ALBERT

Note: In kyrill. Schr. - Legende russ. u. engl.

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. - PREFACE. - INTRODUCTION. - SYMBOLS AND NOTATION. - PART I. FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS AND MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY OF ICE. - 1.General Concepts. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Equations of Balance. - 3. Material Response. - (a) General constitutive relations, simple materials. - (b) The rule of material objectivity. - (c) Material symmetry. - (d) Constitutive response for isotropie bodies. - (e) Materials with bounded memory-some constitutive representations. - (f) Incompressibility. - (g) Some representations of isotropic functions. - 4. The Entropy Principle. - (a) The viscous heat-conducting compressible fluid. - (b) The viscous heat-conducting incompressible fluid. - (c) Pressure and extra stress as independent variables. - (d) Thermoelastic solid. - (e) Final remarks. - 5. Phase Changes. - (a) Phase changes for a viscous compressible heat-conducting fluid. - (b) Phase changes for a viscous incompressible heat-conducting fluid. - References. - 2. A Brief Summary of Constitutive Relations for Ice. - 1. Preliminary Remarks. - 2. The Mechanical Properties of Hexagonal Ice. - (a) The crystal structure of ordinary ice. - (b) The elastic behavior of hexagonal ice. - (c) The inelastic behavior of single-crystal ice. - 3. The Mechanical Properties of Polycrystalline Ice. - (a) The elastic behavior of polycrystalline ice. - (b) Linear viscoelastic properties of polycrystalline ice. - (α) General theory. - (β) Experimental results. - (c) Non-linear viscous deformation and creep. - (α) Results of creep tests. - (β) Generalization to a three-dimensional flow law. - (γ) Other flow laws. - 4. The Mechanical Properties of Sea Ice. - (a) The phase diagram of standard sea ice and its brine conten. - (b) Elastic properties. - (c) Other material properties. - References. - PART II. THE DEFORMATION OF AN ICE MASS UNDER ITS OWN WEIGHT. - 3. A Mathematical Ice-flow Model and its Application to Parallel-sided Ice Slabs. - 1. Motivation and Physical Description. - 2. The Basic Model - Its Field Equations and Boundary Conditions. - (a) The field equations. - (α) Cold ice region. - (β) Temperate ice region. - (b) Boundary conditions. - (α) At the free surface. - (β) Along the ice-water interface. - (γ) Along the bedrock surface. - (δ) Along the melting surface. - 3. The Response of a Parallel-sided Ice Slab to Steady Conditions. - (a) Dimensionless forms of the field equations. - (b) Parallel-sided ice slab, a first approximation to glacier and ice-shelf flow dynamics. - (α) Velocity and temperature fields x-independent. - (β) Extending and compressing flow. - (γ) Floating ice shelves 4. Concluding Remark. - References. - 4. Thermo-mechanical Response of Nearly Parallel-sided Ice Slabs Sliding over their Bed. - 1. Motivation. - 2. The Basic Boundary-value Problem and its Reduction to Linear Form. - 3. The Solution of the Boundary-value Problems. - (a) Zeroth-order problem. - (b) First-order problem. - (α) Harmonic perturbation from uniform flow for a zero accumulation rate. - (β) Analytic solution for a Newtonian fluid. - (γ) Numerical solution for non-linear rheology. - (δ) Effect of a steady accumulation rate. - (ε) A historical note on a previous approach. - (η) The first-order temperature problem. - (c) Numerical results for steady state. - (α) Transfer of bottom protuberances to the surface. - (β) Basal stresses. - (γ) Surface velocities. - (δ) Effect of a steady accumulation rate. - 4. Remarks on Response to a Time-dependent Accumulation Rate. - 5. Surface-wave Stability Analysis. - (a) The eigenvalue problem. - (b) Discussion of results. - 6. Final Remarks. - References. - 5. The Application of the Shallow-ice Approximation. - 1. Background and Previous Work. - 2. Derivation of the Basal Shear-stress Formula by Integrating the Momentum Equations over Ice Thickness. - (a) Derivation. - (b) The use of the basal shear-stress formula in applied glaciology. - 3. Solution of the Ice-flow Problem using the Shallow-ice Approximation. - (a) Governing equations. - (b) Shallow-ice approximation. - (c) Construction of the perturbation solution. - (d) Results. - (e) Temperature field. - 4. Theoretical Steady-state Profiles. - (a) Earlier theories and their limitations. - (b) Surface profiles determined by using the shallow-ice approximation. - 5. An Alternative Scaling - a Proper Analysis of Dynamics of Ice Sheets with Ice Divides. - (a) Finite-bed inclination. - (b) Small-bed inclination. - (c) Illustrations. - References. - 6. The Response of a Glacier or an Ice Sheet to Seasonal and Climatic Changes. - 1. Statement of the Problem. - 2. Development of the Kinematic Wave Theory. - (a) Full non-linear theory. - (b) Perturbation expansion-linear theory. - (c) An estimate for the coefficients C and D. - (d) Boundary and initial conditions. - 3. Theoretical Solutions for a Model Glacier. - (a) Solutions neglecting diffusion. - (b) Theoretical solutions for a diffusive model. - (α) Coefficient functions for the special model. - (β) Solution for a step function. - (γ) General solution for uniform accumulation rate. - (δ) The inverse problem - calculation of climate from variations of the snout. - 4. General Treatment for an Arbitrary Valley Glacier. - (a) Fourier analysis in time. - (α) Low-frequency response. - (β) High-frequency response. - (γ) Use of the results. - (b) Direct integration methods. - 5. Derivation of the Surface-wave Equation from First Principles Non-linear Theory. - (a) Surface waves in the shallow-ice approximation. - (α) Integration by the methods of characteristics. - (β) An illustrative example. - (γ) A remark on linearization. - (δ) Effects of diffusion. - (b) Remarks regarding time-dependent surface profiles in ice sheets. - (c) Long waves in an infinite ice slab - Is accounting for diffusion enough?. - (α) Basic equations. - (β) Construction of perturbation solutions. - (γ) Numerical results. - 6. Concluding Remarks. - References. - 7. Three-dimensional and Local Flow Effects in Glaciers and Ice Sheets. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Effect of Valley Sides on the Motion of a Glacier. - (a) Solutions in special cases. - (α) Exact solutions for the limiting cases. - (β) Solution for a slightly off-circular channel. - (γ) A note on very deep and wide channels. - (b) A useful result for symmetrical channels with no boundary slip. - (c) Numerical solution - discussion of results. - 3. Three-dimensional Flow Effects in Ice Sheets. - (a) Basic equations. - (b) Decoupling of the stress-velocity problem from the problem of surface profile. - (c) The equation describing the surface geometry. - (d) The margin conditions. - 4. Variational Principles. - (a) Fundamental variational theorem. - (b) Variational principle for velocities. - (c) Reciprocal variational theorem. - (d) Maximum and minimum principles. - (e) Adoption of the variational principles to ice problems. - 5. Discussion of Some Finite-element Solutions. - References. - Appendix: Detailed Calculations Pertaining to Higher-order Stresses in the Shallow-ice Approximation. - AUTHOR INDEX. - SUBJECT INDEX.

