrupt transitions between these states. Flows occurring in tailwaters typically form sharp-fronted, large-amplitude waves of relatively short period. An understanding of the mechanics of downstream propagation of these waves is important both for direct application in studies of the tailwater and because of the similarity of these waves to those following a dam break. An analysis of the dynamic equations of open channel flow is used to quantify the relative importance of flow wave convection, diffusion and dispersion in rivers. The relative importance of each process is re­lated to the relative magnitude of terms in the dynamic equations, providing a physical basis for model formulation. A one-dimensional diffusion wave flow routing model, modified for tailwaters, simulates the important physical pro­cesses affecting the flow and is straightforward to apply. The model is based upon a numerical solution of the kine­matic wave equation. The “modified equation,” Hirt, and von Neumann analyses are used to gain insight into the stability and dissipative and dispersive behavior of the numerical solution, and results of these analyses are compared. A set of linear routings is used to demonstrate the dissipative and dispersive behavior predicted by the analyses and to verify the accuracy of an expression that quantifies the numerical diffusion of the model. The analyses provide a basis for selection of numerical parameters for model applications. The capability and accuracy of the model are enhanced when physical wave diffusion is balanced by numerical diffusion in the model. Maintaining the diffusion balance re­quires that the time derivative weighting parameter 0 be variable and in some instances negative. Though some amount of phase error is introduced, negative 0 values have no adverse effect upon model stability. Field studies were con­ducted to demonstrate the benefits of careful model development and analysis, and to verify the diffusion wave model for rapidly varying tailwater flow. The bed slope and roughness characteristics of the field study reaches (below Apalachia and Norris Dams) differ greatly, spanning those of a large number of rivers of practical interest. The accurate simulation of flow in both of these tailwaters attests to the soundness of both the physical basis of the model and the numerical solution technique. The field studies confirm, for the extreme case of rapidly varying flow in a mildly sloped river, that inertia has a negligible effect upon unsteady flow waves at low Froude numbers. Additionally, these studies verify that diffusion of short-period waves in rivers is generally significant.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 41 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-7
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Physical diffusion and dispersion in open channel flow Modeling approach Description of the diffusion wave flow routing model Analysis of the numerical model Modified equation and Hirt analyses of diffusion wave model von Neumann analysis of the diffusion wave model Linear case studies Accuracy considerations of the numerical solution Field studies Apalachia Dam tailwater Norris Dam tailwater Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 54
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/2
    In: CRREL Report, 83-2
    Description / Table of Contents: A numerical model of rime ice accretion on an arbitrary two-dimensional airfoil is presented. The physics of the model are described and results are presented that demonstrate, by comparison with other theoretical data and experimental data, that the model predictions are believable. Results are also presented that illustrate the capability of the model to handle time-dependent rime ice accretion, taking into account the feedback between the ice accretion and the airflow and droplet trajectory fields.
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    Pages: vi, 81 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-2
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Methodology Potential flow around an arbitrary airfoil Incompressible velocity field Droplet trajectory equation Computational procedure for trajectories Determining the point of impact Calculation of collision efficiencies Accreting an ice layer Determining the accuracy of the flow field Determining the accuracy of the trajectories Results and discussion Comparing results with and without the history term Collision efficiency of NACA 0015 airfoil at 8° attack angle Time-dependent accretion on NACA 0015 airfoil at 8° attack angle Time-dependent accretion on NACA 0015 airfoil at 0° attack angle Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A : Sample input Appendix B: Sample output Appendix C : Program listing
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  • 55
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/42
    In: CRREL Report, 82-42
    Description / Table of Contents: A high-resolution impulse radar profiling system was evaluated for 1) detecting the existence of sea ice which coring has revealed to exist on the bottom of the Ross Ice Shelf at Site J-9, 2) detecting the preferred horizontal c-axis azi-muthal direction of the sea ice crystals, using the voltage amplitude of the radar reflection from the sea ice bottom, and 3) determining the direction of the currents under an Antarctic ice shelf. A field program was conducted consisting of a surface radar survey on the Ross Ice Shelf at Site J-9 and surface and airborne radar profiling on the McMurdo Ice Shelf. The CRREL impulse radar system, operating at a center frequency of either 80 MHz or 20 MHz, was unable to detect the shelf bottom at Site J-9, which drilling revealed to be 416 m below the snow surface. The radar system was used to profile the McMurdo Ice Shelf both from the snow surface and from the air; a shelf thickness of about 275 m was easily detected. Theoretical considerations indicate that the bulk conductivity of the ice shelf at Site J1-9 was higher than originally anticipated, and this limited the radar sounding depth to about 405 m when operating at a frequency of 20 MHz.
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    Pages: iv, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-42
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Introduction Profiling system Theoretical considerations Field program Discussion Literature cited
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  • 56
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/11
    In: CRREL Report, 84-11
    Description / Table of Contents: Data obtained from two sets of data buoys either air-dropped or deployed by ship onto the Weddell Sea pack ice during the period from Dec 1978 to Nov 1980 are presented. The buoy data include position, pressure and temperature information and to date represent the most complete combined weather and pack ice drift records for the ice-covered Southern Ocean regions. The buoys tended to drift north initially and then to turn east generally between latitudes 62°S and 64°S. Buoy 1433 turned east farther south at approximately 67°S but at about the same time as buoy 0527, implying that the westerly wind belt was farther south than usual in 1979. The range of air pressures-from about 950 mb to about 1020 mb is typical of the circumpolar low pressure trough in the Southern Hemisphere. All buoys were equipped with an internal or compartment temperature sensor. The 1980 buoys also contained an external air temperature sensor in a ventilated, shielded can at 1-m height. Although differences of 10°C or more between recorded air and compartment temperatures are common, the correlation between the two measured temperatures is generally very good. The compartment temperatures are higher probably because the buoy is radiationally heated. We found that subtracting 3°C from the average daily compartment temperature yielded a good estimate of the average air temperature for any given day. This technique can be used to construct average daily air temperature records for the 1979 buoys which only contained the internal or compartment temperature sensor.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-11
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods and instrumentation Results Drift tracks Pressure data Temperature data Discussion Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 57
    Call number: ZSP-201-84/9
    In: CRREL Report, 84-9
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the results of the first phase of a test program designed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. In Phase I, 222 constant-strain-rate uni-axial compression tests were performed on ice samples from ten multi-year pressure ridges to examine the magnitude and variation of ice strength within and between pressure ridges. A limited number of constant-strain-rate compression and tension tests, constant-load compression tests, and conventional triaxial tests were also performed on ice samples from a multi-year floe to provide preliminary data for developing ice yield criteria and constitutive laws for multi-year sea ice. Data are presented on the strength, failure strain, and modulus of multi-year sea ice under different loading conditions. The statistical variation of ice strength within and between pressure ridges is examined, as well as the effects of ice temperature, porosity, structure, strain rate and confining pressure on the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice.
