ALBERT

Note: Contents: Part I Introductory Section. - 1 High-Resolution Paleoclimatology / Raymond S. Bradley. - 2 Dendroclimatology in High-Resolution Paleoclimatology / Malcolm K. Hughes. - Part II Scientific Bases of Dendroclimatology. - 3 How Well Understood Are the Processes that Create Dendroclimatic Records? A Mechanistic Model of the Climatic Control on Conifer Tree-Ring Growth Dynamics / Eugene A. Vaganov, Kevin J. Anchukaitis, and Michael N. Evans. - 4 Uncertainty, Emergence, and Statistics in Dendrochronology / Edward R. Cook and Neil Pederson. - 5 A Closer Look at Regional Curve Standardization of Tree-Ring Records: Justification of the Need, a Warning of Some Pitfalls, and Suggested Improvements in Its Application / Keith R. Briffa and Thomas M. Melvin. - 6 Stable Isotopes in Dendroclimatology: Moving Beyond ‘Potential’ / Mary Gagen, Danny McCarroll, Neil J. Loader, and Iain Robertson. - Part III Reconstruction of Climate Patterns and Values Relative to Today’s Climate. - 7 Dendroclimatology from Regional to Continental Scales: Understanding Regional Processes to Reconstruct Large-Scale Climatic Variations Across the Western Americas / Ricardo Villalba, Brian H. Luckman, Jose Boninsegna,Rosanne D. D’Arrigo, Antonio Lara, Jose Villanueva-Diaz, Mariano Masiokas, Jaime Argollo, Claudia Soliz, Carlos LeQuesne, David W. Stahle, Fidel Roig, Juan Carlos Aravena, Malcolm K. Hughes, Gregory Wiles, Gordon Jacoby, Peter Hartsough, Robert J.S. Wilson, Emma Watson, Edward R. Cook, Julian Cerano-Paredes, Matthew Therrell, Malcolm Cleaveland, Mariano S. Morales, Nicholas E. Graham, Jorge Moya, Jeanette Pacajes, Guillermina Massacchesi, Franco Biondi, Rocio Urrutia, and Guillermo Martinez Pastur. - Part IV Applications of Dendroclimatology. - 8 Application of Streamflow Reconstruction to Water Resources Management / David M. Meko and Connie A. Woodhouse. - 9 Climatic Inferences from Dendroecological Reconstructions / Thomas W. Swetnam and Peter M. Brown. - 10 North American Tree Rings, Climatic Extremes, and Social Disasters / David W. Stahle and Jeffrey S. Dean. - Part V Overview. - 11 Tree Rings and Climate: Sharpening the Focus / Malcolm K. Hughes, Henry F. Diaz, and Thomas W. Swetnam. - Index.

Note: Contents Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition 1. Images, Arrays, and Matrices 1.1 Multispectral Satellite Images 1.2 Algebra of Vectors and Matrices 1.2.1 Elementary Properties 1.2.2 Square Matrices 1.2.3 Singular Matrices 1.2.4 Symmetric, Positive Definite Matrices 1.2.5 Linear Dependence and Vector Spaces 1.3 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 1.4 Singular Value Decomposition 1.5 Vector Derivatives 1.6 Finding Minima and Maxima 1.7 Exercises 2. Image Statistics 2.1 Random Variables 2.1.1 Discrete Random Variables 2.1.2 Continuous Random Variables 2.1.3 Normal Distribution 2.2 Random Vectors 2.3 Parameter Estimation 2.3.1 Sampling a Distribution 2.3.2 Interval Estimation 2.3.3 Provisional Means 2.4 Hypothesis Testing and Sample Distribution Functions 2.4.1 Chi-Square Distribution 2.4.2 Student-t Distribution 2.4.3 F-Distribution 2.5 Conditional Probabilities, Bayes' Theorem, and Classification 2.6 Ordinary Linear Regression 2.6.1 One Independent Variable 2.6.2 More Than One Independent Variable 2.6.3 Regularization, Duality, and the Gram Matrix 2.7 Entropy and Information 2.7.1 Kullback-Leibler Divergence 2.7.2 Mutual Information 2.8 Exercises 3. Transformations 3.1 Discrete Fourier Transform 3.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform 3.2.1 Haar Wavelets 3.2.2 Image Compression 3.2.3 Multiresolution Analysis 3.2.3.1 Dilation Equation and Refinement Coefficients 3.2.3.2 Cascade Algorithm 3.2.3.3 Mother Wavelet 3.2.3.4 Daubechies D4 Scaling Function 3.3 Principal Components 3.3.1 Primal Solution 3.3.2 Dual Solution 3.4 Minimum Noise Fraction 3.4.1 Additive Noise 3.4.2 Minimum Noise Fraction Transformation in ENVI 3.5 Spatial Correlation 3.5.1 Maximum Autocorrelation Factor 3.5.2 Noise Estimation 3.6 Exercises 4. Filters, Kernels, and Fields 4.1 Convolution Theorem 4.2 Linear Filters 4.3 Wavelets and Filter Banks 4.3.1 One-Dimensional Arrays 4.3.2 Two-Dimensional Arrays 4.4 Kernel Methods 4.4.1 Valid Kernels 4.4.2 Kernel PCA 4.5 Gibbs-Markov Random Fields 4.6 Exercises 5. Image Enhancement and Correction 5.1 Lookup Tables and Histogram Functions 5.2 Filtering and Feature Extraction 5.2.1 Edge Detection 5.2.2 Invariant Moments 5.3 Panchromatic Sharpening 5.3.1 HSV Fusion 5.3.2 Brovey Fusion 5.3.3 PCA Fusion 5.3.4 DWT Fusion 5.3.5 A Trous Fusion 5.3.6 Quality Index 5.4 Topographic Correction 5.4.1 Rotation, Scaling, and Translation 5.4.2 Imaging Transformations 5.4.3 Camera Models and RFM Approximations 5.4.4 Stereo Imaging and Digital Elevation Models 5.4.5 Slope and Aspect 5.4.6 Illumination Correction 5.5 Image-Image Registration 5.5.1 Frequency-Domain Registration 5.5.2 Feature Matching 5.5.2.1 High-Pass Filtering 5.5.2.2 Closed Contours 5.5.2.3 Chain Codes and Moments 5.5.2.4 Contour Matching 5.5.2.5 Consistency Check 5.5.2.6 Implementation in IDL 5.5.3 Resampling and Warping 5.6 Exercises 6. Supervised Classification: Part 1 6.1 Maximum a Posteriori Probability 6.2 Training Data and Separability 6.3 Maximum Likelihood Classification 6.3.1 ENVI's Maximum Likelihood Classifier 6.3.2 Modified Maximum Likelihood Classifier 6.4 Gaussian Kernel Classification 6.5 Neural Networks 6.5.1 Neural Network Classifier 6.5.2 Cost Functions 6.5.3 Backpropagation 6.5.4 Overfitting and Generalization 6.6 Support Vector Machines 6.6.1 Linearly Separable Classes 6.6.1.1 Primal Formulation 6.6.1.2 Dual Formulation 6.6.1.3 Quadratic Programming and Support Vectors 6.6.2 Overlapping Classes 6.6.3 Solution with Sequential Minimal Optimization 6.6.4 Multiclass SVMs 6.6.5 Kernel Substitution 6.6.6 Modified SVM Classifier 6.7 Exercises 7. Supervised Classification: Part 2 7.1 Postprocessing 7.1.1 Majority Filtering 7.1.2 Probabilistic Label Relaxation 7.2 Evaluation and Comparison of Classification Accuracy 7.2.1 Accuracy Assessment 7.2.2 Model Comparison 7.3 Adaptive Boosting 7.4 Hyperspectral Analysis 7.4.1 Spectral Mixture Modeling 7.4.2 Unconstrained Linear Unmixing 7.4.3 Intrinsic End-Members and Pixel Purity 7.5 Exercises 8. Unsupervised Classification 8.1 Simple Cost Functions 8.2 Algorithms That Minimize the Simple Cost Functions 8.2.1 K-Means Clustering 8.2.2 Kernel K-Means Clustering 8.2.3 Extended K-Means Clustering 8.2.4 Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering 8.2.5 Fuzzy K-Means Clustering 8.3 Gaussian Mixture Clustering 8.3.1 Expectation Maximization 8.3.2 Simulated Annealing 8.3.3 Partition Density 8.3.4 Implementation Notes 8.4 Including Spatial Information 8.4.1 Multiresolution Clustering 8.4.2 Spatial Clustering 8.5 Benchmark 8.6 Kohonen Self-Organizing Map 8.7 Image Segmentation 8.7.1 Segmenting a Classified Image 8.7.2 Object-Based Classification 8.7.3 Mean Shift 8.8 Exercises 9. Change Detection 9.1 Algebraic Methods 9.2 Postclassification Comparison 9.3 Principal Components Analysis 9.3.1 Iterated PCA 9.3.2 Kernel PCA 9.4 Multivariate Alteration Detection 9.4.1 Canonical Correlation Analysis 9.4.2 Orthogonality Properties 9.4.3 Scale Invariance 9.4.4 Iteratively Reweighted MAD 9.4.5 Correlation with the Original Observations 9.4.6 Regularization 9.4.7 Postprocessing 9.5 Decision Thresholds and Unsupervised Classification of Changes 9.6 Radiometrie Normalization 9.7 Exercises Appendix A: Mathematical Tools A.l Cholesky Decomposition A.2 Vector and Inner Product Spaces A.3 Least Squares Procedures A.3.1 Recursive Linear Regression A.3.2 Orthogonal Linear Regression Appendix B: Efficient Neural Network Training Algorithms B.1 Hessian Matrix B.1.1 R-Operator B.1.1.1 Determination of Rv{n} B.1.1.2 Determination of Rv{δo} B.1.1.3 Determination of Rv{δh} B.1.2 Calculating the Hessian B.2 Scaled Conjugate Gradient Training B.2.1 Conjugate Directions B.2.2 Minimizing a Quadratic Function B.2.3 Algorithm B.3 Kaiman Filter Training B.3.1 Linearization B.3.2 Algorithm B.4 A Neural Network Classifier with Hybrid Training Appendix C: ENVI Extensions in IDL C.1 Installation C.2 Extensions C.2.1 Kernel Principal Components Analysis C.2.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform Fusion C.2.3 A Trous Wavelet Transform Fusion C.2.4 Quality Index C.2.5 Calculating Heights of Man-Made Structures in High-Resolution Imagery C.2.6 Illumination Correction C.2.7 Image Registration C.2.8 Maximum Likelihood Classification C.2.9 Gaussian Kernel Classification C.2.10 Neural Network Classification C.2.11 Support Vector Machine Classification C.2.12 Probabilistic Label Relaxation C.2.13 Classifier Evaluation and Comparison C.2.14 Adaptive Boosting a Neural Network Classifier C.2.15 Kernel K-Means Clustering C.2.16 Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering C.2.17 Fuzzy K-Means Clustering C.2.18 Gaussian Mixture Clustering C.2.19 Kohonen Self-Organizing Map C.2.20 Classified Image Segmentation C.2.21 Mean Shift Segmentation C.2.22 Multivariate Alteration Detection C.2.23 Viewing Changes C.2.24 Radiometric Normalization Appendix D: Mathematical Notation References Index