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction St. Marys River Ice problems Remedial measures Field studies Highlights, trends, and major findings Modifications to boom Maximum forces Ship traffic Characteristics Effect of boom forces Effect on ice Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Ice boom forces

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experiments Test flume facility Experimental apparatus Experimental procedure Results Plastic versus freshwater ice Shoreline forces Boom forces Average shear stress under ice cover Internal forces Discussion Data scatter Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Experimental results

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Test objectives Experimental setup and procedures Facilities Test fixture Data acquisiton system Ice sheets Measurement of ice properties Daily test summary Experimental results and discussion Observations Ice force records Frequency of ice force variations Discussion Maximum crushing forces Mean effective pressure or specific energy of ice in crushing Failure energy of ice Ratio of maximum force to mean force Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Data for continuous crushing tests

Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 83-October 84. - II. Planned Activities, October 84-October 85. - References.

Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 80-October 81. - II. Planned Activities, October 81-October 82. - References.

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Description of study Model results The problem Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods Site selection and preparation Prespill assessment Seawater application Postspill assessment Enzyme assay and analysis of soil flora Results and discussion Soil-solution conductivities Vascular plant response Cryptogam response Site factors and plant response Soil flora and extracellular soil enzymes Limitations of this study Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Plant taxa included in this study

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Stream bank erosional processes Permafrost and related factors Permafrost and erosion General Erosional processes Bank zone processes Bluff zone processes Factors affecting perm afrost erodibility Exposure to currents and wind waves Texture and stratigraphy Ice content, distribution and type Slope aspect Coriolis force Timing and depth of thaw Water level and temperature Vegetation Ice and snow cover Groundwater Rates and timing of erosion and recession Overall effects of permafrost Recommendations for research Literature cited Appendix A : Processes of stream bank modifications

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Chapter 1. Introduction Location Purpose of study Previous work Chapter 2. Methodology Geology Overland erosion Wave erosion Frost penetration and heave Thaw failure Bank recession Ground water Soil moisture Chapter 3. Results Geology Geotechnical properties Overland erosion Wave erosion Freeze-thaw phenomena Ground water fluctuations Other slope failures Chapter 4. Discussion Overland erosion Wave erosion Thaw failure Universal soil loss equation Chapter 5. Summary and conclusions Techniques Erosion processes at Orwell lake Bank recession Literature cited Appendix A1: Average cumulative change of surface at erosion stations #2-12, 1980-81 Appendix A2: Cumulative net changes at overland erosion stations #1-12, 1980-81 Appendix A3: Cumulative net changes at overland erosion stations #1 -12, 198 1-82 Appendix A4: Cumulative average erosion at overland erosion stations #1-12, 1980-81 Appendix AS: Cumulative average erosion at overland erosion stations #1-12, 1981-82 Appendix A6: Cumulative average erosion at overland erosion stations #1 -1 2A, 1982 Appendix B: Dimensions of erosion sections, Orwell Lake, Minnesota Appendix C: Piezometer installation data, Orwell Lake, Minneso

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Location of study Study methods Ice thickness Ice-cover composition Surface air temperatures Freeze-up and ice-out characteristics Results and discussion Ice-growth record Freezing-degree-day records Ice-growth predictions Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice-growth records Appendix B: Measured and computed ice-growth curves

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Background Materials Sample preparation Nuclear magnetic resonance Specific surface area Electrical conductivity Results and discussion Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Unfrozen water content vs temperature data for Lanzhou silt

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods and instrumentation Results Drift tracks Pressure data Temperature data Discussion Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The experiment Results Maps of completely frozen North Slope lakes Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Historical review Model selection Traction Resistance Slush and thawing soils Ice, hard-packed snow, packed snow River and lake ice Model use Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Abbreviations Conversion factors Summary Introduction Background Site characterization Climate Purpose Materials and methods General Moose Creek Dam site Tanana Levee site Sampling and measurement Abiotic controls on vegetation Meteorological data Soil moisture as a limiting factor Soil chemical analysis Vegetation growth and survival Moose Creek Dam site Tanana Levee site Biomass by species Roof penetration Seedling density of invading woody species Weeds Supplemental observations Sediment loss Sludge and runoff-water composition Cost analysis Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: 1977 grass growth on 1977 dam treatments Appendix B: 1978 grass growth on 1977 dam treatments Appendix C: 1979 grass growth on 1977 dam treatments Appendix D: Grass growth on 1978 dam treatments Appendix E: 1977, 1978, and 1979 survival of willow treatments Appendix F: Grass growth on Tanana levee treatments Appendix C: Chemical analysis of sludge and runoff water