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    Pages: v, 107 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-9
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Field Sampling Site selection and description Ice sampling procedures Shipping and storage of ice samples Testing Techniques Multi-year Pressure Ridge Tests Ice description Sampling scheme and test variables Uniaxial compressive strength Residual compressive strength Failure strains Initial tangent modulus Statistical Variations in Ice Strength Differences in strength above and below level ice Sources of the variation in strength Shape of the strength histograms Multi-year Floe Ice Tests Ice description Uniaxial compressive strength Constant-load compression tests Constant-strain-rate tension tests Triaxial tests Conclusions Literature Cited Appendix A: Structural profile of a multi-year pressure ridge core Appendix B: Ridge uniaxial compression test data Appendix C: Structural profile of the continuous multi-year floe core Appendix D: Multi-year floe test data
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  • 58
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/14
    In: CRREL Report, 82-14
    Description / Table of Contents: A comparative study was made of design criteria and analytical methods for footings and pile foundations on perma­frost employed in U.S.S.R. Design Code SNiP II-18-76 (1977) and U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Special Report 80-34 developed in the early 1970's by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and published in 1980. The absence of adequate constitutive equations for frozen soils and of rigorous solutions of the boundary prob­lems has made it necessary to incorporate (explicitly or implicitly) various safety factors in the foundation analyses. From the review it is concluded that the principal difference between these practices is in the assessment and application of appropriate values of safety factors, which leads to a substantial discrepancy in the dimensions and cost of footings and pile foundations in permafrost.
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    Pages: iv, 20 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-14
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction U.S.S.R. system of standards U.S.S.R. Design Code SNiP 11-18-76 (1977) subsoils and foundations on permafrost General regulations Classification of soils Basic regulations for foundation design Analysis of subsoils and foundations Design of foundations for special soil conditions, and appendices SR 80-34 (1980) design and construction of foundations in areas of deep seasonal frost and permafrost General information Foundation design Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 59
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/13
    In: CRREL Report, 82-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Frost heave is analyzed for the common case in which some ice penetrates the soil. In this situation, heave is due to the accumulation of soil-free ice just within the frozen zone, behind a frozen fringe of finite thickness. Heat and mass transport within and across that fringe are crucial processes in the dynamics of heave. This analysis concentrates on activity within the fringe, also connecting that activity to heat and mass flows in the more frozen and unfrozen zones. Each component in a set of governing differential equations is developed from rational physics and thermodynamics, using previous experimental work. It is assumed that the soil ice grows through interconnected interstices; hence it constitutes and can move as a rigid body. When the assumption is translated into mathematical terms, it completes the governing equations. The model resulting from these considerations is a one-dimensional finite element computer program that solves the equations for arbitrary initial and boundary conditions. The model is used to simulate the heave history of a hypothetical soil column frozen unidirectionally and subjected to a surcharge. The results are gratifying in that they predict qualitatively the characteristics of numerous laboratory observations. Some questions about the completeness of the theory remain, and strict verification of the model awaits further experimentation and better parameter identification.
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    Pages: iii, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-13
    Language: English
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  • 60
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/12
    In: CRREL Report, 81-12
    Description / Table of Contents: Revegetation techniques along the trans-Alaska pipeline as employed by Alyeska Pipeline Service Company during the 1975-1978 summers were observed. Objectives included determining the success of treatments, identifying problem areas, and noticing long-term implications. Observations and photographs at 60 sites located along the trans-Alaska pipeline indicated frequent occurrence of successful revegetation as well as frequent problems, such as erosion, slope instability, poor scheduling of seed application, occurrence of weed species, failure to optimally reuse topsoil and fine-grained soil, and low rates of native species reinvation. Alyeska's visual impact engineering was observed to be very successful, as shown by high first-season survival. However, a related program for establishing willow cuttings was unsuccessful in 1977 but appeared very promising in 1978 largely due to improved management and more favorable growing conditions. Terrain disturbances due to the construction of the fuel gas line, snowpads, and oil spills were examined to identify and describe related environmental impacts on natural vegetation. Proper construction and use of snowpads minimized the extent and severity of disturbance. Crude oil spills, although damaging to vegetation did not cause total kill of vegetation, and certain types of spills may have only short-term effects. Results of restoration research by CRREL along the trans-Alaska pipeline are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 115 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-12
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Revegetation procedures 1975-1978 construction seasons Willow cutting program Visual impact engineering program Selected terrain disturbances Fuel gas line and snowpads Island Lake and oil line snowpads Oil spills and revegetation CRREL restoration sites Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: List of sites observed during 1975 Appendix B: Annotated photographs of permanent revegetation observation sites-1975-1978 Appendix C: Photographic record of fuel gas line observation sites
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  • 61
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/27
    In: CRREL Report, 80-27
    Description / Table of Contents: No general, analytical solution exists for phase change around a cylinder, thus, approximate methods have been evaluated. The heat balance integral technique applied to the cylinder gave excellent results when compared to published numerical solutions. Graphical solutions are given for phase change about a cylinder for ranges of the Stefan number, superheat parameter, and property value ratios for typical soils. An approximate, general solution has been derived which is reasonably accurate and can be used for any values of the above-mentioned parameters. The effective thermal diffusivity method has been shown to be useful for practical problems of phase change.
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    Pages: v, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-27
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Zero superheat Constant phase change rate Zero sensible heat Finite sensible heat Finite superheat Quasi-steady solution Heat balance integral solution Approximate methods Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 62
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/25
    In: CRREL Report, 80-25
    Description / Table of Contents: Two new types of load cells for attachment to bridge piers and direct measurement of ice forces were developed and tested with one type being installed on a pier of the Yukon River Bridge northwest of Fairbanks, Alaska. Both types of load cells used beams supported by base plates and carried nose plates that were loaded by the ice. The loads were imposed at the beams at locations differing from the support reactions so that the loads developed moments in the beams. By instrumenting them with strain gauges, the loads could be measured. Details of the design of the load cells, the means of calculating the loads and experience obtained with load cells are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-25
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Conversion factors Introduction Estimates and field measurements of ice forces on structures General Indirect estimates Direct measurements Small-scale and laboratory studies Instrumentation plan for measuring ice loads on the Yukon River Bridge Load cell development The single reaction beam system Performance of a single reaction beam load cell The double reation beam load cell Reaction beam design Stress in the beam Deflection Axial tensile stress in the reaction beam Measurement techniques Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Finding load magnitude and location with a single reaction beam device Appendix B. Finding load magnitude and location on a double reaction beam device
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  • 63
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/26
    In: CRREL Report, 80-26
    Description / Table of Contents: A vital concern to the survivability of hardened underground structures in rock is the relative displacement induced along geologic discontinuities by nearby explosions. Such displacement, commonly termed block motion, can occur along faults, joints, bedding planes and other structural weaknesses in rock. This report documents all occurrences of block motion observed during the development of DIHEST, a series of shallow-buried high explosive experiments designed to simulate the direct induced ground motions from a nuclear surface burst. Instances of block motion are described, along with pertinent details of the explosive arrays, geology and ground motion fields. The influence of these and other factors on the direction and magnitude of block motion is discussed.
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    Pages: vi, 62 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-26
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction STARMET Test description Test results PLANEWAVE II Test description Test results DATEX II Test description Test results HANDEC II Test description Test results ROCKTEST II Test description Test results Summary and discussion Literature cited
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  • 64
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/24
    In: CRREL Report, 80-24
    Description / Table of Contents: The fluid shear stress applied to the underside of a simulated floating ice cover was measured in a laboratory flume. The measured values were compared with values of the shear stress computed from the von Karman-Prandtl velocity distribution fitted to the velocity profiles measured beneath the cover. For the lower velocity runs (approx 0.079 m/s) the measured and computed values of the shear stress were in close agreement. At the high velocity flows (approx 0.137 m/s) the measured values were roughly one-half those calculated from the velocity distribution. As the underside of the cover became increasingly rougher, the position of maximum velocity moved closer to the bottom of the channel. It was shown that the Darcy friction coefficient is exponentially related to a normalized ice cover thickness, which suggests that it is measure of the roughness of a fragmented ice cover.
