ALBERT

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) Units of measurement Introduction Test procedure Pavement types Deicing chemicals Description of tests Discussion Literature cited Appendix A: Test results Appendix B: Portland cement concrete materials data

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sampling and analytical procedures Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Summary Introduction Recent ice research in Denmark General Structures with vertical faces Wedges with inclined faces Recording of the strength of natural ice Artificial ice — properties and manufacture General Composition of material Order of mixing ingredients Rupture theory Theoretical approach Initial contact Forces acting on wedge Maximum force and actual force Principal stress equations 8Dynamic equations Intermittent nature of force Theoretical curve Verifiction of theory by model tests Description Width of rupture channel Plotting of results Engineering application Comparison with Korahavin’s results Recommendations for future research References Appendix A

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental procedure Snow collection Spectrophotometric methods Data analysis Potential sources of error Presentation of results Continuous-scan measurements Comparison of sequential bandpass and continuous-scan measurements Theoretical calculations Discussion of results Differences in amplitude of reflectance measurements Irregularities in the shape of spectral reflectance curves The true spectral reflectance of snow in the ultraviolet region Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Absolute reflectance values of pressed BaSO4 powder

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Principles of cutting Forces acting on a single cutter Theoretical Ideas on cutting Experimental data on cutting forces Effect of chipping depth on tool forces Effect of rake angle on tool forces Effect of relief angle on cutting forces Effect of side rake on tool forces Effect of base angle or face profile on tool forces Effect of rounding at the cutting edge Effect of tool width on cutting forces Tool compliance and force fluctuations Effect of tool speed on cutting forces Effect of rock properties on cutting forces Tool interaction and kerf spacing Effect of multiple pass cutting on tool forces Effect of tool wear on cutting forces Development of wear Energetics of cutting Energetics of parallel-motion tools Variation of specific energy with chipping depth for a single tool Effect of rake angle on specific energy Effect of relief angle on specific energy Effect of side rake on specific energy Effect of base angle or face profile on specific energy Effect of tip radius on specific energy Effect of tool width on specific energy Effect of tool speed on specific energy Variation of specific energy with rock properties Effect of kerf spacing on specific energy Effect of multiple pass cutting on specific energy Effect of tool wear on specific energy General summary Literature cited Appendix Α. Additional data for ice Appendix Β. Conversion factors: U.S. customary and metric units of measurement

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The protected membrane roof Winter construction considerations Construction costs Conclusion

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Symbols Introduction Background Objectives Experimental procedures Principles of electromagnetic resistivity surveying Resistivity of earth materials Radiowave propagation within the earth-ionosphere waveguide Radiowave interaction with the earth Instrumentation Airborne Ground Methods Experimental procedures Test site Survey traverses Results Study no. 1 — standard survey Study no. 2 — topographic and resistive effects upon £ xq and £ z j Study no. 3 — general effects of altitude upon geologic resolution Study no. 4 — ground level study of phase and amplitude effects The standard survey reevaluated Conclusions and final remarks . Literature cited Appendix: Glossary of geologic terms used ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Electromagnetic field vectors of a radiowave propagating over the earth’s su rface Resistivity ranges of most earth materials Two radiowave propagation modes in the earth-ionosphere waveguide Coverage for well-known LF stations Simply layered flat earth model used for deriving the definitions of apparent resistivity and also used in modern data interpretation techniques Skin depth of radiowaves as a function of frequency for various values of resistivity

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Theory Limiting span of an arch Flow of pack ice through converging channels Stoppage of flow Applications St. Lawrence Amundsen Gulf Bering Strait Conclusion References

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurements Introduction The freezing proeess Icing observations Geographical distribution of icing and contributing meteorological conditions Extreme icing conditions Extremes of icc accumulation Prediction of icing occurrences Prediction of icing intensity and rate Control methods Measurement of icing rate Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Maps of icing occurrence and rate Appendix B. Data for computing ship icing rates Appendix C. Estimation of ice accumulation

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Description of experiment Apparatus Test procedure Experimental results Summary of experimental tests Influence of coolant water flow rates Approximation of the rate of melting Comparison of experimental and computed results Comparative analysis of the model sinks Approximation of the heat transfer coefficient Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Experimental data, heat sink Model II Appendix B. Heat sink scaling and similarity relationships Appendix C. Derivation of the relationships for the heat transfer coefficient, Reynolds and Nusselt numbers Appendix D. Determination of freezing rates and refrigeration loads Appendix E. Approximation of stresses in the heat sink tank

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S.customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Location of test sites Fairbanks Anchorage Hanover, N.H. Test program Instrumentation Effectiveness Therma lefficiency Heat balance within the roof Comparisons with conventional systems Conclusions Effectiveness of the test roof Thermal efficiency Heat balance within the roof Applicability Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Temperature and heat flow measurements, Anchorage and Fairbanks, Alaska, and Hanover, New Hampshire Appendix B. Thermal efficiencies of the test roof, Anchorage and Fairbanks, Alaska, and Hanover, New Hampshire Appendix C. January 1973 and August 1972 comparisons of protected membrane and conventional built-up membrane systems at Hanover, New Hampshire

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction I. Initiation of ice jams by partial surface obstructions A. Introductory remarks B. Experimental apparatus and procedure C. Dimensional analysis D. Presentation of results and discussion ΙΙ. Thickness of ice jams due to accumulation and transport of ice floes A. Introductory remarks B. Experimental apparatus and procedures C. Presentation of results E. Conclusion III. Compressive strength of floating fragmented ice covers A. Introductory remarks B. Experimental setup and procedure C. Presentation of results and discussion D. Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Experimental results on ice jam initiation Appendix B: Effect of surface tension on submergence velocity of ice floes Appendix C: Experimental results for ice jam thickness study Appendix D: Experimental results on compressive strength of fragmented ice cover

Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Background Objectives Profiling system Approach Profiling method Data reduction and interpretation Results Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Comparison of ground and aerial data

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Ice thickness and quantity Chronology of the 1975 Chena River breakup Checkpoint 3 Checkpoint 4 Checkpoint 5 Checkpoint 6 Checkpoint A Checkpoint 7 Checkpoint C Checkpoint D Checkpoint 8 Checkpoint 10 Checkpoint 11 Checkpoint 12 Spring flooding and debris The 1976 Chena River breakup Breakup in other years Summary and conclusions Appendix A. Sequential photographs of 1975 breakup at checkpoints 3-12

Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Summary Nomenclature Introduction Water movement through snow Vertical percolation Lateral flow Flat roofs Sloping roofs Rainfall intensity-duration effects Miscellaneous effects Radial flow to drains Flow along gutters on snow-covered roofs Snow structure Basal layer Conclusion Literature citied Appendix A. Computer program calculating roof loads from rain-on-snow

Note: Contents: Foreword by the Pilot-Astronaut of the U.S.S.R A. G. Nikolayev. - Information of the TASS. - Programme of the Optical investigation of the Emission of the Atmosphere, Auroae and Noctilucent clouds aboard the Orbital Station "Salyut-4" / A. I. Lazarev, V. N. Sergeyevich. - Observations of Aurorae from Space / D. S. Yevlashin, P. I. Klimuk, I. I. Koksharov, A. I. Lazarev, V. I. Sevastyanov, V. N. Sergyevich. - Visual observations and photography of noctilucent clouds aboard orbital station "Saljut-4" / Ch. I. Willmann, P. I. Klimuk, P. I. Koksharov, V. I. Sevastyanov, V. N. Sergeyevich. - The physical interpretation of the spectra of noctilucent clouds / O. A. Avaste, A. M. Alekseyev, U. K. Veismann, Ch. I. Willmann, P. I. Klimuk, I. I. Koksharov, A. I. Lazarev, V. I. Sevastyanov, V. N. Sergeyevich, E. O. Fedorova, K. A. Eerme. - The determination of the daytime and twilight profiles of the O2(1Δg) at 1.27 µm from measurements aboard the orbital station "Salyut-4" / O. A. Avaste, U. K. Veismann, Ch. I. Willmann, G. M. Grechko, A. A. Gubarev, P. I. Klimuk, G. I. Lobanova, O. I. Popov, V. I. Sevastyanov, E. O. Fedorova, K. A. Eerme. - Horizontal optical inhomogeneity of the Upper Atmosphere in middle and equatorial latitudes according to the observations aboard the orbital station "Salyut-4" / S. V. Avakyan, P. I. Klimuk, I. I. Koksharov, A. I. Lazarev, V. I. Sevastyanov. - Observations of the earth's night and twilight horizons from the orbital station "Salyut-4" / P. I. Klimuk, I. I. Koksharov, A. I. Lazarev, G. I. Lobanova, E. M. Saar, V. I. Sevastyanov, V. N. Sergeyevich. - Meteor observation and cosmic dust investigation / Ch. I. Willmann, P. I. Klimuk, V. N. Lebedinets, V. I. Sevastyanov. - Ultraviolet radiation measurements of the moon and of the earth's upper atmosphere from the orbital station "Salyut-4" / V. B. Vasilyev, G. M. Grechko, A. A. Gubarev, B. M. Stolberg, V. M. Tiit, N.-R. A. Elmet, R. V. Shatskina. - Observations of the first expedition aboard the orbital station "Salyut-4" / A. I. Lazarev, G. M. Grechko, A. A. Buznikov. - Appendix. , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Summary Introduction Problem General review of the subject Experimental apparatus General considerations Water reservoir Test chamber assembly Pumping system Electrical control system Experimental procedure Experimental results Discussion and comparison of results Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: US, customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Infrared camera Core samples State House State House Annex State Library Legislative Office Building Public Health Complex Highway Garage Fish and Game Offlces Supreme Court John O. Morton Building Department of Health and Welfare Laboratory Economics of roof reinsulation Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Impulse radar system Results and discussion Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Relative locations where impulse radar measurements were made andsamples for moisture determinations were obtained on the CRREL roof Impulse radar signal reflected from metal sheet resting on roof Impulse radar signal reflection from roof at station A Impulse radar surface reflection coefficient versus moisture contentofroof Impulse radar signal reflection from aluminum foil on bottom of con-crete form and from aluminum sheet metal resting on top of form Unconfined compressive strength of concrete versus time Examples of X-Y plots of impulse radar signals obtained during thesounding of concrete slab Impulse radar signal reflection coefficients versus time for acuring concrete slab Calculated impulse radar signal attenuation in concrete slab versuselapsed time Dielectric constants versus time calculated from impulse radar signalInformation obtained during curing of concrete slab Unconfined compressive strength of concrete versus corrected reflec-tion coefficient calculated from impulse radar signal data obtainedduring the curing of concrete slab TABLES Comparison of roof moisture content with radar surface reflection coefficient and dielectric constant