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental method Substrate preparation Experimental configuration Radiometric measurements Snow characterization Reflectance standards Data analysis Reflectance measurements Snow replica analysis Discussion of results Comparative reflectance of various substrates under snow Ablation of a snow cover Reflectance from a very light, fresh snow cover Measurements at angles other than vertical Reflectance from substrates Concluding observations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Description of test site Test results Method of analysis Results of analysis Change in resilient deflection due to thawing, A Recovery time after onset of thawing, t20 Discussion of results Change in resilient deflection due to thawing, A. Recovery time after thawing, t20 Conclusions Literature cited ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Pavement deflection and frost penetration vs time Data points and regression line for A and t2 0 versus F Data points and regression line for A and t2 0 versus W Data points and regression line for A and t2 0 versus I Data points and regression line for A and t20 versus N Data points and regression line for A and t20 versus D Data points and regression line for t20 versus A Permeability vs void ratio for the Toledo Penn 7 material TABLES Properties of test sections Test results from Scrivner et al Results of regression analysis

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion factors Summary Introduction Description of shelter Test procedures and results Mobility Ease of erecting and striking Therinal efficiency and performance Heat output Electrical system Habitation Safety features Water system Shelter reliability Structure Performance of other shelters Conclusions Future studies Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The western Arctic of North America The continental shelf of Newfoundland and Labrador Burial depth for pipes and cables Degree of protection offered by burial Environmental impact Trenching the beach and the shallows in the western Arctic Trenching beyond the shallows Suction, or hydraulic, dredging Bottom-t raveling cutterhead dredges Plows Rippers Water jets Subsea disc saws and wheel ditchers Subsea ladder trenchers and chain saws Subsea routers and slot millers Bucket ladder trenchers Vibratory and percussive devices Hard rock excavation under water Control and monitoring of subsea machines Vessels and vehicles Trenching from the sea ice Costs of subsea trenching Reference Appendix: Description of waters off Alaska and Newfoundland

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods of analysis Marine seismic records Seismic sub-bottom profiles Results and discussion Distribution of hyperbolic reflections Hyperbolas on oil exploration records Hyperbolas on sub-bottom profiles Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Hyperbola projector

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Revegetation procedures 1975-1978 construction seasons Willow cutting program Visual impact engineering program Selected terrain disturbances Fuel gas line and snowpads Island Lake and oil line snowpads Oil spills and revegetation CRREL restoration sites Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: List of sites observed during 1975 Appendix B: Annotated photographs of permanent revegetation observation sites-1975-1978 Appendix C: Photographic record of fuel gas line observation sites

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Objectives and procedures Theory and instrumentation Radio frequency interferometry Case 1: Homogeneous ground model Case 2: Two-layer ground model RFI instrumentation Low frequency methods Point Barrow sites Results and discussion Site 1: Tundra Site 2: Beach ridge Site 3: Marsh Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Discussion of low-frequency geophysical methods

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Plattsburgh Air Force Base Radar sounding system Survey procedure Cavity inspection Radar cavity detection test Radar profile results Falling-weight deflectometer tests Discussion and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Objectives Background Problems in describing the response of snow to an applied stress Methods of determining the dynamic behavior of materials Review of previous studies on snow Experimental measurements on snow Summary of snow experiments Theoretical studies Confirmation of the theory Discussion Applications Recommendations Summary Literature cited Appendix A. Selected data from Wisotski and Snyder (1966) Appendix B. Pressure data from Livingston (1964)

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Scope of study Literature review Introduction Incipient formation of frazil ice Particle size and evolution of frazil ice Influences of turbulence and water temperature on the rate of frazil ice formation Conclusions Analytical model Introduction Elements of heat transfer Elements of turbulence Experimentation Experimental apparatus Experimental procedure Results Introduction Nucleation of frazil ice Influences of turbulence on frazil ice formation Water temperature Influences of water temperature and turbulence on the concentration of frazil ice Frazil ice particle shape and size Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Preliminary frazil ice experiments Flume experiments Couette-flow Appendix B: Listing of computer program for calculation of frazil ice formation Appendix C: Water temperature rise attributable to frazil ice formation as computed usingthe analytical model .