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    Pages: iv, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-24
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Experimental apparatus Experimental procedures Analysis of forces Experimental results Analysis of data Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 65
    Call number: ZSP-201-80/20
    In: CRREL Report, 80-20
    Description / Table of Contents: Results of impulse radar studies of sea ice give support to the concept of a sea ice model in which the ice bottom is composed of an array of lossy parallel plate waveguides. The fundametal relation between the average bulk brine volume of sea ice and its electrical and strength properties is discussed as is the remote detection of under-ice current alignment. It was found that 1) the average effective bulk dielectric constant is dependent upon the average bulk brine volume of the sea ice; 2) sea ice anisotropy, arising from a bottom structure of crystal platelets with a preferred c-axis horizontal alignment, can be detected by radio echo sounding measurements made not only on the ice surface but also from an airborne platform; 3) the effective coefficient of reflection from the seaiIce bottom decreases with increasing average effective bulk dielectric constant of the ice, decreases with increasing bulk brine volume, and is typically one to two orders of magnitude lower dhan the coefficient of reflection from the ice surface; and 4) the losses In sea ice increase with increasing average bulk brine volume.
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    Pages: v, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-24
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Field program Results and discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Data analysis procedures
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  • 66
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/18
    In: CRREL Report, 80-18
    Description / Table of Contents: The use of ice as a structural material is common practice for certain applications in cold regions. Techniques such as surface flooding or water spraying are used to accelerate ice growth rates, thereby lengthening the winter construction season. This report examines the heat and mass transfer rates from freely falling water drops in cold air. Design equations which predict the amount of supercooling of the drops as a function of outdoor ambient temperature, drop size and distance of fall are given
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-18
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Velocity problem Heat and mass transfer problem - A single drop Heat and mass transfer - A system of drops Literature cited Appendix A: FORTRAN IV program to calculate final drop temperature, air temperatureand humidity
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  • 67
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/2
    In: CRREL Report, 81-2
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Many hyperbolic reflections have been observed on marine seismic records obtained during oil exploration in the Beaufort Sea, and on USGS seismic sub-bottom profiles from the Prudhoe Bay vicinity. A hyperbolic projection system was designed to rapidly measure seismic velocities from the curves on the records. The velocities observed were approximately the velocity of sound in water. The hyperbolic signals also showed dispersion properties similar to acoustic normal modes in shallow water. These observations indicate that the signals responsible for the hyperbolic reflections propagate as normal modes within the water layer, with very limited penetration of the seabed. Determinations of the dominant frequency of these signals indicate that the penetration into the seabed has a characteristic attenuation depth (skin depth) of about 1.5 m for the sub-bottom profiles and 12 m for the marine records. It therefore appears that some hyperbolic reflections may be generated by variations in materials that occur near the seabed. There is some evidence of linearity of the anomalies, possibly related to sediment-filled or open ice gouges, or other changes in material properties at shallow depths.
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    Pages: iv, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-2
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods of analysis Marine seismic records Seismic sub-bottom profiles Results and discussion Distribution of hyperbolic reflections Hyperbolas on oil exploration records Hyperbolas on sub-bottom profiles Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Hyperbola projector
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  • 68
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/5
    In: CRREL Report, 81-5
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-5
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test setup Test results The USCGC Mackinaw The Roger Slough The Cason J. Callaway The imperial St. Clair Vibration levels Discussion Frequency content Magnitude Mode of transmission Opening the channel Flexural waves Duration and occurrence of maximum vibrations Effect of weather Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited
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  • 69
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/4
    In: CRREL Report, 81-04
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Eight sites along the trans-Alaska pipeline from the Denali Fault to Fairbanks were selected for pipeline and pipeline support movement studies. Four measurement surveys were conducted, starting before oil pumping operations began up to September 1978, to determine the lateral and longitudinal pipe movement due to the thermal expansion of elevated sections of the pipeline, the tilt of the vertical support members (VSM's), and the changes in relative elevation of the support crossbeams. A maximum lateral and longitudinal motion of the pipe of 13 3/8 in. and 2 13/16 in. respectively were measured up to September 1978. Tilt data for 180 VSM's showed little change over a one-year period, with only S VSM's tilting more than 0.5 °. Relative elevation measurements showed insignificant changes for two sites compared over a one-year period. Comparisons of our data with as-built elevations at 8 sites show a few large differences that cannot be readily explained. In general the pipeline and its supports, at least at the sites studied, show minimal movement and activity.
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    Pages: v, 32 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81- 4
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Measurement technique Pipeline movement Vertical support member tilt Relative elevations of pipe support crossbeams Results and discussion Pipeline movement Vertical support member tilt Relative elevations Summary Literature cited Appendix A. Lateral, longitudinal and horizontal pipe movement Appendix Β. Tabulation of movement measurements
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  • 70
    Call number: ZSP-201-81/6
    In: CRREL Report, 81-6
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: A procedure is described for monitoring the microfracturing activity in ice plates subjected to constant loads. Sample time records of freshwater ice plate deflections as well as corresponding total acoustic emission activities are presented. The linear elastic, as well as viscoelastic, response for a simply supported rectangular ice plate is given. Suggested future work using the above procedure is discussed.
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    Pages: iv, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-6
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Notation Introduction Experimental procedure and considerations Growth of the ice plate Support of the ice plate Acoustic emission monitoring system Displacement transducers and data recording Mechanical loading System Analysis Experimental results Thin section analysis Summary and discussion Literature cited Appendix A : Ice plate linear elastic response Appendix B: Acoustic emission system sensitivity Appendix C: Ice plate linear viscoelastic response Appendix D: Equipment list
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  • 71
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/11
    In: CRREL Report, 81-11
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Relative displacement data from high explosive, shallow-buried bursts in rock are combined with relative displacement data from the contained nuclear explosion MIGHTY EPIC. Analysis of these data yields a preliminary, semi-empirical technique for predicting the location, direction and magnitude of relative displacements in rock from contained explosions. This technique is used to make relative displacement predictions for the DIABLO HAWK nuclear blast.
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    Pages: iv, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-11
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction DIHEST analysis MIGHTY EPIC analysis Geological setting and relative displacement documentation Shear stress analysis 8 Displacement analysis DIABLO HAWK predictions Literature cited
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  • 72
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/9
    In: CRREL Report, 81-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: The calculation of the largest horizontal force a relatively thin floating ice plate may exert on a structure requires the knowledge of the buckling load for this floating plate. In the published literature on the stability of continuously supported beams and plates, it is usually assumed that this buckling force corresponds to the lowest bifurcation force Pcr. However, recent studies indicate that, generally, this is not the case, and this report clarifies the situation for floating ice plates. This problem is first studied on a simple model that exhibits the buckling mechanism of a floating ice plate but is amenable to an exact nonlinear analysis. This study shows that, depending on the ratio of the rigidities of the "liquid" and "plate," the post-buckling branch may rise or drop away from the bifurcation point. Thus, Pcr may or may not be the actual buckling load. It is also shown that when lift-off of "plate" from the "liquid" takes place the actual buckling load may drop substantially. This study is followed by an analysis of a floating compressed semi-infinite plate with a straight free edge, assuming that there is no lift-off. It is found that for this case there always exists a buckling load that is lower than Pcr. According to the obtained results, the value Pcr should be used with caution as a buckling load for floating ice plates. It is suggested that the buckling load be determined using the postbuckling equilibrium branch of the plate, taking into consideration the possibility of lift-off of the ice cover from the liquid base.
