ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface: The Arctic and the Configuration of the Stars / Alain Faure. - Introduction: The Arctic, Innovative Thinking for a New Region? / Cécile Pelaudeix. - Towards an ice-free Arctic Ocean? / Jérôme Weiss. - Iggiagruk is my Inupiaq name / William l. Iggiagruk Hensley. - Canadian Arctic Security and ClimateChange: Going Beyond a Traditional Security Approach / Heather N. NicolInuit. - Governance in a Changing Environment: a Scientific or a Political Project? / Cécile Pelaudeix. - Indigenous peoples of Russia as political actors / Natalie Novik. - Sustainable Development and the Greening of Sovereignty in the Canadian Arctic / Paule Halley & Marie-Eve Mercier. - Continental Shelves and Maritime Boundaries in the Arctic: the New Cold War Will Not Take Place / Frédéric Lasserre. - Towards a Common Polar NavigationCode: when the Antarctic and the Arctic Converge / Anne Choquet. - Economic activities in the Arctic Ocean: Universal, Regional and National Regulation / Alexander N. Vylegzhanin. - Northern Geopolitics in Flux: From a frontier mentality to peaceful cooperation / Lassi Heininen. - International and Regional Regulation of the Arctic: is there a role for theEuropean Union? / Clive Archer. - Concluding Remarks: The New Mediterranean / Robert Howell Griffiths.

Description / Table of Contents: The Arctic region is undergoing dramatic transformation. Rapid change due to climate warming is currently affecting the Arctic more than any other region in the world: the permafrost is melting, glaciers are receding, the sea ice is shrinking. With the melting of ice, the circumpolar region is subject to increasing forces of globalization, and navigation through the Northwest and the Northeast passages is rapidly emerging as a practical and commercial proposition. Moreover, the Arctic may be home to 30 per cent of the planet's undiscovered natural gas reserves and 13 per cent of its undiscovered oil. "What holds the Arctic together?" The emphasis here is on convergence, rather than divergence, the Arctic's centrality not its eccentricity. The contributions gathered together in this book all address essential questions posed by geophysicists, political scientists, jurists, geographers and historians. How can science calculate and assess the scale of change in this geographic space, in particular concerning the melting of ice? To what extent are the native populations listened to and act as active participants in decision-making concerning the Arctic? In the context of post-Cold War international and regional cooperation, what is the present state of Arctic governance? How are the Arctic States themselves cooperating in facing the challenges that lie ahead? Are existing juridical arrangements adequate? What role in the Arctic can be played by actors such as the European Union? To what extent are other powerful countries, such as the Asian giants, taking a direct interest in the development of the Arctic?

Description / Table of Contents: In the book "Distribution and regime of mountain glaciers" by G. E. Glazyrin distribution of glaciers in space and according to their size as well as its connection with climatic and orographic factors is considered. Some ways of practical calculation of characteristics of glaciers populations are shown. Methods for computing accumulation and ablation, determining glaciation characteristics, based on the use of standard meteorological information, are proposed. Methodology of modelling runoff from glaciers, search of pulsating glaciers by their morphological characteristics and also of computing characteristics of floods caused by glacier lakes break etc. is given. It is intended for hydrologists, glaciologists, climatologists.

Description / Table of Contents: The book by E. I. Saruhanian, N. P. Smirnov "Water masses and circulation of the South Ocean" deals with the formation, localization and spreading of the South Ocean water masses, the methods of marking them out by an indication complex. The main features of the South Ocean circulation determined on the basis of geostrophic calculations and those based on the diagnostic model, and also characteristics derived from the data of drifting buoys are described. The analysis of spatial structure and changeability of the Antarctic circumpolar current and connected frontal polar zone is given on the basis of the data obtained in different South Ocean regions during conduction of the multiscale scientific experiments according to the programmes "Polar experiment - South" and "International South Ocean Research" in 1975-1982.

Description / Table of Contents: Modelling of the Glaciers-Ocean-Atmosphere system by M. Ya. Verbitsky and D. V. Chalikov presents an earth's climate model based on one-dimensional non-steady thermohydrodynamical equations for the atmosphere, ocean, glaciers, and the asthenosphere. The model takes into account the main mechanisms responsible for the formation of global climate, but it is simple enough to allow simulation of climate evolution for a period up to one million years. The present climate is reconstructed, sensitivity of the system to changes in the initial conditions is investigated and evidence for non-uniqueness of climate for the present distribution of the continents is obtained. Climate sensitivity to changes in the isolation is calculated. Oscillations of climate similar to the Pleistocene ice ages are modelled. Climatic conditions for the Late Mesozoic and Late Pleistozoic are estimated. The book is intended for specialists on climate, oceanologists, meteorologists, glaciologists and also for students of appropriate specialities.

Description / Table of Contents: Inhalt: Vorwort. - Polare Ökosysteme im Klimawandel. - Eisrandblüten - wandernde Oasen in den Polarmeeren. - Antarktis: Krill besitzt Anpassungsstrategien an extreme Umweltbedingungen. - Leben bei -20°C: Warum Algen im Meereis nicht einfrieren. - Antarktis: Ozeanversauerung und Eisenmangel beeinflussen phytoplanktische Lebensgemeinschaften. - Das Meer wird sauer: Seespinne und Eisfisch spüren die Folgen des Klimawandels. - Schmelzende Gletscher - in der Westantarktis verändern sich die Ökosysteme an den Küsten. - Im Dienst der Wissenschaft: See-Elefanten erforschen das Südpolarmeer. - Ozeanische Akkustik - PALAOA sendet live aus dem Südpolarmeer. - Wenn dickes Eis kracht - Lebensvielfalt am antarktischen Meeresgrund. - Mit der 'Polarstern' in der Antarktis - Beobachtungen im Eis. - Tiefsee-Observatorium in der Antarktis: Klimawandel beeinflusst das Leben am Meeresgrund. - Plankton-Regen im Gebiet des arktischen HAUSGARTEN: was absinkende Partikel verraten. - Pelagische Arktisforschung stellt sich neuen Herausforderungen. - FRAM-Observatorium - Live-Schaltung indie arktische Tiefsee geplant. - DOM - das molekulare Gedächtnis der Ozeane. - Sibirische Wälder auf dem Weg nach Norden - Auswirkungen auf das Klima und die Biodiversität. - Nachwuchsförderung: Schüler lernen im AWI gemeinsam mit Wissenschaftlern. - Traumberuf Polarforscher - wie eine Studentin auf eisigem Weg ihr Ziel erreichte. - Marine Biowissenschaften im wissenschaftlich-gesellschaftlichen Spannungsfeld des 21. Jahrhunderts. - Ansprechpartner. - Geographische Positionen zu den Forschungsberichten dieser Broschüre.

Description / Table of Contents: Content: Variability of phytoplankton light absorption in Canadian Arctic seas / C. B. Brunelle et al. - Impact of Siberian coastal polynyas on shelf-derived Arctic Ocean halocline waters / D. Bauch et al. - Relating atmospheric and oceanic DMS levels to particle nucleation events in the Canadian Arctic / R. Y.-W. Chang et al. - Impact of biogeochemical processes and environmental factors on the calcium carbonate saturation state in the circumpolar flaw lead in the Amundsen Gulf, Arctic Ocean / M. Chierci et al. - Tide-induced vertical mixing in the Laptev Sea coastal polynya / I. A. Dmitrenko et al. - Impact of horizontal spreading on light propagation in melt pond covered seasonal sea ice in the Canadian Arctic / J. K. Ehn et al. - Wintertime CO2 fluxes in an Arctic polynya using eddy covariance: evidence for enhanced air-sea gas transfer during ice formation / B. G. T. Else et al. - Annual cycles of pCO2sw in the southeastern Beaufort Sea : new understanding of air-sea CO2 exchange in arctic polynya regions / B. G. T. Else et al. - Dynamics of pCO2 and related air-ice CO2 fluxes in the Arctic coastal zone (Amundsen Gulf, Beaufort Sea) / N.-X. Geilfus et al. - Distribution and metabolism of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) und phylogenetic affiliation of DMSP-assimilating bacteria in northern Baffin Bay / Lancaster Sound / J. Motard-Coté et al. - Distribution and microbial metabolism of dimethylsulfoniopropionate and dimethylsulfide during the 2007 Arctic ice minimum / M. Luce et al. - On the scaling laws derived from ice beacon trajectories in the southern Beaufort Sea during the International Polar Year - Circumpolar Flaw Lead study, 2007-2008 / J. V. Lukovich et al. - Respiration and bacterial carbon dynamics in the Amundsen Gulf, western Canadian Arctic / D. Nguyen et al. - Carbonate system evolution at the Arctic Ocean surface during autumn freeze-up / L. A. Miller et al. - Field and satellite observations of the formation and distribution of Arctic atmospheric bromine above a rejuvenated sea ice cover / S. V. Nghiem et al. - Dimethyl sulfide air-sea fluxes and biogenic sulfur as a source of new aerosols in the Arctic fall / O. T. Rempillo et al. - First measurements of nitrous oxide in Arctic sea ice / K. Randall et al. - Geophysical controls on C band polarimetric backscatter from melt pond covered Arctic first-year sea ice: Assessment using high-resolution scatterometry / R. K. Scharien et al. - LIDAR measurements of Arctic boundary layer ozone depletion events over the frozen Arctic Ocean / J. Seabrook et al. - Barium and carbon fluxes in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago / H. Thomas et al. - Spatiotemporal variations of dissolved organic carbon and carbon monoxide in first-year sea ice in the western Canadian Arctic / G. Song et al.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 An introduction to Antarctic lakes. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 History of Antarctic limnology and logistics. - 1.3 Climatic conditions in Antarctica. - 1.4 Glaciological history of Antarctica. - 1.5 Diversity of lakes. - 1.6 Lake types and geochemical conditions. - 1.6.1 Salinity. - 1.6.2 Redox conditions. - 1.6.3 Nutrient and organic carbon supply. - 1.6.4 Geochemical indicators of lake history. - 1.7 Geomorphology of Antarctic lakes. - 1.8 Antarctic lake biota. - 1.8.1 Archaea and Bacteria. - 1.8.2 Viruses. - 1.8.3 Protozoa. - 1.8.4 Algae. - 1.8.5 Rotifers. - 1.8.6 Crustaceans. - 1.8.7 Other invertebrates. - 1.9 Habitats in Antarctic lakes. - 2 Freshwater lakes. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Formation of freshwater lakes. - 2.3 Temperature and stratification. - 2.4 Water chernistry. - 2.5 The planktonic biota of freshwater lakes. - 2.5.1 Heterotrophic bacteria. - 2.5.2 Viruses. - 2.5.3 Protozoa. - 2.5.4 The phytoplankton. - 2.5.5 The zooplankton. - 2.6 Carbon cycling in the planktonic environment. - 2.6.1 Primary production. - 2.6.2 Bacterial production. - 2.6.3 Heterotrophic grazing. - 2.7 The benthic communities. - 2.7.1 Phototrophic benthic communities. - 2.7.2 Heterotrophic benthic communities. - 2.7.3 Carbon cycling in the benthos. - 3 Saline lakes. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Distribution of saline lakes in Antarctica. - 3.3 Formation of saline lakes. - 3.4 Patterns of stratification and temperature. - 3.5 Water chemistry. - 3.6 The planktonic biota of saline lakes. - 3.6.1 Heterotrophic Bacteria and Archaea. - 3.6.2 Photosynthetic bacteria. - 3.6.3 Viruses. - 3.6.4 Protozoa. - 3.6.5 Algae. - 3.6.6 Zooplankton. - 3.7 Carbon cycling in the plankton. - 3.7.1 Primary production. - 3.7.2 Bacterial production. - 3.7.3 Heterotrophic grazing and carbon cycling. - 3.8 The biota of saline Iake ice covers. - 3.9 The benthic community. - 3.10 Carbon cycling in the benthos. - 3.11 A unique Antarctic Iake - Lake Vida. - 4 Epishelf lakes. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Formation and physico/chemical characteristics of epishelf lakes. - 4.2.1 Geomorphology. - 4.2.2 Physico/chemical characteristics. - 4.3 The planktonic biota of epishelf lakes. - 4.4 Carbon cycling in the plankton of epishelf lakes. - 4.5 The benthic communities of epishelf lakes. - 5 Lakes and ponds on glaciers and ice shelves. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Supraglacial lakes. - 5.2.1 Types of cryolakes. - 5.2.2 The physical/chemical environment and biology of cryolakes. - 5.3 Ice shelf ponds and lakes. - 6 Subglacial lakes. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Distribution and physiographic characteristics of subglacial lakes in Antarctica. - 6.3 Detailed studies of subglacial lakes. - 6.3.1 Lake Vostok. - 6.3.2 Lake Ellsworth. - 6.3.3 Lake Whillans. - 6.3.4 Hodgson Lake. - 6.4 Formation of subglacial lakes and hydrological conditions. - 6.5 Geochemical conditions in subglacial lakes. - 6.6 The biota of subglacial lakes. - 7 Conclusions and future directions. - 7.1 Antarctic lakes in a global context. - 7.2 Inter-annual variations and Ionger-term trends. - 7.3 The gaps in the data - the way forward. - 7.4 Future directions. - Glossary. - References. - Index.

Description / Table of Contents: The Antarctic continent carries the greatest diversity of Iake environments on the planet: freshwater and saline lakes, tidal freshwater epishelf lakes, lakes on ice shelves and glacier surfaces, and over three hundred subglacial lakes; extraordinary ecosystems that have been separated from the atmosphere for up to millions of years. This book provides a unique and cutting edge synthesis of Antarctic limnology, drawing together current knowledge on geomorphology, morphometry, chemistry, community structure and function. lt emphasises throughout the value of these near-pristine ecosystems as barometers of climate change, showing how responsive and vulnerable they are to the indirect impacts of anthropogenic activity. Antarctic Lakes begins with an introduction to their physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, providing a basis for understanding the subsequent detailed chapters on different Iake types, and ends with a chapter considering the application of new technologies to polar limnology as well as identifying future research directions. This accessible text is suitable for both senior undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in Antarctic and polar limnology, and will also be of broad interest to researchers working in the areas of polar science, microbial ecology (and extremophiles), climatology, glaciology, and astrobiology.