Note: Contents of Part 2 Hecht, K. Gerber, R. Otto: Studies on the drying of paints by means of 14C-labelled compounds K. Wagner, F. Brutschin, I. Ritter, T. Gritsch, H. Zimmermann, H. Borchert: Investigations by the aid of radioisotope methods on the technology of the production of carbon and silicon carbide materials K. Gloe, P. Mühl: Determination of metal extraction process parameters using tracer technique W. Migdał, W. Łada, K. Malec-Czechowska: Studies on liquid-liquid extraction of noble metals using radiotracers L. Petryka, K. Przewłocki: Radiotracer investigations of benefication copper ore in the industrial flotation process Z. Bazaniak, J. Palige: Determination of Cu recovery degree from slags in shaft process by means of radiotracers R. Burek, J .K. Zurawicz: On the optimization of concentration measurements in heterogeneous materials based on β-backscatter measurements B. Heinrich: Analysis of carbon content in crude brown coal by inelastic scattering of neutrons and the method of time correlated associated particles P. Urbańaki, D. Wagner, M. Jankowska, E. Kowalska: Determination of calcium and iron and measurements of ash content in the brown coal H.-W. Thümmel: Some considerations relating to the prediction of the efficiency of radiometric methods for the continuous ash content determination of coal L. Wawrzonek: Monitor of ash content of coal with X-ray source I. Pavlicsek, V. Stenger, A. Veres: Apparatus for gamma activation analysis I. Végvári, I. Juhász: Determination of PbO content of lead-glass samples on the ground of gamma-absorption E. Schöntube, H.-J. Große: Aerosol ionization gas analysis as a monitoring for waste halothane in the atmosphere of operating theatre S. Mothes, P. Popp, G. Oppermann, W.-D. Herberg: Measurement of fluorocarbons with the ECD P. Popp, E. Schöntube, G. Oppermann: The usability of radiation ionization detectors for the determination of N2O concentrations in the air of operating theatres P. Popp, G. Arnold, G. Oppermann: A hydrocarbon-sensitized argon ionization detector for the detection of inorganic compounds R. Szepke, W. Lisieski, J. Harasimczuk: Automatic dust monitor AMIZ G. Vormum: Sealed sources - problems of design, measurement and quality control L. Gąsiorowski: New trends in developments of ratioisotope gauges in Poland G. Brunner: Direct chemical information from special radio tracers as well as from outer X-ray excitation J. Hirling: Experience and future trend in industrial application of nuclear methods in Hungary I. N. Ivanov, O. K. Nikolaenko, Yu. V. Phecktistov, V. L. Chulkin: Use of short-lived nuclides in activation analysis Kl.-P. Rudolph, J. Flachowsky, A. Lange: Trace element determination in semiconducter selenium by neutron activation analysis (NAA) W. Lisieski, J. Mirowicz: Some industrial applications of instruments with neutron sources R. Dybczyński, H. Maleszewaka, S. Sterliński, Z. Szopa, M. Wasek: Some problems in neutron activation determination of gold and silver in ores and concentrates of copper industry L. Jankowski: Cost-benefit aspects of radioisotope application in industry B. Manouchev, T. Boschkova, L. Tsankov, V. Gurev, I. Kojucharov, G. Grozev: On the possibilities of the direct gamma-spectremetry in natural waters P. Morgenstern, D. Müller, W. Riedel: A parallel grid proportional scintillation counter for the X-ray region from 3 to 20 keV with regard to high count rates N. A. Anders, V. S. Isaev, V. I. Filatov, B. E. Kolesnikov, D. Müller, P. Morgenstern, W. Riedel, V. P. Varvaritsa: X-ray fluroescence analyzer of light elements with proportional scintillation counter D. Müller, P. Morgenstern, W. Riedel, W. Warwariza, B. E. Kolesnikow, N. A. Anders, W. J. Filatov: General considerations concerning the use of the X-ray analyzer "RALE" in industry

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Winter 1979-80 observations Winter 1980-81 and summer 1981 observations Winter 1981-82 and summer 1982 observations Old ice ride-up features Discussion Literature cited Appendix A. The boulder rampart and rock littered shore west of Konganevik Pt. Appendix B. Site location maps

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Physical diffusion and dispersion in open channel flow Modeling approach Description of the diffusion wave flow routing model Analysis of the numerical model Modified equation and Hirt analyses of diffusion wave model von Neumann analysis of the diffusion wave model Linear case studies Accuracy considerations of the numerical solution Field studies Apalachia Dam tailwater Norris Dam tailwater Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test arrangements Ice properties Crushing patterns Maximum ice force vs velocity Dynamic aspect ratio effect and crushing strength Measured ice force frequencies Calculated ice force frequencies Accelerations, velocities and displacements Damping Ice-induced negative damping Limit cycles Buckling load Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion of metric units Introduction Review of existing models Accumulation models Ablation models Using existing models for studying mobility Proposed snowpack model for mobility studies Model components Implementation of the model Developing input data Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous work Stress measurements Design considerations Stress sensors Biaxial ice stress sensor Biaxial stress sensor theory Gauge deformation Stresses associated with cylindrical sensors Determination of ice stresses Gauge calibration Evaluation of the biaxial ice stress sensor Temperature sensitivity Biaxial loading test equipment Biaxial loading test results Differential thermal expansion Long-term drift Discussion of test results Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature General background The problem Method of solution Results and discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Evaluation of rn's in equation 25

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Taxonomic terms Appendix B: Differences in species composition and abundance in duplicate samples examined under optical and inverted light microscopes Appendix C: Morphologic descriptions and SEM micrographs