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    Pages: 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-9
    Language: English
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  • 73
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    Call number: ZSP-201-81/10
    In: CRREL Report, 81-10
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: This treatise thoroughly reviews the subjects of density, thermal expansion and compressibility of ice; snow density change attributed to destructive, constructive and melt metamorphism; and the physics of regelation and the effects on penetration rate of both the thermal properties of the wire and stress level. Heat capacity, latent heat of fusion and thermal conductivity of ice and snow over a wide range of temperatures were analyzed with regression techniques. In the case of snow, the effect of density was also evaluated. The contribution of vapor diffusion to heat transfer through snow under both natural and forced convective conditions was assessed. Expressions representing specific and latent heat of sea ice in terms of sea ice salinity and temperature were given. Theoretical models were given that can predict the thermal conductivities of fresh bubbly ice and sea ice in terms of salinity, temperature and fractional air content.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-10
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Density, thermal expansion and compressibility of ice Density Thermal expansion Compressibility Density changes in snow Compaction Destructive metamorphism Constructive metamorphism Melt metamorphism Regelation Thermal properties of snow and fresh-water ice Heat capacity of snow and ice Latent heat Thermal conductivity of ice Thermal conductivity of snow Effective thermal diffusivity Heat transfer by water vapor diffusion in snow Heat and vapor transfer with forced convection Thermal properties of sea ice Specific heat of sea ice Heat of fusion of sea ice when 0° 〉 θ 〉 -8.2°C Density and thermal conductivity of sea ice Composition and air bubble content of sea ice above -8.2°C Thermal conductivity model for sea ice Thermal diffusivity of sea ice Method of determining thermal diffusivity Summary Literature cited
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  • 74
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/6
    In: CRREL Report, 82-6
    Description / Table of Contents: The interpretation of continuous radar profiles requires an alternative geophysical means of obtaining ground dielectric information. Ground dielectric properties were measured using wide-angle reflection and refraction (WARR) soundings with a ground-probing radar set that transmits pulses f a few nanoseconds duration. The investigations, carried out over sandy gravel in interior Alaska, provided dielectric data to about a 5-m depth. The WARR soundings were displayed as individual traces allowing interference between separate events and dispersion to be observed, and the soundings were compared with continuous radar and resistivity profiles conducted concurrently to extract the maximum amount of dielectric information. The dielectric constants, derived mainly from the direct ground waves propagating along the surface, ranged from 2.9 to 7.4. Dielectric values interpreted for one site predicted the possibility of a refracted event which may have occurred during one of the soundings.
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    Pages: iii, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-6
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Theory of ground wave propagation from a horizontal electric dipole Equipment and methods Results Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Summary and concluding remarks Literature cited
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  • 75
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/16
    In: CRREL Report, 82-16
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: A dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model which employs a viscous-plastic constitutive law has been applied to the East Greenland area. The model is run on a 40-km spatial scale at 1/4-day time steps for a 60-day period with forcing data beginning on 1 October 1979. Results tend to verify that the model predicts reasonable thicknesses and velocities within the ice margin. Thermodynamic ice growth produces excessive ice extent, however, probably due to inadequate parameterization of oceanic heat flux. Ice velocities near the free ice edge are also not well simulated, and preliminary investigations attribute this to an improper wind field in this area. A simulation which neglects ice strength, effectively damping ice interaction with itself and allowing no resistance to deformation, produces excessive ice drift toward the coast and results in unrealistic nearshore thicknesses. A dynamics-only simulation produced reasonable results, including a more realistic ice extent, but the need for proper thermodynamics is also apparent. Other simulations verify that ice import from the Arctic Basin, and ice transport due to winds and currents, were also important components in the model studies.
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    Pages: v, 40 Seiten , Illustrationen , 29 cm
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-16
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Model description and application Results and discussion Wind and current fields Standard simulation Thermodynamic simulation Zero ice strength Zero ice import Zero currents Modified currents Zero winds Dynamics simulation Summary and concluding remarks Literature cite
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  • 76
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/12
    In: CRREL Report, 82-12
    Description / Table of Contents: From a high-quality set of velocity, temperature, and humidity profiles collected upwind and downwind of a step change in surface roughness, temperature, and moisture, we have calculated upwind and downwind values of the heat fluxes and friction velocity. The surface change is from smooth to rough; upwind, the sensible heat flux is upward and the latent heat flux is zero; downwind, the surface is well-watered so that the latent heat flux is upward while the sensible heat flux is downward. The downwind latent heat flux in this fetch-limited flow obeys NL=0.08 Rx 0.76 where NL is the latent heat Nusselt number and Rx is the fetch Reynolds number, a parameter for characterizing fetch-limited flows. Because this relation is virtually the same as one found to describe the sensible heat and condensate fluxes over arctic leads, we conclude that the Nusselt numbers nondimensionalizing scalar fluxes are the same for a given fetch Reynolds number when boundary conditions are similar.
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    Pages: vii, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-12
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Upwind: flux gradient method Downwind: integral method ResulIts Energy budget Latent heat flux Surface stress Downwind humidity profiles Discussion Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 77
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/10
    In: CRREL Report, 82-10
    Description / Table of Contents: Dielectric measurements have been performed on silt and sand samples from permafrost areas using Time Domain Reflectometry. The sample temperatures were varied from +25 °C to -25 °C, and volumetric water content was varied between oven-dry and 0.55 gH2O/cm3. The data were processed for frequencies between 0.1 and 5.0 GHz. The results show a constant K' and a low K' for frequencies up to 1 GHz. A frequency dependence seen on the data above 2 GHz is probably the result of unfrozen, adsorbed water. At moisture levels near saturation at all temperatures, these soils have excellent propagation characteristics for ground-probing radar operating below 0.3 GHz. Massive ice should be easily detectable in permafrost within a few degrees of 0 °C.
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    Pages: 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-10
    Language: English
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  • 78
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/9
    In: CRREL Report, 82-9
    Description / Table of Contents: This study deals with the distribution of forces along the converging boundaries of the Port Huron, Michigan, region where unconsolidated ice in Lake Huron is held against wind and water stresses. An experimental basin was built to induce uniform shear stress on the model ice cover by flowing water beneath the ice. The boundary segments, which held the ice cover in the region, were instrumented to measure force in the normal and tangential directions. The distribution of normal forces along the boundary was compared with as distribution derived by using a theoretical model. An ice control structure (ICS) was installed in the basin and experiments were conducted to measure the forces on the ICS and the ice release through the opening in the ICS during simulated ship passages. The experimental results are presented in a nondimensional form. In addition, the force per unit length on the ICS and the area of ice released through its opening were estimated for the expected wind conditions at the Port Huron site.
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    Pages: v, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-9
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Theoretical models Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Experimental program Experimental facility Scaling factors Experimental results Analysis of wind data for lower Lake Huron Summary and conclusions Release of ice through the opening of an ICS Ice forces on the ice control structure Ice forces on ice control structure from a large unconsolidated ice cover Literature cited Appendix A. Equation for the stress resultants and velocities of the ice cover Appendix B. Monthly summary of wind data at Port Huron
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  • 79
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/8
    In: CRREL Report, 82-8
    Description / Table of Contents: A detailed analysis of methods for calculating the thermal conductivity of soils is presented, and trends in the predic­tions of these methods are compared. The influence of changes in the moisture content on the calculated thermal con­ductivity of a soil (at constant dry density) is shown, as is the sensitivity of this calculated value to changes in dry den­sity or in the soil solids’ thermal conductivity. The methods are evaluated to determine the extent of agreement of their predictions with measured values obtained on soils of known composition and properties. The deviations of the predicted values are determined for soils that are unfrozen or frozen, coarse or fine, unsaturated, saturated or dry. The applicability of each of the methods under various conditions is determined and recommendations are made as to the best method for each condition.