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Cosmic rays. - 1.1 Origin and nature of cosmic rays. - 1.2 Interaction with magnetic fields. - 1.3 Interactions with the Earth's atmosphere. - 1.4 Interactions with the Earth's surface. - 1.5 Production of cosmogenic nuclides. - 1.6 Detection of cosmic rays. - 2 Cosmogenic nuclides. - 2.1 'Useful' cosmogenic nuclides. - 2.2 Stable cosmogenic nuclides. - 2.3 Cosmogenic radionuclides. - 2.4 Sample preparation. - 2.5 Analytical methods. - 3 Production rates and scaling factors. - 3.1 Deriving production rates. - 3.2 Scaling factors. - 3.3 Building scaling factors. - 4 Application of cosmogenic nuclldes to Earth surface sciences. - 4.1 Exposure dating. - 4.2 Burial dating. - 4.3 Erosion/denudation rates. - 4.4 Uplift rates. - 4.5 Soil dynamics. - 4.6 Dealing with uncertainty. - Appendix A: Sampling checklist. - Appendix B: Reporting of cosrnogenic-nudide data for exposure age and erosion rate determinations. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 The necessity for measurements 1.2 Definition of a measurement 1.3 Historical aspects 2 Measurement basics 2.1 Overview of methods 2.1.1 Direct and indirect methods 2.1.2 In-situ and remote sensing methods 2.1.3 Instantaneous and integrating methods 2.1.4 On-line and off-line methods, post-processing 2.1.5 Flux measurements 2.2 Main measurement principles 2.3 Measurements by inversion 2.3.1 Inversion with one variable 2.3.2 Inversion with more than one variable 2.3.3 Well-posed and ill-posed problems 2.4 Measurement instruments 2.4.1 Active and passive instruments 2.4.2 Analogue and digital instruments 2.5 Measurement platforms 2.6 Measurement variables 2.7 General characteristics of measured data 2.8 Data logging 2.9 Quality assurance/quality control 3 In-situ measurements of state variables 3.1 Thermometers 3.1.1 Liquid-in-glass thermometers 3.1.2 Bimetal thermometers 3.1.3 Resistance thermometers, thermistors 3.1.4 Thermocouples, thermopiles 3.1.5 Sonic thermometry 3.1.6 Measurement of infrared radiation 3.1.7 Soil thermometer 3.1.8 Recommendations for temperature measurements 3.2 Measuring moisture 3.2.1 Hygrometer 3.2.2 Psychrometers 3.2.3 Dewpoint determination 3.2.4 Capacitive methods 3.2.5 Recommendations for humidity measurements 3.3 Pressure sensors 3.3.1 Barometers 3.3.2 Hypsometers 3.3.3 Electronic barometers 3.3.4 Microbarometer 3.3.5 Pressure balance 3.3.6 Recommendations for pressure measurements 3.4 Wind measurements 3.4.1 Estimation from visual observations 3.4.2 Wind direction 3.4.3 Cup anemometer 3.4.4 Pressure tube 3.4.5 Hot wire anemometer 3.4.6 Ultrasonic anemometer 3.4.7 Propeller anemometer 3.4.8 Recommendations for wind measurements 4 In-situ methods for observing liquid water and ice 4.1 Precipitation 4.1.1 Rain sensors (Present Weather Sensors) 4.1.2 Rain gauges (totalisators) 4.1.3 Pluviographs 4.1.4 Disdrometer 4.1.5 Special instruments for snow 4.1.6 Recommendations for precipitation measurements 4.2 Soil moisture 4.2.1 Gravimetric methods 4.2.2 Neutron probes 4.2.3 Time domain reflectrometry (TDR) 4.2.4 Tensiometers 4.2.5 Resistance block tensiometer 4.2.6 Recommendations for soil moisture measurements 5 In-situ measurement of trace substances 5.1 Measurement of trace gases 5.1.1 Physical methods 5.1.2 Chemical methods 5.1.3 Recommendations for the measurement of trace gases 5.2 Particle measurements 5.2.1 Determination of the particle mass 5.2.2 Measuring particle size distributions 5.2.3 Measurement of the chemical composition of particles 5.2.4 Measuring the particle structure 5.2.5 Saltiphon 5.2.6 Recommendations for particle measurements 5.3 Olfactometry 5.4 Radioactivity 5.4.1 Counter tubes 5.4.2 Scintillation counters 5.4.3 Recommendations for radioactivity monitoring 6 In-situ flux measurements 6.1 Measuring radiation 6.1.1 Measuring direct solar radiation 6.1.2 Measuring shortwave irradiance 6.1.3 Measuring longwave irradiance 6.1.4 Measuring the total irradiance 6.1.5 Measuring chill 6.1.6 Sunshine recorder 6.1.7 Recommendations for radiation measurements 6.2 Visual range 6.3 Micrometeorological flux measurements 6.3.1 Cuvettes 6.3.2 Surface chambers 6.3.3 Mass balance method 6.3.4 Inferential method 6.3.5 Gradient method 6.3.6 Bowen-ratio method 6.3.7 Flux variance method 6.3.8 Dissipation method 6.3.9 Eddy covariance method 6.3.10 Eddy accumulation methods 6.3.11 Disjunct eddy covariance method 6.3.12 Recommendations for the measurement of turbulent fluxes 6.4 Evaporation Atmometers 6.4.2 Lysimeters 6.4.3 Evaporation pans and tanks 6.4.4 Recommendations for evaporation measurements 6.5 Soil heat flux 6.6 Inverse emission flux modelling 7 Remote sensing methods 7.1 Basics of remote sensing 7.2 Active sounding methods 7.2.1 RADAR 7.2.2 Windprofilers 7.2.3 SODAR 7.2.4 RASS 7.2.5 LIDAR 7.2.6 Further LIDAR techniques 7.3 Active path-averaging methods 7.3.1 Scintillometers 7.3.2 FTIR 7.3.3 DOAS 7.3.4 Quantum cascade laser 7.4 Passive methods 7.4.1 Radiometers 7.4.2 Photometers 7.4.3 Infrared-Interferometer 7.5 Tomography 7.5.1 Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique 7.5.2 Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART) 7.5.3 Smooth Basis Function Minimization (SBFM) 8 Remote sensing of atmospheric state variables 8.1 Temperature 8.1.1 Near-surface temperatures 8.1.2 Temperature profiles 8.2 Gaseous humidity 8.2.1 Integral water vapour content 8.2.2 Vertical profiles 8.2.3 Large-scale humidity distribution 8.3 Wind and turbulence 8.3.1 Small-scale near-surface turbulence 8.3.2 Horizontal wind fields 8.3.3 Vertical wind profiles 8.3.4 Turbulence profiles 8.3.5 Cloud winds 8.3.6 Ionospheric winds 8.4 Mixing-layer heights 8.4.1 LIDAR 8.4.2 SODAR 8.5 Turbulent fluxes 8.6 Ionospheric electron densities 8.7 Recommendations for remote sensing of state variables 9 Remote sensing of water and ice 9.1 Precipitation 9.1.1 RADAR 9.1.2 Precipitation measurements from satellites 9.2 Clouds 9.2.1 Cloud base 9.2.2 Cloud cover 9.2.3 Cloud movement 9.2.4 Water content 9.3 Recommendations for remote sensing of liquid water and ice 10 Remote sensing of trace substances 10.1 Trace gases 10.1.1 Horizontal path-averaging methods 10.1.2 Vertical column densities 10.1.3 Sounding methods 10.2 Aerosols 10.2.1 Aerosol optical depths (AOD) 10.2.2 Sounding methods 10.3 Recommendations for remote sensing of trace substances 11 Remote sensing of surface properties 11.1 Properties of the solid surface 11.1.1 Surface roughness 11.1.2 Land surface temperature 11.1.3 Soil moisture 11.1.4 Vegetation 11.1.5 Snow and ice 11.1.6 Fires 11.2 Properties of the ocean surface 11.2.1 Altitudes of the sea surface 11.2.2 Wave heights 11.2.3 Sea surface temperature 11.2.4 Salinity 11.2.5 Ocean currents 11.2.6 Ice cover, size of ice floes 11.2.7 Algae and suspended sediment concentrations 12 Remote sensing of electrical phenomena 12.1 Spherics 12.1.1 Directional analyses 12.1.2 Distance analyses 12.2 Optical lightning detection 13 Outlook on new developments Literature Subject index Appendix: Technical guidelines and standards Index to the Appendix

Note: Contents: List of Contributors. - Preface. - Part I. Introduction: 1. Applications and uses of diatoms: prologue ; 2. The diatoms: a primer ; 3. Numerical methods for the analysis of diatom assemblage data ; Part II. Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in flowing waters and lakes: 4. Assessing environmental conditions in rivers and streams with diatoms ; 5. Diatoms as indicators of long-term environmental change in rivers, fluvial lakes and impoundments ; 6. Diatoms as indicators of surface-water acidity ; 7. Diatoms as indicators of lake eutrophication ; 8. Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in shallow lakes ; 9. Diatoms as indicators of water-level change in freshwater lakes ; 10. Diatoms as indicators of hydrologic and climatic change in saline lakes ; 11. Diatoms in ancient lakes ; Part III. Diatoms as Indicators in Arctic, Antarctic and alpine lacustrine environments: 12. Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in subarctic and alpine regions ; 13. Freshwater diatoms as indicators of environmental change in the High Arctic ; 14. Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in Antarctic and subantarctic freshwaters ; Part IV. Diatoms as indicators in marine and estuarine environments: 15. Diatoms and environmental change in large brackish-water ecosystems ; 16. Applied diatom studies in estuaries and shallow coastal environments ; 17. Estuarine paleoenvironmental reconstructions using diatoms ; 18. Diatoms on coral reefs and in tropical marine lakes ; 19. Diatoms as indicators of former sea levels, earthquakes, tsunamis and hurricanes ; 20. Marine diatoms as indicators of modern changes in oceanographic conditions ; 21. Holocene marine diatom records of environmental change ; 22. Diatoms as indicators of paleoceanographic events ; 23. Reconsidering the meaning of biogenic silica accumulation rates in the glacial Southern Ocean ; Part V. Other applications: 24. Diatoms of aerial habitats ; 25. Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in wetlands and peatlands ; 26. Tracking fish, seabirds, and wildlife population dynamics with diatoms and other limnological indicators ; 27. Diatoms and archaeology ; 28. Diatoms in oil and gas exploration ; 29. Forensic science and diatoms ; 30. Toxic marine diatoms ; 31. Diatoms as markers of atmospheric transport ; 32. Diatoms as nonnative species ; 33. Diatomite ; 34. Stable isotopes from diatom silica ; 35. Diatoms and nanotechnology: early history and imagined future as seen through patents ; Part IV. Conclusions: 36. Epilogue: a view to the future ; Glossary, acronyms, and abbreviations ; Index.

Note: PART I: BIOSPHERE - 1. Forest disturbance assessment using satellite data of moderate and low resolution / M. A. Korets, V. A. Ryzhkova, A. I. Sukhinin, S. A. Bartalev and I. V. Danilova 2. Fire / climate interactions in Siberia / Heiko Balzter, Kevin Tansey, Jorg Kaduk, Charles George, France Gerard, Maria Cuevas Gonzalez, Anatoly Sukhinin and Evgeni Ponomarev 3. Long-term dynamics of mixed fir-aspen forests in West Sayan (Altai-Sayan Ecoregion) / D. M. Ismailova and D. I. Nazimova 4. Evidence of evergreen conifers invasion into larch dominated forests during recent decades / V. I. Kharuk, K. J. Ranson and M. L. Dvinskaya 5. Potential climate-induced vegetation change in Siberia in the 21st century / N. M. Tchebakova , E. I. Parfenova, and A. J. Soja 6. Wildfire dynamics in mid-Siberian larch dominated forests / V. I. Kharuk, K. J. Ranson and M. L. Dvinskaya 7. Dendroclimatological evidence of climate changes across Siberia / Vladimir V. Shishov, Eugene A. Vaganov 8. Siberian pine and larch response to climate warming in the southern Siberian mountain forest: tundra ecotone / V. I. Kharuk, K. J. Ranson, M. L. Dvinskaya and S. T. Im PART II: HYDROSPHERE 9. Remote sensing of spring snowmelt in Siberia / A. Bartsch, W. Wagner and R. Kidd 10. Response of river runoff in the cryolithic zone of Eastern Siberia (Lena River Basin) to future climate warming / A. G. Georgiadi, I. P. Milyukova and E. A. Kashutina PART III: ATMOSPHERE 11. Investigating regional scale processes using remotely sensed atmospheric CO2 column concentrations from SCIAMACHY / M. P. Barkley, A. J. Hewitt and P. S. Monks 12. Climatic and geographic patterns of spatial distribution of precipitation in Siberia / A. Onuchin and T. Burenina PART IV: INFORMATION SYSTEMS 13. Interoperability, data discovery and access: the e-Infrastructures for Earth Sciences resources / Stefano Nativi, Christiana Schmullius, Lorenzo Bigagli and Roman Gerlach 14. Development of a web based information-computational infrastructure for the Siberia Integrated Regional Study / E. P. Gordov, A. Z. Fazliev, V. N. Lykosov, I. G. Okladnikov and A. G. Titov 15. Conclusions / Heiko Balzter. - Appendix. - Index.

Note: Contents: Introduction. - NE Greenland. Previous investigations of subfossil and extant freshwater diatoms. - Klaresø. - Sølejren. - Present investigations. - Vandsøen. - The taxa. - Taxonomical remarks. - W Greenland. Previous investigations of the subfossil diatom flora. - Johannes Iversen Sø. - Gytjesø. - Sârdlup tîmane taserssuaq. - Kigssaviat taserssua. - Galium Kær. - Spongilla sø. - Present investigations. - Qeqertat, Inglefield Bredning. - The taxa. - Taxonomical remarks. - Ecological remarks. - Eqalunguit, Disko. - The taxa. - Changes in pH of the environment. - Taxonomical remarks. - Langesø and Rundesø, Tugtuligssuaq. - The taxa. - Changes in pH of the environment. - Taxonomical remarks. - Acknowledgements. - References.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis = Table of contents = Table des matières. - Einleitung = Introduction = Introduction. - Bemerkungen zum Inhalt und zur Gestaltung des Buches = Comments on the Contents and lay-out of the book = Remarques quant au contenue et à la structure du livre. - Methode = Methods = Methode. - Oekogramm = Ecogram = Ecogramme. - Bestimmungsschlüssel = Identification key = Clé d'identification. - Charakterisierung der Makroreste = Description of the macro-remains = Description des macrorestes. - Weitere Makroreste = Further macro-remains = Autres macrorestes. - Literatur = Literature = Litterature. - Index der Arten = Index of species = Index des espèces. , Text dt., engl. u. franz.

Note: Contents: Preface / Olav Orheim. - General report of the expedition / Olav Orheim. - Geodetic-topographic measurements in Dronning Maud Land and Bouvetøya / Trond Eiken & Knut Svendsen. - Ornithological investigations in Mühlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land / Fridtjof Mehlum, Claus Bech & Svein Haftorn. - Geology of Gjelsvikfjella and Western Mühlig-Hofmannfjella / Yoshihide Ohta & Bjørn Tørudbakken. - Botany of Gjelsvikfjella and Mühlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land / Torstein Engelskjøn. - Terrestrial invertebrates of Mühlig-Hofmannfjella / Lauritz Sømme. - Meteorological and glaciological studies in Dronning Maud Land / Yngvar Gjessing. - Geological and paleomagnetic research in Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land / Harald Furnes & Reidar Løvlie. - Sedimentological research in northwestern part of Dronning Maud Land / Snorre Olaussen. - Geomorphological and glaciological observations in Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land / Stig Jonsson. - Geophysical studies in the southern Weddell Sea / Kristen Haugland & Yngve Kristoffersen. - Marine geological studies on the Weddell Sea shelf / Anders Solheim & Yngve Kristoffersen. - Radiolaria in surface plankton collected on trans-Atlantic crossing of NARE 1984/85 / Kjell R. Bjørklund. - Hydrographic observations on the southern Weddell Sea shelf break / Arne Foldvik & Tor Gammelsrød. - Iceberg research and other glaciological studies from K/V "Andenes" / Monica Kristensen & Olav Orheim.