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Forces on individual cutters Torque force and tool force Forces on the rotor axis Tractive thrust and down thrust Alternative tool force formulations Vehicle traction Power/weight ratio Weight and balance Force, torque, speed and power Specific energy Efficiency and performance index Power density Power requirements for ejection of cuttings Hydrodynamic resistance in underwater cutting

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift , Inhaltsverzeichnis in englischer Sprache (Seite 6- 8])

Note: Karlsruhe, Univ., Diss., 1977 , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS: I. EINLEITUNG. - II. THEORETISCHER HINTERGRUND. - II.1. Allgemeines und Definition. - II.2. Theorie der Isotopeneffekte. - III. AUSWAHL UND BESCHREIBUNG DER SYSTEME. - III.1. Das System Blei - Schwefel. - III.2. Das System Silber - Schwefel. - III.3. Das System Kupfer - Schwefel. - IV. SYNTHETISIERUNG DER SULFIDE. - IV.1. Wahl der Methode. - IV.2. Herstellung der Reaktionsröhrchen. - IV.3. Reaktionsöfen: Beschreibung, Temperatursteuerung und Messung. - IV. 4. DurchfUhrung der Experimente 16 V. TRENNUNG UND IDENTIFIZIERUNG DER PHASEN, MESSUNG DER ISOTOPENVERHÄLTNISSE. - V.1. Trennung der Phasen. - V.2. Identifizierung der Phasen. - V.2.1. Herstellung der Erzanschliffe. - V.2.2. Erzmikroskopische Untersuchungen. - V.2.3. Röntgenographische Untersuchungen. - V.3. Messung der Isotopenverhältnisse. - V.3.1. Präparation des Meßgases. - V.3.2. Messung der Isotopenverhältnisse. - VI. VERSUCHSBESCHREIBUNG UND ERGEBNISSE. - VI.1. Das System Blei - Schwefel. - VI.1.1. Versuchstemperatur 280°C. - VI.1.2. Versuchstemperatur 410°C. - VI.1.3. Versuchstemperatur 500°C. - VI.1.4. Versuchstemperatur 600°C. - VI.1.5. Versuchstemperatur 700°C. - VI.1.6. Temneraturabhängigkeit der Schwefelisotopenfraktionierung im System Pb - S. - VI.2. Das System Kupfer - Schwefel. - VI.2.1. Versuchstemperatur 280°C. - VI.2.2. Versuchstemperatur 410°C. - VI.2.3. Versuchstemneratur 490°C. - VI.2.4. Versuchstemperatur 510°C. - VI.2.5. Versuchstemperatur 530°C. - VI.2.6. Versuchstemperaturen 600°C und 630°C. - VI.2.7. Versuchstemperatur 700°C. - VI.2.8. Temperaturabhängigkeit der Schwefelisotopenfraktionierung im System Cu - S. - VI.3. Das System Silber - Schwefel. - VI.3.1. Versuchstemperatur 280°C. - VI.3.2. Versuchstemperatur 410°C. - VI.3.3. Versuchstemneratur 500°C. - VI.3.4. Versuchstemperatur 600°C. - VI.3.5. Versuchstemneratur 630°C. - VI.3.6. Versuchstemueratur 700°C VI.3.7. Temperaturabhängigkeit der Schwefelisotopenfraktionierung im System Ag - S. - VI. 4. Das Schwefelisotopenthermometer der Sulfide Bleiglanz - Covellin - Digenit (Chalkosin)Argentit. - VII DISKUSSION DER ERGEBNISSE. - VII. 1. Stellung im Vergleich mit anderen experimentellen Arbeiten. - VII. 2. Stellung der Ergebnisse im theoretischen Rahmen. - VII. 3. Bildungstemperaturbestimmung von Erzlagerstätten mit Hilfe des Schwefelisotopenthermometers. - VIII. SCHLUßFOLGERUNGEN. - IX. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG. - X. LITERATURVERZEICHNIS. - XI. ANHANG. - Bildtafeln der erzmikroskopischen Aufnahmen.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Ice boom basic principles General loading considerations Design ice areas Prediction of ice boom loads Summary Ice cover forces Ice barrier reaction force Ice forces in the structure Analytical relationships Design force summary Special features Extension of west ice boom Pipe restraint structure Diagonal anchor cables Measurement systems Measured anchor cable forces Data records Average and peak loads Ice activity on or about 1 February 1976 C3W cable forces Ship-induced leads Ice cover load check Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. St. Marys River ice booms test data