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Density, thermal expansion and compressibility of ice Density Thermal expansion Compressibility Density changes in snow Compaction Destructive metamorphism Constructive metamorphism Melt metamorphism Regelation Thermal properties of snow and fresh-water ice Heat capacity of snow and ice Latent heat Thermal conductivity of ice Thermal conductivity of snow Effective thermal diffusivity Heat transfer by water vapor diffusion in snow Heat and vapor transfer with forced convection Thermal properties of sea ice Specific heat of sea ice Heat of fusion of sea ice when 0° 〉 θ 〉 -8.2°C Density and thermal conductivity of sea ice Composition and air bubble content of sea ice above -8.2°C Thermal conductivity model for sea ice Thermal diffusivity of sea ice Method of determining thermal diffusivity Summary Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS: Introduction. - International co-operation. - Intergovernmental co-operation. - Non-governmental co-operation. - I. Scientific Programme. - 1. Astronomy. - 2. Biological Sciences. - 2.1 The marine ecosystem and its living resources. - 2.1.1 Food resources, phytoplankton production and zooplankton. - 2.1.2 The role of the benthos. - 2.1.3 The role of micro-organisms. - 2.1.4 Distribution and incidence of seals in the pack-ice of the Weddell Sea. - 2.1.5 Distribution and life history of fishes. - 2.1.6 Large-scaie distribution and drift of krill. - 2.1.7 Composition and behaviour of krill shoals. - 2.1.8 Preservation and processing of krill. - 2.2 The adaptation of antarctic marine organisms to their environment. - 2.2.1 Experiments and marine studies on .the ecophysiology of krill. - 2.2.2 Temperature regulation and food requirements of warm-blooded antarctic animals. - 2.2.3 Growth, digestive system and food economy of antarctic fishes. - 2.2.4 Freezing resistance of sea animals. - 2.2.5 Taxonomy of antarctic marine organisms. - 2.3 Terrestrial biology in Antarctica. - 2.3.1 Temperature adjustments in the reproductive biology of antarctic birds. - 2.3.2 Biochemical bases of growth processes in poikilothermic organisms at very low temperatures. - 2.3.3 Nutritional biology of poikilothermic herbivora. - 2.3.4 Study of lichens, fungi and bacteria in Antarctica and on offshore islands. - 2.3.5 Photosynthesis and heterotrophic life cycle of plants at very low temperatures. - 2.4 Environmental protection in Antarctica. - 2.5 Human biology and medicine in polar regions. - 3. Geodesy, Cartography and Remote Sensing. - 3.1 Satellite geodesy. - 3.2 Doppler satellite positioning. - 3.3 Geodetic mapping of ice-free areas. - 3.4 Remote-sensing by satellite. - 4. Geology and Geophysics. - 4.1 Study of drift processes as a contribution to the geological history of Antarctica. - 4.1.1 Study of magnetic structures by means of aeromagnetic photography. - 4.1.2 Paleomagnetic studies of drift evolution. - 4.1.3 Micro-earthquakes as indicators of tectonic activity. - 4.1.4 Earth tides and natural oscillations of the earth. - 4.2 Studies of the structure of crust and mantle. - 4.2.1 Structure of the basement complex of the transantarctic mountain chain in the area east of the Filchner Ice Shelf. - 4.2.2 Structure of the basement of the Weddell Sea, the Filchner/Ronne Ice Shelf, and the peripheral area. - 4.2.3 Oldest and highly metamorphous rocks of the East Antarctic. - 4.3 Stratigraphy, tectonics and magmatism in the mobile areas. - 4.3.1 Mobile fringe areas of the East Antarctic. - 4.3.2 Paleozoic and mesozoic mountains(Beacon upper group) in the transantarctic mountains. - 4.3.3 Early paleozoic to cainozoic orogenes in the area around the Filchner/Ronne Ice Shelf. - 4.4 Study of exogenous processes under extremely cold conditions. - 4.4.1 Glacial geology and geomorphology. - 4.4.2 Weathering and detrital formation. - 4.5 Geoscientific marine research. - 5. Glaciology. - 5.1 Volume and dynamics of the Filchner/Ronne Ice Shelf. - 5.2 Determining the extent and thickness of the ice and its temporal variation in the Filchner/Ronne Ice Shelf sector and peripheral areas. - 5.3 Determining the composition and inner structure of the Filchner/Ronne Ice Shelf on the basis of geophysical surface measurements. - 5.4 Studies of the dynamics of the pack-ice in the Weddell Gyre. - 5.5 Physical characteristics of ocean ice. - 5.6 Glaciological drillings. - 5.7 Chemical composition and accumulation genesis of antarctic background aerosol; global transport of trace gases and aerosols. - 5.8 Study of the elastic and rheological characteristics of ice, its heat conductability and texture affected by deformation. - 6. Upper Atmosphere and Extraterrestrial Physics. - 6.1 Investigation of whistlers and VLF radio emissions (chorus, hiss, etc) at conjugated points. - 6.2 Study of terresterial magnetic pulsations at conjugated points. - 6.3 Study of atmospherics to obtain more precise data on worldwide thunderstorms. - 6.4 Measurements of the aero-electric field. - 6.5 Balloon-based study of the ionosphere in the light of Mg t resonance lines. - 6.6 Measurement of the vertical distribution of ozone, steam and aerosol up to an altitude of 30 km. - 6.7 Measurements of emission in the infrared 9.6 µ ozone band from the ground. - 6.8 Other projects which may be carried out simultaneously with the above or later. - 6.9 Proposed basic terrestrial magnetic equipment for the Antarctic Station. - 6.10 Meteorite search expedition. - 6.11 Study of micrometeorites and cosmic dust. - 7. Meteorology and Oceanography. - 7.1 Meteorology. - 7.1.1 Atmospheric boundary stratum. - 7.1.2 Study of stratospheric circulation. - 7.1.3 Measurement of trace gases over long periods. - 7.1.4 Other research projects. - 7.1.5 Weather service observations and consultations. - 7.1.6 Basic meteorological equipment for the Antarctic Station. - 7.2 Physical oceanography. - 7.2.1 Formation and extent of bottom water in the Atlantic sector of the circumantarctic ocean. - 7.2.2 Numeric simulation of the vertical flows of material, energy and impulses. - 7 2.3 Time scales of transportation in deep water with the aid of radioactive trace elements. - 7.2.4 Detection of heavy metals in the Antarctic Ocean. - 7.2.5 Fishery oceanography in circumantarctic waters. - 7.2.6 Other research projects. - 8. Engineering Sciences. - 8.1 Shipbuilding technology. - 8.1.1 Measuring and testing programme regarding the performance of vessels in ice and technical developments in the construction of ice-going vessels. - 8.2 Iceberg location and navigation. - 8.2.1 Iceberg location. - 8.2.2 Development of precision positioning systems (also for dynamic positioning) to ensure noninterference with signals transmitted through ice and water masses of different thicknesses. - 8.3 Construction techniques. - 8.4 Exploration techniques. - 8.5 Other topics. - The Antarctic Research Station. - The Polar Research and Supply Ship. - The Polar Research Institute. - Institutions contributing to the Programme.