Description / Table of Contents: Table of Contents: Abstract. - Zusammenfassung. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Thermo-erosion along the Yedoma Coast of the Buor Khaya Peninsula, Laptev Sea, East Siberia. - 3 Short- and long-term thermo-erosion of ice-rich permafrost coasts in the Laptev Sea region. - 4 Observing Muostakh Island disappear: erosion of a ground-ice-rich coast in response to summer warming and sea ice reduction on the East Siberian shelf. - 5 Synthesis. - Bibliography. - Acknowledgements

Description / Table of Contents: Etwa 80 bis 90 Prozent aller in Deutschland eingereichten Patentanmeldungen beruhen auf Erfindungen von Arbeitnehmern. Dem Gesetz über Arbeitnehmererfindungen kommt damit eine große Bedeutung zu. In diesem Kommentar werden die komplexen Regelungen dieses Gesetzes umfassend und für die Praxis gut verständlich erläutert.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: - 1 Land, Leute und Bodenschätze. - 1.1 Die Arktis und ihre Grenzen: eine physisch-geographische Einführung. - 1.2 Geologische Entwicklung und tektonischer Bau der Antarktis. - 1.3 Geschichte der antarktischen Entdeckungen. - 1.4 Abriss der Geschichte der Entdeckung der Arktis. - 1.5 Die indigenen Völker im Norden: frühere und gegenwärtige Entwicklungen. - 1.6 Die mittelalterliche Besiedlung Westgrönlands durch die Wikinger - ein fehlgeschlagenes Experiment?. - 1.7 Permafrost - ein weit verbreitetes Klimaphänomen der Arktis und Subarktis. - 1.8 Die Geologie der Arktis, ihre Bodenschätze und ihr rechtlicher Status. - 2 Meeresströmung, Stürme und Eis. - 2.1 Struktur, Dynamik und Bedeutung des antarktischen Wasserringes. - 2.2 Wassermassenänderungen im Arktischen Ozean. - 2.3 Änderungen in der Nordatlantischen Tiefenwasserbildung und ihre Auswirkungen auf das Europäische Klima. - 2.4 Roaring Forties und Riesenwellen - Gefahren im Südpolarmeer. - 2.5 Polare Mesozyklonen: Die Hurrikane der Polargebiete. - 2.6 Die Wechselwirkung zwischen antarktischen Schelfeisgebieten und dem Ozean und der Beitrag zur ozeanischen Wassermassenbildung. - 2.7 Die Massenbilanzen des antarktischen und grönländischen Inlandeises und der Charakter ihrer Veränderungen. - 2.8 Veränderung der Dicke und Ausdehnung des Polarmeereises. - 3 Flora, Fauna und Ökosysteme. - 3.1 Flora und Vegetation des terrestrischen Bereichs. - 3.2 Ökophysiologie und Wachstum arktischer Pflanzen im Klimawandel. - 3.3 Das Meereis als Lebensraum. - 3.4 Einfluss von Fischerei und Klima auf die Bestände des antarktischen Krill. - 3.5 Klimabedingte ökologische Veränderungen in den Bodenfaunen polarer Schelfmeere. - 3.6 Die Fische des Nord- und Südpolarmeeres. - 3.7 Vogelwelt der Polarregionen und ihre Gefährdung. - 3.8 Robben und Robbenschlag in der Antarktis. - 3.9 Arktische Robben und Eisbären - Auswirkungen von Klimaerwärmung und Ressourcennutzung. - 3.10 Warnsignale Walfang. - 3.11 Marine Biodiversität in den Polarregionen nach der Volkszählung der Meere. - 4 Das Weltklima und die Polarregionen. - 4.1 Wechselwirkungen zwischen arktischem Meereis und der atmosphärischen Zirkulation. - 4.2 Niederschläge in den Polarregionen und ihre Erfassung. - 4.3 Atmosphärische Messungen an der AWIPEV Station Spitzbergen. - 4.4 Das Polarlicht. - 4.5 Erwärmung der Polarregionen in den letzten 50 Jahren: Ursachen und Folgen. - 4.6 Verhalltes Warnsignal: Die Erwärmung ds Nordpolargebietes während der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. - 4.7 Die Rolle ozeanischer Wärmetransporte für das Klima der Arktis im letzten Jahrtausend. - 4.8 Polareiskerne - Archive globaler Klima- und Umweltveränderungen. - 4.9 Die polaren Meeressedimente als Archiv des Weltklimas. - 4.10 Der katabatische Wind über den polaren Eisschilden. - 4.11 Meeresspiegelanstieg - Eisschilde, Gletscher und thermische Ausdehnung: eine kurze Übersicht. - 4.12 Anmerkungen über Veränderungen in den Eisströmen der Eisschilde. - 4.13 Permafrostbeeinflusste Böden (Kryosole) im Klimawandel. - 4.14 Methanhydrate in arktischen Sedimenten - Einfluss auf Klima und Stabilität der Kontinentalränder. - 5 Forschung, Gefährdung und Schutz. - 5.1 Über die deutschen Forschungsaktivitäten in den Polarregionen. - 5.2 Rückgang des Ozons in der Stratosphäre der Polarregionen. - 5.3 Ausbreitung von Schadstoffen in die Polarregionen. - 5.4 Anreicherung und Effekte von organischen Schadstoffen in der polaren Umwelt. - 5.5 Tourismus und seine Auswirkungen. - 5.6 Globale Gefahren durch intensive Nutzung der Taiga-Wälder. - 5.7 Die Nutzung von Öl- und Gasvorkommen in einer nahezu eisfreien Arktis. - 5.8 Antarktis im Spannungsfeld zwischen Forschung, Tourismus und Umweltschutz. - 5.9 Meeresschutzgebiete in der Antarktis: Lassen sich Schutz- und Fischerei-Interessen verbinden?. - 5.10 Gebietsstreitigkeiten in der Arktis - Ist eine friedliche Beilegung mittels Abgrenzung erreichbar?. - 5.11 Umweltschutz in einer Arktis im Wandel. - 6 Sachregister.

Description / Table of Contents: Die Polarregionen üben trotz ihrer abgelegenen Lage einen erheblichen Einfluss auf das Weltklima aus. Dies hängt besonders mit den bedeutenden Kopplungsprozessen zwischen dem Eis (Eisschilde, Meereis, Schnee und Permafrost) und der atmosphärischen sowie ozeanischen Zirkulation zusammen. Das Abschmelzen aller polaren Eisschilde würde beispielsweise einen globalen Anstieg des Meeresspiegels um etwa 70 m bewirken. Aber auch schon geringe Schwankungen im polaren Eisvolumen führen zu merklichen Veränderungen des Meeresspiegels. Die Klima-Prognosen der letzen Jahre haben sich weitgehend bestätigt. Die heutigen Messungen zeigen sogar, dass sich das Klima eher schneller ändert als erwartet. Die beobachtete Erderwärmung während des 20. Jahrhunderts hat sich in diesem Jahrhundert fortgesetzt; zurzeit beträgt die mittlere globale Erwärmung über den Kontinenten bereit 0,9°C. Diese Entwicklung wird sich fortsetzen, wenn die Anreicherung der Atmosphäre mit Treibhausgasen (vor allem CO2) anhält. Besorgniserregend ist die Tatsache, dass die heute emittierten CO2-Mengen Jahrhunderte in der Atmosphäre verbleiben. Die Folgen des Klimawandels sind vielfältig. Der Meeresspiegelanstieg stieg von 1,7 mm/Jahr in den 1970/80er Jahren auf jetzt 3 mm/Jahr. Der 5. Sachstandsbericht des IPCC (2013) gibt für den Zeitraum 1993 - 2010 einen globalen mittleren Meeresspiegelanstieg von 3,2 mm/Jahr an. Viele Inselstaaten und tief gelegene Küstenländer, die am wenigsten zur Erderwärmung beitragen, werden am härtesten von den Folgen betroffen sein. Sie sind nicht in der Lage, sich mit Dämmen zu schützen. Die Erwärmung ist am stärksten in der nördlichen Polarregion. Die eisbedeckte Fläche hat sich dort fast halbiert. Auch der Westantarktische Eisschild schrumpft; dort gehen 180 km3 Eis jährlich verlären. Zahlreiche polare Arten, zum Beispiel der Eisbär, drohen ihre Lebensräume zu verlieren. Wir befinden uns bereits jetzt in einem Klimawandel, der bei ungenügendem Klimaschutz zu Temperaturen führen kann, die die Erde seit mindestens einer Million Jahre nicht mehr erlebt hat. Studien zeigen, dass der Mensch maßgeblich für den jetzigen Klimawandel verantwortlich ist. Mit diesen und anderen Themen befassen sich rund 100 Experten im vorliegenden Buch. Die Beiträge sind leicht verständlich geschrieben.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 2 Chinese loess and the east-asian monsoon. - 3 Asian monsoon variability recorded in other archives. - 4 Asian dust, eolian iron and black carbon-connections to climate changes. - 5 Mammalian evolution in asia linked to climate changes. - 6 Late cenozoic climate change in monsoon-arid Asia and global changes. - Index.

Description / Table of Contents: This book is the first of its kind on environmental change research devoted to monsoon-arid environment evolution history and its mechanism involved. Capturing the most prominent features of Asian climate and environmental changes, it gives a comprehensive review of the Asian monsoon records providing evidence for spatial and temporal climatic and environmental changes across the Asian continent since the Last Cenozoic. The dynamics underlying these changes are explored based on various bio-geological records and in particular based on the evidence of loess, speleothems as well as on mammal fossils. The Asian monsoon-arid climate system which quantifies the controlling mechanisms of climate change and the way it operates in different time scales is described. Attempts to differentiate between natural change and human-induced effects, which will help guide policies and countermeasures designed to support sustainable developement on the Chinese loess plateau and the arid west.