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Study areas Study methods Winter freeze-up Composition of ice cover Freezing degree day records and applications Evaluation of ice growth coefficient α Growth history and entrapped bubble stratigraphy Mechanical properties Electrolytic conductivity Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sample preparation Apparatus and testing procedure Test results Discussion Compressive strength Tensile strength Initial tangent and 50% stress moduli Specific energy Mode of failure Strength as a function of unfrozen water Thermal activation Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Background Objectives Subarctic snow General Snow processing Construction productivity Shovel capacity Snow piles Bullet behavior and penetration in snow Test procedure M16 M60 ball M60 tracers .50 caliber Tumbling Bullet deformation and breakage Design penetration values Defensive works of snow Revetments Snow bags The snow trench The hardened snow trench Breastworks and bunkers Evaluation of foreign technology Russian expedient snow trenches Snow blocks and block structures The snow arch An expedient shelter Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Preface An approach to the problem of the structure of the cryolithosphere of the Mars / R. O. Kuzmin Underground glaciation of the Kolyma lowland / A. A. Arkhangelov The temperature regime and the cryogenic structure of frozen rocks in the eastern part of the Bolshezemelskaya Tundra / N. V. Tumel Some specifis features of the formation of cryogenic textures in the Quaternary deposits of the Ryveem River lower reaches / O. Yu. Parmuzina Some general regularities in the transformation of dispersed rock composition by cryogenic processes / V. N. Konishchev On the postsedimentation changes in the subaerial cryolithogenic deposits of the Middle Lena area / Kh. G. Zigert and M. I. Turbina Ice-ground veins / G. E. Rozenbaum About the earth veins of Central Yakutia / T. P. Kuznetsova Cryogenic slope formation / V. G. Chigir Dynamo-metamorphism of ice with short-term creep / Yu. R. Zaretsky, V. I. Solomatin and B. D. Chumichev The sublimation re-distribution of substance in poligonal-wedge ice / S. S. Gasanov , Содержавие Предисловие R вопросу о строевии криолитосферы Марса /Р. О. Кузьмив Подземное оледенение севера Колымской низменности в повдвем кайнозое / А. А. Арханrелов Температурный режим и криоrенное строение мерзлых пород восточной части Большеземель,ской тундры / Н. В. Тумель Некоторые особенности формирования криоrенных текстур в четвертичных отложениях низовья р. Рывеем / О. Ю. Пармузина Некоторые общие закономерности преобразования состава дисперсных пород криоrенными процессами / В. Н. Конищев О постседиментационных изменениях субаэральных криолитоrенных отложений Средней Лены / Х. Г. 3иrерт, М. И. Турбина Ледоrрунтовые жилы / Г. Э. Розенбаум О земляных жилах Центральной Rкутии / Т. П. Кyзнецова Криогенное склонообразование / В. Г. Чиrир. Дивамометаморфизм льда при кратковременной ползучести / Ю. К Зарецкий, В. И . Соломатин, Б. Д. Чумичев Сублимационное перера,спределение в еществ в повторношильных льдах / Ш. Ш. Гасапов , In kyrillischer Schrift , Inhaltsverzeichnis und Vorwort in englischer Sprache

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Abstract. - Acknowledgments. - List of Figures. - List of Plates. - List of Tables. - Value of Microparticle Studies. - Reasons for Variations in Particle Concentration. - Laboratory Techniques. - Particle Concentration and Size Distribution. - Sample Preparation. - Contamination. - Particle Counters. - Laboratory Procedures. - Particle Composition. - Sample Preparation. - Types of Particles and Their Seasonal Variation. - Particle Types. - Variations of Particle Concentrations. - Antarctic Peninsula. - Marie Byrd Land. - Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru. - Annual Layers in Deep Ice Cores. - Chronologies for the Byrd and Camp Century Deep Ice Cores. - The Byrd Station Deep Ice Core. - Age Calculation. - Discussion. - The Camp Century Deep Ice Core. - Vertical Strain Rates. - Age Calculation. - Discussion. - Morphology and Elemental Composition of Microparticles. - Data Analysis. - Results. - Discussion. - The Relationships Among Dust, Oxygen Isotopes and Climate. - Microparticle Variations Over Millennial Time Invervals. - Dust, Oxygen Isotopes and Climate. - Discussion. - Is There A Relationship Between Volcanic Activity and Climatic Change?. - General. - Theory. - Supportive Evidence. - Cycles. - Discussion. - Suggestions for Future Work. - Conclusions. - References. - Appendix A. - Appendix B. - Appendix C. - Appendix D.