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    Pages: vi, 90 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-8
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Analysis of methods for calculating thermal conductivity Introduction Influence of moisture content on thermal conductivity Influence of dry density on thermal conductivity Influence of soil solids’ thermal conductivity Comparison of the various methods Evaluation of methods for calculating thermal conductivity Soils data used for evaluation Computer program Applicability of the methods Discussion and conclusions Applicability to unfrozen soils Applicability to frozen soils Applicability to saturated soils Effect of soil mineral composition Applicability to dry soils Summary of applicability of methods Literature cited Appendix A: Properties of some test soils Appendix B: Comparison of thermal conductivity values computed by the various methods and of their deviations from the values measured
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  • 80
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/2
    In: CRREL Report, 80-2
    Description / Table of Contents: Winter thermal structure and ice conditions in the land-fast ice cover of Lake Champlain were studied in detail for the winters of 1975-76 and 1976-77. The lake was instrumented to a depth of 8.5 m with a string of highly calibrated thermistors attached to an ice mooring system and connected to a data logger at Shelburne Point, Vermont, during the winter of 1975-76 and at Gordon Landing on Grand Isle, Vermont, during 1976-77. This data logger automatically recorded water temperatures from the surface of the lake though snow, ice and water vertical profiles to the bottom of the lake every four hours. Pertinent meteorological parameters are presented for the appropriate measurement sites during the two winter periods, November '75-April '76, and November '76-April '77. Computations were made of freezing degree days (C) for both winters and correlated with ice formation dates. Predictions of ice growth, using the Stefan equation with an empirical coefficient, were correlated with actual ice growth. Documentation was made of the Lake Champlain Transportation Company's first attempt at wintertime navigation by ferry from Gordon Landing, Vermont, to Cumberland Head, New York, in a land fast ice cover during one of the coldest winters of this century.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-2
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Climate Site preparation and data collection Instrumentation, measurements and calibration Relocation of measurement site, Fall 1976 Visual observations, ice conditions, and pertinent photography Analysis Air temperature comparisons Degree days of freezing Prediction of ice growth Water and ice temperature Wind Solar radiation Grand Isle ferry operations 1976-77 Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. General observations of ice conditions on Lake Champlain
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  • 81
    Call number: ZSP-201-82/37
    In: CRREL Report, 82-37
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents a Landsat-derived land cover map of the northwest portion of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. The report is divided into two parts. The first is devoted to the land cover map with detailed descriptions of the mapping methods and legend. The second part is a description of the study area. The classification system used for the maps is an improvement over existing methods of describing tundra vegetation. It is a comprehensive method of nomenclature that consistently applies the same criteria for all vegetation units. It is applicable for large- and small-scale mapping and is suitable for describing vegetation complexes, which are common in the patterned-ground terrain of the Alaskan Arctic. The system is applicable to Landsat-derived land cover classifications. The description of the study area focuses on five primary terrain types: flat thaw-lake plains, hilly coastal plains, foothills, mountainous terrain, and river flood plains. Topography, landforms, soils and vegetation are described for each terrain type. The report also contains area summaries for the Landsat-derived map categories. The area summaries are generated for the five terrain types and for the 89 townships within the study areas. Two land cover maps at 1:250,000 are included.
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    Pages: 68 Seiten , Illustrationen, 2 Karten
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-37
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction A land cover map of the ANWR study area Legend development Mapping method Results Discussion Description of the ANWR study area General description Description of specific terrain types Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Descriptions of Landsat land cover categories for ANWR Appendix B: Area summaries Appendix C: Aproximate equivalent units in several systems of land cover, wetland and vegetation classifications used in northern Alaska Appendix D: Soil taxonomy Appendix E: Summary of principal Landsat land cover categories within the terrain types of the ANWR study area
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  • 82
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/36
    In: CRREL Report, 82-36
    Description / Table of Contents: Camp construction and drilling activities in 1950 at the East Oumalik drill site in northern Alaska caused extensive degradation of ice-rich, perennially frozen silt and irreversible modification of the upland terrain. In a study of the long-term degradational effects at this site, the near-surface geology was defined by drilling and coring 76 holes (maximum depth of 34 m) in disturbed and undisturbed areas and by laboratory analyses of these cores. Terrain disturbances, including bulldozed roads and excavations, camp structures and off-road vehicle trails, were found to have severely disrupted the site's thermal regime. This led to a thickening of the active layer, melting of the ground ice, thaw subsidence and thaw consolidation of the sediments. Slumps, sediment gravity flows and collapse of materials on slopes bounding thaw depressions expanded the degradation laterally, with thermal and hydraulic erosion removing materials as the depressions widened and deepened with time. Degradational processes became less active after thawed sediments thickened sufficiently to slow the increase in the depth of thaw and permit slope stabilization. The site's terrain is now irregular and hummocky with numerous depressions. Seasonal thaw depths are deeper in disturbed areas than in undisturbed areas and reflect the new moisture conditions and morphology. The severity of disturbance is much greater at East Oumalik than at another old drill site, Fish Creek. The difference results primarily from differences in the physical properties of the sediments, including the quantity and distribution of ground ice.
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    Pages: 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-36
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Methodology Geologic setting Camp construction and occupation Types of disturbance Degradational processes and the effective area of impact Areal effects of disturbance Topography Groundwater, surface water and drainage Sediment properties and near-surface stratigraphy Surficial processes Depth of thaw Comparison to Fish Creek Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 83
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/21
    In: CRREL Report, 83-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The probability density function of the gouge depths into the sediment is represented by a simple negative exponential over four decades of gouge frequency. The exceedance probability function is, therefore, e to the -lambda d, where d is the gouge depth in meters and lambda is a constant. The value of lambda shows a general decrease with increasing water depth, from 9/m in shallow water to less than 3/m in water 30 to 35 m deep. The deepest gouge observed was 3.6 m, from a sample of 20,354 gouges that have depths greater than or equal to 0.2 m. The dominant gouge orientations are usually unimodal and reasonably clustered, with the most frequent alignments roughly parallel to the general trend to the coastline. The value of N(bar) sub 1, the mean number of gouges (deeper than 0.2 m) per kilometer measured normal to the trend of the gouges, varies from 0.2 for protected lagoons to 80 in water between 20 and 38 m deep in unprotected offshore regions. The distribution of the spacings between gouges as measured along a sampling track is a negative exponential. The form of the frequency distribution of N sub 1 varies with water depth and is exponential for lagoons and shallow offshore areas, previously skewed for 10 to 20 m depths off the barrier islands, and near-normal for deeper water. As a Poisson distribution gives a reasonable fit to the N sub 1 distributions for all water depths, it is suggested that gouging can be taken as approximating a Poisson process in both space and time. The distributions of the largest values per kilometer of gouge depths, gouge widths, and the heights of the lateral embankment of sediments plowed from the gouges are also investigated.