Note: Contents: F–1. GLACIERS OF THE FORMER SOVIET UNION / VLADIMIR M. KOTLYAKOV, with contributions from A.M. DYAKOVA (Siberia), V.S. KORYAKIN (Russian Arctic Islands), V.I. KRAVTSOVA (Caucasus, Altay), G.B. OSIPOVA (Tien Shan), G.M. VARNAKOVA (Pamirs and Alai Range), V.N. VINOGRADOV (Kamchatka), O.N. VINOGRADOV (Caucasus), and N.M. ZVERKOVA (Ural Mountains and Taymyr Peninsula) Sections on FLUCTUATIONS OF GLACIERS OF THE CENTRAL CAUCASUS AND GORA EL’BRUS (With a subsection on THE GLACIOLOGICAL DISASTER IN NORTH OSETIYA / VLADIMIR M. KOTLYAKOV, O.V. ROTOTAEVA, and G.A. NOSENKO INVESTIGATIONS OF THE FLUCTUATIONS OF SURGE-TYPE GLACIERS IN THE PAMIRS BASED ON OBSERVATIONS FROM SPACE / VLADIMIR M. KOTLYAKOV, G.B. OSIPOVA, and D.G. TSVETKOV THE GLACIOLOGY OF THE RUSSIAN HIGH ARCTIC FROM LANDSAT IMAGERY / J.A. DOWDESWELL, E.K. DOWDESWELL, M. WILLIAMS, and A.F. GLAZOVSKII F–2. GLACIERS OF CHINA / SHI YAFENG, MI DESHENG, YAO TANDONG, ZENG QUNZHU, and LIU CHAOHAI F–3 GLACIERS OF AFGHANISTAN / JOHN E. SHRODER , JR ., and MICHAEL P. BISHOP F–4 GLACIERS OF PAKISTAN / JOHN E. SHRODER , JR ., and MICHAEL P. BISHOP F–5 GLACIERS OF INDIA / CHANDER P. VOHRA Updated supplement on A STUDY OF SELECTED GLACIERS UNDER THE CHANGING CLIMATE REGIME / SYED IQBAL HASNAIN, RAJESH KUMAR , SAFARAZ AHMAD, and SHRESTH TAYAL F–6 GLACIERS OF NEPAL — GLACIER DISTRIBUTION IN THE NEPAL HIMALAYA WITH COMPARISON TO THE KARAKORAM RANGE / KEIJI HIGUCHI, OKITSUGU WATANABE, HIROJI FUSHIMI, SHUHEI TAKENAKA, and AKIO NAGOSHI, Supplement by YUTAKA AGETA F–7 GLACIERS OF BHUTAN / SHUJI IWATA F–8 THE PALEOENVIRONMENTAL RECORD PRESERVED IN MIDDLE-LATITUDE, HIGH-MOUNTAIN GLACIERS: AN OVERVIEW OF U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH IN CENTRAL ASIA AND THE UNITED STATES / L. DeWAYNE CECIL, DAVID L. NAFTZ, PAUL F. SCHUSTER , DAVID D. SUSONG, and JAROMY R . GREEN

Note: Inhalt Vorwort Einleitung / Sonja Germer, Matthias Naumann, Oliver Bens Zur gegenwärtigen Situation der Fokusregion Berlin-Brandenburg / Sonja Germer, Matthias Naumann, Oliver Bens I. Umweltwandel und die Folgen für den Landschaftswasserhaushalt Einleitung / Sonja Germer, Barbara Köstner, Herbert Sukopp, Jost Heintzenberg Temperaturaufzeichnungen in Berlin für die letzten 310 Jahre / Ulrich Cubasch, Christopher Kadow Simulation des gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen Regionalklimas von Brandenburg / Eberhard Schaller Simulation von Wasserhaushaltskomponenten unter dem Wandel des regionalen Klimas / Barbara Köstner, Matthias Kuhnert Reaktionen von Seeökosystemen auf Umweltveränderungen / Michael Hupfer, Brigitte Nixdorf, Klement Tockner Anthropogene Einflussfaktoren des Landschaftswasserhaushalts / Gunnar Lischeid Wasserhaushaltliche und wasserwirtschaftliche Bilanzen / Uwe Grünewald Kernaussagen / Barbara Köstner, Sonja Germer, Jost Heintzenberg II. Wandel von Landnutzungen und deren Konsequenzen für Wasserressourcen Einleitung / Inge Broer, Alfred Pühler, Mihaiela Rus Regionale Landwirtschaft im globalen Wandel / Konrad Hagedorn Den Rahmen setzen für die Entwicklung der Kulturlandschaften von morgen. Regionale Antworten auf globale Herausforderungen finden / Werner Konold Strategien zum Integrierten Land- und Wasserressourcenmanagement im märkischen Feuchtgebietsgürtel Oderbruch-Havelland / Joachim Quast Wassermanagement in der Landwirtschaft / Katrin Drastig, Annette Prochnow, Reiner Brunsch Waldbewirtschaftung unter den Bedingungen des Klimawandels in Brandenburg / Ralf Kätzel, Klaus Höppner Erzeugung und Verbrauch von landwirtschaftlichen Produkten aus Brandenburg in Berlin / Hans Kögl Neue Entwicklungen in der Pflanzenzüchtung und Systembetrachtungen der Pflanze-Umwelt-Interaktion / Inge Broer, Reiner Brunsch Kernaussagen / Inge Broer, Alfred Pühler, Mihaiela Rus III. Infrastrukturen neu denken: gesellschaftliche Funktionen und Weiterentwicklung / Eva Barlösius, Karl-Dieter Keim, Georg Meran, Timothy Moss, Claudia Neu Gegenwärtige Situation der Infrastrukturen Ausgangspunkt: LandInnovation Leistungen der Infrastrukturen in der Vergangenheit Wasser- und Bildungsinfrastrukturen: Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede Kernaussagen über Infrastrukturen IV. Handeln unter Bedingungen des globalen Wandels / Sonja Germer, Karl-Dieter Keim, Matthias Naumann, Oliver Bens, Rolf Emmermann, Reinhard F. Hüttl Übergeordnete Herausforderungen des globalen Wandels Brückenprinzipien als Handlungsorientierung für den Umgang mit dem globalen Wandel Stärkung der interdisziplinären Forschung und des Transfers Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Verzeichnis der Autorinnen und Autoren Verzeichnis der Mitglieder der interdisziplinären Arbeitsgruppe Globaler Wandel – Regionale Entwicklung Verzeichnis der Diskussionspapiere der interdisziplinären Arbeitsgruppe Globaler Wandel – Regionale Entwicklung

Note: Contents Preface Ackowledgements 1 Introduction 1.1 Definition and extent 1.2 The role of the cryosphere in the climate system 1.3 The organization of cryospheric observations and research 1.4 Remote sensing of the cryosphere Part I The terrestrial cryosphere 2A Snowfall and snow cover 2.1 History 2.2 Snow formation 2.3 Snow cover 2.4 Snow cover modeling in land surface schemes of GCMs 2.5 Snow interception by the canopy 2.6 Sublimation 2.7 Snow metamorphism 2.8 In situ measurements of snow 2.9 Remote sensing of snowpack properties and snow-cover area 2.10 Snowmelt modeling 2.11 Recent observed snow cover changes 2B Avalanches 2.12 History 2.13 Avalanche characteristics 2.14 Avalanche models 2.15 Trends' in avalanchf:' conditions 3 Glaciers and ice caps 3.1 History 3.2 Definitions 3.3 Glacier characteristics 3.4 Mass balance 3.5 Remote sensing 3.6 Glacier flow and flowlines 3.7 Scaling 3.8 Glacier modeling 3.9 Ice caps 3.10 Glacier hydrology 3.11 Changes in glaciers and ice caps 4 Ice sheets 4.1 History of exploration 4.2 Mass balance 4.3 Remote sensing 4.4 Mechanisms of ice sheet changes 4.5 The Greenland Ice Sheet 4.6 Antarctica 4.7 Overall ice sheet changes 4.8 Ice sheet models 4.9 Ice sheet and ice shelf interaction 4.10 Ice sheet contributions to sea level change 5 Frozen ground and permafrost 5.1 History 5.2 Frozen ground definitions and extent 5.3 Thermal relationships 5.4 Vertical characteristics of permafrost 5.5 Remote sensing 5.6 Ground ice 5.7 Permafrost models 5.8 Geomorphological features associated with permafrost 5.9 Changes in permafrost and soil freezing 6 Freshwater ice 6.1 History 6.2 Lake ice 6.3 Changes in lake ice cover 6.4 River ice 6.5 Trends in river ice cover 6.6 Icings Part II The marine cryosphere 7 Sea ice 7.1 History 7.2 Sea ice characteristics 7.3 Ice drift and ocean circulation 7.4 Sea ice models 7.5 Leads, polynyas, and pressure ridges 7.6 Ice thickness 7.7 Trends in sea ice extent and thickness 8 Ice shelves and icebergs 8.1 History 8.2 Ice shelves 8.3 Ice streams 8.4 Conditions beneath ice shelves 8.5 Ice shelf buttressing 8.6 Icebergs 8.7 Ice islands Part Ill The cryosphere past and future 9 The cryosphere in the past 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Snowball Earth and ice-free Cretaceous 9.3 Phanerozoic glaciations 9.4 Late Cenozoic polar glaciations 9.5 The Quaternary 9.6 The Holocene 10 The future cryosphere: impacts of global warming 10.1 Introduction 10.2 General observations 10.3 Recent cryospheric changes 10.4 Climate projections 10.5 Projected changes to Northern Hemisphere snow cover 10.6 Projected changes in land ice 10.7 Projected permafrost changes 10.8 Projected changes in freshwater ice 10.9 Projected sea ice changes Part IV Applications 11 Applications of snow and ice research 11.1 Snowfall 11.2 Freezing precipitation 11.3 Avalanches 11.4 Ice avalanches 11.5 Winter sports industry 11.6 Water resources 11.7 Hydropower 11.8 Snow melt floods 11.9 Freshwater ice 11.10 Ice roads 11.11 Sea ice 11.12 Glaciers and ice sheets 11.13 Icebergs 11.14 Permafrost and ground ice I 1.15 Seasonal ground freezing Glossary References Index