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: Translation of TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Chapter 1. Some physical properties of snow Formation of ice crystals in the atmosphere Formation of snow cover Density and Porosity Breathability Water holding capacity and water permeability Heat capacity Latent heat of fusion and sublimation of ice Water vapor diffusion Thermal conductivity Metamorphism Chapter 2. Patterns of deformation and destruction of snow Deformation of ice crystals Interaction of snow grains Basic patterns of deformation and destruction of snow Chapter 3. Elastic properties of snow Propagation of elastic waves in snow Elastic deformations under static and dynamic loads Chapter 4. Snow compaction Compression seal. Snow compaction during compaction Snow compaction under short-term and vibration loads Techniques for artificial snow compaction Chapter 5. Snow Creep Shear creep Creep under uniaxial compression Tensile creep Creep under complex stress conditions Stress relaxation Creep under variable loads Chapter 6. Strength characteristics of snow Snow destruction Shear Strength Tensile strength Uniaxial compressive strength Snow hardness Bearing capacity of snow cover Chapter 7. Surface friction and snow adhesion Sliding friction Static friction and adhesion Chapter 8, Stability of snow cover on mountain slopes Compaction and flow of snow cover Limit equilibrium of snow cover on a flat slope Interaction of snow cover on a slope with obstacles Limit equilibrium of snow cover on a slope with complex orography Violation of the stability of snow cover and the occurrence of pavements Artificial retention of snow cover on mountain slopes Conclusion Literature , ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ Предисповие Гпава 1. Некоторые физические свойства снега Образование кристаплов льда в атмосфере Формирование снежного покрова Плотность и пористость Воздухопроницаемость Водоудерживающая способность и водопроницаемость Теплоемкость Скрытая теплота плавления и возгонки льда Диффузия водяного пара Теплопроводность Метаморфизм Глава 2. Закономерности деформирования и разрушения снега Деформирование кристаплов льда Взаимодействие зерен снега Основные закономерности деформирования и разрушения снега Глава 3. Упругие свойства снега Распространение упругих волн в снеге Упругие деформации при статических и динамических нагрузках Глава 4. Уплотнение снега Компрессионное уплотнение. Уплотнение снега в процессе попзучести Уплотнение снега под действием кратковременных и вибрационных нагрузок Приемы искусственного уплотнения снега Глава 5. Ползучесть снега Ползучесть при сдвиге Ползучесть при одноосном сжатии Ползучесть при растяжении Ползучесть в условиях сложного напряженного состояния Релаксация напряжений Ползучесть при переменных нагрузках Глава 6. Прочностные характеристики снега Разрушение снега Прочность при сдвиге Прочность при растяжении Прочность при одноосном сжатии Твердость снега Несущая способность снежного покрова Глава 7. Поверхностное трение и адгезия снега Трение скольжения Статическое трение и адгезия Глава 8, Устойчивость снежного покрова на склонах гор Уплотнение и течение снежного покрова Предельное равновесие снежного покрова на ровном склоне Взаимодействие снежного покрова на склоне с препятствиями Предельное равновесие снежного покрова на склоне со сложной орографией Нарушение устойчивости снежного покрова и возникновение павин Искусственное удержание снежного покрова на склонах гор Заключение Литературе , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents: Preface. - Chapter 1 Hydrological knowledge of Asia and used materials. - Chapter 2 Method of study. - Chapter 3 Distribution of water balance elements on territory of Asia. - Chapter 4 Water balance zonal features of Asia. - Chapter 5 Water resources of Asia. - Abstract. - References. - Supplement. , In kyrill. Schr.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents: Preface / G. A. Llano. - Welcoming Remarks / W. S. Benninghoff. - The Third Symposium in Historical Perspective / G. A. Knox. - Sir George E. R. Deacon: An Appreciation / K. J. Bertrand. - The Southern Ocean: History of Exploration / Sir George E. R. Deacon. - The Symposium. - Part I: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Marine Phytoplankton Ecosystems. - The Antarctic Marine Ecosystem / Joel W. Hedgpeth. - Primary Production and the Factors Controlling Phytoplankton Growth in the Southern Ocean / O. Holm-Hansen, S. Z. El-Sayed, G. A. Franceschini, and R. L. Cuhel. - Phytoplankton Biomass and Productivity in the Subtropical Convergence Area and Shelves of the Western Indian Subantarctic Islands / Jacqueline Plancke. - Sea Ice Habitats of Signy Island (South Orkneys) and Their Primary Productivity / Terence M. Whitaker. - Dissolved Oxygen and pH Increases by Primary Production in the Surface Water of Arthur Harbor, Antarctica, 1970-1971 / S. V. Shabica, J. W. Hedgpeth, and P. K. Park. - Heterotrophic Activity of Microorganisms in Antarctic Waters / R. Y. Morita, R. P. Griffiths, and S. S. Hayasaka. - Vitamins in the South Polar Seas: Distribution and Significance of Dissolved and Particulate Vitamin B12, Thiamine, and Biotin in the Southern Indian Ocean / A. F. Caducei and R. L. Cuhel. - Discussion. - Part II: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Marine Benthic Ecosystems. - Adaptations within the Antarctic Marine Benthic Ecosystem / Patrick M. Arnaud. - Bacterial Sulfur and Nitrogen Cycles in Sedimentary Deposits of "Fjord Bossière" (Kerguelen Archipelago) / D. Delille. - Antarctic Soft-Bottom, Macrobenthic Community Adaptations to a Cold, Stable, Highly Productive, Glacially Affected Environment / Michael D. Richardson and Joel W. Hedgpeth. - Ecological Adaptations by Antarctic Poikilotherms to the Polar Marine Environment / Martin G. White. - Scoloplos marginatus mcleani: Life Cycle and Adaptations to the Antarctic Benthic Environment / P. Hardy. - Benthic Bionomy of the Continental Shelf of the Kerguelen Archipelago, Macrofauna 2, Diversity of Benthic Annelid Population in a Fjord Close to the Morbihan Gulf / D. Desbruyeres. - Seasonal Variations in the Structure of Populations of Antarctic Polynoids and the Part Played by Polychaetes in the Biocenoses of the Arctic and Antarctic / V. G. Averincev. - Benthic Bionomy of the Continental Shelf of the Kerguelen Islands: Quantitative Data on the Echinoderms of the Morbihan Gulf / Alain Guille. - Seasonal Alterations in Coastal Communities in the Davis Sea / E. N. Gruzov. - First Investigations on the Density of Soft Bottom Meiofauna in Morbihan Bay (Kerguelen Islands) / J. Soyer and F. de Bovee. - Foods and Feeding Characteristics of Antarctic Asteroids and Ophiuroids / John H. Dearborn. - Analysis of the Gigantism and Dwarfness of Antarctic and Subantarctic Gammaridean Amphipoda / Claude De Broyer. - The Breeding Biology of Chorismus antarcticus (Pfeffer) and Notocrangon antarcticus (Pfeffer) (Crustacea, Decapoda) and Its Bearing on the Problems of the Impoverished Antarctic Decapod Fauna / J. Garrey H. Maxwell. - A Preliminary Investigation of the Lipids of Chorismus antarcticus (Pfeffer) (Crustacea, Decapoda) at South Georgia / Andrew Clarke. - Some Additions to Schemes of the Vertical Zonation of Marine Bottom Fauna / A. P. Andriashev. - Quantitative Studies on the Soft-Bottom Macrobenthic Animal Communities of Shallow Antarctic Bays / V. A. Gallardo, J. G. Castillo, M. A. Retamal, A. Yáñez, H. l. Moyano, and J. G. Hermosilla. - Discussion. - Part Ill: Adaptations in Antarctic Vertebrates (Physiology). - Mechanisms of Cold Adaptation in Polar Marine Animals / Bruce L. Umminger. - The Significance of Vertebrates in the Antarctic Marine Ecosystem / Richard M. Laws. - The Role of Glycoprotein Antifreezes in the Survival of Antarctic Fishes / Arthur L. DeVries and Yuan Lin. - New Cytological, Biochemical, and Physiological Data on the Colorless Blood of the Channichthyidae (Pisces, Teleosteans, Perciformes) / J. C. Hureau, J. M. Fine, M. Marneux, and D. Petit. - Respiratory and Circulatory Adaptations to the Absence of Hemoglobin in Chaenichthyid Fishes / Edvard A. Hemmingsen and Everett L. Douglas. - Thermo- and Osmoregulatory Responses Induced by Heating and Cooling the Rostral Brainstem of the Adelie Penguin / H. T. Hammel, J. E. Maggert, E. Simon, L. Crawshaw, and R. Kaul. - Body Temperature Regulation of the Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri G.) During Physiological Fasting / Yvon Le Maho, Philippe Delclitte, and René Groscolas. - Cardiovascular Adaptations of the Giant Petrel, Macronectes giganteus, to the Antarctic Environment / David E. Murrish and Charles L. Guard. - Temperature Regulation in the Newborn Weddell Seal, Leptonychotes weddelli / R. Elsner, D. D. Hammond, D. M. Denison, and R. Wyburn. - Discussion. - Part IV: Adaptations in Antarctic Vertebrates (Ecology). - Evolution Within Pelagic Ecosystems: Aspects of the Distribution and Evolution of the Family Myctophidae / Richard F. McGinnis. - Aspects of the Diet of the Antarctic Silverfish, Pleuragramma antarcticum / H. H. DeWitt and T. L. Hopkins. - The Bacterial Microflora in the Digestive Tracts of Penguins and Fishes from the Kerguelen Islands / R. Lesel and J. P. Menet. - The Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome moseleyi), of Saint Paul and New Amsterdam Islands / T. Duroselle and B. Tollu. - Adaptive Significance of the Reoccupation Period of the Adelie Penguin / E. B. Spurr. - Interactions Between South Polar Skuas and Adelie Penguins / Dietland Müller-Schwarze and Christine Müller-Schwarze. - Comparative Feeding Ecology of the Giant Petrels Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin) and M. halli (Mathews) / G. W. Johnstone. - Feeding Methods in Seabirds: A Comparison of Polar and Tropical Nesting Communities in the Eastern Pacific Ocean / David G. Ainley. - Adaptations of Arctic Terns and Antarctic Terns Within Antarctic Ecosystems / D. F. Parmelee. - Distribution and Abundance of Seals in the Pack Ice of the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean / James R. Gilbert and Albert W. Erickson. - Adaptations of Weddell and Ringed Seals to Exploit the Polar Fast Ice Habitat in the Absence or Presence of Surface Predators / Ian Stirling. - Food Consumption of Seals in the Antarctic Pack Ice / Torger Øritsland. - The Leopard Seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) at Palmer Station, Antarctica / R. J. Hofman, R. A. Reichle, D. B. Siniff, and D. Müller-Schwarze. - Distribution of Toothed Whales in the Antarctic Ocean / Masaharu Nishiwaki. - Discussion. - Part V: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Freshwater Ecosystems. - Antarctic Freshwater Ecosystems: Review and Synthesis / Ronald B. Heywood. - Production and Periodicity of Antarctic Freshwater Phytoplankton / J. J. Light. - Studies on Some Saline Lakes of the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica / K. R. Kerry, D. R. Grace, R. Williams, and H. R. Burton. - Nitrogen and Phosphorus Availability to Plankton: and Benthic Communities in Lake Bonney, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Robert C. Hoehn, Bruce C. Parker, Richard D. Fortner, Barron L. Weand, James A. Craft, Larry S. Lane, Robert W. Stavros, Harold G. Sugg, Jr., and Jeffrey T. Whitehurst. - Changes in Dissolved Organic Matter, Photosynthetic Production, and Microbial Community Composition in Lake Bonney, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Bruce C. Parker, Robert C. Hoehn, Robert A. Paterson, James A. Craft, Larry S. Lane, Robert W. Stavros, Harold G. Sugg, Jr., Jeffrey T. Whitehurst, Richard D. Fortner, and Barron L. Weand. - Discussion. - Part VI: The Structure and Function of Antarctic Terrestrial Ecosystems. - Climatic Relationships in Antarctic and Northern Hemisphere Populations of a Cosmopolitan Moss, Bryum argenteum Hedw. / R. E. Longton and Marjorie A. Maclver. - The Growth of Mosses in Two Contrasting Communities in the Maritime Antarctic: Measurement and Pre , Includes some contributions in French