Description / Table of Contents: Table des matières. - Sommaire. - Introduction generale. - Premiere partie : La geomorphologie paraglaciaire : approche epistemologique. - Introduction de la premiere partie. - Chapitre 1 Le concept de paraglaciaire, evolution semantique. - Introduction du chapitre 1. - 1 Le "paraglaciaire" : naissance d'un concept. - 1.1. Les articles de June M. Ryder de 1971. - 1.2. La conceptualisation du "paraglaciaire" par M. Church et J. M. Ryder en 1972. - 1.2.1. Les processus paraglaciaires. - 1.2.2. La sequence paraglaciaire. - 2. Le "paraglaciaire" avant Ia naissance du concept. - 2.1. Les "Messieurs Jourdain" du paraglaciaire. - 2.2. Les premieres utilisations du terme "paraglaciaire" avant J. M. Ryder (1971). - 2.2.1. Les tentatives de substirution du terme "periglaciaire" par celui de "paraglaciaire". - 2.2.2. L'utilisation du terme "paraglaciaire" sans definition du concept. - Conclusion du premier chapitre. - Chapitre 2 Le "geosysteme paraglaciaire" : concept integrateur?. - Introduction du deuxieme chapitre. - 1. La determination de Ia duree de Ia sequence paraglaciaire. - 1.1. Le modele de calibration du destockage sedimentaire paraglaciaire selon Ballamyne. - 1.2. Le modele sedimentaire paraglaciaire selon Church et Slaymaker. - 1.3. Les perturbations externes au modele de destockage paraglaciaire. - 2. Definition du concept de "geosysteme paraglaciaire". - 2.1. Le concept de "geosysreme". - 2.2. Le concept de "geosysteme paraglaciaire". - 3. Les sous-systemes face aux sequences paraglaciaires. - 3.1. Le sous-systeme gravitaire au cours d'une sequence paraglaciaire. - 3.2. Le sous-systeme fluvial au cours d'une sequence paraglaciaire. - 3.3. Le sous-systeme lacustre au cours d'une sequence paraglaciaire. - 3.4. Le sous-systeme eolien au cours d'une sequence paraglaciaire. - 3.5. Le sous-systeme littoral au cours d'une sequence paraglaciaire. - 3.6. Le sous-systeme marin au cours d'une sequence paraglaciaire. - 3. 7. Le sous-systeme socio-spatial face aux aleas paraglaciaires. - Conclusion du deuxieme chapitre. - Conclusion de la premiere partie. - Deuxieme partie : La geomorphologie paraglaciaire : approche spatio-temporelle. - Introduction de la deuxieme partie. - Chapitre 3 Les changements climatiques a l'origine des crises paraglaciaires. - Introduction du troisieme chapitre. - 1. L'origine des changements climatiques. - 1.1. L'origine tectonique. - 1.2. L'origine astronomique. - 1.3. Les gaz a effet de serre. - 2. Les echelles spatio-temporelles des changements climatiques. - 2.1. Les changements climatiques majeurs dans le passe. - 2.1.1. Les glaciations anterieures au Pleistocene. - 2.1.2. Les archives climatiques pleistocenes des forages glaciaires. - 2.2. La variabilite du clirnat. - 2.2.1. Les interstades de Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO). - 2.2.2. Les evenements de Heinrich. - 2.2.3. L'oscillation Nord Atlantique (NAO). - 2.2.4. L'oscillation arctique (AO). - 2.3. Les changements actuels et futurs du climat. - 2.3.1. Le rechauffement du bassin arctique. - 2.3.2. L'albedo : cle de comprehension du systeme climatique arctique. - 2.3.3. Les boucles de retroaction du systeme climatique arctique. - 2.3.4. Les nuances regionales et locales au sein du monde polaire. - 2.3.5. Changements climatiques et couvertures vegetales. - Conclusion du troisieme chapitre. - Chapitre 4 Les crises geomorphologiques paraglaciaires. - Introduction du quatrieme chapitre. - 1. Definition d'une crise geomorphologique paraglaciaire. - 1.1. La notion de seuil et son application au paraglaciaire. - 1.2. Le concept "d'equilibre dynarnique" applique au paraglaciaire. - 1.3. Le conccpt de "sensibilite". - 1.4. Application du modele de destockage sedimentaire paraglaciaire de Ballantyne. - 2. Les echelles temporelles des crises geomorphologiques paraglaciaires. - 2.1. Crises paraglaciaires instantanees. - 2.1.1. Les jökulhlaups sur les piemonts islandais. - 2.1.2. Les enseignements de la marge de glacier Baron au Spitsberg. - 2.2. Crises paraglaciaires d'echelle decennale. - 2.2.1. Les enseignements du sous-systeme gravitaire du Colletthogda (Spitsberg). - 2.2.2. Les enseignements du sous-systeme fluvial : l'evolution des sandurs islandais en contexte paraglaciaire. - 2.2.3. Les enseignements du sous-systeme littoral : Ia progradation des littoraux meubles au Spitsberg. - 2.3. Crises paraglaciaires d'echelle centennale : les enseignements des metamorphoses fluviales alpines. - 2.4. Crises paraglaciaires d'echelle millennale. - 2.4.1. Decohesion postglaciaire des parois. - 2.4.2. L'encaissement du reseau hydrographique. - 2.4.3. Le "volcanisme paraglaciaire". - Conclusion du quatrieme chapitre. - Conclusion de Ia deuxieme partie : Les limites spatio-temporelles du paraglaciaire. - Les limites du paraglaciaire actif. - Les limites du paleo-paraglaciaire. - Les limites du paraglaciaire potentiel. - Troisieme partie : La geomorphologie paraglaciaire : pour une relecture des formes des milieux froids. - Introduction de Ia troisieme partie. - Chapitre 5 Les formes paraglaciaires sricto sensu. - Introduction du cinquieme chapitre. - 1 Les formes paraglaciaires sur les versants. - 1.1. Les formes associees a Ia decohesion des parois. - 1.2. Les formes liees a l'ajustement paraglaciaire des depots de pente. - 2 Les formes paraglaciaires sur les surfaces. - 3 Les formes littorales paraglaciaires. - 4 Les formes liees aux accumulations offshore paraglaciaires. - 5 Le nano-paraglaciaire : approche microscopique. - Conclusion du cinquieme chapitre. - Chapitre 6 Le röle de Ia sequence paraglaciaire dans l'elaboration des formes glaciaires et periglaciaires. - Introduction du sixieme chapitre. - 1. Les formes majeures d'evidement : glaciaires ou paraglaciaires?. - 1.1. Les cirques. - 1.2. Les vallees en auge. - 1.3. Les fjords. - 2. Les formes d'echelle moyenne d'accumulation sur les surfaces : glaciaires ou paraglaciaires?. - 2.1. Les hummocky moraines moraines et les kettles. - 2.2. Les drumlins. - 2.3. Les eskers. - 2.4. Les kames. - 3. Les formes d'echelle moyenne d'accumulation au pied des versants : periglaciaires ou paraglaciaires?. - 3.1. Les glaciers rocheux : glaciaires, periglaciaires ou paraglaciaires?. - 3.2. Les tabliers et les cones d'eboulis : periglaciaires ou paraglaciaires?. - 4. Le concept de "paraperiglaciaire". - 4.1. Les premieres utilisations du terme de "paraperiglaciaire". - 4.2. Les processus et les formes paraperiglaciaires. - 4.3. Les limites spatio-temporelles du paraperiglaciaire. - Conclusion du sixieme chapitre. - Conclusion de la troisieme partie. - Conclusion generale. - 1 Le concept de paraglaciaire peut-il tout expliquer?. - 2 L'apport du concept de paraglaciaire a la comprehension des formes des milieux froids. - 3 Les crises paraglaciaires. - 4 - Les pistes de recherche a explorer. - Bibliographie. - Table des illusttations. - Table des matieres.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Das Wissen über den anthropogenen Klimawandel. - 1 .1 Die globale Erwärmung ist eindeutig: Beobachtungen des Klimasystems. - 1.1.1 Erwärmung der Atmosphäre. - 1.1.2 Erwärmung des Ozeans. - 1.1.3 Ozeanversauerung. - 1.1.4 Schmelzen der Eismassen. - 1.1.4.1 Meereis, gegenläufige Trends an den beiden Polen. - 1.1.4.2 Die Eisschilde Grönlands und der Antarktis. - 1.1.5 Meeresspiegelanstieg. - 1 .2 Fähigkeiten und Grenzen von Klimamodellen und Szenarien. - 1.2.1 Klima- und Erdsystemmodelle. - 1.2.2 Integrierte Analysemodelle. - 1.2.3 Emissionsszenarien. - 1 .3 Der menschliche Einfluss auf das Klima ist evident: zum Verständnis der Zusammenhänge. - 1 .4 CO2 aus fossilen Energieträgern - der Kern des Klimaproblems. - 1.4.1 Die Rolle von CO2. - 1.4.2 Andere klimawirksame Gase und Stoffe. - 1 .5 Die zukünftige Entwicklung des Klimas hängt stark vom menschlichen Handeln ab. - 1.5.1 Representative Concentration Pathways - Ein Blick in die Zukunft. - 1.5.1.1RCP 2.6: Ambitionierte Klimapolitik - Negative Emissionen. - 1.5.1.2 RCP 8.5: Der Pfad zur Klimakatastrophe - Business as usual. - 1.5.2 Potenzielle Instabilitäten des Klimasystems - das Risiko der Auslösung nichtlinearer Prozesse. - 1 .6 Beobachtete Auswirkungen des Klimawandels. - 1 .7 Die zukünftigen Auswirkungen des globalen Klimawandels auf die natürlichen Lebensgrundlagen der Menschheit. - 1.7.1 Gefährliche anthropogene Störung des Klimasystems: fünf Gefährdungslagen. - 1.7.2 Kernrisiken für den Erhalt der natürlichen Lebensgrundlagen. - 1.7.3 Kernrisiken für Sektoren und Regionen: Beispiele. - 1.7.3.1 Nahrungsproduktion und Ernährungssicherheit. - 1.7.3.2 Süßwasserdargebot. - 1.7.3.3 Städtische Verdichtungsräume. - 1.7.3.4 Menschliche Gesundheit. - 1.7.3.5 Verlust von Kulturerbe und kultureller Vielfalt. - 1.7.3.6 Konfliktfaktor Klimawandel. - 1.7.3.7 Migration. - 1.7.3.8 Ökosysteme und biologische Vielfalt. - 1.7.4 Regionale Herausforderungen. - 1.7.4.1 Europa. - 1.7.4.2 Afrika und Asien. - 1 .8 Den anthropogenen Klimawandel begrenzen. - 1.8.1 Transformationspfade zur Einhaltung der 2°C-Leitplanke. - 1.8.2 Handlungsfelder und Sektoren für den Klimaschutz. - 1.8.2.1 Energie. - 1.8.2.2 Transport. - 1.8.2.3 Gebäude. - 1.8.2.4 Industrie. - 1.8.2.5 Land- und Forstwirtschaft sowie weitere Landnutzung. - 1.8.2.6 Menschliche Siedlungen, Infrastruktur und Raumplanung. - 1.8.3 Großtechnische Eingriffe. - 1.8.3.1 Aktive Entfernung von CO2. - 1.8.3.2 Manipulation der Strahlungsbilanz. - 1 .9 Rahmenbedingungen für die Transformation zu einer klimaverträglichen Gesellschaft. - 1.9.1 Emissionstrends und ihre Treiber. - 1.9.2 Klimaschutz erfordert neue Investitionsmuster. - 1.9.3 Klimaschutzmaßnahmen und ihre Zusatznutzen. - 1.9.4 Akteure und Bündnisse für den Klimaschutz. - 1 .10 Kernbotschaften. - 2 Herausforderungen für einen gerechten Klimaschutz. - 2 .1 Die Einhaltung der 2°C-Leitplanke als zentrales Ziel im internationalen Klimaschutz. - 2 .2 Voraussetzungen für die Einhaltung der 2°C-Leitplanke. - 2 .3 Verantwortung für die Einhaltung der 2°C-Leitplanke. - 2.3.1 Das Nullemissionsziel als gemeinsame Verantwortung für alle Staaten. - 2.3.2 Das Nullemissionsziel als gemeinsame Verantwortung aller gesellschaftlichen Akteure. - 2.3.3 Eine neue Verantwortungsarchitektur für den Klimaschutz: Das Zusammenspiel zwischen Weltbürgerbewegung und Multilateralismus. - 2 .4 Kernbotschaften. - 3 Vorschlag für ein Pariser Klimaprotokoll 2015. - 3 .1 Leitkonzept: Prozeduralisierung der 2°C-Leitplanke. - 3 .2 Pariser Protokoll: Allgemeiner Teil. - 3.2.1 Wissenschaftliche Expertise rechtsverbindlich verankern. - 3.2.2 Größtmögliche Transparenz durch Information gewährleisten. - 3.2.3 Akzeptanz und Kontrolle durch Beteiligung fördern. - 3.2.4 Befolgung durch Klagerechte verbessern. - 3 .3 Pariser Protokoll: Besonderer Teil. - 3.3.1 Klimaschützende Maßnahmen. - 3.3.1.1 2°C-Leitplanke als rechtsverbindlichen Maßstab verankern. - 3.3.1.2 Globales Langfristziel verbindlich festlegen. - 3.3.1.3 Vertragsstaatliche Zusagen zur CO2-Reduktion und Überprüfungsverfahren (Pledge-and-Review- Verfahren). - 3.3.1.4 Berichterstattung klar strukturieren und verbindlich verankern. - 3.3.2 Anpassung: Fortführung und Stärkung vorhandener Maßnahmen. - 3.3.3 Verluste und Schäden: Warschau-Mechanismus ausbauen. - 3.3.4 Flexible Mechanismen. - 3.3.4.1 Die flexiblen Mechanismen im Kyoto-Protokoll. - 3.3.4.2 Zukünftige Nutzung flexibler Mechanismen. - 3.3.5 Ein Transformationsfonds für eine klimaverträgliche Wirtschaft. - 3.3.5.1 Vorschlag für einen Transformationsfonds. - 3.3.6 Finanzierung. - 3 .4 Kernbotschaften. - 4 Narrative und Laboratorien für aktiven Klimaschutz. - 4 .1 Die Vitalisierung internationaler Verhandlungen. - 4 .2 Modularer Multilateralismus. - 4.2.1 Staaten-Clubs. - 4.2.2 Club der Metropolen: das Beispiel C40 Climate Leadership Group. - 4 .3 Individuelle und kollektive Verantwortung. - 4.3.1 Politischer Konsum: Boykott und Buykott. - 4.3.2 Individueller Emissionshandel: Beispiel CO2-Kreditkarte. - 4.3.3 Transition-Town-Bewegung. - 4.3.4 Divestition. - 4.3.5 Anpassungsnetzwerke. - 4.3.6 Städtenetzwerke. - 4 .4 Normativer und kognitiver Paradigmenwechsel. - 4.4.1 Von Reallaboren bis zur Citizen Science - zum unterschätzten Potenzial einertransformativen Wissenschaft. - 4.4.2 Impulse aus Religionsgemeinschaften. - 4 .5 Wiedereinbettung der Märkte. - 4.5.1 Multi-Stakeholder-Initiativen. - 4.5.2 Nachhaltiges öffentliches Beschaffungswesen. - 4.5.3 Energiegenossenschaften. - 4.5.4 Privatwirtschaftliche Akteure und deren Zusammenschlüsse. - 4.5.5 Gemeinwohl-Ökonomie. - 4 .6 Das Zusammenspiel. - 4 .7 Handlungsempfehlungen. - 4.7.1 Modularer Multilateralismus. - 4.7.2 Individuelle und kollektive Verantwortung stärken. - 4.7.3 Wiedereinbettung der Märkte. - 4 .8 Kernbotschaften. - 5 Forschungsempfehlungen. - 5 .1 Transformationsforschung und transformative Forschung. - 5.1.1 Transformationsforschung. - 5.1.2 Transformative Forschung und Wissenskoproduktion. - 5.1.3 Institutionelle Impulse. - 5 .2 Global Governance für die Transformation zur klimaverträglichen Gesellschaft. - 5.2.1 Governance- und Gerechtigkeitsfragen. - 5.2.2 Gestaltung des Pariser Klimaprotokolls. - 5.2.3 Integrative Ansätze. - 5.2.4 Forschung zu Niedrigemissionstechnologien und zu großtechnischen Eingriffen. - 5 .3 Ausgewählte Laboratorien für eine Transformation zur klimaverträglichen Gesellschaft. - 5.3.1 Förderung von Experimenten und Reallaboren. - 5.3.2 Politischer Konsum. - 5.3.3 Wissenschaftliche Begleitung lokaler Transformationsinitiativen. - 5.3.4 Städtenetzwerke. - 5.3.5 Anpassungsnetzwerke. - 5.3.6 Desertec. - 5.3.7 Transformationserfordernisse und -barrieren in der Privatwirtschaft. - 5.3.8 Entwicklung handelbarer Emissionsrechte für Privathaushalte. - 5.3.9 Integration nachhaltiger und innovations orientierter Beschaffung. - 5 .4 Epilog. - 6 Synopse. - 7 Literatur.

Description / Table of Contents: Der 5. Sachstandsbericht des Weltklimarates (IPCC) macht unmissverständlich klar: Inakzeptable Klimafolgen, die sich jenseits der 2°C-Leitplanke häufen dürften, können nur vermieden werden, wenn der weitere Anstieg der Treibhausgaskonzentration so bald wie möglich gestoppt wird. Der WBGU empfiehlt daher, die CO2-Emissionen aus fossilen Energieträgern bis spätestens 2070 auf Null zu senken. Dies ist ein ebenso ehrgeiziges wie prägnantes Politikziel, denn jedes Land, jede Kommune, jedes Unternehmen und jeder Bürger müssen - die Null schaffen-, wenn die Welt als Ganzes klimaneutral werden soll. Die 2°C-Linie kann allerdings nur gehalten werden, wenn zahlreiche Akteure - insbesondere die OECD-Staaten - schon deutlich früher ihre Emissionen herunterfahren. Der Weltgesellschaft als Ganzes steht ein eng begrenztes Kohlenstoffbudget zur Verfügung, so dass der Scheitelpunkt der Emissionen möglichst bis 2020, auf alle Fälle aber in der dritten Dekade erreicht werden sollte. Der WBGU umreißt in diesem Gutachten eine Doppelstrategie für den globalen Klimaschutz, die auf das Zusammenspiel von Multilateralismus und Zivilgesellschaft setzt. Dafür sollte zum einen das für Ende 2015 angestrebte Pariser Klimaabkommen bestimmte Merkmale aufweisen, die der Beirat benennt. Insbesondere sollte ein Prozess vereinbart werden, der die Einhaltung der 2°C-Leitplanke sicherstellt. Zum anderen sollten alle gesellschaftlichen Akteure ihre spezifischen Beiträge zur Dekarbonisierung leisten. So kann eine verschränkte Verantwortungsarchitektur für die Zukunft unseres Planeten entstehen, in der vertikales Delegieren und horizontales Engagieren keinen Gegensatz bilden, sondern sich wechselseitig verstärken.