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    Pages: 40 Seiten , Illustrationen, 1 Karte
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-21
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background and environmental setting Data collection and terminology Data analysis Gouge depths Gouge orientation Gouge frequency Extreme value analysis Applications to offshore design Gouge depth Extreme value statistics Burial depths Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Detailed bathymetric map of the Alaskan portion of the Beaufort Sea
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  • 84
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/19
    In: CRREL Report, 83-19
    Description / Table of Contents: Small-scale laboratory experiments were conducted on model bridge piers in the CRREL test basin. The experiments were performed by pushing model ice sheets against structures and monitoring the ice forces during the ice/structure interaction. The parameters, varied during the test program, were the geometry of the bridge piers and the velocity, thickness, and flexural strength of the ice. The results are presented in the form of ice forces on sloping and vertical structures with different geometries. During ice action on sloping structures, a phenomenon of transition of failure mode from bending to crushing was observed as the ice velocity was steadily increased.
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    Pages: 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-19
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Tests Results Ice forces on inclined structures Transition of ice action due to velocity increase Aspect ratio Bridge pier nose geometry Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 85
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/18
    In: CRREL Report, 83-18
    Description / Table of Contents: An evaluation of an impulse radar system for detecting cavities under concrete pavement is discussed, and field results are presented. It was found that a dual antenna mode of surveying was ideal for void detection. In this mode one antenna operated in a transceive mode and a second, offset from the first, operated in a receive-only mode. This arrangement allowed a refraction-type profile survey to be performed, which enabled subpavement voids to be easily detected. Field trails were held at Plattsburgh Air Force Base, where 28 cavities were detected and mapped. Drilling of holes verified that a cavity existed and allowed cavity depth to be measured. The cavities varied from 1.5 in. to 23 in, depth and were up to 20 ft. long.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 49 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-18
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Plattsburgh Air Force Base Radar sounding system Survey procedure Cavity inspection Radar cavity detection test Radar profile results Falling-weight deflectometer tests Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 86
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/12
    In: CRREL Report, 83-12
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper documents the development and verification of two finite difference models that solve the general two-dimensional form of the heat conduction equation, using the alternative-direction implicit method. Both can handle convective, constant flux, specified temperature and semi-infinite boundaries. The conducting medium may be composed of many materials. The first program, ADI, solves for the case where no change of state occurs. ADIPC solves for case where a freeze/thaw change of phase may occur, using the apparent heat capacity method. Both models are verified by comparison to analytical results.
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    Pages: 74 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-12
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Finite differences applied to heat transfer Heat conduction equation Boundary conditions Phase change Computer program ADDATA, the data subroutine TRIDIG, the matrix solver ISOTHM, the isotherm finider ADI, main program ADEPC, main program Verification of ADI Comparison of ADI with analytical results Comparison of ADI with experimental results Verification of ADIPC Comparison of ADIPC with analytical results-the Neumann solution Comparison of ADIPC with analytical results-two-dimensional phase change verification User instruction for ADI User instruction for ADIPC Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Program INFSUM and sample input and output for program ADI Appendix B. Program ADIPC and sample input and output
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  • 87
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/13
    In: CRREL Report, 83-13
    Description / Table of Contents: A review on past experimental and theoretical work indicates a need for additional experimentation to characterize the response of snow to inelastic pressure waves. Pressure data from previously conducted explosion tests are analyzed to estimate the elastic limit of snow of 400 -kg/cu m density to be about 36 kPa. This pressure corresponds to a scaled distance of 1.6 m/cu.rt.kg for charges fired beneath the surface of the snow, and to a scaled distance of 1.2 m/cu.rt.kg for charges fired in the air. The effects of a snow cover on the method of clearing a minefield by using an explosive charge fired in the air above the snow surface are also discussed and recommendations are given for further work in this area. Explosive pressure data are used to estimate the maximum effective scaled radius for detonating buried mines at shallow depth to be 0.8 m/cu.rt.kg. Fuel-air explosive will increase this effective radius significantly because of the increase in the size of the source region.
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    Pages: 33 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-13
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Objectives Background Problems in describing the response of snow to an applied stress Methods of determining the dynamic behavior of materials Review of previous studies on snow Experimental measurements on snow Summary of snow experiments Theoretical studies Confirmation of the theory Discussion Applications Recommendations Summary Literature cited Appendix A. Selected data from Wisotski and Snyder (1966) Appendix B. Pressure data from Livingston (1964)
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  • 88
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/23
    In: CRREL Report, 83-23
    Description / Table of Contents: The problems associated with measuring stresses in ice are reviewed. Theory and laboratory test results are then presented for a stiff cylindrical sensor made of steel that is designed to measure ice stresses in a biaxial stress field. Loading tests on freshwater and saline ice blocks containing the biaxial ice stress sensor indicate that the sensor has a resolution of 20 kPa and an accuracy of better than 15% under a variety of uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions. Principal stress directions can also be determined within 5 degrees. The biaxial ice stress sensor is not significantly affected by variations in the ice elastic modulus, ice creep or differential thermal expansion between the ice and gauge. The sensor also has a low temperature sensitivity (5 kPa/deg C).
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    Pages: 38 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-23
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous work Stress measurements Design considerations Stress sensors Biaxial ice stress sensor Biaxial stress sensor theory Gauge deformation Stresses associated with cylindrical sensors Determination of ice stresses Gauge calibration Evaluation of the biaxial ice stress sensor Temperature sensitivity Biaxial loading test equipment Biaxial loading test results Differential thermal expansion Long-term drift Discussion of test results Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 89
    Call number: ZSP-201-84/16
    In: CRREL Report, 84-16
    Description / Table of Contents: Phase composition curves are presented for a typical saline silt from Lanzhou, P.R.C., and compared to some silts from Alaska. The unfrozen water content of the Chinese silt is much higher than that of the Alaskan silts due to the large amount of soluble salts present in the silts from China, which are not present in silt from interior Alaska. When the salt is removed, the unfrozen water content is then similar for both the Chinese and Alaskan silt. Here we introduce a technique for correcting the unfrozen water content of partially frozen soils due to high salt concentrations. We calculate the equivalent molality of the salts in the unfrozen water at various temperatures from a measurement of the electrical conductivity of the extract from saturated paste.
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    Pages: iii, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-16
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Background Materials Sample preparation Nuclear magnetic resonance Specific surface area Electrical conductivity Results and discussion Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Unfrozen water content vs temperature data for Lanzhou silt
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  • 90
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/18
    In: CRREL Report, 84-18
    Description / Table of Contents: This report investigates the influences of turbulence and water temperature on frazil ice formation. The rate and thequantity of frazil ice formed in a specified volume of supercooled water increase with both increasing turbulence inten-sitv and decreasing water temperature. The influence of turbulence intensity on the rate of frazil ice formation, how-ever. is more pronounced for larger initial supercooling. The turbulence characteristics of a flow affect the rate offrazil ice formation by governing the temperature to which the flow can be supercooled, by influencing heat transferfrom the frazil ice to surrounding water, and by promoting collision nucleation, particle and floc rupture and increasingthe number of nucleation sites. larger frazil ice particles formed in water supercooled to lower temperatures. The par-ticles usually were disks, with diameters several orders greater than their thickness. Particle size generally decreased with increasing turbulence intensity. This report develops an analytical model, in which the rate of frazil ice formation isrelated to temperature rise of a turbulent volume of water from the release of latent heat of fusion of liquid water toice. Experiments conducted in a turbulence jar with a heated, vertically oscillating grid served both to guide and tocalibrate thanalytical'model as well as to afford insights into frazil ice formation. The formation of frazil ice wasstudied for Vemperatures of supercooled water ranging from -0.9° to -0.050°C.