Note: Contents: CONTRIBUTORS. - PREFACE. - COMPUTATIONAL ASPECTS OF NUMERICAL MODELS FOR WEATHER PREDICTION AND CLIMATE SIMULATION / Akira Kasahara. - I. Introduction. - II. Basic Equations of the Atmosphere. - III. Principal Procedure in Numerical Prediction. - IV. Physical Processes in Prediction Models. - V. Numerical Integration Methods. - VI. Initial Conditions. - VII. Future Outlook. - References. - UNITED KINGDOM METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE FIVE-LEVEL GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL / G. A. Corby, A. Gilchrist, and P. R. Rowntree. - I. Introduction. - II. Coordinate System and Grid. - III. Basic Equations and Finite Difference Approximations. - IV. Dissipation Terms (Lateral Eddy Viscosity). - V. Large-Scale Precipitation and Latent Heating. - VI. Simple Boundary Layer Parameterization. - VII. Representation of Surface Exchange Processes. - VIII. Treatment of Land and Ice Surfaces. - IX. Convective Interchange. - X. Radiation Scheme. - XI. Model's January and July Simulations. - List of Symbols. - References. - A DESCRIPTION OF THE NCAR GLOBAL CIRCULATION MODELS / Warren M. Washington and David L. Williamson. - I. Origin and Development of the NCAR Global Circulation Models. - II. Continuous Equations. - III. Numerical Approximation. - IV. Application of NCAR Models. - References. - COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN OF THE BASIC DYNAMICAL PROCESSES OF THE UCLA GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL / Akio Arakawa and Vivian R. Lamb. - I. Outline of the General Circulation Model.- II. Principles of Mathematical Modeling. - III. Finite Difference Schemes for Homogeneous Incompressible Flow. - IV. Basic Governing Equations. - V. The Vertical Difference Scheme of the Model. - VI. The Horizontal Difference Scheme of the Model. - VII. Vertical and Horizontal Differencing of the Water Vapor and Ozone Continuity Equations. - VIII. Time Differencing. - IX. Summary and Conclusions. - References. - GLOBAL MODELING OF ATMOSPHERIC FLOW BY SPECTRAL METHODS / William Bourke, Bryant McAvaney, Kamal Puri, and Robert Thurling. - I. Introduction. - II. Spectral Algebra. - III. Multilevel Spectral Model. - IV. Numerical Weather Prediction via a Spectral Model. - V. General Circulation via a Spectral Model. - VI. Conclusion. - Appendix. - References. - AUTHOR INDEX. - SUBJECT INDEX. - CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES.