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Distribution List. - List of acronyms and abbreviations used. - Record of Amendments. - Foreword to 1st Edition. - Foreword to 2nd Edition. - HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENTS OF ANTARCTIC COMMUNICATIONS. - CONSIDERATION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS BY SCAR AND ANTARCTIC TREATY CONSULTATIVE PARTIES. - OPERATION OF INDIVIDUAL NATIONS' NETWORKS. - Australia's Antarctic Communications. - Japan's Antarctic communications. - UK Antarctic communications. - US Antarctic communications. - ANTARCTIC TREATY RESOLUTIONS ON ANTARCTIC COMMUNICATIONS. - WMO RESOLUTIONS AND PRINCIPLES ON ANTARCTIC COMMUNICATIONS. - Introduction. - Engineering principles of the GTS. - Functions and responsibilities of Meteorological Telecommunications Centres. - Characteristics of the networks of the GTS. - Operational principles of the GTS. - The transmission of meteorological data an the GTS. - Collection and transmission of meteorological data. - Data processing. - Telecommunications system. - Weather reporting by traverse parties. - Automatic weather station in the Antarctic. - AIREP reports. - Mobile ship stations. - OTHER RELEVANT RECOMMENDATIONS AND RESOLUTIONS. - APPENDIXES. - APPENDIX I. - Manual an the Global Data Processing System, Regional Aspects, the Antarctic. - APPENDIX II. - Network of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations in the Antarctic. - APPENDIX III. - Results of the monitoring of Antarctic data reception carried out during the period 12-15 March 1982. - APPENDIX IV. - Existing links for the daily international exchange of meteorological data within the Antarctic. - APPENDIX V. - Principal routes by which Antarctic meteorological data enters the GTS. - APPENDIX VI. - List of Antarctic stations and the routing of their meteorological data to the GTS.

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Field Sampling Site selection and description Ice sampling procedures Shipping and storage of ice samples Testing Techniques Multi-year Pressure Ridge Tests Ice description Sampling scheme and test variables Uniaxial compressive strength Residual compressive strength Failure strains Initial tangent modulus Statistical Variations in Ice Strength Differences in strength above and below level ice Sources of the variation in strength Shape of the strength histograms Multi-year Floe Ice Tests Ice description Uniaxial compressive strength Constant-load compression tests Constant-strain-rate tension tests Triaxial tests Conclusions Literature Cited Appendix A: Structural profile of a multi-year pressure ridge core Appendix B: Ridge uniaxial compression test data Appendix C: Structural profile of the continuous multi-year floe core Appendix D: Multi-year floe test data

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Methodology Potential flow around an arbitrary airfoil Incompressible velocity field Droplet trajectory equation Computational procedure for trajectories Determining the point of impact Calculation of collision efficiencies Accreting an ice layer Determining the accuracy of the flow field Determining the accuracy of the trajectories Results and discussion Comparing results with and without the history term Collision efficiency of NACA 0015 airfoil at 8° attack angle Time-dependent accretion on NACA 0015 airfoil at 8° attack angle Time-dependent accretion on NACA 0015 airfoil at 0° attack angle Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A : Sample input Appendix B: Sample output Appendix C : Program listing

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Data base Conversion factor Ground load effects Exposure effects Thermal effects Slope effects Expected value relationship Comparison with existing codes and standards Comparison with relationships proposed in new ANSI standard Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Roof snow load case history reports Appendix B. Roofs in the snow load case study data base Appendix C. Ground and roof snow load data Appendix D. Conversion factors from the 1982 ANSI standard

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Natural ice sheets Choosing an ice control structure Flexible structures Ice booms Frazil collector lines Fence booms Rigid or semirigid structures Pier-mounted booms Stone groins Artificial islands Removable gravity structures Timber cribs Weirs Pilings and dolphins Structures built for other purposes Hydroelectric dams Wicket dams Light piers and towers Bridge piers Breakwaters Ice control not using Structures Channel improvements Ice sheet tying Ice sheet bridges Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice control structure

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Constitutive relationships Equations of motion Uniform flow Nonuniform flow Ice transport: Uniform flow Symmetric channel Asymmetric channel Ice transport: Nonuniform flow Further considerations Basis for model improvement Conclusions Literature cited

Note: COTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Model characteristics and test conditions Ice-hull coefficient of friction Measurements of ice properties Experimental procedures Data acquisition system Test program and procedures for 1:10 model Test program and procedures for 1:24 model Analysis of test results Comparison of test results between 1:10 and 1:24 models Analysis of tests in broken or brash-filled ice channels Analysis of tests in level ice Full-scale prediction of level ice resistance Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion factors Introduction Physical setting Hydrology Climate Bathymetry PhysIcal oceanography Wind effects on circulatIon Previous investigations Approach Imagery analyzed Wind and tidal data Results Suspended sediment patterns Ice distribution Generaltzed surface circulation Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Keys to Figures 2, 3 and 4 Appendix B. Observations made from usable Landsat Imagery Appendix C. Selected landsat images used to make observations and interpretations of surface water patterns and ice distribution

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Meteorological data retrieval and measurements Meteorological effects on river ice cover Winter 1975-76 Winter 1976-77 Winter 1977-78 Analysis of ice formation and decay Mechanism of ice formation Ice growth and decay on the Ottauquechee River, 1975-76, 1976-77, 1977-78 Influence of warm sewage effluent on river water temperatures and ice conditions Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Climatological observations Appendix B: Ice conditions, field remarks and pertinent photography