Description / Table of Contents: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Vorrede. - 0 Allgemeines zu den sog. 'Toteislöchern' ['Toteisrinnen', 'Toteisbecken']. - 1 Über den Gebrauch des Begriffs' Toteisloch' [...] in der einschlägigen Literatur. - 1.1 Zu geschichtlichen Aspekten des Gebrauchs des Begriffs 'Toteisloch', z. B. bei KOONS, STEENSTRUP, DANA, CHAMBERLIN, BELLMER, STEUSLOFF, TARR, WAHNSCHAFFE, DEECKE, SPETHMANN, v. KLEBELSBERG, BRÜCKNER, WUNDERLICH, WOLFF, K. v. BÜLOW, RÖPKE, TROLL, WAGNER, WOLDSTEDT, GRIPP, AHLMANN, SOLGER, LIEDTKE, GAREIS. - 1.2 Über das Entstehen und den Gebrauch des Begriffs 'glaziäre Kleinsenken' (nach WEISSE). - 2 Abstract zum Verständnis von 'Toteis' und zum Entstehen von 'Toteislöchern' in der einschlägigen Literatur und eine kritische Bemerkung. - 2.1 Zum Verständnis von Toteis in der Literatur. - 2.2 Zum in der Literatur dokumentierten Verständnis vom Toteisloch-Entstehen. - 2.3 Kritische Bemerkungen ... zum Verständnis von 'Toteis' und 'Toteisloch'. - 3. Zum Begriff 'Toteis' in der Eiszeitglaziologie-Theorie. - 4 Zum Spannungsfeld zwischen den Erkenntnisgebieten 〉 'Toteis' / 'Toteisrinne' / 'Toteisbecken' 〈 und 〉 'Block-Eis' / 'Rinnentoteis' / 'Beckentoteis' aus Sicht der Eiszeitglaziologie-Theorie. - 4.1 Zum Spannungsfeld ... 'Toteisloch' / 'Block-Toteis'. - 4.2 Zum Spannungsfeld ... 'Toteisrinne' / 'Rinnentoteis'. - 4.3 Zum Spannungsfeld ... 'Toteisbecken' / 'Beckentoteis'. - 5. Zum Entstehen von Toteislöchem, Toteisrinnen und Toteisbecken in Zusammenhang mit Flachlandgletscher-Surges. - 5.1 Zum Neu-(Wieder-)Entstehen eines Toteislochs am Ort einer vorhanden gewesenen toteisgefüllten Hohlform nach dem Überfahren durch einen Flachlandgletscher. - 5.2 Zum Entstehen eines Toteislochs am Ort einer vorkaltzeitlich vorhanden gewesenen grundwassergespeisten geschlossenen Hohlform nach Überfahren durch einen Flachlandgletscher. - 5.3 Zum Entstehen eines Toteislochs infolge der Verdrängung eines Toteiskörpers durch einen Flachlandgletscher. - 5.4 Zum Entstehen eines Toteislochs infolge Verdrängung einer kompakten Erdstoffmasse aus tieferen Schichten durch einen Flachlandgletscher. - 5.5 Zum Entstehen von Sollen. - 5.6 Zum möglichen Entstehen von Toteisbecken ohne Überfahrung vom Flachlandgletscher lawinenartig abgegangenen erdstofffreien Auflasteises. - 6 Grundthesen zum Begriff 'Toteis' und zum Gebrauch des Begriffswortes. - Teil Anmerkungen. - Teil Verzeichnisse.

Description / Table of Contents: Das Wort "Toteis" ist - nach der von Jedermann beherrschten Sprachlogik - der Begriff für einen Eiskörper, der Teil eines Eisstroms war und der - liegengeblieben - unbeweglich geworden ist. Gletscherkundlich versierte Geographen erfanden einst das Begriffswort "Toteis" zur Bezeichnung von aktuell in Island, auf Svalbård und an der Yakutat-Bai (Alaska) unter Moräne vorkommendem Eis, und im Vorfeld der dortigen Gletscher entstandene Hohlformen [Löcher, Kessel, Senken etc.] wurden von ihnen zu Recht als Ergebnis des Austauens von vermeintlich vorhanden gewesenen Toteiskörpern gedeutet. Leider wurden und werden in vorzeitlich von Gletschern überfahrenen Gebieten heutzutage vorhandene, mutmaßlich eiszeitlich entstandene Erscheinungen [Löcher, Kessel, Senken etc.] mit dem obenbesagten rezenten geomorphologischen Phänomen gleichgesetzt und schlechtweg [zu allermeist ohne jegliche Beweisführung] als "Toteislöcher", "Toteiskessel", "Toteissenken" etc. beschrieben, obwohl es für die Anwendung des aktualistischen Prinzips keinerlei Rechtfertigung gab und gibt. Zwar sind Löcher, Kessel, Senken etc. unstrittig Gegenstand der Geomorphologie und zum Beispiel deren örtliche Lage ein geographisches Problem, aber Toteis ist im wesentlichen ein glaziologisches Phänomen, wobei rezent vorkommendes Toteis ein körperlich fassbarer, der Untersuchung durch die Gletscherkunde [Wissenschaft von den rezenten (Gebirgs-) Gletschern] direkt zugänglicher Gegenstand ist. Für die Eiszeitglaziologie [Wissenschaft von den pleistozänen Binnenlandvereisungen], die sich für das pleistozäne Toteis interessiert, ist hingegen längst ausgetautes pleistozänes Toteis nur virtuell "fassbar", das heißt es ist - sofern überhaupt örtlich Gelegenheit zum Toteisentstehen bestand - allenfalls an hinterlassenen Hohlformen als existent gewesen erkennbar... Die vorliegende Arbeit [Artikel 17] soll die Möglichkeiten zur Nachweisführung über die etwaige Mitwirkung von Toteis beim Hohlformentstehen in von Binnenlandglazialen überfahrenen Gebieten offenlegen und überhaupt zum besseren Verständnis der bei den Binnenlandvereisungen oder in deren Folge mutmaßlich ablaufenden Vorgänge beitragen.

Description / Table of Contents: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Vorrede. - 0. Allgemeines zu den in der Literatur dokumentierten und für die Eiszeitglaziologie wichtigen Erkenntnissen über die funktional definierten kleinen Hohlformen. - 1. Zur Ausschließung der heute als nicht natürlich entstanden erkennbaren kleinen Hohlformen von der eiszeitglaziologisch intendierten Betrachtung ihres Entstehens. - 2. Zu den in der Literatur dargestellten für die Eiszeitglaziologie wichtigen Erkenntnissen über die Kategorien der primären kleinen Hohlformen. - 2.1 Zur eiszeitglaziologisch wichtigen Literatur über die Dolinen. - 2.2 Zu den in der Literatur dargestellten eiszeitglaziologisch wichtigen Erkenntnissen über die Riesenkessel. - 2.3 Zu den in der Literatur dargestellten und für die Eiszeitglaziologie wichtigen Erkenntnissen über die Pingo-Narben. - 2.4 Zu den in der Literatur beschriebenen anderen primären Hohlformen. - 2.5 Zu den in der Literatur dargestellten und für die Eiszeitglaziologie wichtigen allgemeinen Erkenntnissen über die Sölle. - 2.6 Zu den eiszeitglaziologischen Aspekten der ökologisch-landeskulturellen Literatur über die Sölle. - 2.7 Zu den für die Eiszeitglaziologie wichtigen Aspekten bei WUNDERLICH'S 'Kesseln'. - 3. Zu den in der Literatur dargestellten für die Eiszeitglaziologie wichtigen Erkenntnissen über die in primären kleinen Hohlformen vorkommenden Fresh-water-Deposits. - 4. Kritisches zu den in der Literatur dargestellten eiszeitglaziologisch wichtigsten Erkenntnissen über die natürlich entstandenen kleinen Hohlformen. - 4.1 Kritisches zur Literatur über die Dolinen. - 4.2 Kritisches zu den eiszeitglaziologisch wichtigen Erkenntnissen der Literatur über die Riesenkessel. - 4.3 Kritisches zu den eiszeitglaziologisch wichtigen Darlegungen der Literatur über die Pingo-Narben und die Pingo-Relikte im allgemeinen. - 4.4 Kritisches zu den eiszeitglaziologisch wichtigen Aspekten der Interpretation, die SILBERSCHLAG seinen Beobachtungen widmete. - 4.5 Kritisches zu den in der Literatur dargestellten eiszeitglaziologisch wichtigsten Erkenntnissen über die Sölle. - 4.6 Kritisches zu den für die Eiszeitglaziologie wichtigsten in der Literatur dargestellten Erkenntnissen über die von Freshwater-Deposits eingenommenen kleinen Hohlformen.- 4.7 Kritisches zur ökologisch-landeskulturellen Literatur über die Sölle vom Standpunkt der Eiszeitglaziologie. - 5. Zu eiszeitglaziologischen Aspekten einer Theorie des Entstehens und Bestehens der Pingos. - 6. Zur Theorie des Entstehens der echten Sölle. - 6.0 Grundsätzliches zur Theorie des Entstehens der echten Sölle. - 6.1 Zu den eiszeitglaziologisch eminenten Aspekten des Entstehens echter Sölle. - 6.2 Zu den geologisch-elementaren Aspekten des Entstehens echter Sölle. - 6.3 Zu den geologisch-stratigraphischen Aspekten des Entstehens echter Sölle. - 6.4 Zu den geohydrologischen Voraussetzungen des Entstehens echter Sölle. - 6.5 Zu tektonischen Aspekten des Entstehens echter Sölle. - 6.6 Zu den geokryologischen Aspekten des Entstehens echter Sölle. - Teil Anmerkungen. - Teil Verzeichnisse.

Description / Table of Contents: In den jüngeren großen Kompendien zur Geomorphologie finden sich zu den sogenannten ,kleinen Hohlformen' [den außerhalb von Seen gelegenen Bodensenken] vielfältige sachliche Informationen, oft verbunden mit umfangreichen Überlegungen zum Entstehen der verschiedenen Kategorien dieser Senken. In der Literatur ist auch mancher unnütze Meinungsstreit dokumentiert, bei dem die Kontrahenten wegen Nichtbeachtung des ,feinen' zufälligen Unterschiedes zwischen einer bloß allgemeinsprachlich verschieden bezeichneten Erscheinung auf der Erdoberfläche (Vertiefung, Loch, Mulde, Wanne, Senke, Kessel etc.) und einer gesetzmäßig als Doline, Pingo-Narbe, Riesenkessel oder Soll entstandenen kleinen Hohlform aneinander vorbeiredeten. Daneben gibt es Meinungen, wie die zwar kaum [nicht hinreichend] begründete, aber nichts desto trotz über Autoren-Generationen hinweg fleißig kompilierte Spekulation, wonach viele der kleinen Hohlformen sogenannte »Toteislöcher«, das heißt, durch nacheiszeitliches Tauen einst überschütteter (schollenartiger) »Gletscherabbrüche« entstandene Einsturzstellen sein sollen [Artikel 17] . . .Der vorliegende Artikel [18] soll Klarheit darüber schaffen helfen, welche der in ehemaligen binnenländischen Vereisungsgebieten rezent vorkommenden kleinen Hohlformen glazialbedingt [durch Glazialwirkung] und welche der kleinen Hohlformen nicht durch Glazialwirkung entstanden sind bzw. in welchem Zusammenhang das Entstehen der letzteren mit dem Glazialzeitgeschehen zu sehen ist; dieser Artikel soll Insonderheit die Grundlage für eine der Wahrheit näherkommende Anerkennung der heutzutage in den Flachlandgletscher-Ausfahrgebieten der letztvergangenen Binnenlandvereisungen von Nordeuropa vorzufindenden Sölle als Indizien für die direkte oder indirekte Glazialwirkung schaffen (helfen).

Description / Table of Contents: The cryosphere, that region of the world where water is temporarily or permanently frozen, plays a crucial role on our planet. Recent developments in remote sensing techniques, and the acquisition of new data sets, have resulted in significant advances in our understanding of all components of the cryosphere and its processes. This book, based on contributions from 40 leading experts, offers a comprehensive and authoritative overview of the methods, techniques and recent advances in applications of remote sensing of the cryosphere. Examples of the topics covered include: snow extent, depth, grain size and impurities; surface and subsurface melting; glaciers; accumulation over the Greenland and Antarctica ice sheets; ice thickness and velocities; gravimetric measurements from space; sea, lake and river ice; frozen ground and permafrost; fieldwork activities; recent and future cryosphere-oriented missions and experiments.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface. - Oil and gas from the sea. - Sating our energy hunger. - Producing natural gas and mineral oil. - Oiling the oceans. - Conclusion: Less marine oil pollution - despite growing energy demand. - Sea-floor mining. - Resources for the world. - Manganese nodule treasures. - Metal-rich crusts. - Massive sulphides in smoky depths. - Conclusion: Ocean mining - not a gold rush but an option. - Energy from burning ice. - From plankton to hydrate. - Methane hydrate - a new energy source?. - The impacts of hydrate mining. - Conclusion: Valuable resource or greenhouse gas?. - Clean production and equitable distribution. - The international community's responsibility. - The coastal states' responsibility. - Conclusion: Can commercial exploitation of marine minerals be safe and equitable?. - Overall conclusion. - Glossary. - Abbreviations. - Contributions. - Bibliography. - Table of figures. - Index. - Partners and Acknowledgements. - Publication details.

Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: PREFACE. - INTERACT PARTNER STATIONS AND INTERACT OBSERVER STATIONS. - ABOUT INTERACT. - INTRODUCTION. - 1 Management planning. - 1.1Introduction to management planning. - 1.2 Master Plan/Strategic Plan and other management planning documents. - 1.2.1Vision and mission statements. - 1.2.2 Conceptual framework for the station. - 1.2.3 Terms of Reference (ToR) for station operations. - 1.2.4Strategy, including Programme and Implementation Plan. - 1.3 Other plans and regulations. - 1.3.1Land Use Plan. - 1.3.2Facility Plan. - 1.3.3 Business Plan / Financial Plan. - 1.3.4 Other relevant plans. - 1.3.5 Policies. - 1.3.6 Description of procedures, rules and recommendations. - 1.4Check lists. - 31.4.1Application handling - check list. - 1.4.2 Visitor information - check list. - 1.4.3 Emergency operations - check lists. - 1.4.6Inventories - check lists. - Key considerations. - Examples. - 2 Policies. - 2.1Introduction. - 2.2 Examples of types of policies. - Key considerations. - Examples. - 3 Staff. - 3.1Organisation, roles and responsibilities. - 3.2 Attracting and keeping good staff. - Key considerations. - Station examples. - 4 Visitors. - 4.1Introduction. - 4.2 Pre-visit phase (application phase). - 4.2.1Communication with potential applicants. - 4.2.2 Important information that can be included in information documents to visitors. - 4.3 Visit phase. - 4.3.1Communication with visitors at the station. - 4.3.2Creating a good work environment at the station. - 4.3.3 Conflict mitigation and mental health problems. - 4.4 Post-visit phase. - Key considerations. - Examples. - Station examples. - 5 Permit issues. - 5.1Introduction. - 5.2 National/regional/local legislation and permits. - 5.3 Communication with authorities and local communities. - 5.4 Application procedures and forms for station access. - 5.4.1Application guidelines for applicants. - 5.4.2 Application handling procedures for station management. - 5.4.3 Application form. - 5.4.4 Permit or user agreement. - 5.5 Communication with applicants. - 5.6 GIS based project management tool developed under INTERACT. - 5.6.1System specification. - 5.6.2Migration - inclusion of additional stations. - 5.6.3 Research on environmental informatics. - 5.6.4Typical development and implementation procedures. - Key considerations. - Examples. - 6Health and safety. - 6.1Introduction. - 6.2 Health and safety policies. - 6.2.1 Health policy - required health status for access to station. - 6.2.2 Under-aged, senior and family policy. - 6.2.3 Insurance policy and disclaimer. - 6.3 Important risks and mitigation measures. - 6.3.1Risk assessment. - 6.3.2Transport - risks and mitigation measures. - 6.3.3 Field work - risks and mitigation measures. - 6.3.4 At station - risks and mitigation measures. - 6.4 Emergency preparedness. - 6.5 Medical facilities. - 6.6 Health and safety training. - Key considerations. - Examples. - Station examples. - 7 Environmental impact. - 7.1Introduction. - 7.2 Legislation and standards. - 7.3 Environmental Impact Assessment. - 7.4 Limiting environmental impacts. - 7.5 Eco-policies. - Key considerations. - 8 Outreach and marketing. - 8.1Introduction. - 8.2 Stakeholders and marketing/outreach mechanisms. - 8.2.1Stakeholder groups - marketing. - 8.2.2Stakeholder groups - outreach. - 8.2.3 Marketing and outreach mechanisms. - 8.3 Developing a marketing and outreach strategy (or a communication strategy). - 8.4 Local involvement/Citizen Science. - Key considerations. - Examples. - Station examples. - 9 Research and monitoring. - 9.1Introduction. - 9.2 Organisational set-up of science and logistics functions. - 9.3 Research and monitoring strategy and working programme. - 9.4 International scientific networks and organisations with an arctic focus. - 9.4.1Arctic Council. - 9.4.2 Multi-disciplinary international organisations and projects. - 9.4.3 Single discipline/parameters networks. - 9.5 International assessments and strategies of relevance to development of science/monitoring strategies. - Key considerations. - Station examples. - 10 Training and education. - 10.1Introduction. - 10.2 Training. - 10.3 Education. - Key considerations. - Examples. - Station examples. - 11Knowledge capture and data management. - 11.1Introduction. - 11.2 Operational data for station management. - 11.3 Research data management. - 11.3.1Introduction to metadata and DOI. - 11.3.2 Data discovery and data publication. - 11.3.3 Data policies. - 11.4 Data-related outreach and education. - 11.5 Formulation of a 'Data Management Plan'. - Key considerations. - APPENDICES. - Appendices, Chapter 1 Management planning. - 1.1 Land Use Plan - Kings Bay logistics company, Svalbard. - 1.2 User information check list - Toolik Field Station, Alaska, USA. - Appendices, Chapter 2 Policies (station examples). - 2.1a Environmental policy - NERC Arctic Research Station, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. - 2.1b Environmental policy - Sverdrup Station, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. - 2.2a Ethics policy - NERC Arctic Research Station, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. - 2.2b Ethics policy; alcohol and drugs policy - Sverdrup Station, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. - 2.2c Ethics policy; alcohol and drugs policy - Toolik Field Station, Alaska, USA. - 2.3 Extreme weather/winter operation policy - Toolik Field Station, Alaska, USA. - 2.4a Health and safety policy - NERC Arctic Research Station, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. - 2.4b Health and safety policy - Sverdrup Station, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. - 2.5 Information policy (data and publication sharing policy) - NERC Arctic Research Station, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. - 2.6 Sponsorship policy - NERC Arctic Research Station, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. - 2.7 Staff policy - Sverdrup Station, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. - 2.8a Transport; snow machine/snowmobile use policy - Barrow Arctic Research Center/Barrow Environmental Observatory, Alaska, USA.. - 2.8b Transport; snow machine/snowmobile use policy - Toolik Field Station, Alaska, USA. - 2.9 Under-aged and family policy - Toolik Field Station, Alaska, USA. - Appendices, Chapter 4 Visitors. - 4.1User guide - Sermilik Research Station, Greenland. - 4.2 Permit issues - FINSE Alpine Research Center, Norway. - 4.3 Visitor information - Kolari Research Unit, Finland. - 4.4 Visitor information - Abisko Scientific Research Station, Sweden. - Appendices, Chapter 5 Permit issues. - 5.1 Application form - Abisko Scientific Research Station, Sweden. - 5.2 Application form for protected areas - Metsähallitus, Finland. - 5.3 Application form - Finse Alpine Research Center, Norway. - 5.4Application form - Zackenberg Research Station, Greenland. - 5.5 Generalised application form based on best practice examples. - Appendices, Chapter 6 Health and safety. - 6.1Insurance statement, independent groups - Government of Greenland. - 6.2 Insurance statement, self-insured institutions - Government of Greenland. - 6.3 Risk assessment - Sermilik Research Station, Greenland. - 6.4 Declaration of indemnity - Samoylov Research Station/AWI, Russia/Germany. - Appendices, Chapter 7 Environmental management. - 7.1Example of generalised contents from Environmental Impact Assessment. - 7.2 EIA Screening Checklist with thought example (in grey text) - EU. - 7.3 Environmental impact and mitigation measures for research station operations. - Appendices, Chapter 9 Research and monitoring. - 9.1Example of research and monitoring strategy and working programme contents - Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring. - 9.2 Example of monitored variables - Abisko Scientific Research Station, Sweden. - Appendices, Chapter 11 Knowledge capture and data management. - 11.1 Development of local data capture and storing mechanism. - INDEX.

Description / Table of Contents: INTERACT is a one-stop shop for access to research infrastructures in the Arctic and in alpine areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The main objective of INTERACT is to build capacity for identifying, understanding, predicting and responding to changes throughout the wide environmental and land-use envelopes of the Arctic and alpine areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The INTERACT network of field stations provides a unique platform for terrestrial sciences and the network hosts and operates top level research and monitoring projects and programmes within a wide range of scientific disciplines. This book is about management of arctic and northern alpine research stations. In the book, INTERACT's station managers share their knowledge and experiences gained from managing a set of very different research stations in very different environmental and climatic settings. The target audience for the book is mainly managers of research stations in arctic and alpine areas, but it is the hope that it will also be a useful tool for others being involved in science coordination and logistics, for example research institutions, chief scientists and expedition planners.

Description / Table of Contents: This textbook aims to be a one stop shop for those interested in aerosols and their impact on the climate system. It starts with some fundamentals on atmospheric aerosols, atmospheric radiation and cloud physics, then goes into techniques used for in-situ and remote sensing measurements of aerosols, data assimilation, and discusses aerosol-radiation interactions, aersol-cloud interactions and the multiple impacts of aerosols on the climate system. The book aims to engage those interested in aerosols and their impacts on the climate system: graduate and PhD students, but also post-doctorate fellows who are new to the field or would like to broaden their knowledge. The book includes exercises at the end of most chapters. Atmospheric aerosols are small (microscopic) particles in suspension in the atmosphere, which play multiple roles in the climate system. They interact with the energy budget through scattering and absorption of solar and terrestrial radiation. They also serve as cloud condensation and ice nuclei with impacts on the formation, evolution and properties of clouds. Finally aerosols also interact with some biogeochemical cycles. Anthropogenic emissions of aerosols are responsible for a cooling effect that has masked part of the warming due to the increased greenhouse effect since pre-industrial time. Natural aerosols also respond to climate changes as shown by observations of past climates and modelling of the future climate.