Note: CONTENTS PREFACE PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PART ONE GLACIERS 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Glacier systems 1.1.1 Mass balance 1.1.2 Meltwater 1.1.3 Glacier motion 1.1.4 Glaciers and sea-level change 1.1.5 Erosion and debris transport 1.1.6 Glacial sediments, landforms and landscapes 1.2 Glacier morphology 1.2.1 Ice sheets and ice caps 1.2.2 Glaciers constrained by topography 1.2.3 Ice shelves 1.3 Present distribution of glaciers 1.3.1 Influence of latitude and altitude 1.3.2 Influence of aspect, relief and distance from a moisture source 1.4 Past distribution of glaciers 1.4.1 'Icehouse' and 'greenhouse' worlds 1.4.2 Cenozoic glaciation 2 SNOW, ICE AND CLIMATE 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Surface energy balance 2.2.1 Changes of state and temperature 2.2.2 Shortwave radiation 2.2.3 Longwave radiation 2.2.4 Sensible and latent heat: turbulent fluxes 2.2.5 Energy supplied by rain 2.2.6 Why is glacier ice blue? 2.3 Ice temperature 2.3.1 The melting point of ice 2.3.2 Controls on ice temperature 2.3.3 Thermal structure of glaciers and ice sheets 2.4 Processes of accumulation and ablation 2.4.1 Snow and ice accumulation 2.4.2 Transformation of snow to ice 2.4.3 Melting of snow and ice 2.4.4 Sublimation and evaporation 2.4.5 The influence of debris cover 2.5 Mass balance 2.5.1 Definitions 2.5.2 Measurement of mass balance 2.5.3 Annual mass balance cycles 2.5.4 Mass balance gradients 2.5.5 The equilibrium line 2.5.6 Glaciation levels or glaciation thresholds 2.5.7 Glacier sensitivity to climate change 2.6 Glacier-climate interactions 2.6.1 Effects of glaciers and ice sheets on the atmosphere 2.7 Ice cores 2.7.1 Ice coring programmes 2.7.2 Stable isotopes 2.7.3 Ancient atmospheres: the gas content of glacier ice 2.7.4 Solutes and particulates 3 GLACIER HYDROLOGY 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Basic concepts 3.2.1 Water sources and routing 3.2.2 Hydraulic potential 3.2.3 Resistance to flow 3.2.4 Channel wall processes: melting, freezing and ice deformation 3.3 Supraglacial and englacial drainage 3.3.1 Supraglacial water storage and drainage 3.3.2 Englacial drainage 3.4 Subglacial drainage 3.4.1 Subglacial channels 3.4.2 Water films 3.4.3 Linked cavity systems 3.4.4 Groundwater flow 3.4.5 Water at the ice-sediment interface 3.5 Glacial hydrological systems 3.5.1 Temperate glaciers 3.5.2 Polythermal glaciers 3.5.3 Modelling glacial hydrological systems 3.6 Proglacial runoff 3.6.1 Seasonal and shorter-term cycles 3.6.2 Runoff and climate change 3.7 Glacial lakes and outburst floods 3.7.1 Introduction 3.7.2 Moraine-dammed lakes 3.7.3 Ice-dammed lakes 3.7.4 Icelandic subglacial lakes 3.7.5 Estimating GLOF magnitudes 3.8 Life in glaciers 3.8.1 Supraglacial ecosystems 3.8.2 Subglacial ecosystems 3.9 Glacier hydrochemistry 3.9.1 Overview 3.9.2 Snow chemistry 3.9.3 Chemical weathering processes 3.9.4 Subglacial chemical weathering 3.9.5 Proglacial environments 3.9.6 Rates of chemical erosion 4 PROCESSES OF GLACIER MOTION 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Stress and strain 4.2.1 Stress 4.2.2 Strain 4.2.3 Rheology: stress-strain relationships 4.2.4 Force balance in glaciers 4.3 Deformation of ice 4.3.1 Glen's Flow Law 4.3.2 Crystal fabric, impurities and water content 4.3.3 Ice creep velocities 4.4 Sliding 4.4.1 Frozen beds 4.4.2 Sliding of wet-based ice 4.4.3 Glacier-bed friction 4.4.4 The role of water 4.5 Deformable beds 4.5.1 The Boulton-Hindmarsh model 4.5.2 Laboratory testing of subglacial tills 4.5.3 Direct observations of deformable glacier beds 4.5.4 Rheology of subglacial till 4.6 Rates of basal motion 4.6.1 'Sliding laws' 4.6.2 Local and non-local controls on ice velocity 4.7 Crevasses and other structures: strain made visible 4.7.1 Crevasses 4.7.2 Crevasse patterns 4.7.3 Layering, foliation and related structures 5 GLACIER DYNAMICS 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Understanding glacier dynamics 5.2.1 Balance velocities 5.2.2 Deviations from the balance velocity 5.2.3 Changes in ice thickness: continuity 5.2.4 Thermodynamics 5.3 Glacier models 5.3.1 Overview 5.3.2 Equilibrium glacier profiles 5.3.3 Time-evolving glacier models 5.4 Dynamics of valley glaciers 5.4.1 Intra-annual velocity variations 5.4.2 Multi-annual variations 5.5 Calving glaciers 5.5.1 Flow of calving glaciers 5.5.2 Calving processes 5.5.3 'Calving laws' 5.5.4 Advance and retreat of calving glaciers 5.6 Ice shelves 5.6.1 Mass balance of k e shelves 5.6.2 Flow of ice shelves 5.6.3 Ice shelf break-up 5.7 Glacier surges 5.7.1 Overview 5.7.2 Distribution of surging glaciers 5.7.3 Temperate glacier surges 5.7.4 Polythermal surging glaciers 5.7.5 Surge mechanisms 6 THE GREENLAND AND ANTARCTIC ICE SHEETS 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Greenland Ice Sheet 6.2.1 Overview 6.2.2 Climate and surface mass balance 6.2.3 Ice sheet flow 6.2.4 Ice streams and outlet glaciers 6.3 The Antarctic Ice Sheet 6.3.1 Overview 6.3.2 Climate and mass balance 6.3.3 Flow of inland ice 6.3.4 Ice streams 6.3.5 Hydrology and subglacial lakes 6.3.6 Ice stream stagnation and reactivation 6.3.7 Stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet 7 GLACIERS AND SEA LEVEL CHANGE 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Causes of sea-level change 7.2.1 Overview 7.2.2 Glacio-eustasy and global ice volume 7.2.3 Glacio-isostasy and ice sheet loading 7.3 Sea-level change over glacial-interglacial cycles 7.3.1 Ice sheet fluctuations and eustatic sea-level change 7.3.2 Sea-level histories in glaciated regions 7.4 Glaciers and recent sea-level change 7.4.1 Recorded sea-level change 7.4.2 Global glacier mass balance 7.5 Future sea-level change 7.5.1 IPCC climate and sea-level projections 7.5.2 Predicting the glacial contribution to sea-level change PART TWO GLACIATION 8 EROSIONAL PROCESSES, FORMS AND LANDSCAPES 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Subglacial erosion 8.2.1 Rock fracture: general principles 8.2.2 Abrasion 8.2,3 Quarrying 8.2.4 Erosion beneath cold ice 8.2.5 Erosion of soft beds 8.3 Small-scale erosional forms 8.3.1 Striae and polished surfaces 8.3.2 Rat tails 8.3.3 Chattermarks, gouges and fractures 8.3.4 P-forms 8.4 Intermediate-scale erosional forms 8.4.1 Roches moutonnees 8.4.2 Whalebacks and rock drumlins 8.4.3 Crag and tails 8.4.4 Channels 8.5 Large-scale erosional landforms 8.5.1 Rock basins and overdeepenings 8.5.2 Basins and overdeepenings in soft sediments 8.5.3 Troughs and fjords 8.5.4 Cirques 8.5.5 Strandflats 8.6 Landscapes of glacial erosion 8.6.1 Areal scouring 8.6.2 Selective linear erosion 8.6.3 Landscapes of little or no glacial erosion 8.6.4 Alpine landscapes 8.6.5 Cirque landscapes 8.6.6 Continent-scale patterns of erosion 9 DEBRIS ENTRAPMENT AND TRANSPORT 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Approaches to the study of glacial sediments 9.2.1 The glacial debris cascade 9.2.2 Spatial hierarchies of sediments and landforms 9.3 Glacial debris entrainment 9.3.1 Supraglacial debris entrainment 9.3.2 Incorporation of debris into basal ice 9.4 Debris transport and release 9.4.1 Subglacial transport 9.4.2 High-level debris transport 9.4.3 Glacifluvial transport 9.5 Effects of transport on debris 9.5.1 Granulometry 9.5.2 Clast morphology 9.5.3 Particle micromorphology 10 GLACIGENIC SEDIMENTS AND DEPOSITIONAL PROCESSES 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Sediment description and classification 10.2.1 Sediment description 10.2.2 Deformation structures 10.2.3 Primary and secondary deposits 10.3 Primary glacigenic deposits (till) 10.3.1 Overview 10.3.2 Processes of subglacial till formation 10.3.3 Glacitectonite 10.3.4 Subglacial traction till 10.4 Glacifluvial deposits 10.4.1 Terminology and classification of glacifluvial sediments 10.4.2 Plane bed deposits 10.4.3 Ripple cross-laminated facies 10.4.4 Dunes 10.4.5 Antidunes 10.4.6 Scour and minor channel fills 10.4.7 Gravel sheets 10.4.8 Silt and mud drapes 10.4.9 Hyperconcentrated flow deposits 10.5 Gravitational mass movement deposits and syn-sedimentary deformation structures 10.5.1 Overview 10.5.2 Fall deposits 10.5.3 Slide and slump deposits 10.5.4 Debris (sediment-gravity) flow deposits 10.5.5

Note: Inhalt: I. Allgemeiner Teil. - 1. Abgrenzung der Bacillariophyceae. - 2. Terminologie. - 2.1. Glossar derTermini. - 3. Baustoffe und Struktur der Zellwand. - 4. Morphologie der Zellwand. - 4.1. Formtypen und Symmetrieverhältnisse. - 4.2. Morphologische Bautypen der Zellwand. - 4.2.1. Lochplattenkonstruktionen. - 4.2.2. Rippengitterkonstruktionen. - 4.2.3. Ein- und zweischalige alveolierte Rippensysteme. - 4.3. Wanddurchbrüche ohne Siebmembranen. - 4.3.1. Stigmata und Stigmoide. - 4.3.2. Apikale Porenfelder und sonstige Gallertporen. - 4.3.3. Lippen- und Stützenfortsätze. - 4.4. Raphen. - 4.4.1. Medianraphen. - 4.4.2. Kanalraphen. - 4.5. Längskanäle. - 4.6. Oberflächenstrukturen. - 4.6.1. Dornen, Verbindungsdornen, Borsten. - 4.6.2. Sonstige Oberflächenstrukturen. - 4.7. Teratologische Erscheinungen. - 4.8. Die Bauelemente des Zellgürtels. - 4.9. Innenschalen. - 4.9.1. Häutungen. - 4.9.2. Dauersporen. - 5. Fortpflanzung. - 5.1. Asexuelle Fortpflanzung (Vermehrung) und Formwechsel. - 5.2. Sexuelle Fortpflanzung - Auxosporenbildung. - 6. Euplasmatische Strukturen . - 7. Morphogenese der Zellwand. - 8. Fortbewegung. - 9. Verbreitung und Ökologie 9.1. Verbreitung. - 9.2. Ökologie. - 9.2.1. pH-Werte. - 9.2.2. Elektrolytgehalt. - 9.2.3. Sauerstoffsättigung. - 9.2.4. Toleranz gegen organische Abwasserbelastung. - 10. Methoden. - 10.1. Konservieren der Proben. - 10.2. Präparation des Rohmaterials. - 10.2.1. Trennung von anderen Bestandteilen. - 10.2.2. Entkalken und Ablösen von Pflanzen und anderen Substraten. - 10.2.3. Auswaschen. - 10.2.4. Beseitigung organischer Bestandteile. - 10.2.5. Aufbereitung von fossilem Material. - 10.2.6. Sonstige Methoden. - 10.3. Herstellung von Schalenpräparaten. - 10.4. Untersuchung der Diatomeen. - II. Spezieller Teil. - 1. Systematisches Konzept dieser Diatomeen-Flora. - 2. Klassifikation der Bacillariophyceae. - 3. Familie Naviculaceae Kützing. - 1. Navicula Bory. - 2. Stauroneis Ehrenberg. - 3. Anomoeoneis Pfitzer. - 4. Frustulia Rabenhorst. - 5. Amphipleura Kützing. - 6. Neidium Pfitzer. - 7. Scoliopleura Grunow. - 8. Dipfoneis Ehrenberg. - 9. Pleurasigma W. Smith. - 10. Gyrosigma Hassall. - 11. Cymbella Agardh. - 12. Amphora Ehrenberg. - 13. Gomphonema Ehrenberg. - 14. Gomphoneis Cleve. - 15. Didymosphenia M. Schmidt. - 16. Rhoicosphenia Grunow. - 17. Caloneis Cleve. - 18. Pinnularia Ehrenberg. - 19. Mastogloia Thwaites. - 20. Diatomella Grunow. - 21. Oestrupia Heiden. - 22. Entomoneis Ehrenberg. - Tafeln 1-206. - Namenverzeichnis.

Note: Zugl.: Köln, Univ., Diss., 1986 , Inhaltsverzeichnis: Abstract, Kurzfassung. - 1. Untersuchungsraum. - 2. Lage der Profile. - 3. Methoden. - 4. Forschungsgeschichte. - 5. Die Schichtenfolge im Helikon-Gebirge. - 6, Die Domvrena-Schichten. - 7. Perdikovouno-Schichten. - 7.1 Profil am Anadematisma. - 7.2 Profil am Perdikovouno. - 7.3 Profil am Korombili. - 7.4 Stratigraphie der Perdikovouno-Schichten. - 7.5 Ablagerungsraum der Perdikovouno-Schichten. - 7.6 Isotopenverhältnisse. - 7.6.1 Profil am Anadematisma. - 7.6.2 Profil am Perdikovouno. - 7.6.3 Profil am Korombili. - 7.7 Diskussion. - 8. Diakopi-Schichten. - 8.1 Profil am Diakopi. - 8.2 Profil am Süßwasserkanal bei Domvrena. - 8.3 Profil am Steinbruch von Domvrena. - 8.4 Stratigraphie der Diakopi-Schichten. - 8.5 Ablagerungsraum der Diakopi-Schichten. - 8.6 Isotopenverhältnisse. - 8.6.1 Profil am Diakopi. - 8.6.2 Profil am Süßwasserkanal bei Domvrena. - 8.6.3 Profil am Steinbruch von Domvrena. - 8.7 Diskussion. - 9. Vounalakia-Schichten. - 9.1 Profil am Vounalakia. - 9.2 Profil an der Tomatenfabrik. - 9.3 Stratigraphie der Vounalakia-Schichten. - 9.4 Ablagerungsraum der Vounalakia-Schichten. - 9.5 Isotopenverhältnisse. - 9.6 Diskussion. - 10. Makariotissa-Schichten 10.1 Profil am Süßwasserkanal bei Domvrena. - 10.2 Profil bei Makariotissa. - 10.3 Radiolarien aus dem Profil von Makariotissa. - 10.4 Profil an der Sphinx. - 10.5 Stratigraphie der Makariotissa-Schichten. - 10.6 Ablagerungsraum der Makariotissa Schichten. - 10.7 Isotopenverhältnisse. - 10.7.1 Profil am Süßwasserkanal bei Domvrena. - 10.7.2 Profil bei Makariotissa. - 10.7.3 Kalksteine mit Kieselknollen. - 10.7.4 Profil an der Sphinx. - 10.8 Diskussion. - 11. Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse. - 11.1 Profilaufbau. - 11.2 Isotopenkurven. - 11.3 Isotopenverhältnisse. - 12. Fossilienliste. - 13. Isotopendaten. - 14. Literatur. - Danksagung. , Zsfassung in engl. Sprache