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test setup Test results The USCGC Mackinaw The Roger Slough The Cason J. Callaway The imperial St. Clair Vibration levels Discussion Frequency content Magnitude Mode of transmission Opening the channel Flexural waves Duration and occurrence of maximum vibrations Effect of weather Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited

Note: Contents of Part 1 S. Niese: Reactor neutron activation analysis of industrial materials R.P. Gardner, K. Verghese: Use of Monte Carlo methods in the calibration and design optimization of radiation gauges and analyzers R. Otto, P. Hecht: On labelling with generator nuclides M. Richter: Measurement of residence time distribution with radiotracers using periodic pseudo-random binary signal sequences J. Schoen: A computer code for tracer experiment data analysis H.-H. Deicke, J. Flachowsky, K.-P. Rudolph, N. Beiermann: Transit time measurements in technical plants by using a multichannel analyzer H. Bohne: Measurements of air currents L. Baranyai: Tracer study of simultaneous homogenization and segregation in industrial equipments N. Balabanov, N. Kapitanova: Application of radiotracer method for study of glass furnaces J. Thẏn: Evaluation of mixing particulate solids by radiotracer method H.-G. Koennecke, P. Kulicke, E. Antal, J. Jentzsch, H. Michael: Investigation of the mixing efficiency of kneading machines using radionuclides A.G. Belov, V.E. Zhuchko, Yu.S. Zamyatnin, Yu.G. Teterev, D. Rubio: Development of the nuclear-physical methods of analysis at the laboratory of nuclear reactions of the JINR R. Burek, K. Wojcik: A new concept for measuring of free moisture in solid materials N. Bachvarov, I. Georgiev, E. Manolov, P. Pavlov, H. Shukov, K. Tropolov: Process control system for fresh concrete preparation H. Baumbach: Investigation of moisture migration in the concrete of a special test construction under simulated load conditions A. Petrov, A. Sreno, H. Hristov, P. Penev, G. Georgiev: Beta-ray backscatter instruments for coating thickness measurements in electronic and electrotechnical industry W. Stuchlik, H. Kupsch: Radioactive level indicator for bulk materials in containers with calculation of the residual volume H. Baumbach, K. Fichtler, R. Melzer, D. Tietze, H. Ullrich: The determination of density variation in radiation protective walls of concrete by means of Bremsstrahlung of 1o MeV from linear accelerator D. Avramov: Modernized versions of mobile NDT laboratories V. Friedrich: Examples for radioisotope application in environment protection St. Szpilowski: Prediction of mixing length for transport of effluent in rivers A. Owczarczyk: The localization of the leakages through the dams and bottoms of large water reservoires W. Listwan: Progress in leak detection methods for underground pipelines and tanks J. Starẏ, A. Zeman, B. Havlik: Radionuclides in the investigation of the cumulation of toxic elements on alga and fish W. Richter, D. Kahl, H.-J. Grosse, F. Gleisberg: The use of an AIG-analyzer for the investigation of SO2-dispersion problems R. Goeldner, H.-J. Grosse, F. Gleisberg: Possibilities of the development of improved smoke detectors J. Adler, H.-R. Doering, H.-J. Grosse, F. Gleisberg: The use of the AIG in microelectronics P. Popp, R. Fahnert, S. Mothes, G. Oppermann: Methods for the determination of toxic compounds at work places H.-R. Doering. H.-J. Grosse: The detection of halocarbons by means of the aerosol ionization gas analyzer (AIG) E, Jaworska, I. Kaluska, G. Strzelczak: Crosslinking and free radical decay reactions in irradiated polyethylene in presence of additives J. Zahalka: Radiation modified materials in machine engineering W. Bobeth, R. Hanke, A. Heger, J. Morgenstern, H. Paessler: Technological aspects of planar structurizing on woven and knitted fabrics by localized radiation induced grafting B. Ihme, E. Maeder, A. Mally: Problems in the development of high-energy radiation processing of woven and knitted fabrics S. Nikolov. P, Panayotov, V. Diakova, M. Nikolova: Radiation modification of timber in people's republic of Bulgaria H. Dahlhelm. G. Matejko. G. Huebner: Experiments on sprouting inhibition in onions J. Thẏn: Process analysis with nuclear technique A. Merz: Axial dispersion and homogenization in chemical engineering systems A. Zeuner, F. Hartmann: Investigation of material transport in rotating dryers by aid of Lanthanum-140 D. Manr: Tracer research for modelling of Ion-exchange equipment