Description / Table of Contents: Cosmogenic radionuclides are radioactive isotopes which are produced by natural processes and distributed across the earth. Utilizing a holistic approach to the environment, the authors show how cosmogenic radionuclides can be used to trace and to reconstruct the history of a large variety of processes. They discuss the ways in which cosmogenic radionuclides can assist in the quantification of complex processes in the present-day environment. The book aims to demonstrate to the reader the strength of analytic tools based on cosmogenic radionuclides, their contribution to almost any field of modern natural science, and how these tools may assist in the solution of many present and future problems that we face here on earth. The book provides a comprehensive discussion of the basic principles behind the applications of cosmogenic (and other) radionuclides as environmental tracers and dating tools. Following the introduction, the second part of the book provides basic information on the origin, properties, and time variability of cosmic radiation, and the concepts, terminology and formulate that will be used in the later chapters. The third part discusses in detail the production of radionuclides by cosmic radiation, their transport and distribution in the atmosphere and the hydrosphere, their storage in natural archives, and how they are measured. The fourth part of the book presents a number of examples selected to illustrate typical tracer and dating applications in a number of different contexts (atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere, solar physics and astronomy). At the same time the authors outline the limitations of the use of cosmogenic radionuclides. Written on a level accessible to graduate students without specialist skills in physics or mathematics, the book addresses a wide audience, ranging from archaeology, biophysics, and geophysics, to atmospheric physics, hydrology, astrophysics and space science.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: PART 1 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Climate archives, variables and dating. - 1.2 Noise and statistical distribution. - 1.3 Persistence. - 1.4 Spacing. - 1.5 Aim and structure of this book. - 1.6 Background material. - 2 Persistence models. - 2.1 First-Order Autoregressive Model. - 2.1.1 Even spacing. - 2.1.2 Uneven Spacing. - 2.2 Second-Order Autoregressive Model. - 2.3 Mixed Autoregressive Moving Average Model. - 2.4 Other models. - 2.4.1 Long-memory process. - 2.4.2 Nonlinear and non-gaussian models. - 2.5 Climate theory. - 2.5.1 Stochastic climate models. - 2.5.2 Long memory of temperature fluctuations?. - 2.5.3 Long memory of river runoff. - 2.6 Background material. - 2.7 Technical issues. - 3 Bootstrap confidence intervals. - 3.1 Error bars and confidence intervals. - 3.1.1 Theoretical example: Mean estimation of Gaussian White Noise. - 3.1.2 Theoretical example: Standard deviation estimation of Gaussian White Noise. - 3.1.3 Real world. - 3.2 Bootstrap principle. - 3.3 Bootstrap resampling. - 3.3.1 Nonparametric: Moving block bootstrap. - 3.3.2 Parametric: Autoregressive Bootstrap. - 3.3.3 Parametric: Surrogate Data. - 3.4 Bootstrap Confidence Intervals. - 3.4.1 Normal confidence interval. - 3.4.2 Student's t confidence interval. - 3.4.3 Percentile confidence interval. - 3.4.4 BCa Confidence Interval. - 3.5 Examples. - 3.6 Bootstrap hypothesis tests. - 3.7 Notation. - 3.8 Background material. - 3.9 Technical issues. - PART 2 UNIVARIATE TIME SERIES. - 4 Regression I. - 4.1 Linear regression. - 4.1.1 Weighted least-squares and ordinary least-squares estimation. - 4.1.2 Generalized least-squares estimation. - 4.1.3 Other estimation types. - 4.1.4 Classical confidence intervals. - 4.1.5 Bootstrap confidence intervals. - 4.1.6 Monte Carlo Experiments: Ordinary least-squares estimation. - 4.1.7 Timescale errors. - 4.2 Nonlinear regression. - 4.2.1 Climate Transition Model: Ramp. - 4.2.2 Trend-Change Model: Break. - 4.3 Nonparametric regression or smoothing. - 4.3.1 Kernel estimation. - 4.3.2 Bootstrap confidence intervals and bands. - 4.3.3 Extremes or outlier detection. - 4.4 Background material. - 4.5 Technical issues. - 5 Spectral analysis. - 5.1 Spectrum. - 5.1.1 Example: AR(1) process, discrete time. - 5.1.2 Example: AR(2) process, discrete time. - 5.1.3 Physical meaning. - 5.2 Spectral estimation. - 5.2.1 Periodogram. - 5.2.2 Welch's overlapped segment averaging. - 5.2.3 Multitaper estimation. - 5.2.4 Lomb-Scargle estimation. - 5.2.5 Peak detection: red-noise hypthesis. - 5.2.6 Example: Peaks in monsoon spectrum. - 5.2.7 Aliasing. - 5.2.8 Timescale errors. - 5.2.9 Example: Peaks in monsoon spectrum (continued). - 5.3 Background material. - 5.4 Technical Issues. - 6 Extreme value time series. - 6.1 Data types. - 6.1.1 Event times. - 6.1.2 Peaks over threshold. - 6.1.3 Block extremes. - 6.1.4 Remarks on data selection. - 6.2 Stationary models. - 6.2.1 Generalized extreme value distribution. - 6.2.2 Generalized pareto distribution. - 6.2.3 Bootstrap confidence intervals. - 6.2.4 Example: Elbe summer floods, 1852-2002. - 6.2.5 Persisitence. - 6.2.6 Remark: Tail estimation. - 6.2.7 Remark: Optimal estimation. - 6.3 Nonstationary models. - 6.3.1 Time-dependent generalized extreme value distribution. - 6.3.2 Inhomogenous poisson process. - 6.3.3 Hybrid: Poisson-Extreme value distribution. - 6.4 Sampling and time spacing. - 6.5 Background material. - 6.6 Technical issues. - PART 3 BIVARIATE TIME SERIES. - 7. Correlation. - 7.1 Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. - 7.1.1 Remark: Alternative correlation measures. - 7.1.2 Classical confidence intervals, nonpersistent processes. - 7.1.3 Bivariate time series models. - 7 .1.4 Classical Confidence Intervals, Persistent Processes. - 7.1.5 Bootstrap Confidence Intervals. - 7.2 Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient. - 7.2.1 Classical Confidence Intervals, Nonpersistent Processes. - 7.2.2 Classical Confidence Intervals, Persistent Processes. - 7.2.3 Bootstrap Confidence Intervals. - 7.3 Monte Carlo Experiments. - 7.4 Example: Elbe Runoff Variations. - 7.5 Unequal Timescales. - 7.5.1 Binned Correlation. - 7.5.2 Synchrony Correlation. - 7.5.3 Monte Carlo Experiments. - 7.5.4 Example: Vostok Ice Core Records. - 7.6 Background Material. - 7. 7 Technical Issues. - 8 Regression II. - 8.1 Linear Regression. - 8.1.1 Ordinary Least-Squares Estimation. - 8.1.2 Weighted Least-Squares for Both Variables Estimation. - 8.1.3 Wald-Bartlett Procedure. - 8.2 Bootstrap Confidence lntervals. - 8.2.1 Simulating Incomplete Prior Knowledge. - 8.3 Monte Carlo Experiments. - 8.3.1 Easy Setting. - 8.3.2 Realistic Setting: Incomplete Prior Knowledge. - 8.3.3 Dependence on Accuracy of Prior Knowledge. - 8.3.4 Mis-Specified Prior Knowledge. - 8.4 Example: Climate Sensitivity. - 8.5 Prediction. - 8.5.1 Example: Calibration of a Proxy Variable. - 8.6 Lagged Regression. - 8.6.1 Example: CO2 and Temperature Variations in the Pleistocene. - 8.7 Background Material. - 8.8 Technical Issues. - PART 4 OUTLOOK. - 9 Future Directions. - 9 .1 Timescale Modeling. - 9.2 Novel Estimation Problems. - 9.3 Higher Dimensions. - 9.4 Climate Models. - 9.4.1 Fitting Climate Models to Observations. - 9.4.2 Forecasting with Climate Models. - 9.4.3 Design of the Cost Function. - 9.4.4 Climate Model Bias. -9.5 Optimal Estimation. - 9.6 Background Material. - References. - Author Index. - Subject Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Climate is a paradigm of a complex system. Analysing climate data is an exciting challenge, which is increased by non-normal distributional shape, serial dependence, uneven spacing and timescale uncertainties. This book presents bootstrap resampling as a computing-intensive method able to meet the challenge. It shows the bootstrap to perform reliably in the most important statistical estimation techniques: regression, spectral analysis, extreme values and correlation. This book is written for climatologists and applied statisticians. It explains step by step the bootstrap algorithms (including novel adaptions) and methods for confidence interval construction. It tests the accuracy of the algorithms by means of Monte Carlo experiments. It analyses a large array of climate time series, giving a detailed account on the data and the associated climatological questions.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Council Staff . - Acknowledgments. - Boxes. - Tables. - Figures. - Acronyms and Abbreviations. - Summary. - Introduction. - 1 The Oceans in the Anthropocene. - 1.1 Use of the oceans. - 1.1.1 The legendary sea and its cultural meanings. - 1.1.2 Food from the sea. - 1.1.3 Ocean shipping and maritime trade. - 1.1.4 The sea as a dump for waste and waste water. - 1.1.5 Energy from the sea. - 1.1.6 Marine mining and resource extraction. - 1.1.7 The economic value of marine ecosystems. - 1.2 Threats to the oceans. - 1.2.1 Physical destruction of ecosystems. - 1.2.2 Overfishing. - 1.2.3 Impacts of marine pollution. - 1.2.3.1 Results of chemical pollution. - 1.2.3.2 Results of plastic pollution. - 1.2.3.3 Radioactive contamination. - 1.2.4 Warming. - 1.2.5 CO2 input and acidification. - 1.2.6 Low-oxygen zones. - 1.2.7 Sea-level rise. - 1.2.8 Aggregated effects. - 1.3 Possible new uses. - 1.3.1 Renewable energy. - 1.3.2 Raw materials. - 1.3.3 Marine genetic resources. - 1.3.4 New developments in marine aquaculture. - 1.4 Shaping the future of the marine ecosystem. - 1.4.1 Primary principles and values. - 1.4.2 Guiding principle for human interaction with the oceans. - 1.4.2.1 Think systemically: Regard and maintain the sea as an ecosystem and aspart of the Earth system. - 1.4.2.2 Act in a precautionary way: Take uncertainty and ignorance into account. - 1.4.2.3 Cooperate: overcoming the tragedy of the commons. - 1.4.3 Exemplary specification of the guiding principle for the sustainable stewardship of the marine ecosystem. - 2 Global Society and Social Contract. - 2.1 Global society and world's oceans. - 2.1.1 The global society in the Anthropocene. - 2.1.2 The emerging global society and global society theory. - 2.1.3 The cosmopolitan challenge. - 2.1.4 Global appreciation of the oceans. - 2.2 A social contract for the seas. - 2.2.1 A social contract as a basis for the Great Transformation. - 2.2.2 Reform of ocean governance. - 3 Governance of Human Ocean Use. - 3.1 Specifics of the seas. - 3.1.1 Oceans as part of the Earth system. - 3.1.2 Demands on marine policy caused by knowledge gaps. - 3.1.3 Oceans as a global public and common good. - 3.1.4 Touchstones for assessing the existing governanceof the oceans. - 3.1.5 Common heritage of mankind. - 3.2 Ocean governance in international law: UNCLOS. - 3.2.1 Zoning of the oceans by UNCLOS. - 3.2.1.1 Territorial sea. - 3.2.1.2 Contiguous zone. - 3.2.1.3 Exclusive economic zone. - 3.2.1.4 Continental shelf. - 3.2.1.5 High seas. - 3.2.1.6 The Area. - 3.2.2 Regulations of UNCLOS on the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans. - 3.2.3 Institutions of UNCLOS. - 3.2.3.1 International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. - 3.2.3.2 International Seabed Authority and the seabed regime. - 3.2.4 Assessment of UNCLOS. - 3.2.4.1 Systemic perspective. - 3.2.4.2 Precautionary principle. - 3.2.4.3 Adaptive management. - 3.2.4.4 Incentives for innovation. - 3.2.4.5 Assignment of rights of use. - 3.2.4.6 Cooperation. - 3.2.4.7 Subsidiary decision-making structures. - 3.2.4.8 Transparent information. - 3.2.4.9 Participative decision-making structures. - 3.2.4.10 Fair distribution mechanisms. - 3.2.4.11 Conflict-resolution mechanisms. - 3.2.4.12 Enforcement mechanisms. - 3.2.5 Core problems and challenges of future ocean governance. - 3.3 Global ocean governance: UN institutions and activities. - 3.3.1 Actors: UN bodies and specialized organizations. - 3.3.1.1 UN General Assembly and UNSecretary-General. - 23.3.1.2 Rio Process. - 3.3.1.3 International Maritime Organization. - 3.3.1.4 UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanic Commission. - 3.3.1.5 UN Environmental Programme (UNEP). - 3.3.1.6 UN-Oceans. - 3.3.1.7 Global Environment Facility (GEF). - 3.3.1.8 World Bank Group. - 3.3.2 UN conventions relating to the oceans. - 3.3.2.1 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). - 3.3.2.2 Negotiations on a new implementing agreement on marine biodiversityon the high seas. - 3.3.2.3 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). - 3.3.2.4 UNESCO World Heritage Convention and World Heritage Marine Programme. - 3.3.2.5 MARPOL and SOLAS. - 3.3.2.6 London Convention and London Protocol. - 3.4 Regional ocean governance. - 3.4.1 UNEP Regional Seas Programme. - 3.4.2 Regional seas agreements. - 3.4.2.1 Task areas. - 3.4.2.2 Institutionalization: governance mechanisms and capacity. - 3.4.2.3 Cooperation, coordination, coherence and complementarity. - 3.4.3 EU marine policy. - 3.5 Private ocean governance. - 3.5.1 Options and limitations. - 3.5.2 Example: eco-labels and sustainability labels. - 3.6 Selected instruments. - 3.6.1 Environmental monitoring. - 3.6.2 Marine protected areas and marine spatial planning. - 3.6.2.1 Marine protected areas. - 3.6.2.2 Marine spatial planning. - 3.6.3 Integrated coastal-zone management.. - 3.6.4 Environmental standards. - 3.6.5 Environmental liability. - 3.6.6 Sanctions. - 3.6.7 Class actions. - 3.6.8 International financial transfers. - 3.7 Conclusions. - 4 Food from the Sea. - 4.1 Marine fishery. - 4.1.1 Status and trends of fisheries. - 4.1.2 Importance and effects of fisheries. - 4.1.2.1 Food and food security. - 4.1.2.2 Socioeconomic significance and effects. - 4.1.2.3 Ecological significance and effects. - 4.1.2.4 Small-scale marine fisheries in the global context. - 4.1.3 Sustainable fisheries management: methods and instruments. - 4.1.3.1 Ecosystem approach and precautionary principle as the basis for sustainable fishing. - 4.1.3.2 Knowledge-based fisheries management. - 4.1.3.3 Instruments for the sustainable management of fish-stocks. - 4.1.3.4 Minimizing the ecological risks and side effects of fisheries. - 4.1.3.5 Monitoring and enforcement. - 4.1.3.6 Costs and financing the transition towards sustainable fisheries. - 4.1.4 International fisheries governance: institutions and focal points. - 4.1.4.1 Political objectives. - 4.1.4.2 The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. - 4.1.4.3 The FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. - 4.1.4.4 Fisheries governance on the high seas: the UN Fish Stocks Agreement and regional fisheries management organizations. - 4.1.4.5 Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. - 4.1.4.6 The external dimension of the EU Common Fisheries Policy. - 4.1.4.7 Subsidies in the fishing industry. - 4.1.4.8 International trade and trade policy. - 4.2 Aquaculture. - 4.2.1 Definitions and principles. - 4.2.2 State of aquaculture and trends. - 4.2.2.1 Growth and regional overview. - 4.2.2.2 Contribution to food security and poverty reduction. - 4.2.2.3 Environmental risks from aquaculture and conflicts over use at the coasts. - 4.2.2.4 Promoting ecologically sustainable aquaculture. - 4.2.3 Governance of aquaculture. - 4.2.3.1 Fundamental prerequisites for a sustainable form of aquaculture. - 4.2.3.2 Selected instruments for promoting sustainable aquaculture. - 4.2.3.3 Research and development for sustainable aquaculture. - 4.2.4 International and regional governance in aquaculture. - 4.2.4.1 International level. - 4.2.4.2 European Union. - 4.2.4.3 Regional seas agreements. - 4.3 Interactions between fisheries and aquaculture. - 4.3.1 Forage fisheries and breeding from wild-caught fish. - 4.3.2 Competition between uses. - 4.3.3 Reducing the proportion of fishmeal and fish oil used in aquaculture feeds. - 4.4 Systemic effects: land/sea interactions and feedbackloops with the Earth system. - 4.4.1 Climate change. - 4.4.2 Acidification. - 4.4.3 Low-oxygen zones and eutrophication. - 4.4.4 Anthropogenic pollution. - 4.4.5 Synergistic effects. - 4.5 Conclusions. - 5 Energy from the sea. - 5.1 Fossil energy carriers from the sea. - 5.1.1 Resource availability of fossil energy carriers. - 5.1.2 Technologies of offshore extraction. - 5.1.3 Environmental impact of fossil energy use. - 5.1.4 Infrastructure. - 5.1.4.1 Mineral oil. - 5.1.4.2 Natural gas. - 5.1.4.3 Carbon dioxide. - 5.1.5 Costs. - 5.1.6 Prospects of fossil-fuel extraction in the oceans. - 5.1.7 Conclusions. - 5.2 Renewable energy. - 5.2.1 Technological possibilities of offshore wind energy and marine energies. - 5.2.1.1 Development status of offshore wind energy. - 5.2.1.2 Development status of marine-energy technologies. - 5.2.2 Global potential of sea-based renewable power generation. - 5.2.2.1 Offshore wind energy. - 5.2.2.2 Marine energies. - 5.2.3 Environmental impact of marine renewable-energy generation. - 5.2.4 Infrastructure. - 5.2.4.1 Offshore logistics for renewable energy. - 5.2.4.2 Offshore storage technologies. - 5.2.5 Costs. - 5.2.5.1 Offshore wind energy. - 5.2.5.2 Marine energies. - 5.3 Vision of a future marine energy system. - 5.3.1 The status quo of marine energy generation. - 5.3.2 A future renewable marine energy system. - 5.3.3 Transformation of the marine energy system - from the status quo to the futureenergy system. - 5.4 Governance. - 5.4.1 Energy policy. - 5.4.2 Marine policy. - 5.4.2.1 Marine spatial planning. - 5.4.2.2 Construction of installations in the sea. - 5.4.2.3 Regulation of oil and gas production. - 5.4.2.4 Regulations on the storage of CO2 in the sea or the seabed. - 5.4.3 Promotion of innovation. - 5.4.3.1 Promotion of systemic innovation. - 5.4.3.2 Technology development. - 5.4.3.3 Innovation potential. - 5.4.3.4 Measures. - 5.5 Conclusions. - 6 Synthesis: The Blue Revolution. - 6.1 The oceans as the common heritage of mankind. - 6.2 Expansion into the oceans. - 6.3 A new initiative for the conservation and sustainable use of the seas. - 6.4 Elements of a new marine policy. - 7 Recommendations for Action. - 7.1 Guiding principles for future ocean governance. - 7.1.1 The oceans as the 'common heritage of mankind'. - 7.1.2 The systemic approach. - 7.1.3 The precautionary principle. - 7.1.4 Ten criteria for a future system of ocean governance. - 7.1.5 Implementation and enforcement. - 7.1.6 A social contract for the seas. - 7.2 The WBGU's vision of a comprehensive reform of the international law of the sea. - 7.2.1 The common heritage of mankind, the systemic approach and the precautionaryprinciple: three guiding principles for ocean management. - 7.2.2 Institutional changes. - 7.2.2.1 A global steward of the seas: the World Oceans Organization. - 7.2.2.2 Regional stewards of the seas: Regional Marine Management Organizations. - 7.2.2.3 Extend the jurisdiction of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. - 7.2.3 Rights and duties of states parties on the high seas and in EEZs. - 7.2.3.1 Conservation and sustainable use of the high seas. - 7.2.3.2 Conservation and sustainable use of the Exclusive Economic Zones. - 7.2.4 Instruments. - 7.3 Recommendations for action: the road to a comprehensivereform of the law of the sea. - 7.3.1 Strengthen the knowledge and action base of ocean governance. - 7.3.1.1 Improve marine environmental monitoring. - 7.3.1.2 Process scientific knowledge for policy-makers and support the Regular Process. - 7.3.1.3 Set up a multi-stakeholder forum. - 7.3.2 Create the necessary conditions for sustainable management. - 7.3.3 Develop strategies for future ocean governance. - 7.3.3.1 Develop the Oceans Compact into an Integrated World Oceans Strategy. - 7.3.3.2 Ratify regional, national and local marine strategies. - 7.3.3.3 Take on a pioneering role - forge subglobal alliances. - 7.3.4 Support and flesh out the international law of the sea. - 7.3.4.1 Promote the signing, ratification and implementation of UNCLOS. - 7.3.4.2 Reach a new implementing agreement on biological diversity on the high seas. - 7.3.4.3 Advance the UN Fish Stocks Agreement and Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs). - 7.3.5 Strengthen regional ocean governance. - 7.3.5.1 Strengthen and expand the UNEP Regional Seas Programme. - 7.3.5.2 Strengthen regional seas agreements. - 7.3.5.3 Improve dovetailing in regional ocean governance. - 7.3.6 Develop concepts for the joint funding of ocean governance. - 7.3.6.1 Strengthen international financing mechanisms. - 7.3.6.2 Use the mechanisms of the Framework Convention on Climate Change for funding. - 7.3.6.3 Utilize user charges as a source of funding. - 7.3.7 Employ incentive instruments and funding structures. - 7.3.7.1 Create economic incentives for sustainable uses. - 7.3.7.2 Develop funding structures for long-term-oriented investments. - 7.3.8 Strengthen and expand private governance. - 7.3.8.1 Introduce a standardized Europe-wide system of certification for wild-caught fish and seafood. - 7.3.8.2 Improve legal certainty on the WTO-conformity of sustainability standards. - 7.3.9 Considerably expand marine protected areas and spatial planning. - 7.3.9.1 Expand marine protected areas. - 7.3.9.2 Expand cross-border marine spatial planning. - 7.3.10 Promote the harmonization of existing liability regimes. - 7.4 Food from the sea. - 7.4.1 Recommendations for action on marine fisheries. - 7.4.1.1 Overall recommendations for a change of course in fisheries. - 7.4.1.2 Improve the preconditions for knowledge-based fishery. - 7.4.1.3 Reduce subsidies. - 7.4.1.4 Stop wastefulness. - 7.4.1.5 Combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. - 7.4.1.6 Take into account climate change, ocean acidification and other systemic effects. - 7.4.1.7 Reform the European Union's Common Fisheries Policy. - 7.4.1.8 Marine small-scale fisheries in the global context. - 7.4.2 Recommendations for action on aquaculture. - 7.4.2.1 Improve knowledge and data resources. - 7.4.2.2 Promote the development of sustainable aquaculture systems. - 7.4.2.3 Implement international and EU-wide recommendations. - 7.4.2.4 Strengthen economic policy supporting sustainable aquaculture. - 7.4.2.5 Promote cooperation, prevent conflicts. - 7.4.3 Fishing and aquaculture as elements of integrated strategies for food security. - 7.5 Use of energy from the sea for the energy-system transformation. - 7.5.1 Integrated energy, marine and innovation policiesfor the energy-system transformation. - 7.5.1.1 Energy policy. - 7.5.1.2 Marine policy. - 7.5.1.3 Innovation policy. - 7.5.2 Build an offshore supergrid. - 7.5.3 Refrain from marine methane hydrate mining. - 7.5.4 Develop regulations for sub-seabed CCS. - 8 Recommendations for Research and Education. - 8.1 Research in the context of the transformation towards sustainability. - 8.1.1 Key types of research. - 8.1.2 Innovative approaches in German marine research. - 8.2 Transformation research for the oceans. - 8.2.1 Conceptual background. - 8.2.2 Research recommendations. - 8.3 Transformative research for the seas. - 8.3.1 Research on global change. - 8.3.2 Ocean governance. - 8.3.2.1 Ocean governance for the transformation towards sustainability. - 8.3.2.2 Policy instruments for new challenges. - 8.3.3 Food from the sea. - 8.3.3.1 Fisheries. - 8.3.3.2 Aquaculture. - 8.3.3.3 Overarching issues. - 8.3.4 Energy from the sea. - 8.3.4.1 Technology research. - 8.3.4.2 Research on environmental hazards and risks. - 8.4 Recommendations on research policy. - 8.4.1 Stronger integration of interdisciplinary marine research into research programmes. - 8.4.2 Stronger institutionalization of interdisciplinary marine research. - 8.4.3 Strengthening of the interface between science and society in marine research. - 9 References. - 10 Glossary.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface to the first edition. - Preface to the second editon. - List of figures. - List of tables. - List of symbols. - List of abbreviations. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Drift ice material. - 2.1 Sea ice cover. - 2.2 Ice floes to drift ice particles. - 2.3 Sea ice growth and melting. - 2.4 Ice thickness distribution. - 2.5 Sea ice ridges. - 2.6 Drift ice state. - 3 Ice kinematics. - 3.1 Description of ice velocity field. - 3.2 Observations. - 3.3 Stochastic modelling. - 3.4 Conservation of ice. - 4 Sea ice rheology. - 4.1 General. - 4.2 Viscous laws. - 4.3 Plastic laws. - 4.4 Granular floe collision models. - 4.5 Scaling of ice strength. - 5 Equation of drift ice motion. - 5.1 Derivation of the equation of motion. - 5.2 Atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers. - 5.3 Sea ice-ocean interaction. - 5.4 Scale analysis. - 5.5 Dynamics of a single ice floe. - 6 Free drift. - 6.1 Steady state solution. - 6.2 Non-steady case. - 6.3 Linear coupled ice-ocean model. - 6.4 Frequency spectrum of free drift. - 6.5 Spatial aspects of free drift. - 7 Drift in the presence of internal friction. - 7.1 The role of internal friction. - 7.2 Channel flow of sea ice. - 7.3 Ice drift along coastal boundary. - 7.4 Zonal sea ice drift. - 7.5 Modelling of ice tank experiments. - 7.6 Timespace scaling of ice drift. - 8 Numerical modelling. - 8.1 Numerical solutions. - 8.2 Examples of sea ice dynamics models. - 8.3 Short-term modelling applications. - 8.4 Oil spills in ice conditions. - 8.5 Climate models. - 9 Use and need of knowledge on ice drift. - 9.1 Science. - 9.2 Practice. - 9.3 Final comments. - 10 Study problems. - 10.1 Problems. - 10.2 Instructions and solutions. - 11 References. - Index.