Note: Contents Preface Units and Numerical Values Chapter 1 A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE ATMOSPHERE 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Origin and Composition of the Atmosphere 1.3 The Distribution of Atmospheric Mass and Gaseous Constituents 1.4 Charged Particles in the Atmosphere 1.5 The Temperature Distribution 1.6 Winds in the Earth's Atmosphere 1.7 Precipitation Problems Chapter 2 ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS 2.1 The Gas Laws 2.2 The Hydrostatic Equation and Its Applications 2.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 2.4 Latent Heats 2.5 Adiabatic Processes 2.6 Water Vapor in the Air 2.7 The Concept of Static Stability 2.8 The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy 2.9 Thermodynamic Functions and Equilibrium Conditions Problems Chapter 3 EXTRATROPICAL SYNOPTIC-SCALE DISTURBANCES 3.1 The 500-mb Flow 3.2 Surface Weather Elements 3.3 Interpretation of Synoptic Surface Reports 3.4 Upper Level Structure 3.5 Thickness and Its Relationship to Vertical Structure Problems Chapter 4 ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL AND CLOUD MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES 4.1 Atmospheric Aerosol 4.2 Nucleation of Water Vapor Condensation 4.3 The Microstructure of Warm Clouds 4.4 Growth of Cloud Droplets in Warm Clouds 4.5 The Microphysics of Cold Clouds 4.6 Thunderstorms Problems Chapter 5 CLOUDS AND STORMS 5.1 Cloud Morphology 5.2 The Air-Mass Thunderstorm 5.3 Severe Storms 5.4 Hurricanes 5.5 Extratropical Cyclonic Storms 5.6 Artificial Modification of Clouds and Precipitation Problems Chapter 6 RADIATIVE TRANSFER 6.1 The Spectrum of Radiation 6.2 Absorption and Emission of Radiation by Molecules 6.3 Quantitative Description of Radiation 6.4 Blackbody Radiation 6.5 Absorptivity and Emissivity 6.6 Atmospheric Absorption of Solar Radiation 6.7 Atmospheric Absorption and Emission of lnfrared Radiation 6.8 Scattering of Solar Radiation 6.9 The Role of Radiative Transfer in the Global Energy Balance Problems Chapter 7 THE GLOBAL ENERGY BALANCE 7.1 The Globally Averaged Atmospheric Energy Balance 7.2 The Energy Balance of the Upper Atmosphere 7.3 The Tropospheric Energy Balance 7.4 The Energy Balance at the Earth's Surface 7.5 Time Variations in the Energy Balance Problems Chapter 8 ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS 8.1 Coordinate Systems 8.2 Apparent Forces in a Rotating Coordinate System 8.3 Real Forces 8.4 The Horizontal Equation of Motion 8.5 The Vertical Equation of Motion 8.6 The Thermal Wind 8.7 The Thermodynamic Energy Equation 8.8 The Continuity Equation 8.9 The Primitive Equations Problems Chapter 9 THE GENERAL CIR CU LA TION 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Thermally Driven Circulations in the Absence of Rotation 9.3 The Influence of Planetary Rotation upon Thermally Driven Circulations 9.4 Thermally Driven Circulations in the Tropics 9.5 Baroclinic Disturbances 9.6 The Dissipation of Kinetic Energy 9.7 The Kinetic Energy Cycle 9.8 The Role of the Atmospheric General Circulation in the Hydrologic Cycle 9.9 The Atmospheric Transport of Energy 9.10 The Atmosphere as a Heat Engine Problems Index