Note: Contents of Part 3 P. Popp, J. Leonhardt: Characterization of coulometric and hypercoulometric ECD mode of operation D. Hinneburg, H.-J. Grosse, J. Leonhardt, P. Popp: Calculation of current-voltage characteristics of electron-capture detectors A.G. Rozno, V.V. Gromov: Study of volume electric charge in radioactive dielectrics by the method of "acoustic sounding" Iv. N. Pandev, M.G. Christova, St.D. Stefanov, N.V. Gentchev, St.T. Bakardjiev, D.T. Genov, Ch.D. Christov: Portable gamma-irradiator - modified model P. Hargittai, V. Stenger: Planning of dose-rate distribution of radiation fields by computer M. Remer: DOSKMF2 - A contribution to the computer-aided design of dose rate distributions A. Heger, H. Dorschner, W. Schumann, D. Pleul: Characterization of the radiation field and control of the optimal electron beam accelerator operation for industrial processes V. Prenerov, K. Shivarov, P. Ivanov: Programme for radiation protection by using portable defectoscopes in industrial building T. Geßner, K. Irmer: Nuclear radiation detectors using high resistivity neutron transmutation doped silicon H.-G. Könnecke, D. Luther: The influence of airing systems on the residence time in biological clarification plants J. Dermietzel, C. Wienhold, H. Grundmann, A. Staschok, J. Koch, E. Bordes: Tracer studies on carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide formation in liquid phase oxidation of p-xylene W. Smułek: Use of technical mixtures of carboxylic acids to the extraction of silver H. Förster: Determination of oxide film thickness on aluminium using 14-MeV neutron activation and BET method H. Jaskólska, L. Waliś, C. Janusz: Investigations of the monocrystallization process of neodymium doped YAG using radiotracers H. Wagler: Substoichiometric determination of Pd-II-traces with dithizone and problems of determination P. Tábor, L. Molnár, D. Nagymihá!yi: Radioisotope gauge for automatic control of cottonwool package H.-W. Thummel, G. Körner, D. Fritzsche: Compensation for thickness variations in determining the bulk material composition on conveyor belts using combined scatter-transmission and thickness measuring methods D. Fritzsche, W. Dolak: Radiometric determination of ash content of raw lignites M. Braune: A simplified mathematical model for scattered transmission of X-rays in raw brown coal P. S. Kamenov, E. I. Vapirev, S. I. Ormandjiev: A new type of nuclear weighing device for transporter belts W. Smulek, M. Borkowski: Separation of reduced molybdenum from fission products. The Mo - HN03 - HDEHP system J. Komosiński, M. Radwan: Selected problems of radioisotope technique for wear investigation of precise elements Dr. A. Várkonyi: The thin layer activation for industry G. Hartmann, P. Kulicke: Wear testing in power stations J. Kraś, Z. Banasik: The radioisotopes in wear investigation of combustion engines H.-D. Grohmann: Short-time measurements of wear on surface activated rails G.M. Ter-Akopian, E.A. Sokol, Fam Ngok Chyong, M.P. Ivanov, L.P. Chelnokov, V.I. Smirnov, V.A. Gorshkov: Neutron multiplicity detector for the study of rare nuclear decay events L. Gąsiorowski, P. Mroziński, K. Sobkowicz, F. Zrudelny: Implementation of Intel 8080 - based microcomputer system in the radioisotope measurements control instrumentation W. Birkholz, M. Steinert: Evaluation of autoradiograms using a microcomputer F. Myšák, M. Krejči, J. Hakl, E. Smrkovský: Study of boron diffusion in high temperature Ni-base alloys by means of solid state track detectors W. Birkholz, H.-Ch. Treutler, K. Freyer, M. Geisler, J. Dubnack: Autoradiography of gallium in silicon H.C. Treutler, K. Freyer: On quantitative autoradiography of semiconductor basic material A.S. Shtan': Radiation evaluation techniques and facilities used for quality assurance of fuel elements and fuel assemblies for nuclear power plants D. Babić, A. Šafranj, V. Marković: Radiation degradation of poly-propylene-molecular weight and melt viscosity change A. Ciszek: Modern irradiation processes equipment-accelerators and their applications G. Kummer: Identification of signals by means of the decision theory N.S. Batchvarov, I.D. Vankov, L.P. Dimitrov, Ch.D. Shukov, P.A. Pavlov: Betareflektometer SR-77

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background and environmental setting Data collection and terminology Data analysis Gouge depths Gouge orientation Gouge frequency Extreme value analysis Applications to offshore design Gouge depth Extreme value statistics Burial depths Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Detailed bathymetric map of the Alaskan portion of the Beaufort Sea

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Finite differences applied to heat transfer Heat conduction equation Boundary conditions Phase change Computer program ADDATA, the data subroutine TRIDIG, the matrix solver ISOTHM, the isotherm finider ADI, main program ADEPC, main program Verification of ADI Comparison of ADI with analytical results Comparison of ADI with experimental results Verification of ADIPC Comparison of ADIPC with analytical results-the Neumann solution Comparison of ADIPC with analytical results-two-dimensional phase change verification User instruction for ADI User instruction for ADIPC Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Program INFSUM and sample input and output for program ADI Appendix B. Program ADIPC and sample input and output

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Development of testing technique Test specimens Tensile testing Compression testing Experimental results Tensile tests Compression tests Discussion Conclusions Suggestions for further work Literature cited Appendix A: Additional information on seed grains Appendix B: Thin-sectioning procedure Appendix C: Displacement transducer calibration

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental setup and procedure Results and discussion Cylindrical structures Conical structures Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Relationship between flexural strength and in-situ unconfined compressive strength Appendix B: Test data

Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Analytical techniques Procedures for growing urea ice sheets Analysis of the crystalline structure of urea ice Characteristics of urea ice Results and discussion Ice sheet no. 1 Ice sheet no. 2 Ice sheet no. 3 Ice sheet no. 4 Ice sheet no. 5 Ice sheet no. 6 Ice sheet no. 7 Ice sheet no. 8 Ice sheet no. 9 Ice sheet no. 10 Ice sheet no. 11 Ice sheet no. 12 Ice sheet no. 13 Ice sheet no. 14 Ice sheet no. 15 Ice sheet no. 16 Ice sheet no. 17 Ice sheet no. 18 Ice sheet no. 19 Ice sheet no. 20 Ice sheet no. 21 Ice sheet no. 22 Ice sheet no. 23 Ice sheet no. 24 Urea concentrations in test tank solution and ice Discussion and conclusions E/σf ratio Thickness of incubation layer Crystal properties Literature cited Appendix A: Thin sections of urea ice sheets