Description / Table of Contents: This new edition of The drift of sea ice brings the theory, observations and practical applications of research into sea ice drift completely up to date, taking in to account and discussing the many new scientific results which have been published, in particular connected with thermodynamics, ice-ocean interaction, scaling, and numerical model applications in short-term and climate forecasting. This revised and expanded text presents the geophysical theory, observations from field programs, mathematical modelling techniques, and applications of sea ice drift science. It shows how the fundamental laws of sea ice drift come from the material properties of sea ice and the basic laws of mechanics. The book provides detailed analytical modelling and mathematical models and presents the construction of numerical ice drift models. The drift of sea ice gives a collection of worked examples on sea ice dynamics; details the derivation of the fundamental laws of sea ice dynamics in an understandable form; teaches methods for local and regional ice forecasting for ice engineering applications; analyses the system of equations for the general properties of sea ice drift and the derivation of the free drift model and analytical models for ice drift in the presence of internal friction; makes an excellant source book for climate research concerning the role of sea ice dynamics in the global climate.

Description / Table of Contents: Soderžanie: Ot prostogo k složnomy ne iskažaja real'nosti / V. P. Mel'nikov, V. N. Koniščev, V. E. Romanovskij, D. S. Drozbov, V. N. Kubejarov. - Otklik global'nych klimatičeskich izmenenij prošlogo v prirodnych ob''ektach kriolitozony / I. D. Streleckaja. - Torfjanye krugi kriolitozony / O. A. Ogneva, K. V. Matyšak. - Ch meždunarodnaja konferencija po merzlotovedeniju / R. Ju. Fedorov. - Kak v severnoj tajge zapadnoj sibiri menjalsja klimat, i k čemu eto privelo / N. G. Moskalenko, O. E. Ponomareva, E. V. Ustinova, A. G. Gravis, N. M. Berdnikov. - Novaja arktičeskaja naučno-issledovatel'skaja stancija "Ostrov Samojlovskij" v del'te Leny: prirodnye uslovija, perspektivy meždunarodnych i mul'tidisciplinarnych rabot v regione / M. N. Grigor'ev. - O lednikach altaja, gde sneg nikogda ne taet; o gornom chrebte kodare, tekuščej s nego reke čare, i o tom, kak studenty praktiku vosprinimajut / V. S. Šejnktan. - Novoe primenenie diatomitov / V. P. Mel'nikov, K. S. Ivanov. - V poiskach tradicionnych i al'ternativnych istočnikov ±energii zapadnoj sibiri / A. R. Kurčikov. - Ispol'zovanie teplovizora pri geokriologičeskich issledovanijach / D. O. Sergeev, Ju. V. Stanilovskaja, K. V. Savel'ev. - Bez počvy žit' nel'zja na svete, net! / V. N. Kudejarov. - Buket ot Mamonta / S. V. Gubin, S. G. Jasina. - Pis'ma iz prošlogo (k 140-letiju M. I. Sumgina - osnovopoložnika otečestvennogo merzlotovedenija) / I. V. Klimovskij. - Vot tak vse i načinalos' (vospominanie kadrovika o zaroždenii Tjumenskogo naučnogo centra) / V. Ja. Kolesova.

Description / Table of Contents: The latest volume in the LTER series, this book presents the results and finding of the Long-Term Ecological Research site in the Alaskan Arctic, discussing Arctic ecology from a variety of perspectives and disciplines.

Description / Table of Contents: Once ice-bound, difficult to access, and largely ignored by the rest of the world, the Arctic is now front and center in the midst of many important questions facing the world today. Our daily weather, what we eat, and coastal flooding are all interconnected with the future of the Arctic. The year 2012 was an astounding year for Arctic change. The summer sea ice volume smashed previous records, losing approximately 75 percent of its value since 1980 and half of its areal coverage. Multiple records were also broken when 97 percent of Greenland's surface experienced melt conditions in 2012, the largest melt extent in the satellite era. Receding ice caps in Arctic Canada are now exposing land surfaces that have been continuously ice covered for more than 40,000 years. What happens in the Arctic has far-reaching implications around the world. Loss of snow and ice exacerbates climate change and is the largest contributor to expected global sea level rise during the next century. Ten percent of the world's fish catches comes from Arctic and sub-Arctic waters. The U.S. Geological Survey estimated that up to 13 percent of the world's remaining oil reserves are in the Arctic. The geologic history of the Arctic may hold vital clues about massive volcanic eruptions and the consequent release of massive amount of coal fly ash that is thought to have caused mass extinctions in the distant past. How will these changes affect the rest of Earth? What research should we invest in to best understand this previously hidden land, manage impacts of change on Arctic communities, and cooperate with researchers from other nations? The Arctic in the Anthropocene reviews research questions previously identified by Arctic researchers, and then highlights the new questions that have emerged in the wake of and expectation of further rapid Arctic change, as well as new capabilities to address them. This report is meant to guide future directions in U.S. Arctic research so that research is targeted on critical scientific and societal questions and conducted as effectively as possible. The Arctic in the Anthropocene identifies both a disciplinary and a cross-cutting research strategy for the next 10 to 20 years, and evaluates infrastructure needs and collaboration opportunities. The climate, biology, and society in the Arctic are changing in rapid, complex, and interactive ways. Understanding the Arctic system has never been more critical; thus, Arctic research has never been more important. This report will be a resource for institutions, funders, policy makers, and students. Written in an engaging style, The Arctic in the Anthropocene paints a picture of one of the last unknown places on this planet, and communicates the excitement and importance of the discoveries and challenges that lie ahead.

Description / Table of Contents: This revised and updated edition focuses on constrained ordination (RDA, CCA), variation partitioning and the use of permutation tests of statistical hypotheses about multivariate data. Both classification and modern regression methods (GLM, GAM, loess) are reviewes and species functional traits and spatial structures are analysed. Nine case studies of varying difficulty help to illustrate the suggestes analytical methods, using the latest version of Canoco 5. All studies utilise descriptive and manipulative approaches, and are supported by data sets and project files available from the book website: http://regent.prf.jcu.cz/maed2/. Written primarily for community ecologists needing to analyse data resulting from field observations and experiments, this book is a valuable resource for students and researchers dealing with both simple and complex ecological problems, such as the variation of biotic communities with environmental conditions or their response to experimental manipulation.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Using Natural Archives to Track Sources and Long-Term Trends of Pollution: An Introduction / Jules M. Blais, Michael R. Rosen and John P. Smol. - The Influence of Hydrology on Lacustrine Sediment Contaminant Records / Michael R. Rosen. - The Stability of Metal Profiles in Freshwater and Marine Sediments / P. M. Outridge and F. Wang. - Calculating Rates and Dates and Interpreting Contaminant Profiles in Biomixed Sediments / Zou Zou A. Kuzyk, Robie W. Macdonald and Sophia C. Johannessen. - Contaminants in Marine Sedimentary Deposits from Coal Fly Ash During the Latest Permian Extinction / Hamed Sanei, Stephen E. Grasby and Benoit Beauchamp. - Lake Sediment Records of Preindustrial Metal Pollution / Colin A. Cooke and Richard Bindler. - Lacustrine Archives of Metals from Mining and Other Industrial Activities - A Geochemical Approach / John Boyle, Richard Chiverrell and Dan Schillereff. - Organic Pollutants in Sediment Core Archives / Jennifer B. Korosi, Wenhan Cheng and Jules M. Blais. - Environmental Archives of Contaminant Particles / Neil L. Rose and Meri Ruppel. - Tracking Long-range Atmospheric Transport of Contaminants in Arctic Regions Using Lake Sediments / Jane Kirk and Amber Gleason. - Tracking Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Trace Metals, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Organohalogen Compounds Using Lake Sediments of Mountain Regions / Jordi Catalan. - Using Peat Records as Natural Archives of Past Atmospheric Metal Deposition / Sophia V. Hansson, Richard Bindler and François De Vleeschouwer. - Historical Contaminant Records from Sclerochronological Archives / Jessica Carilli, Branwen Williams, Bernd R. Schöne, Richard A. Krause and Stewart J. Fallon. - Contaminant Records in Ice Cores / Paolo Gabrielli and Paul Vallelonga. - Use of Catalogued Long-term Biological Collections and Samples for Determining Changes in Contaminant Exposure to Organisms / Linda M. Campbell and Paul E. Drevnick. - Tracking Contaminant Transport From Biovectors / Roland Kallenborn and Jules M. Blais. - Using Natural Archives to Track Sources and Long-Term Trends of Pollution: Some Final Thoughts and Suggestions for Future Directions / Jules M. Blais, Michael R. Rosen and John P. Smol. - Index.

Description / Table of Contents: The human footprint on the global environment now touches every corner of the world. This book explores the myriad ways that environmental archives can be used to study the distribution and long-term trajectories of chemical contaminants. The volume first focuses on reviews that examine the integrity of the historic record, including factors related to hydrology, post-depositional diffusion, and mixing processes. This is followed by a series of chapters dealing with the diverse archives and methodologies available for long-term studies of environmental pollution, such as the use of sediments, ice cores, sclerochronology, and museum specimens.

Description / Table of Contents: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Vorwort. - Inhaltsverzeichnis. - Zusammenfassung. - Summary. - 1. Einführung. - 2. Problemstellung. - 3. Arbeitsgebiete. - 3.1. Norwegische Finnmark (Finnmarksküste und Finnmarksvidda). - 3.1.1. Karlebotn - Varangerbotn. - 3.1.2. Bugöyfjord - Neiden. - 3.1.3. Skallelv - Komagelv. - 3.1.4. Lakselv -Kistrand. - 3.1.5. Börselv. - 3.1.6. Sennaland. - 3.1.7. Gargia - Grönåsen. - 3.1.8. Corgosjokka. - 3.1.9. Bidjovagge - Stuorajavri. - 3.1.10. Vuoddasjåkka - Cuovdatmåkki. - 3.2. Schwedisches Hochgebirge (Skanden und östliches Vorland). - 3.2.1. Abisko - Björkliden. - 3.2.2. Staloluokta (Padjelanta). - 3.2.3. Råstojaure - Kilpisjärvi. - 3.2.4. Tavvavuoma-Pulsujärvi. - 4. Permafrosthügel-Morphodynamik. - 4.1. Palsas (Segregationseishügel). - 4.1.1. Verbreitung. - 4.1.2. Bauplan. - 4.1.3. Aggradation und Degradation. - 4.1.4. Entwicklungsverlauf. - 4.2. Pingoähnliche Hügel (Injektionseishügel). - 4.2.1. Verbreitung. - 4.2.2. Bauplan. - 4.2.3. Aggradation und Degradation. - 4.2.4. Entwicklungsverlauf. - 4.3. Mehrjährige Frostblister (Injektionseishügel). - 4.3.1. Verbreitung. - 4.3.2. Bauplan. - 4.3.3. Aggradation und Degradation. - 4.3.4. Entwicklungsverlauf. - 5. Kontrollfaktoren der Permafrosthügel-Verbreitung. - 5.1. Klima. - 5.2. Substrat. - 5.3. Relief und Gewässer. - 5.4. Vegetation. - 6. Altersstellung der Permafrosthügel. - 7. Permafrosthügel-Klassifikation und -Terminologie. - 8. Permafrosthügel als Klimaindikatoren. - 9. Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick. - 10. Literaturverzeichnis. - 11. Kartenverzeichnis. - 11.1. Quartärgeologische Karten. - 11.2. Topographische Karten. - 12. Luftbild- und Satellitenbild-Verzeichnis. - 12.1. Luftbilder von Finnmark (NORSK LUFTFOTO OG FJERNMÅLING). - 12.2. Luftbilder von Norrbotten. - 12.3. Satellitenbilder von Finnmark und Norrbotten. - Anhang (CD) 1. Klimakurven 2. Klimatabellen & Vegetationstabellen (Stetigkeitstabellen)

Description / Table of Contents: Atlas contains photographic images of 91 plant species and pollen which are found in Lena River Delta as well as information about current conditions of their growth. This is a major advantage of this atlas as compared to other publications of this kind. All information is presented in Russian and English. All materials were collected in framework of the Russian-German expeditions "Lena-2009", "Lena-2010", "Lena-2011" and "Lena-2012". Photographs illustrate the general view of the plant, inflorescence and pollen grains in different positions and from high to low focus. Plants are grouped into families, where each family has its own color. Atlas is addressed not only to specialists in palynology, but to all who are interested in the flora and vegetation of the Arctic region, including students of geographical, biological and environmental fields.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Chapter 1: Introduction. - Chapter 2: Spatial analyses of thermokarst lakes and basins in Yedoma landscapes of the Lena Delta. - Chapter 3: Evolution of thermokarst in East Siberian ice-rich permafrost: a case study. - Chapter 4: The role of thermal erosion in the degradation of Siberian ice-rich permafrost. - Chapter 5: Synthesis.