Note: Inhalt: 1 Einführung. - 1.1 Hydrologie als Kernbereich der Wasserforschung. - 1.2 Der systemanalytische Ansatz. - 1.3 Gleichungen und Symbole. - 2 Das Wasser in Boden und Pflanze. - 2.1 Einführung. - 2.2 Die Wasserbindung im Boden. - 2.2.1 Die Bindung an der Bodenmatrix. - 2.2.2 Der Losungsdruck. - 2.2.3 Einige mit der Wasserbindung im Boden zusammenhängende Begriffe. - 2.2.4 Die Messung der Wasserbindung und des Wassergehaltes im Boden. - 2.3 Die Wasserbewegung im Boden. - 2.3.1 Einführung. - 2.3.2 Infiltration. - 2.3.3 Die Bewegung des Wassers im gesättigten Boden. - 2.3.4 Die Bewegung des Wassers im ungesättigten Boden. - 2.3.5 Die Entstehung von Eislinsen. - 2.3.6 Die Kontinuitätsgleichung. - 2.4 Die Wasserbewegung durch Pflanze und Boden. - 2.4.1 Einführung. - 2.4.2 Transpiration. - 2.4.3 Evaporation. - 2.4.4 Der Vorgang der Wasserbewegung in der Pflanze. - 2.4.5 Messung der aktuellen Evapotranspiration. - 3 Das Wasser im FIußeinzugsgebiet. - 3.1 Überblick über den Wasserkreislauf. - 3.2 Die Eigenschaften des Einzugsgebietes. - 3.2.1 Böden und Gestein. - 3.2.2 Die Vegetation. - 3.2.3 Das Relief. - 3.2,4 Die Form und Größe des Einzugsgebietes und das Flußnetz. - 3.3 Die Niederschläge. - 3.3.1 Die Bedingungen für die Entstehung von Niederschlägen. - 3.3.2 Die Messung der Niederschläge. - 3.3.3 Die räumliche und zeitliche Verteilung der Niederschläge. - 3.4 Der Oberflächenabfluß. - 3.4.1 Einführung. - 3.4.2 Ganglinienanalyse. - 3.4.3 Abflußmessungen. - 3.5 Das Grundwasser. - 3.5.1 Grundwasservorkommen. - 3.5.2 Einführung in die Strömungsmechanik des Grundwassers. - 3.5.3 Das Gesetz von DARCY. - 3.5.4 Die Grundgleichungen der Grundwasserbewegung. - 3.5.5 Zur Anwendung der DUPUIT-FORCHHEIMER-Gleichungen. - 3.6 Die Beziehungen zwischen Grund- und Flußwasser. - 3.7 Modellvorstellung des Wasserkreislaufes im Einzugsgebiet. - 3.7.1 Einführung. - 3.7.2 Die Grundbausteine. - 3.7.3 Das Konzeptmodell des Wasserkreislaufes eines Einzugsgebietes. - 3.7.4 Der Unit-Hydrograph. - 3.7.5 Ein mathematisches Modell zur Vorhersage und Simulation von Abflußganglinien bei Berücksichtigung der naturräumlichen und kultur-räumlichen Ausstattung der Einzugsgebiete. - 3.7.6 Die Behandlung der Abflüsse als Zufallsprozeß. - 3.8 Die Arbeit des Wassers im Einzugsgebiet. - 3.8.1 Einführung. - 3.8.2 Einige Grundlagen der Hydraulik. - 3.8.3 Die Arbeit des Wassers außerhalb der Gerinne. - 3.8.4 Die Arbeit des Wassers in den Fließgerinnen. - 3.8.5 Andere Einflüsse auf den Sedimenttransport. - 3.8.6 Gleichgewichtsbetrachtungen. - 3.9 Der Wasserhaushalt. - 3.10 Schnee und Eis. - 3.10.1 Schnee. - 3.10.2 Eis und Gletscher. - 3.11 Die Seen. - 3.11.1 Einführung. - 3.11.2 Die Seen im Wasserkreislauf des Einzugsgebietes. - 3.11.3 Die Verdunstung der Seen. - 3.11.4 Das Wärmeverhalten der Seen. - 3.12 Die chemische Beschaffenheit der Gewässer. - 3.12.1 Einführung. - 3.12.2 Die chemische Beschaffenheit des Niederschlagswassers. - 3.12.3 Die Lösung von Stoffen im Wasser. - 3.12.4 Das chemische Verhalten des Grundwassers. - 3.12.5 Das chemische Verhalten von Oberflächengewässern. - 3.13 Die Gewässer als Lebensraum. - 3.13.1 Einführung. - 3.13.2 Die Biotope der Gewässer. - 3.13.3 Die Lebensgemeinschaften der Gewässer. - 3.13.4 Die Gliederung der Seen nach ihrer Primärproduktion. - 3.13.5 Die Lebensgemeinschaften fiießender Gewässer. - 3.13.6 Der Einfluß von Stauseen auf die Flüsse. - 3.14 Die Abwasser- und Wärmebelastung der Gewässer. - 3.14.1 Die Abwasserbelastung der Gewässer. - 3.14.2 Die Wärmebelastung der Fließgewässer. - 3.15 Aufgaben der Wasserwirtschaft. - Literatur und Dokumentation. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Sachverzeichnis. - Namenverzeichnis.