Note: Zugleich: Berlin, Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Dissertation A, 1987 , Inhaltsverzeichnis: 0. Vorbemerkungen. - 1. Einleitung. - 2. Theoretische Grundlagen der gesteinsmagnetischen Anisotropieuntersuchungen. - 2.1. Suszeptibilitätsanisotropien in Mineralen. - 2.1.1. Magnetische Kristallanisotropie. - 2.1.2. Magnetische Formanisotropie. - 2.2. Suszeptibilitätsanisotropien in Gesteinen. - 2.3. Symmetriebeziehungen. - 3. Untersuchungsmethodik. - 3.1. Probenentnahme. - 3.2. Probenaufbereitung. - 3.3. Meßwertaufnahme. - 3.4. Meßwertbearbeitung. - 3.5. Fehlerbetrachtung. - 4. Gesteinsmagnetische Anisotropieuntersuchungen an Sedimentiten der Thüringischen und Subherzynen Senke und Magmatiten aus dem Südteil der DDR. - 4.1. Vorbemerkungen. - 4.2. Gesteinsmagnetische Anisotropieuntersuchungen in Sedimentiten. - 4.2.1. Genetische Klassifizierung der gesteinsmagnetischen Anisotropien. - 4.2.2. Anwendung der Methode auf Karbonate der Allertal-Grabenzone (Subherzyne Senke). - 4.2.2.1. Geologische Stellung 4.2.2.2. Ergebnisse der Anisotropieuntersuchungen. - 4.2.3. Anwendung der Methode auf Karbonate aus Randstörungen der Thüringischen Senke. - 4.2.3.1. Geologische Stellung. - 4.2.3.2. Ergebnisse der Anisotropieuntersuchungen. - 4.2.4. Diskussion der Ergebnisse. - 4.2.5. Schlußfolgerungen. - 4.3. Gesteinsmagnetische Anisotropieuntersuchungen an Magmatiten aus dem Südteil der DDR. - 4.3.1. Genetische Klassifizierung gesteinsmagnetischer Anisotropien in Magmatiten. - 4.3.2. Anwendung der Methode auf die Gesteine des Kirchberger Granits. - 4.3.2.1. Geologische Stellung. - 4.3.2.2. Diskussion der gesteinsmagnetischen Untersuchungsergebnisse. - 4.3.3. Anwendung der Methode auf die Gesteine des Meißener Massivs. - 4.3.3.1. Geologische Stellung. - 4.3.3.2. Diskussion der gesteinsmagnetischen Untersuchungsergebnisse. - 4.3.4. Schlußfolgerungen. - 5. Die Anisotropie der Suszeptibilität in den Ketamorphiten der Schirmacher-Oase (Ostantarktika). - 5.1. Vorbemerkungen. - 5.2. Genetische Klassifizierung gesteinsmagnetischer Anisotropien in Metamorphiten. - 5.2.1. Modellvorstellungen zum Orientierungsverhalten ferromagnetischer Minerale bei Deformation. - 5.2.2. Anisotropie der Suszeptibilität und Regionalmetamorphose. - 5.2.3. Anisotropie der Suszeptibilität und Dynamometamorphose. - 5.3. Petromagnetische und petrographisch/petrochemische Eigenschaften der Tektonite (Kataklasite, Mylonite, Blastomylonite) aus einer Störungszone der Schirmacher Oase. - 5.3.1. Geologisch-geophysikalische Übersicht. - 5.3.2. Strukturelle und stoffliche Untersuchungsergebnisse. - 5.3.2.1. Tektonische und petrographisch/petrochemische Ergebnisse. - 5.3.2.2. Zur Anisotropie der gesteinsmagnetischen Eigenschaften 5.3.2.3. Zur kristallographischen Anisotropie (Textur) des Magnetitanteils. - 5.3.3. Diskussion der Ergebnisse und Schlußfolgerungen. - 5.3.3.1. Parameterbeziehung zwischen den petrophysikalischen und stofflichen Ergebnissen aus methodischer Sicht. - 5.3.3.2. Geowissenschaftliehe Komplexinterpretation zur Kinematik der Störungszone. - 6. Anwendung gesteinsmagnetischer Anisotropieuntersuchungen zur Bewertung paläomagnetischer Meßergebnisse. - 6.1. Anisotropie beim Erwerb einer thermoremanenten Magnetisierung (TRM). - 6.2. Anisotropie beim Erwerb einer Sedimentationsremanenz (DRM). - 6.3. Schlußfolgerungen. - 7. Zusammenfassende Ergebnisdarstellung und Schlußfolgerungen für weiterführende Arbeiten. - Literatur.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Vorwort. - TEIL I: MOSAIK DER FORSCHUNG. - Beiträge aus Geographie, Geologie, Geophysik und Mineralogie Grußwort zum Beginn der Geowissenschaftlichen Ringvorlesung im SS 1986 / Gerhard Rau. - Raum und Zeit in der Erzgenese / G. Christian Amstutz. - Edelsteine und ihre Nachahmungen als Objekte mineralogischer Forschung / Herrmann Bank. - Forschungen in Polargebieten / Dietrich Barsch. - Geotechnische Felsbeschreibung für den Aushub von Baugruben / Wolfgang Dachroth. - Der Abbau der organischen Substanz im Boden / Helmut Dörr. - Die Bedeutung der Flechten (lichenes) für die geowissenschaftliche Ökosystemforschung / Horst Eichler. - Silikate in Forschung und Technik / Walter Eysel. - Ergänzung topographischer Karten mit Hilfe der "Metric Camera" / Fritz Fezer. - Permokarboner Vulkanismus im südlichen Odenwald / Heiner Flick. - Die granitische Tafoni-Verwitterung / Gerhard Frenzel. - Natur und Gesellschaft in Afrika - unter dem Aspekt agrarer Tragfähigkeit / Werner Fricke. - Zeiten jungvulkanischer Aktivität im rheinischen Schild / Ursula Fuhrmann. - Abdichtung von Sonderabfalldeponien: Aufgaben für den Tonmineralogen / Dietrich Heling. - Die Eichung der geologischen Zeitskala / Jürgen C. Hess. - Trends der Urbanen Modifikation des Klimas / Heinz Karrasch. - Gefügekundliche Studien: Das Prinzip und seine Anwendung / Martin Kirchmayer. - Grundgebirge und geochemische Isotopie / Bernd Kober. - Mikrofazies, Diagenese und Bildungsraum oberjuras­sischer Schwamm-Algen-"Riffe" der Schwäbischen Alb / Roman Koch und Volker Schweizer. - Zur Geschichte der Kalisalzforschung in Deutschland in den letzten 50 Jahren / Robert Kühn. - Die Retentivität isotopischer Chronometer, Minerale als Stoppuhren geologischer Prozesse / Hans J. Lippolt. - Palökologie, Paläoklima und Tektonik im Tertiär Spaniens / Karl Ludwig. - Heidelbergs Einfluß auf die Geowissenschaften in Nordamerika 1864 -1911 / Julianne P. Mahler und Hermann W. Pfefferkorn. - Zeitmarken im miozänen und pleistozänen Ozean / Augusto Mangini. - Die Qualifiaktionsstruktur des Arbeitsplatz­angebotes nach der Einwohnerzahl des Arbeitsorts / Peter Meusburger. - Entwicklungsprojekte in Südamerika -Allgemeine Forschungsprobleme und Beispiele / Werner Mikus. - Lagerstättenforschung und Laborexperiment / Günter Moh. - Chemische Dekontaminierung - Ein Konzept zur endgültigen Entsorgung Schwermetall-belasteter Schlämme und Böden / German Müller. - Fossilien und Palökologie / Hermann W. Pfefferkorn. - Aus der Arbeit der Geographieam Südasien-Institut / Ulrich Schweinfurth. - TEIL II: EHREN-PROMOTIONEN IM JUBILÄUMSJAHR 1986 Geowissenschaftliche Ehrenpromotionen an der Universität Heidelberg / Hans J. Lippolt. - Laudatio auf Arno Semmel / Dietrich Barsch. - Geomorphologische Aspekte der Landschaftsnutzung in Süd-Brasilien / Arno Semmel. - Laudatio auf Gerald Friedman / German Müller. - Zum Festvortrag von Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. G. Friedman: "Problems of Dolostone Hydrocarbon Reservoirs" / Roman Koch. - TEIL III: DIE SEIT 1970 VON DER FAKULTÄT FÜR GEOWISSENSCHAFTEN FÜR DIE NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICH-MATHEMATISCHE GESAMTFAKULTÄT ANGENOMMENEN INAUGURAL-DISSERTATIONEN. - TEIL IV: DIE FAKULTÄT IM JUBILÄUMSJAHR 1986. - Die Erde als Ganzes und im Einzelnen - Die Fakultät für Geowissenschaften - Teilräume forschend erfassen / Hans J. Lippolt. - Auszug aus dem Personal- und Informationsverzeichnis der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg 1986: Fakultät für Geowissenschaften. - Die Zusammensetzung des Fakultätsrates im SS 1986. - Studentenstatistik der Fakultäts-Fächer. - TEIL V: ZENTENAR-AKTIVITÄTEN DER FAKULTÄT UND IHRER MITGLIEDER. - Beiträge aus der Fakultät zum Jubiläum / Hans J. Lippolt. - Das Paul-Ramdohr-Gedächtnis-Symposium / Günter Moh. - Die Ausstellung "Windrose & Südpol" / Dietrich Barsch. - Tag der Offenen Tür der Fächer und Institute / Reinhart Kraatz. - Der Tertiärgarten am Geologischen Institut der Universität Heidelberg / Karlfried Fuchs. - Tag der ehemaligen Studenten der Fakultät / Dietrich Heling. - Das 2. Neckar-Umwelt-Symposium / German Müller. - Der Gesellschaftsabend der Fakultät in Schriesheim / Wolfgang Herden und Stefan Huber.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Annotation (Annotation, Annotacija) 1. Einführung 1.1. Politische Grundlagen 1.2. Rohstoffspekulationen 2. Grundzüge der Tektonik und Mineragenie der Antarktis 2.1. Geotektonische Epochen 2.2. Tektonisch-minerogenetische Rayonierung 3. Vorkommen fester mineralischer Rohstoffe 3.1. Metallische Rohstoffe 3.1.1. Schwarzmetalle 3.1.1.1. Eisen 3.1.1.2. Mangan 3.1.1.3. Chrom, Nickel, Kobalt, Vanadium, Titan 3.1.1.4. Molybdän, Wolfram 3.1.2. Buntmetalle 3.1.2.1. Kupfer 3.1.2.2. Blei, Zink 3.1.2.3. Zinn 3.1.3. Edelmetalle (Silber, Gold, Platin) 3.1.4. Sonstige Metalle 3.2. Nichtmetallische Rohstoffe 3.2.1. Edel- und Schmucksteine 3.2.2. Glimmer 3.2.3. Feuerfestminerale 3.2.4. Phosphat 3.2.5. Fluorit, Baryt 3.2.6. Graphit. 3.2.7. Schwefel 4. Kohlenvorkommen 5. Kohlenwasserstoff-Vorkommen 6. Geothermische Energie 7. Süßwasser(Eis)-Vorräte 8. Schlußfolgerungen 9. Danksagung . 10. Zusammenfassung (Summary, Rezjume) Literaturverzeichnis Tabellen 1 bis 8

Note: Table of Contents: The Dahlem Konferenzen / S. Bernhard. - Introduction / H. Oeschger and C. C. Langway, Jr. - Aerosol transport from sources to ice sheets / G. E. Shaw. - Mechanisms of wet and dry deposition of atmospheric contaminants to snow surfaces / C. I. Davidson. - The transformation of snow to ice and the occlusion of gases / J. Schwander. - Environmental records in alpine glaciers / D. Wagenbach. - GROUP REPORT. - How do glaciers record environmental processes and preserve information? / J. W. C. White, P. Brimblecombe, C. Brühl, C. I. Davidson, R. J. Delmas, G. Gravenhorst, K. O. Münnich, S. A. Penkett, U. Schotterer, J. Schwander, G. E. Shaw, D. Wagenbach. - Dating by physical and chemical seasonal variations and reference horizons / C. U. Hammer. - Dating of ice by radioactive isotopes / B. R. Stauffer. - Dating by ice flow modeling: a useful tool or an exercise in applied mathematics? / N. Reeh. - Physical property reference horizons / H. Shoji and C. C. Langway, Jr. - GROUP REPORT. - How can an ice core chronology be established? / W. F. Budd, J. T. Andrews, R. C. Finkel, E. L. Fireman, W. Graf, C. U. Hammer, J. Jouzel, D. P. Raynaud, N. Reeh, H. Shoji, B. R. Stauffer, J. Weertman. - Temporal variations of trace gases in ice cores / M. A. K. Khalil and R. A. Rasmussen. - Trace metals and organic compounds in ice cores / D. A. Peel. - The ionic deposits in polar ice cores / H. B. Clausen and C. C. Langway, Jr. - The impact of observed changes in atmospheric composition on global atmospheric chemistry and climate / P. J. Crutzen and C. Brühl. - GROUP REPORT. - What anthropogenic impacts are recorded in glaciers? / G. I. Pearman, R. J. Charlson, T. Class, H. B. Clausen, P. J. Crutzen, T. Hughes, D. A. Peel, K. A. Rahn, J. Rudolph, U. Siegenthaler, D. S. Zardini. - Past environmental long-term records from the Arctic / W. Dansgaard and H. Oeschger. - Long-term changes in the concentrations of major chemical compounds (soluble and insoluble) along deep ice cores / R. J. Delmas and M. Legrand. - Long-term environmental records from Antarctic ice cores / C. Lorius, G. Raisbeck, J. Jouzel, and D. Raynoud. - Studies of polar ice: insights for atmospheric chemistry / M. B. McElroy. - GROUP REPORT. - Long-term ice core records and global environmental changes / A. D. Hecht, W. Dansgaard, J. A. Eddy, S. J. Johnsen, M. A. Lange, C. C. Langway, Jr., C. Lorius, M. B. McElroy, H. Oeschger, G. Raisbeck, P. Schlosser. - List of participants with fields of research. - Subject index. - Author index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Chapter 1 Introduction. - 1.1 The Static Structure of the Middle Atmosphere. - 1.2 Zonal Mean Temperature and Wind Distributions. - 1.3 Composition of the Middle Atmosphere. - 1.4 The Vertical Distribution of Eddy Amplitudes. - 1.5 Observational Techniques. - References. - Chapter 2 Radiative Processes and Remote Sounding. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Fundamentals. - 2.3 Gaseous Absorption Spectra. - 2.4 Transmission Functions. - 2.5 Infrared Radiative Exchange and Radiative Damping. - 2.6 Departure from Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium. - 2.7 Absorption of Solar Radiation. - 2.8 Radiative Equilibrium Temperature and Heating-Rate Distributions. - 2.9 Remote Sounding. - References. - Chapter 3 Basic Dynamics. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 The Beta-Plane Approximation and Quasi-Geostrophic Theory. - 3.3 The Eulerian-Mean Equations. - 3.4 Linearized Disturbances to Zonal-Mean Flows. - 3.5 The Transformed Eulerian-Mean Equations. - 3.6 The Generalized Eliassen-Palm Theorem and the Charney-Drazin Nonacceleration Theorem. - 3.7 The Lagrangian Approach. - 3.8 Isentropic Coordinates. - 3.9 The Zonal-Mean Equations in Isentropic Coordinates. - Appendix 3A. Derivation of Some Equations in Isentropic Coordinates. - Appendix 3B. Boundary Conditions on the Residual Circulation. - References. - Chapter 4 Linear Wave Theory. - 4.1 Introduction and Classification of Wave Types. - 4.2 Wave Disturbances to a Resting Spherical Atmosphere. - 4.3 Atmospheric Thermal Tides. - 4.4 Free Traveling Planetary Waves. - 4.5 Forced Planetary Waves. - 4.6 Gravity Waves. - 4.7 Equatorial Waves. - Appendix 4A. Ray-Tracing Theory and Wave Action in a Slowly Varying Medium. - References. - Chapter 5 Extratropical Planetary-Scale Circulations. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 The Observed Annual Cycle. - 5.3 Detailed Linear Models of Stationary Planetary Waves in the Middle Atmosphere. - 5.4 Detailed Linear Models of Free Traveling Planetary Waves in the Atmosphere. - 5.5 Barotropic and Baroclinic Instability. - 5.6 Planetary-Wave Critical Layers. - References. - Chapter 6 Stratospheric Sudden Warmings. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Observed Features of Sudden Warmings. - 6.3 Theoretical Modeling of Sudden Warmings. - 6.4 Conclusions. - References. - Chapter 7 The Extratropical Zonal-Mean Circulation. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Some Simple Zonally Averaged Models of the Middle Atmosphere. - 7.3 The Upper Mesosphere. - 7.4 The Winter Polar Stratosphere. - 7. 5 Interpretation and Generalization. - References. - Chapter 8 Equatorial Circulations. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 The Observed Structure of the Equatorial Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. - 8.3 Theory of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. - 8.4 Observed Structure of the Equatorial Semiannual Oscillations. - 8.5 Dynamics of the Equatorial Semiannual Oscillations. - 8.6 Inertial Instability in the Equatorial Zone. - References. - Chapter 9 Tracer Transport in the Middle Atmosphere. - 9.1 Introduction: Types of Tracers. - 9.2 Long-Lived Chemical Tracers. - 9.3 Transport in the Meridional Plane. - 9.4 Formulations of Eddy and Mean-Flow Transport. - 9.5 Dispersive Wave Transport: Irreversible Mixing of Tracers. - 9.6 Troposphere-Stratosphere Exchange. - 9.7 Transport Modeling. - Appendix 9A. The Transformed Eulerian-Mean Transport for Small-Arnplitude Eddies. - References. - Chapter 10 The Ozone Layer. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 The Climatology of Ozone. - 10.3 Elementary Aspects of Photochemical Modeling. - 10.4 Photochemistry of Ozone: Catalytic Cycles. - 10.5 Models of the Natural and Perturbed Ozone Layer. - Appendix 10A. The Continuity Equation for Chemical Species. - References. - Chapter 11 General Circulation Modeling. - 11.1 Models of the Lower Stratosphere. - 11.2 The GFDL SKYHI Model. - 11.3 Forecasting of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings. - 11.4 Transport Modeling. - References. - Chapter 12 Interaction between the Middle Atmosphere and the Lower Atmosphere. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Radiative Links: Deductions from Simple Models. - 12.3 Radiative Links: Deductions from GCMs. - 12.4 Dynamical Links: Vertically Propagating Planetary Waves. - 12.5 Interannual Variability in the Stratosphere. - References. - Bibliography. - Index.