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    Pages: vi, 50 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-18
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Scope of study Literature review Introduction Incipient formation of frazil ice Particle size and evolution of frazil ice Influences of turbulence and water temperature on the rate of frazil ice formation Conclusions Analytical model Introduction Elements of heat transfer Elements of turbulence Experimentation Experimental apparatus Experimental procedure Results Introduction Nucleation of frazil ice Influences of turbulence on frazil ice formation Water temperature Influences of water temperature and turbulence on the concentration of frazil ice Frazil ice particle shape and size Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Preliminary frazil ice experiments Flume experiments Couette-flow Appendix B: Listing of computer program for calculation of frazil ice formation Appendix C: Water temperature rise attributable to frazil ice formation as computed usingthe analytical model .
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  • 91
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/12
    In: CRREL Report, 84-12
    Description / Table of Contents: Icing on stationary structures such as oil rigs is becoming an increasingly serious problem as offshore drilling operations in the subpolar regions become more common. Little information exists on this subject. Extensive observations have been made of icing on the upper structures of moving ships, but the complexity of this problem makes analysis of the results very difficult. Even the generation of water drops in this case involves many factors, such as windspeed, wave direction relative to the bearing of the ship, and size and free-board of the ship. On stationary structures, however, the problem is much simpler, since the major factor in drop generation is whitecaps produced by wind, and no motion of the structure is involved. In the present study, a theoretical calculation was made by combining the data available on the generation of drops by wind with data on the proportion of ice frozen from the collected water. The rate of ice accumulation on stationary structures was calculated using published data. The results were compared with icing measured on board ships. Although the general trend of this calculation indicated parallelism with the onboard measurements, the measured ice accumulation rate on ships needed a 5 to 8 m/s higher windspeed to correspond with the calculated rate for stationary structures.
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    Pages: ii, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-12
    Language: English
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  • 92
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/15
    In: CRREL Report, 84-15
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurements of meltwater pH from annual layers of South Pole firn and ice samples ranging in age from 40 to 2000 years B.P. show that precipitation at this remote site has a higher natural acidity than that expected from atmospheric equilibrium with CO2. The average pH of deaerated (CO2-free) samples was 5.64 + or - 0.08, while air-equilibrated samples averaged 5.37 + or - 0.008, a pH that is about a factor of two more acidic than the expected background pH of 5.65. The observed 'excess' acidity can be accounted for by natural SO4(2)- and NO(3)- levels in the samples probably originating from non-anthropogenic H2SO4 and HNO3. Because of the presence of these naturally occurring acids in South Pole precipitation, a pH of 5.4 is considered a more representative baseline reference pH for acid precipitation studies.
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    Pages: ii, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-15
    Language: English
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  • 93
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/32
    In: CRREL Report, 84-32
    Description / Table of Contents: Orwell Lake, in west-central Minnesota, is a flood-control, water-management reservoir first impounded in 1953. Subsequent erosion of the shoreline and a lack of knowledge of slope erosion processes in this region prompted this study to identify and quantify the processes there. The processes were measured at selected sites between June 1980 and June 1983. Erosion of the banks is primarily caused by three processes: rain, frost thaw, and waves. The first two processes tend to move sediment to the base of the steep slopes, forming 4 relatively gentle surface of accumulation. Wave action then tends to move this sediment into the lake. Analysis of the data collected over three years has confirmed that wave action is the dominant erosion process, providing almost 77% of the erosion during the 1981-82 study year. During the 1981 high pool level, 2,089 Mg of sediment, mostly colluvium, was removed from the lower slopes by wave action striking the 1.62 km of eroding shoreline. More than 4,300 Mg was eroded by waves accompanying the higher pool levels of 1982., During years in which the pool level does not exceed 325.5 m in elevation, the colluvium slope builds up at the expense of the steeper slope. But during successive years with higher pool levels, the resulting thin colluvium is quickly eroded. Erosion of the primary sediment, a compact till, then occurs, forming the S typical nearly vertical banks. In winter the upland surface adjacent to the lake freezes to a depth of between 1 and 2 m, depending on the surface temperature, the mow cover, and the distance from exposed banks. In late winter soil aggregates, released by the sublimation of interstitial ice within the banks, begin to accumulate at the base of the slopes, often veneering snowbanks there. Once thaw begins, slab failure of bank sediment is followed by mudflows and earthflows. Thaw failure at Orwell Lake in the winter of 1981-82 accounted for over 20% of the erosion; in the spring of 1982, 824 Mg was eroded by this process and 746 Mg the following spring. Such slope failure is most intense along north-facing banks and considerably less intense on south-facing banks, where more effective desiccation and sublimation reduce the soil moisture content. Summer rainfall is responsible for the remaining 3% of the total erosion, amounting to 102 Mg in 1981 and 208 Mg in 1982. Because the banks are steep and relatively short, rainwash is infrequent; rainsplash is the most consistent process during the summer, but the infrequent storms during which rainwash occurscause greater total erosion. Erosion by rain has increased in each of the past three summers, largely because of increased precipitation. Infrequent massive slope failures (slumps) have occurred at the east end of the lake where a buried clay rich unit is stratigraphically and topographically positioned to favor such failures. Drought years followed by heavy spring rains probably will result in additional slope failures of this type at the east end. Unless changes are made, the banks at Orwell Lake will continue to recede. Restriction of the pool level to less than 325.5-m elevation is the least expensive solution to the problem.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ix, 110 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-32
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Chapter 1. Introduction Location Purpose of study Previous work Chapter 2. Methodology Geology Overland erosion Wave erosion Frost penetration and heave Thaw failure Bank recession Ground water Soil moisture Chapter 3. Results Geology Geotechnical properties Overland erosion Wave erosion Freeze-thaw phenomena Ground water fluctuations Other slope failures Chapter 4. Discussion Overland erosion Wave erosion Thaw failure Universal soil loss equation Chapter 5. Summary and conclusions Techniques Erosion processes at Orwell lake Bank recession Literature cited Appendix A1: Average cumulative change of surface at erosion stations #2-12, 1980-81 Appendix A2: Cumulative net changes at overland erosion stations #1-12, 1980-81 Appendix A3: Cumulative net changes at overland erosion stations #1 -12, 198 1-82 Appendix A4: Cumulative average erosion at overland erosion stations #1-12, 1980-81 Appendix AS: Cumulative average erosion at overland erosion stations #1-12, 1981-82 Appendix A6: Cumulative average erosion at overland erosion stations #1 -1 2A, 1982 Appendix B: Dimensions of erosion sections, Orwell Lake, Minnesota Appendix C: Piezometer installation data, Orwell Lake, Minneso
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  • 94
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/43
    In: CRREL Report, 82-43
    Description / Table of Contents: The radar signatures of ice wedges and wedge-like structures have been investigated for a variety of soil conditions. The radar used for this study emitted short sinusoidal pulses of about 10-ns duration with an approximate center frequency of 150 MHz. Most of the ice wedges existed at depths of about 1 m in a variety of silty and sandy soils with both frozen and thawed active layers. The position of the wedges was usually identified from corresponding surface features. An artificial ice wedge in coarse-grained alluvium was also profiled as well as wedge-like structures of fine silt in a coarse-grained glacial outwash. All wedges and wedge-like structures produced a hyperbolic reflection profile except when an active layer of thawed, saturated silt was present which eliminated returns from the wedges. The peaks of the hyper-bolas were sometimes masked by reflections from the permafrost table or other material interfaces, and multiple hyperbolas occurred at some sites. The dielectric constant of the host medium was often calculated from the linear portions of the hyperbolas and the results were verified by laboratory time domain reflectometry measurements per-formed on field samples. In some cases, hyperbolic profiles originated at several meters depth suggesting that deep ice wedges could be detected in areas of cold permafrost.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-43