Description / Table of Contents: Current climate warming is affecting arctic regions at a faster rate than the rest of the world. This has profound effects on permafrost that underlies most of the arctic land area. Permafrost thawing can lead to the liberation of considerable amounts of greenhouse gases as well as to significant changes in the geomorphology, hydrology, and ecology of the corresponding landscapes, which may in turn act as a positive feedback to the climate system. Vast areas of the east Siberian lowlands, which are underlain by permafrost of the Yedoma-type Ice Complex, are particularly sensitive to climate warming because of the high ice content of these permafrost deposits.Thermokarst and thermal erosion are two major types of permafrost degradation in periglacial landscapes. The associated landforms are prominent indicators of climate-induced environmental variations on the regional scale. Thermokarst lakes and basins (alasses) as well as thermo-erosional valleys are widely distributed in the coastal lowlands adjacent to the Laptev Sea. This thesis investigates the spatial distribution and morphometric properties of these degradational features to reconstruct their evolutionary conditions during the Holocene and to deduce information on the potential impact of future permafrost degradation under the projected climate warming. The methodological approach is a combination of remote sensing, geoinformation, and field investigations, which integrates analyses on local to regional spatial scales.Thermokarst and thermal erosion have affected the study region to a great extent. In the Ice Complex area of the Lena River Delta, thermokarst basins cover a much larger area than do present thermokarst lakes on Yedoma uplands (20.0 and 2.2 %, respectively), which indicates that the conditions for large-area thermokarst development were more suitable in the past. This is supported by the reconstruction of the development of an individual alas in the Lena River Delta, which reveals a prolonged phase of high thermokarst activity since the Pleistocene/Holocene transition that created a large and deep basin. After the drainage of the primary thermokarst lake during the mid-Holocene, permafrost aggradation and degradation have occurred in parallel and in shorter alternating stages within the alas, resulting in a complex thermokarst landscape. Though more dynamic than during the first phase, late Holocene thermokarst activity in the alas was not capable of degrading large portions of Pleistocene Ice Complex deposits and substantially altering the Yedoma relief. Further thermokarst development in existing alasses is restricted to thin layers of Holocene ice-rich alas sediments, because the Ice Complex deposits underneath the large primary thermokarst lakes have thawed completely and the underlying deposits are ice-poor fluvial sands. Thermokarst processes on undisturbed Yedoma uplands have the highest impact on the alteration of Ice Complex deposits, but will be limited to smaller areal extents in the future because of the reduced availability of large undisturbed upland surfaces with poor drainage. On Kurungnakh Island in the central Lena River Delta, the area of Yedoma uplands available for future thermokarst development amounts to only 33.7 %. The increasing proximity of newly developing thermokarst lakes on Yedoma uplands to existing degradational features and other topographic lows decreases the possibility for thermokarst lakes to reach large sizes before drainage occurs.Drainage of thermokarst lakes due to thermal erosion is common in the study region, but thermo-erosional valleys also provide water to thermokarst lakes and alasses. Besides these direct hydrological interactions between thermokarst and thermal erosion on the local scale, an interdependence between both processes exists on the regional scale. A regional analysis of extensive networks of thermo-erosional valleys in three lowland regions of the Laptev Sea with a total study area of 5,800 km² found that these features are more common in areas with higher slopes and relief gradients, whereas thermokarst development is more pronounced in flat lowlands with lower relief gradients. The combined results of this thesis highlight the need for comprehensive analyses of both, thermokarst and thermal erosion, in order to assess past and future impacts and feedbacks of the degradation of ice-rich permafrost on hydrology and climate of a certain region.

Description / Table of Contents: Content: PART 1 / OVERVIEW. - Why the IPY-CFL Project?. - PART 2 / THE IPY-CFL SYSTEM STUDY. - 2.1 The Project. - 2.2 The IPY-CFL Science Plan. - 2.3 The IPY-CFL study site and sampling strategy. - 2.4 Summary of results. - PART 3 / THE RESULTS. - 3.1 Team 1: Physical oceanography. - 3.2 Team 2: Sea ice. - 3.3 Team 3: Light, nutrients and primary production. - 3.4 Team 4: Food webs. - 3.5 Team 5: Marine mammals. - 3.6 Team 6: Gas fluxes. - 3.7 Team 7: Carbon and nutrient fluxes. - 3.8 Team 8: Contaminants. - 3.9 Team 9: Modelling. - 3.10 Team 10: Inuvialuit traditional knowledge. - PART 4 / OUTREACH. - 4.1 Introduction and rationale. - 4.2 Education. - 4.3 Outreach. - 4.4 Communication. - 4.5 Conclusion. - 4.6 Importance to science. - 4.7 Importance to society. - PART 5 / DATA MANAGEMENT. - 5.1 Introduction and rationale. - 5.2 The Polar Data Catalogue. - 5.3 The IPY-CFL data legacy. - PART 6 / LOOKING AHEAD. - 6.1 The IPY-CFL legacy. - 6.2 The IPY-CFL lineage. - 6.3 Where do we go from here?. - References. - Acknowledgements. - People of the CFL.

Description / Table of Contents: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Mitarbeiter des Beirats. - Danksagung. - Kästen. - Tabellen. - Abbildungen. - Akronyme. - Zusammenfassung. - Einleitung. - 1 Die Meere im Anthropozän. - 1.1 Nutzung der Meere. - 1.2 Die Bedrohung der Meere. - 1.3 Mögliche neue Nutzungen. - 1.4 Die Zukunft des Ökosystems Meer gestalten. - 2 Weltgesellschaft und Gesellschaftsvertrag. - 2.1 Weltgesellschaft und Weltmeere. - 2.2 Ein Gesellschaftsvertrag für die Meere. - 3 Governance anthropogener Meeresnutzung. - 3.1 Spezifika der Meere. - 3.2 Völkerrechtlicher Rahmen der Meeres-Governance: UNCLOS. - 3.3 Globale Meeres-Governance: UN-Institutionen und Aktivitäten. - 3.4 Regionale Governance der Meere. - 3.5 Private Governance der Meere. - 3.6 Ausgewählte Instrumente. - 3.7 Folgerungen. - 4 Nahrung aus dem Meer. - 4.1 Marine Fischerei. - 4.2 Aquakultur. - 4.3 Wechselwirkungen zwischen Fischerei und Aquakultur. - 4.4 Systemische Wirkungen: Land/Meer-Interaktionen und Rückkopplungen mit dem Erdsystem. - 4.5 Folgerungen. - 5 Energie aus dem Meer. - 5.1 Fossile Energieträger aus dem Meer. - 5.2Erneuerbare Energien. - 5.3 Vision für ein marines Energiesystem der Zukunft. - 5.4 Governance. - 5.5 Folgerungen. - 6 Synthese: Die blaue Revolution. - 6.1 Die Meere als gemeinsames Erbe der Menschheit. - 6.2 Expansion in die Meere. - 6.3 Eine neue Initiative für den Schutz und die nachhaltige Nutzung der Meere. - 6.4 Elemente einer neuen Meerespolitik. - 7 Handlungsempfehlungen. - 7.1 Handlungsleitende Prinzipien einer künftigen Meeres-Governance. - 7.2 Die WBGU-Vision einer umfassenden Reform des internationalen Seerechts. - 7.3 Handlungsempfehlungen: Der Weg zu einer umfassenden Seerechtsreform. - 7.4 Nahrung aus dem Meer. - 7.5 Energienutzung aus dem Meer für die Energiesystemtransformation. - 8 Empfehlungen für Forschung und Bildung. - 8.1 Forschung im Kontext der Transformation zur Nachhaltigkeit. - 8.2 Transformationsforschung für die Meere. - 8.3 Transformative Forschung für die Meere. - 8.4 Empfehlungen zur Forschungspolitik. - 9 Literatur. - 10 Glossar.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Indigenous peoples and biodiversity in the Arctic. - 1 Synthesis: Implications for Conservation. - 2 Species Diversity in the Arctic. - 3 Mammals. - 4 Birds. - 5 Amphibians and Reptiles. - 6 Fishes. - 7 Terrestrial and Freshwater Invertebrates. - 8 Marine Invertebrates. - 9 Plants. - 10 Fungi. - 11 Microorganisms. - 12 Terrestrial Ecosystems. - 13 Freshwater Ecosystems. - 14 Marine Ecosystems. - 15 Parasites. - 16 Invasive Species: Human-Induced. - 17 Genetics. - 18 Provisioning and Cultural Services. - 19 Disturbance, Feedbacks and Conservations. - 20 Linguistic Diversity.

Description / Table of Contents: The eyes of the world are turning northwards. In recent years, interest in the Arctic has increased dramatically within and outside of Arctic countries. This is reflected in the amount of attention given to Arctic biodiversity. While the landscapes and wildlife have been the subject of explorers, scientists, artists and photographers as well as the home of a variety of peoples for a long time, until recently Arctic biodiversity did not feature very prominently in national or international policy work. This, however, is changing, as the unique values of Arctic nature are increasingly discussed at high levels. At the same time, more and more attention has been paid to the interface between science and policy to ensure that policy is built on the best science available. Biodiversity is life. It is the very foundation of our existence on Earth. In the Arctic, links between biodiversity and traditional ways of life are often seen more clearly than in many other parts of the world. These are examples of ecosystem services, the benefits that we receive from nature. Many ecosystems and ecosystem functions in the Arctic remain largely unstudied and involve little-known organisms, especially microbes. The Arctic Biodiversity Assessment presents current knowledge also on these processes and organisms and thus provides a base for further work.

Description / Table of Contents: Table des matières: Éditorial. - Les pôles. - La participation de la Marine aux activités des Terres australes et antarctiques françaises. - L'Union européenne et l'Arctique. - Activités françaises en Antarctique. L'exploration, la science et l'État. - Le statut de l'Antarctique, cinquante ans après la signture du traité de Washington. - L'Antarctique en 2010: brève approche géopolitique du sixième continent. - Les enjeux militaires de l'Arctique. - Le Canada, pays nordique, pays arctique. - La conquête des pôles. - Dans les pas de Paul-Émile Victor. - Le rechauffement climatique et les écosystèmes polaires. - Une aventure humaine et technologique. Le défi de l'Arctique. - La réalité économique des voies maritimes du nord. - La prospection et l'exploitation de nouvelles réserves d'hydrocarbures en Arctique. - Le tourisme polaire en vitesse de croisière.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface. - The importance of marine fish. - The role of fish in the ecosystem. - Diversity at risk. - Conclusion: the "big picture" in the ocean. - Of fish and folk. - Fish - a prized commodity. - The goodness in fish. - Conclusion: Source of nutrition and income for millions. - Plenty more fish in the sea?. - The global hunt for fish. - The deep sea - remote and endangered. - Illegal fishing. - Conclusion: Slow but steady improvement. - A bright future for fish farming. - Aquaculture - protein provider for the world. - Towards more eco-friendly aquaculture. - Conclusion: The future of farmed fish. - Getting stock management right. - Fishing at its limit. - Towards better fisheries management. - Turning the tide in fisheries policy?. - Conclusion: Learning from bitter experience?. - Overall conclusion. - Glossary. - Abbreviations. - Contributors. - Bibliography. - Table of figures. - Index. - Partners and Acknowlegments. - Publication details.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface. - 1The world oceans, global climate driver. - Earth's climate system - a complex framework. - The great ocean currents - the climate engine. - Conclusion: Time to act. - 2 How climate change alters ocean chemistry. - The oceans - the largest CO2-reservoir. - The consequences of ocean acidification. - Oxygen in the ocean. - Climate change impacts on methane hydrates. - Conclusion: Material fluxes - getting the full picture. - 3 The uncertain future of the coasts. - Sea-level rise - an unavoidable threat. - How nature and humankind alter the coasts. - The battle for the coast. -Conclusion: The future of the coast - defence or orderly retreat?. - 4 Last stop: The ocean - polluting the seas. - Over-fertilization of the seas. - Organic pollutants in the marine environment. - Litter - pervading the ocean. - Oil pollution of marine habitats. - Conclusion: Much to be done .... - 5 Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems. - Biological systems under stress. - Disruption to the plankton cycle. - Species encroaching on alien territories. - Marine biodiversity - a vital resource. - Conclusion: Impacts and repercussions. - 6 Exploiting a living resource: Fisheries. - Marine fisheries - the state of affairs. - The causes of overfishing. - Classic approaches to fisheries management. - Toward more sustainable fisheries. - Conclusion: Is sustainable fishing feasible?. - 7 Marine minerals and energy. - Fossil fuels. - Marine minerals. - Methane hydrates. - Renewable energies. - Conclusion: Pressure on the ocean floor is growing. - 8 Maritime highways of global trade. - Global shipping - a dynamic market. - Obstacles to global shipping: Piracy and terrorism. - Conclusion: A look at the future. - 9 Medical knowledge from the sea. - Active substances from marine creatures. - Searching for the causes of desease. - Legal issues in marine medical research. - Conclusion: The dawn of a new era?. - 10 The law of the sea: A powerful instrument. - A constitution for the seas. - The limits to the law of the sea. - Conclusion: The future of the law of the sea. - Overall conclusion. - Glossary. - Abbreviations. - Authors and partners. - Bibliography. - Index. - Table of figures. - Publication details.