Note: Table of Contents: Preface. - Chapter 1. lntroduction. - Chapter 2. Basic Equations. - 2.1. Hydrodynamic and Thermodynamic Equations. - 2.2. Equations of the Mean Flow. - 2.3. Equations of the Eddies. - 2.4. Energy Balance. - 2.5. Vorticity and Divergence. - 2.6. Linearization. - 2.7. Eliassen-Palm Flux. - 2.8. Ertel Potential Vorticity. - 2.9. Diffusive Separation of Atmospheric Constituents. - 2.10. Spherical Harmonics. - 2.11. Hermite Functions. - Chapter 3. External Energy Sources. - 3.1. Solar Irradiance. - 3.2. Solar Heat Input into Upper Atmosphere. - 3.3. Solar Heat Input into Lower and Middle Atmosphere. - 3.4. Lunar Gravitational Tidal Energy. - 3.5. Solar Wind Energy. - Chapter 4. Internal Energy Sources and Sinks. - 4.1. Eddy Viscosity. - 4.2. Eddy Heat Conduction. - 4.3. Latent Heat. - 4.4. Newtonian Cooling. - 4.5. Rayleigh Friction. - 4.6. Ion Drag. - 4.7. Feedback between Large-Scale Eddies and Mean Flow. - Chapter 5. Horizontal Modal Structure. - 5.1. Separation of Variables. - 5.2. Eigenvalues of Laplace's Equations. - 5.3. Gravity Waves. - 5.4. Rossby- Haurwitz Waves. - 5.5. Kelvin Waves and Yanai Waves. - 5.6. Low Frequency Waves with Positive Eigenvalues. - 5.7. Class Il Waves of Wavenumber m = 0. - 5.8. Diurnal Tides. - 5.9. Dynamo Action of Tidal Winds. - 5.10. Rossby Waves Migrating within Mean Zonal Flow. - 5.11. Influence of Zonal Mean Flow on Rossby-Haurwitz Waves. - 5.12. Salutions of Inhomogeneous Laplace Equations. - Chapter 6. Vertical Modal Structure. - 6.1. Characteristic Waves. - 6.2. Vertical Wavenumber. - 6.3. Particular Salutions. - 6.4. Boundary Conditions. - 6.5. Normal Modes. - 6.6. Height Structure of External Waves. - 6.7. Directly Driven Circulation Cells. - 6.8. Indirectly Driven Circulation Cells. - 6.9. Height Structure of Internal Waves. - 6.10. Impulsive Heat Input. - 6.11. Ray Tracing of Rossby Waves. - 6.12. Mode Conversion. - 6.13. Baroclinic Instability. - Chapter 7. Nonlinear Wave Propagation. - 7.1. Nonlinear Coupling between Rossby- Haurwitz Waves. - 7.2. Analytic Salutions for Weak Coupling of Rossby-Haurwitz Waves. - 7.3. Rossby- Haurwitz Wave Coupling in Realistic Mean Flow. - 7.4. Homogeneous and Isotropic Turbulence. - 7.5. Space-Time Analysis. - 7.6. Nonlinear Normal Mode Initialization. - 7.7. Lorenz Attractor. - 7.8. Logistic Difference Equation. - 7.9. Multiple Equilibria. - Chapter 8. Tidal Waves. - 8.1. Seasonal Tides within Lower and Middle Atmosphere (m = 0). - 8.2. Quasi-Stationary Seasonal Waves (m 〉 0). - 8.3. Climatic Mean Flow. - 8.4. Seasonal Tides within Upper Atmosphere. - 8.5. Migrating Solar Diurnal Tides within Lower and Middle Atmosphere. - 8.6. Migrating Solar Diurnal Tides within Upper Atmosphere. - 8.7. Nonmigrating Solar Diurnal Tides. - 8.8. Lunar Tides. - 8.9. Electromagnetic Effects of Tidal Waves. - 8.10. Energy and Momentum Deposition of Solar Diurnal Tides. - Chapter 9. Planetary Waves. - 9.1. Extratropical Transients. - 9.2. Southern Oscillation. - 9.3. Forty-Day Oscillations. - 9.4. Transients in the Tropical Middle Atmosphere. - 9.5. Fluctuations of Atmospheric Angular Momentum. - 9.6. Sudden Stratospheric Warnings. - 9.7. Thermospheric Response to Solar EUV Fluctuations. - 9.8. Thermospheric Storms. - 9.9. Solar Activity Effects within Middle and Lower Atmosphere. - Chapter 10. Epilogue. - References. - Subject Index.

Note: CONTENTS Introduction / J. C. Davis Integrating Geological Datasets With a Raster-Based Geographic In/ormation System / G. F. Bonham-Carter Integration of Geological Datasets for Gold Exploration in Nova Scotia / G. F. Bonham-Carter, F. P. Agterberg, and D. F. Wright GIS and Computer-Mapping Aspects of the Austrian Stream-Sediment Geochemical Sampling Project / G. Hausberger Power to the People! PC and Workstation Mapping and Database Systems / M. J. McCullagh Three-Dimensional Display of Geologic Data / J. N. Van Driel

Note: Contents Preface Symbols Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope of Micrometeorology 1.2 Micrometeorology versus Microclimatology 1.3 Importance and Applications of Micrometeorology Problems and Exercises Chapter 2 Energy Budget near the Surface 2.1 Energy Fluxes at an Ideal Surface 2.2 Energy Balance Equations 2.3 Some Examples of Energy Budget 2.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 3 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.1 Radiation Laws and Definitions 3.2 Shortwave Radiation 3.3 Longwave Radiation 3.4 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.5 Radiative Flux Divergence 3.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 4 Soil Temperatures and Heat Transfer 4.1 Surface Temperature 4.2 Subsurface Temperatures 4.3 Thermal Properties of Soils 4.4 Theory of Soil Heat Transfer 4.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 5 Air Temperature and Humidity in the PBL 5.1 Factors Influencing Air Temperature and Humidity 5.2 Basic Thermodynamic Relations and Definitions 5.3 Static Stability 5.4 Mixed Layers and Inversions 5.5 Vertical Temperature and Humidity Profiles 5.6 Diurnal Variations 5.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 6 Wind Distribution in the PBL 6.1 Factors Influencing Wind Distribution 6.2 Geostrophic and Thermal Winds 6.3 The Effects of Friction 6.4 The Effects of Stability 6.5 Observed Wind Profiles 6.6 Diurnal Variations 6.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 7 An Introduction to Viscous Flows 7.1 Inviscid and Viscous Flows 7.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 7.3 Equations of Motion 7.4 Plane-Parallel Flows 7.5 Ekman Layers 7.6 Developing Boundary Layers 7.7 Heat Transfer in Fluids 7.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 8 Fundamentals of Turbulence 8.1 Instability of Flow and Transition to Turbulence 8.2 The Generation and Maintenance of Turbulence 8.3 General Characteristics of Turbulence 8.4 Mean and Fluctuating Variables 8.5 Variances and Turbulent Fluxes 8.6 Eddies and Scales of Motion 8.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 9 Semiempirical Theories of Turbulence 9.1 Mathematical Description of Turbulent Flows 9.2 Gradient-Transport Theories 9.3 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Theories 9.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 10 Neutral Boundary Layers 10.1 Velocity-Profile Laws 10.2 Surface Roughness Parameters 10.3 Surface Stress and Drag Coefficient 10.4 Turbulence 10.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 11 Momentum and Heat Exchanges with Homogeneous Surfaces 11.1 The Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory 11.2 Empirical Forms of Similarity Functions 11.3 Wind and Temperature Profiles 11.4 Drag and Heat Transfer Coefficients 11.5 Methods of Determining Momentum and Heat Fluxes 11.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 12 Evaporation from Homogeneous Surfaces 12.1 The Process of Evaporation 12.2 Potential Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 12.3 Modified Monin-Obukhov Similarity Relations 12.4 Micrometeorological Methods of Determining Evaporation 12.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 13 Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.1 Sea-Surface Characteristics 13.2 Momentum Transfer to the Sea Surface 13.3 Parameterization of Air-Sea Exchanges 13.4 Mean Profiles in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.5 Turbulence over Water 13.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 14 Nonhomogeneous Boundary Layers 14.1 Types of Surface Inhomogeneities 14.2 Step Changes in Surface Roughness 14.3 Step Changes in Surface Temperature 14.4 Air Modifications over Water Surfaces 14.5 Air Modifications over Urban Areas 14.6 Building Wakes and Street Canyon Effects 14.7 Other Topographical Effects 14.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 15 Agricultural and Forest Micrometeorology 15.1 Flux-Profile Relations above Plant Canopies 15.2 Radiation Balance within Plant Canopies 15.3 Wind Distribution in Plant Canopies 15.4 Temperature and Moisture Fields 15.5 Turbulence in Plant Canopies 15.6 Applications Problems and Exercises References Index