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Objectives and procedures Equipment used Radar TDR Definitions Massive ice Results Artificial wedge: Norwich, Vermont Ice wedges in sand: Fish Creek, Alaska Ice wedges: Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Ice wedges under thawed fine-grained soils: North Slope, Alaska Wedge-like soil structures: Ft. Greely, Alaska TDR measurements Summary and concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Brief discussion of dispersion
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  • 95
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/23
    In: CRREL Report, 82-23
    Description / Table of Contents: A direct filtration, water treatment pilot plant was operated on the Kenai River at Soldotna, Alaska, during the summer of 1980. The purpose of the pilot plant operations was to determine the feasibility of the direct filtration process for removal of glacial silt. The major criterion used to determine feasibility was production of water containing less than 1.0 NTU of turbidity. For the range of raw water turbidities encountered (22-34 NTU), the pilot plant testing indicated that direct filtration was feasible and could be considered as an alternative to conventional waiter treatment plants containing sedimentation tanks.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-23
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric Introduction Glacial characteristics Water treatment Materials and methods Experimental design Pilot plant intake Hydrocyclone Chemical addition system Flocculation system Filtration system Pilot plant operations Coagulant chemical preparations Flow measurement Sampling Results and discussion Kenai River w ater quality Evaluation of pilot plant testing Performance of pilot plant elements Physical and chem ical variables Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited
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  • 96
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-82/24
    In: CRREL Report, 82-24
    Description / Table of Contents: Velocity data derived from petroleum industry seismic records from Harrison Bay show that high-velocity material ( or = 2 km/s) interpreted to be ice-bonded permafrost is common. In the eastern part of the bay, the depth to high velocity material increases and velocity decreases in an orderly manner with increasing distance from shore until the layer is no longer apparent. The western part of the bay is less orderly, possibly reflecting a different geological and thermal history. This western part may be an inundated section of the low coastal plain characterized by the region north of Teshekpuk Lake, and could have contained deep thaw lakes, creating low velocity zones. Along some seismic lines, the high-velocity material extends approximately 25 km offshore. Two anomalies have been found which could be associated with rapidly degrading permafrost. One is strong attenuation, which was interpreted as an indication of gas in the shallow deposits. The other is the presence of considerable seismic noise, including identifiable small seismic events. The origin of this noise has not been positively established, and it is proposed that it may indicate that some movement is occurring in the sediments due to thaw.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 65 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-24
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods Reading records Refractions Reflections Rayleigh waves Spatial resolution Anomalies Results and discussion Seismic velocity distribution Attenuation Low-level natural seismicity Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Error estimates Appendix B: Velocity profiles Appendix C: Seismic cross sections
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  • 97
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/29
    In: CRREL Report, 83-29
    Description / Table of Contents: A literature review indicated that the effects or permafrost on streambank erodibility and stability are not yet understood because systematic and quantitative measurements are seriously lacking. Consequently, general controversy exists as to whether perennially frozen ground inhibits lateral erosion and bankline recession, or whether it increases bank recession rates. Perennially frozen streambanks erode because of modification of the bank's thermal regime by exposure to air and water, and because of various erosional processes. Factors that determine rates and locations of erosion include physical, thermal and structural properties of bank sediments, stream hydraulics and climate. Thermal and physical modification of streambanks may also induce accelerated erosion within permafrost terrain removed from the immediate river environment. Bankline or bluffline recession rates are highly variable, ranging from less than 1 m/year to over 30 m/year and, exceptionally, to over 60 m/year. Long-term observations of the physical and thermal erosion processes and systematic ground surveys and measurements of bankline-bluffline recession rates are needed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-29
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Stream bank erosional processes Permafrost and related factors Permafrost and erosion General Erosional processes Bank zone processes Bluff zone processes Factors affecting perm afrost erodibility Exposure to currents and wind waves Texture and stratigraphy Ice content, distribution and type Slope aspect Coriolis force Timing and depth of thaw Water level and temperature Vegetation Ice and snow cover Groundwater Rates and timing of erosion and recession Overall effects of permafrost Recommendations for research Literature cited Appendix A : Processes of stream bank modifications
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  • 98
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/32
    In: CRREL Report, 83-32
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice forces on a bridge pier in the Ottauquechee River, in Quechee, Vermont, were measured by installing fourpanels-each capable of measuring forces in the normal and tangential direction - on both sides of a vertical V-shaped pier nose. The measured forces are presented for a short period during an ice run. After the ice run, the thickness and sizes of the ice floes were measured and the compressive strength of the ice was determined in the laboratory from the ice samples collected along the river banks. The water level measurements made at several locations along theriver are also presented for the period of the ice run.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-32
    Language: English
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  • 99
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/33
    In: CRREL Report, 83-33
    Description / Table of Contents: A thermodynamic model has been developed that for the first time describes the entire creep process, including primary, secondary, and tertiary creep, and failure for both constant stress (CSR) tests (σ= const.) and constant strain rate (CSR) tests (ϵ = const.), in the form of a unified constitutive equation and unified failure criteria. Deformation and failure areconsidered as a single thermoactivated process in which the dominant role belongs to the change of entropy. Failure occurs when the entropy change is zero. At that moment the strain rates in CS tests reach the minima and stress in CSR tests reaches the maximum (peak) values. Families of creep (ϵ vs τ) and stress-strain (σ vs ϵ) curves, obtained from uni-axial compression CS and CSR tests of frozen soil, respectively (both presented in dimensionless coordinates), are plotted as straight lines and are superposed, confirming the unity of the deformation and failure process and the validity of the model. A method is developed for determining the parameters of the model, so that creep deformation and the stress-strain relationship of ductile materials such as soils can be predicted based upon information obtained from either type of test.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-33
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Nomenclature Introduction Principal relationships Constitutive equation Failure criteria Secondary creep: Flow equations Creep at constant stress (σ = Const.) Creep model Creep strain (σ = Const.) Creep at constant strain rate (ϵ = Const.) Stress-strain relationship Stress/strain/strain rate at failure Test data Preliminary analysis Constant stress tests (σ = Const.) Constant strain rate tests (ϵ = Const.) The principle of superposition Thermodynamic equation of creep Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 100
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-84/2
    In: CRREL Report, 84-2
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of the in situ complex dielectric constant of sea ice were made using time-domain spectroscopy. It was found that (1) for sea ice with a preferred horizontal crystal c-axis alignment, the anisotropy of polarizing properties of the ice increased with depth, (2) brine inclusion conductivity increased with decreasing temperature down to about -8 C, at which point the conductivity decreased with decreasing temperature, (3) the DC conductivity of sea ice increased with increasing brine volume, (4) the real part of the complex dielectric constant is strongly dependent upon brine volume but less dependent upon the brine inclusion orientation, (5) the imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant was strongly dependent upon brine inclusion orientation but much less dependent upon brine volume. Because the electromagnetic (EM) properties of sea ice are dependent upon the physical state of the ice, which is continually changing, it appears that only trends in the relationships between the EM properties of natural sea ice and its brine volume and brine inclusion microstructure can be established.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 38 Seiten , Illustrationen , 1 Beilage
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-2
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Dielectric properties of sea ice Time-domain spectroscopy measurement Laboratory measurements Field measurements Analysis of ladder data Conductivity of brine and sea ice Complex dielectric constant of brine and sea ice Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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