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Annotation (Annotation, Annotacija) 1. Einleitung 2. Tektonische Rayonierung Antarktikas 2. I. Der Ostantarktische Kraton (1) 2.1.1. Zentraler Geoblock (1.1.) 2.1.1.1. Enderby Land-Block (1.1.1) 2.1.1.2. Dronning Maud Land-Block (1.1.2) 2.1.1.3. Prince Charles Mountains-Block (1.1.3) 2. 1.2. Östlicher Geoblock (1.2) 2.1.2.1. Vestfold Block (1.2.1) 2.1.2.2. Wilkes Land-Block (1.2.2) 2. 1.2.3. Victoria Land-Block (1.2.3) 2.1.3. Westlicher Geoblock (1.3) 2.1.3.1. Maudheim-Block (1.3.1) 2.1.3.2. Shekleton Range-Block (1.3.2) 2.1.3.3. Thiel Mountains-Block (1.3.3) 2.2. Die jungproterozoisch-altpaläozoische Mobilzone der Transantarctic Mountains (2) 2.2.1. Südlicher Block (2.1) 2.2.2. Nördlicher Block (2.2) 2.2.3. Admirality Mountains-Block (2.3) 2.3. Die jungproterozoisch-paläozoische Mobilzonen der Pensacola und Ellsworth Mountains (3) 2.3.1. Pensacola Mountains-Block (3.1) 2.3.2. Ellsworth Mountains-Block (3.2) 2.4. Die paläozoisch-mesozoische Mobilzone Westantarktikas (4) 2.4.1. Marie Byrd Land-Block (4.1) 2.4.2. Thurston Island/Eights Coast-Block ( 4.2) 2.4.3. Antarctic Peninsula-Block (4.3) 2.5. Die jungen Sedimentbecken der Westantarktis (5) 2.5.1. Weddell Sea-Becken (5.1) 2.5.2. Byrd-Senke (5.2) 2.5.3. Ross Sea-Becken (5.3) 3. Minerogenetische Entwicklung Antarktikas 3. I. Archaische minerogenetische Hauptepoche ( 〉 2,6 Ga) 3.2. Proterozoische minerogenetische Hauptepoche (ca. 2,6 bisca. 0,8 Ga) 3.2.1. Unterproterozoische minerogenetische Epoche (ca. 2,6 bis ca. 2,0 Ga) 3.2.2. Mittel- bis oberproterozoische minerogenetische Epoche (ca. 2,0 bis ca. 0,8 Ga) 3.3. Spätriphäisch-phanerozoische minerogenetische Hauptepoche ( 〈0,8 Ga) 3.3.1. Spätriphäisch-altpaläozoische minerogenetische Epoche (ca. 0,8 Ga bis ca. 450 Mal 3.3.2. Paläozoisch-frühmesozoische minerogenetische Epoche (ca. 450 Ma bis ca. 150 M;l) 3.3.3. Mesozoisch-känozoische minerogenetische Epoche (ab. ca. 190 Ma) 4. Minerogenetische Einheiten Antarktikas 4.1. Archaische minerogenetische Einheiten 4.1.1. Archaische hochmetamorphe Areale 4.1.2. Archaische Grünstein-Granit-Gürtel 4.2. Proterozoische minerogenetische Provinzen . 4.2.1. Tafeldeckgebirgskomplexe 4.2.2. Aktivierte Grundgebirgseinheiten 4.2.3. Intrakontinentale mobile Gürtel 4.3. Riphäisch-phanerozoische minerogenetische Einheiten 4.3.1. Tafeldeckgebirgs-Provinzen 4.3.2. Aktivierte Grundgebirgseinheiten 4.3.2.1. Provinzen spätriphäisch-altpaläozoischer Aktivierung 4.3.2.2. Provinzen mesozoischer Aktivierung 4.3.2.3. Provinzen känozoischer Aktivierung 4.3.3. Intrakontinentale Tröge und Senken 4.3.3.1. Spätriphäisch-altpaläozoische Tröge 4.3.3.2. Intrakontinentales Ellsworth-Orogen 4.3.3.3. Tafelsenken des Victoria und des Wilkes Lands 4.3.3.4. Minerogenetische Provinzen junger Rift- und Spaltenzonen 4.3.3.4.1. Transantarktische Riftzone 4.3.3.4.2. Lambert Glacier-Riftzone des paläozoischemesozoischen Plattenrandes 4.3.3.4.3. Brainsfield-Riftzone 4.3.4. Passive Plattenränder 4.3.5. Aktive Plattenränder 4.3.5.1. Minerogenetische Provinzen des spätriphäisch-frühpaläozoischen Plattenrandes 4.3.5.2. Minerogenetische Provinzen des mittelpaläozoischen Plattenrandes 4.3.5.3. Minerogenetische Provinzen des paläozoisch-mesozoischen Plattenrandes 4.3.5.4. Minerogenetische Provinzen des meso-känozoischen Plattenrandes 5.Zusammenfassung. Abstract, Rezjume Literaturverzeichnis

Note: CONTENTS: PREFACE. - INTRODUCTION. - 1 DESCRIBING INVERSE PROBLEMS. - 1.1 Formulating Inverse Problems. - 1.2 The Linear Inverse Problem. - 1.3 Examples of Formulating Inverse Problems. - 1.4 Solutions to Inverse Problems. - 2 SOME COMMENTS ON PROBABILITY THEORY. - 2.1 Noise and Random Variables. - 2.2 Correlated Data. - 2.3 Functions of Random Variables. - 2.4 Gaussian Distributions. - 2.5 Testing the Assumption of Gaussian Statistics. - 2.6 Confidence Intervals. - 3 SOLUTION OF THE LINEAR, GAUSSIAN INVERSE PROBLEM, VIEWPOINT 1: THE LENGTH METHOD. - 3.1 The Lengths of Estimates. - 3.2 Measures of Length. - 3.3 Least Squares for a Straight Line. - 3.4 The Least Squares Solution of the Linear Inverse Problem. - 3.5 Some Examples. - 3.6 The Existence of the Least Squares Solution. - 3.7 The Purely Underdetermined Problem. - 3.8 Mixed-Determined Problems. - 3.9 Weighted Measures of Length as a Type of A Priori Information. - 3.10 Other Types of A Priori Information. - 3.11 The Variance of the Model Parameter Estimates. - 3.12 Variance and Prediction Error of the Least Squares Solution. - 4 SOLUTION OF THE LINEAR, GAUSSIAN INVERSE PROBLEM, VIEWPOINT 2: GENERALIZED INVERSES. - 4.1 Solutions versus Operators. - 4.2 The Data Resolution Matrix. - 4.3 The Model Resolution Matrix. - 4.4 The Unit Covariance Matrix. - 4.5 Resolution and Covariance of Some Generalized Inverses. - 4.6 Measures of Goodness of Resolution and Covariance. - 4.7 Generalized Inverses with Good Resolution and Covariance. - 4.8 Sidelobes and the Backus-Gilbert Spread Function. - 4.9 The Backus-Gilbert Generalized Inverse for the Underdetermined Problem. - 4.10 Including the Covariance Size. - 4.11 The Trade-off of Resolution and Variance. - 5 SOLUTION OF THE LINEAR, GAUSSIAN INVERSE PROBLEM, VIEWPOINT 3: MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD METHODS. - 5.1 The Mean of a Group of Measurements. - 5.2 Maximum Likelihood Solution of the Linear Inverse Problem. - 5.3 A Priori Distributions. - 5.4 Maximum Likelihood for an Exact Theory. - 5.5 Inexact Theories. - 5.6 The Simple Gaussian Case with a Linear Theory. - 5.7 The General Linear, Gaussian Case. - 5.8 Equivalence of the Three Viewpoints. - 5.9 The F Test of Error Improvement Significance. - 5.10 Derivation of the Formulas of Section 5.7. - 6 NONUNIQUENESS AND LOCALIZED AVERAGES. - 6.1 Null Vectors and Nonuniqueness. - 6.2 Null Vectors of a Simple Inverse Problem. - 6.3 Localized Averages of Model Parameters. - 6.4 Relationship to the Resolution Matrix. - 6.5 Averages versus Estimates. - 6.6 Nonunique Averaging Vectors and A Priori Information. - 7 APPLICATIONS OF VECTOR SPACES. - 7.1 Model and Data Spaces. - 7.2 Householder Transformations. - 7.3 Designing Householder Transformations. - 7.4 Transformations That Do Not Preserve Length. - 7.5 The Solution of the Mixed-Determined Problem. - 7.6 Singular-Value Decomposition and the Natural Generalized Inverse. - 7.7 Derivation of the Singular-Value Decomposition. - 7.8 Simplifying Linear Equality and Inequality Constraints. - 7.9 Inequality Constraints. - 8 LINEAR INVERSE PROBLEMS AND NON-GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTIONS. - 8.1 L1 Norms and Exponential Distributions. - 8.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimate of the Mean of an Exponential Distribution. - 8.3 The General Linear Problem. - 8.4 Solving L1 Norm Problems. - 8.5 The L [Infinity symbol] Norm. - 9 NONLINEAR INVERSE PROBLEMS. - 9.1 Parameterizations. - 9.2 Linearizing Parameterizations. - 9.3 The Nonlinear Inverse Problem with Gaussian Data. - 9.4 Special Cases. - 9.5 Convergence and Nonuniqueness of Nonlinear L2 Problems. - 9.6 Non-Gaussian Distributions. - 9.7 Maximum Entropy Methods. - 10 FACTOR ANALYSIS. - 10.1 The Factor Analysis Problem. - 10.2 Normalization and Physicality Constraints. - 10.3 Q-Mode and R-Mode Factor Analysis. - 10.4 Empirical Orthogonal Function Analysis. - 11 CONTINUOUS INVERSE THEORY AND TOMOGRAPHY. - 11.1 The Backus-Gilbert Inverse Problem. - 11.2 Resolution and Variance Trade-off. - 11.3 Approximating Continuous Inverse Problems as Discrete Problems. - 11.4 Tomography and Continuous Inverse Theory. - 11.5 Tomography and the Radon Transform. - 11.6 The Fourier Slice Theorem. - 11.7 Backprojection. - 12 SAMPLE INVERSE PROBLEMS. - 12.1 An Image Enhancement Problem. - 12.2 Digital Filter Design. - 12.3 Adjustment of Crossover Errors. - 12.4 An Acoustic Tomography Problem. - 12.5 Temperature Distribution in an Igneous Intrusion. - 12.6 L1, L2, and L [infinity symbol] Fitting of a Straight Line. - 12.7 Finding the Mean of a Set of Unit Vectors. - 12.8 Gaussian Curve Fitting. - 12.9 Earthquake Location. - 12.10 Vibrational Problems. - 13 NUMERICAL ALGORITHMS. - 13.1 Solving Even-Determined Problems. - 13.2 Inverting a Square Matrix. - 13.3 Solving Underdetermined and Overdetermined Problems. - 13.4 L2 Problems with Inequality Constraints. - 13.5 Finding the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a Real Symmetric Matrix. - 13.6 The Singular-Value Decomposition of a Matrix. - 13.7 The Simplex Method and the Linear Programming Problem. - 14 APPLICATIONS OF INVERSE THEORY TO GEOPHYSICS. - 14.1 Earthquake Location and the Determination of the Velocity Structure of the Earth from Travel Time Data. - 14.2 Velocity Structure from Free Oscillations and Seismic Surface Waves. - 14.3 Seismic Attenuation. - 14.4 Signal Correlation. - 14.5 Tectonic Plate Motions. - 14.6 Gravity and Geomagnetism. - 14.7 Electromagnetic Induction and the Magnetotelluric Method. - 14.8 Ocean Circulation. - APPENDIX A: Implementing Constraints with Lagrange Multipliers. - APPENDIX B: L2 Inverse Theory with Complex Quantities. - REFERENCES. - INDEX

Note: Karlsruhe, Univ., Diss., 1988 , Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Einleitung und Zielsetzung. - 2. Geographie - Geologie - Tektonik. - 3. Geologisch-petrographischer Überblick - Geländebeobachtungen. - 4. Probennahme und Aufbereitung. - 5. Analytik. - 5.1. Methoden. - 5.2. Analysengenauigkeit. - 6. Darstellung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse. - 6.1. Gabbroide Gesteine. - 6.1.1 Petrographie. - 6.1.2. Chemismus. - 6.1.2.1. Nomenklatur. - 6.1.2.2. Haupt- und Spurenelemente. - 6.1.2.3. Seltene Erden und Spider-Diagramme. - 6.1.2.4. Mineralehemimus. - 6.2. Monzodioritische Gesteine. - 6.2.1. Petrographie. - 6.2.2. Chemismus. - 6.2.2.1. Haupt- und Spurenelemente. - 6.2.2.2. Seltene Erden und Spider-Diagramme. - 6.2.2.3. Mineralchemismus. - 6.3. Syenitische Gesteine. - 6.3.1. Petrographie. - 6.3.2. Chemismus. - 6.3.2.1. Haupt- und Spurenelemente. - 6.3.2.2. Seltene Erden und Spider-Diagramme. - 6.3.2.3. Mineralchemismus. - 6.4. Basalte. - 6.4.1. Petrographie. - 6.4.2. Chemismus. - 6.4.2.1. Nomenklatur. - 6.4.2.2. Haupt- und Spurenelemente. - 6.4.2.3. Seltene Erden und Spider-Diagramme. - 6.5. Ganggesteine. - 6.5.1. Petrographie und Verbreitung. - 6.5.2. Chemismus. - 6.5.2.1. Haupt- und Spurenelemente. - 6.5.2.2. Seltene Erden und Spider-Diagramme. - 7. Genetische Überlegungen. - 8. Zusammenfassung. - 9. Literaturverzeichnis. - Anhang. - Anmerkungen zu den Probenkarten 1 bis 3 und den Tabellen A bis E. - Probenkarten 1 bis 3. - Tab. A: Probenverzeichnis. - Tab. B: Haupt- und Spurenelementanalysen, normativer Mineralbestand und berechnete Parameter. - Tab. C: SEE-Analysen. - Tab. D: Mineralanalysen der Clinopyroxene. - Tab. E: Mineralanalysen der Olivine. -

Note: Inhalt: Expeditionsleiter. - 8. Juni 1930; Pfingstsonntag. - Reifejahre. - Wohlbehütete Kindheit. - Studienjahre hier und dort. - Weltrekord!. - Ein Leben für die Wissenschaft. - Grönland!. - Auf unbekannten Wegen. - Triumph und Unglück. - Privatdozent in Marburg. - Die epochale Idee. - Neue Pläne. - Probe auf Island. - Wieder Grönland. - Auf dem Rücken des Gletschers. - Quer durch Grönland. - Treue Gefährtin. - Krieg. - Neubeginn. - Professor in Hamburg. - Karibisches Intermezzo. - Ruf nach Graz. - Ein Traum wird wahr. - Vorbereitungen. - Im Motorboot vor Grönland. - Erfolgreicher Aufstieg. - Suche nach einem Zugang. - Auf dem Kgmarujuk. - Mit Hundeschlitten ins Innere. - Der letzte Winter. - 13.6.1930, der 35. Wartetag. - Die Transporte. - Eismitte. - Erinnerungen. - Anhang. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Register.

Note: Content: Improvement of the coulometric measurement of ozone in the near-ground layer of the atmosphere / W. Warmbt. - Some experimental data on the variability of the ozone density at different level of the lowest atmosphere / A. G. Amiranashvili ; T. G. Gzirishvili ; A. I. Kartsivadse ; A. M. Okudjava ; D. F. Kharchilava ; K. H. Grasnick. - Report on the intercomparison of instruments measuring ozone near the ground at the Hohenpeissenberg Observatory / W. Warmbt. - Some results of ozone-sonde ascents in the CSSR / J. Picha. - A system of monitoring the observation and calibration qualities of Dobson spectrophotometerswithin the Regional Association VI / P. Plessing. - Vertical ozone distribution over Lindenberg (52.22°N, 14.12°E), 1975 - 1982 / U. Feister ; P. Plessing ; K. H. Grasnick. - Correlations of the total ozone with thermal and dynamic processes in the atmosphere / M. Frimescu ; L. Manea. - Numerical simulation of seasonal-latitudinal and 11-year variations in ozonosphere composition based on the two-dimensional photochemical model / I. G. Dyominov ; A. M. Zadorozhny. - Ozone content variation over central Europe and stratospheric dynamics in late winter / G. Entzian ; K. H. Grasnick. - Long-term ozone variation / G. Entzian ; K. H. Grasnick.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Geoelektrik 1.1. Allgemeine Grundlagen / ROLF RÖSLER 1.1.1. Physikalische Gesetze 1.1.1.1. Vorbemerkungen 1.1.1.2. Die Feldgrößen und ihre Verknüpfungen 1.1.1.3. Skalar-und Vektorpotentiale und die Wellengleichung 1.1.1.3.1. Magnetisches Vektorpotential und elektrisches Skalarpotential 1.1.1.3.2. Elektrisches Vektorpotential und magnetisches Skalarpotential 1.1.1.4. Periodische Vorgänge, harmonische Felder 1 1.1.1.5. HEETZsehe Vektoren 1.1.1.6. Stetigkeitsbedingungen 1.1.1.7. Berechnungsmethoden für elektromagnetische Felder 1.1.1.7.1. Analytische Lösungen 1.1.1.7.2. Primär-oder Normalfelder 1.1.1.7.3. Numerische Näherungsverfahren 1.1.2. Die Einteilung der Geoelektrik 1.1.2.1. Einteilung nach den Ursachen der Felder 1.1.2.2. Einteilung nach den wesentlichen Merkmalen der Felder 1.1.3. Physikalische Eigenschaften der Gesteine 1.1.3.1. Übersicht 1.1.3.2. Meßprinzipien zur Bestimmung des spezifischen elektrischen Widerstandes 1.1.3.2.1. Messungen im Labor 1.1.3.2.2. Messungen in situ 1.1.3.3. Meßprinzipien zur Bestimmung der Dielektrizitätskonstante 1.2. Gleichstrommethoden / HEINZ MILITZER, GOTTFRIED PORSTENDORFER, ROLF RÖSLER, FRANZ WEBER 1.2.1. Theoretische Grundlagen 1.2.1.1. Kennzeichnung der Gleichstrommethoden 1.2.1.2. Stromzuführung mittels Elektroden und Messung des spezifischen Widerstandes 1.2.1.2.1. Punktelektroden 1.2.1.2.2. Erdungswiderstand von Elektroden 1.2.1.2.3. Scheinbarer spezifischer elektrischer Widerstand 1.2.1.3. Widerstands-Tiefensondierung 1.2.1.3.1. Potentialverteilung im geschichteten Halbraum 1.2.1.3.2. Numerische Berechnung durch Reihenentwicklung 1.2.1.3.3. Numerische-Berechnung mittels Filterkoeffizienten 1.2.1.3.4. Inverse Aufgabe der Widerstandsgeoelektrik 1.2.1.4. Beeinflussung der Potential- und Stromdichteverteilung im Boden durch besser oder schlechter leitende Einlagerungen 1.2.1.4.1. Einlagerung (Störkörper) im homogenen Feld 1.2.1.4.2. Einlagerung im Feld einer Punktelektrode 1.2.2. Allgemeine apparative und methodische Voraussetzungen 1.2.2.1. Widerstands-Tiefensondierung 1.2.2.1.1. Prinzip 1.2.2.1.2. Darstellung der Meßergebnisse und Grundlagen der Auswertung 1.2.2.1.3. Anwendungen 1.2.2.2. Widerstandsprofilierung (-kartierung) 1.2'.2.2.1. Prinzip 1.2.2.2.2. Darstellung der Meßergebnisse und Grundlagen der Auswertung 1.2.2.2.3. Anwendungen 1.2.2.3. Aufladungsmethode (Methode mise a la masse) 1.2.2.3.1. Prinzip 1.2.2.3.2. Darstellung der Meßergebnisse, Grundlagen der Auswertung und einige Anwendungen 1.3. Niederfrequenzmethoden / GOTTFRIED PORSTENDORFER, ROLF RÖSLER, RUPERT SCHMÖLLER 1.3.1. Theoretische Grundlagen 1.3.1.1. Charakterisierung der Niederfrequenzmethoden 1.3.1.2. Spezielle Primärfelder 1.3.1.2.1. Homogene magnetische Wechselfelder 1.3.1.2.2. Das Feld eines Dipols 1.3.1.2.3. Das Feld eines magnetischen Dipols 1.3.1.2.4. Der Linienstrom im freien Raum 1.3.1.3. Beeinflussung homogener Felder durch leitende Einlagerungen 1.3.1.3.1. Leitende Kugel im homogenen niederfrequenten Magnetfeld 1.3.1.3.2. Leitender Zylinder im homogenen niederfrequenten Magnetfeld 1.3.1.4. Beeinflussung elektromagnetischer Felder durch den geschichteten Halbraum 1.3.1.4.1. Ebene Wellen 1.3.1.4.2. Vertikaler magnetischer Dipol 1.3.1.4.3. Horizontaler magnetischer Dipol 1.3.1.4.4. Das Feld des elektrischen Dipols 1.3.1.5. Das Feld eines Linienstromes 106 1.3.1.6. Beschreibung der Wirkung einer leitenden Einlagerung im magnetischen Wechselfeld mit der Leiterkreistheorie 1.3.1.7. Die Kopplung zweier Spulen an der Erdoberfläche 1.3.2. Allgemeine apparative und methodische Voraussetzungen 1.3.2.1. Magneto-Tellurik 1.3.2.1.1. Darstellung der Meßergebnisse und Grundlagen der Auswertung 1.3.2.1.2. Anwendungen 1.3.2.2. Elektromagnetische Profilierung 1.3.2.2.1. Prinzip 1.3.2.2.2. Darstellung der Meßergebnisse und Grundlagen der Auswertung 1.3.2.2.3. Anwendungen 1.3.2.3. Elektromagnetische Sondierung 1.3.2.3.1. Prinzip 1.3.2.3.2. Darstellung der Meßergebnisse und Grundlagen der Auswertung 1.3.2.3.3. Anwendungen 1.4. Hochfrequenzmethoden / HEINRICH JANSCHEK, HERMANN MATJRITSCH, ROLF RÖSLER, PETER STEINHÄUSER 1.4.1. Theoretische Grundlagen 1.4.1.1. Allgemeine Grundlagen 1.4.1.2. Normale und anomale Felder von Rundfunksendern 1.4.1.3.. Modellgesetze 1.4.1.4. Abschirmung und Beugung von elektromagnetischen Wellen an leitenden Schichten 1.4.2. VLF-Methode 1.4.2.1. Allgemeine Grundlagen und Prinzip 1.4.2.2. Darstellung der Meßergebnisse und Grundlagen der Auswertung 1.4.2.3. Anwendungen 1.4.3. Radiowellendurchstrahlung 1.4.3.1. Allgemeine Grundlagen und Prinzip 1.4.3.2. Darstellung der Meßergebnisse und Grundlagen der Auswertung 1.4.3.3. Anwendungen 1.4.4. Radarmessungen 1.4.4.1. Allgemeine Grundlagen und Prinzip 1.4.4.2. Darstellung/der Meßergebnisse und Grundlagen der Auswertung 1.4.4.3. Anwendungen 1.5. Methoden auf der Grundlage physiko-chemischer Felder / HEINZ AIGNER, HEINZ MILITZER 1.5.1. Eigenpotential- und Filtrationspotentialmethode 1.5.1.1. Allgemeine Grundlagen und Prinzip 1.5.1.2. Methodische und apparative Voraussetzungen 1.5.1.3. Darstellung der Meßergebnisse und Grundlagen der Auswertung 1.5.1.4. Anwendungen 1.5.2. Methode der Induzierten Polarisation 1.5.2.1. Allgemeine Grundlagen und Prinzip 1.5.2.2. Methodische und apparative Voraussetzungen 1.5.2.3. Darstellung der Meßergebnisse und Grundlagen der Auswertung 1.5.2.3.1. Messungen unter Laborbedingungen 1.5.2.3.2. Messungen im Gelände 1.5.2.4. Anwendungen 1.6. Literatur 2. Geothermik / HEINZ MTLITZER, CHRISTIAN OELSNER, FRANZ WEBER 2.1. Allgemeine Grundlagen 2.1.1. Physikalische Gesetze 2.1.1.1. Wärmeleitung 2.1.1.2. Wärmekonvektion 2.1.1.3. Wärmestrahlung 2.1.2. Einteilung der Geothermik 2.1.3. Physikalische Gesteinseigensohaften und Grundlagen ihrer Bestimmung 2.1.3.1. Temperatur- und Wärmeleitfähigkeit — Definition; Abhängigkeiten von Druck, Temperatur und anderen petrophysikalischen Parametern 2.1.3.2. Meßprinzipien zur Bestimmung von Wärme- und Temperaturleitfähigkeiten 2.1.3.2.1. Labormessungen (λ und κ) 2.1.3.2.2. Messungen in situ (λ) 2.1.3.3. Die radiogene Wärmeproduktion und deren Abhängigkeit von petrophysikalischen Parametern 2.2. Wärmestrommessungen 2.2.1. Theoretische Grundlagen 2.2.2. Meßapparaturen für Wärmestrommessungen auf dem Festland und auf See 2.2.3. Besonderheiten bei der Auswertung und Interpretation von Wärmestrommessungen 2.2.3.1. Einfluß des Reliefs 2.2.3.2. Einfluß geologischer Prozesse 2.2.3.2.1. Zusammenhang zwischen Krustenalter sowie Krustendicke und Wärmestrom 2.2.3.2.2. Wirkung von Intrusionskörpern 2.2.3.3. Einfluß technischer Prozesse 2:2.3.3.1. Einfluß des Bohrvorganges — Ermittlung der ungestörten Gebirgstemperatur 2.2.3.3.2. Endlagerung radioaktiver Stoffe 2.2.4. Ergebnisse von Wärmestrommessungen 2.3. Geothermische Oberflächenerkundung 2.3.1. Temperaturmessungen in Flachbohrungen 2.3.1.1. Theoretische Grundlagen 2.3.1.1.1. Wirkung einer periodisch veränderlichen Oberflächentemperatur 2.3.1.1.2. Veränderung des Temperaturfeldes durch Einlagerungen unterschiedlicher Wärmeleitfähigkeit 2.3.1.2. Apparatur und Meßmethodik 2.3.1.3. Anwendungen 2.3.2. Infrarot- (IR-) Oberflächenerkundung 2.3.2.1. Theoretische Grundlagen 2.3.2.2. Allgemeine apparative und methodische Voraussetzungen 2.3.2.3. Punkt- bzw. Profilmessungen 2.3.2.3.1. Meßprinzip und Apparaturen 2.3.2.3.2. Darstellung der Meßergebnisse und Grundlagen der Auswertung 2.3.2.3.3. Anwendungen 2.3.2.4. Wärmebildtechnik (Thermographie) 2.3.2.4.1. Meßprinzip und Apparaturen 2.3.2.4.2. Darstellung der Meßergebnisse und Grundlagen der Auswertung 2.3.2.4.3. Anwendungen 2.4. Literatur 3. Radiometrie und Kerngeophysik / KARL KÖHLER 3.1. Physikalische Grundlagen 3.1.1. Radioaktive Strahlung 3.1.2. Strahlungsmessung 3.L3. Kinetik 3.1.3.1. Ein Nuklid 3.1.3.2. Zwei Nuklide 3.1.4. Statistik 3.2. Petrophysikalische (geochemische) Grundlagen 3.2.1. Natürlich radioaktive Nuklide 3.2.1.1. Urnuklide 3.2.1.2. Die Familie des Uraniums-238 3.2.1.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Einführung / Dr. rer nat. habil. Heinz Militzer. - 2. Theorie seismischer Wellen / Dr. rer. nat. habil. Rolf Rösler. - 2.1. Allgemeine Grundlagen. - 2.1.1. Definition seismischer Wellen. - 2.1.2. Deformationen im elastischen Medium. - 2.1.3. Elastische Spannungen in festen Körpern. - 2.2. Stoffgesetze als Verknüpfung von Spannungen und Deformationen. - 2.2.1. Ideale Elastizität. - 2.2.2. Anelastizität. - 2.3. Die Wellengleichung und einige wichtige Lösungen im unbegrenzten Raum. - 2.3.1. Isotropes Material. - 2.3.1.1. Kompressions-(P-) und Scherungs-(S-) Wellen. - 2.3.1.2. Ebene Wellen. - 2.3.1.3. Kugelwellen. - 2.3.1.4. Zylinderwellen. - 2.3.2. Anisotropes Material. - 2.3.3. Seismische Wellen im anelastischen Material. - 2.4. Das Wellenfeld im geschichteten Raum. - 2.4.1. Stetigkeitsbedingungen an Diskontinuitätsflächen. - 2.4.2. Reflexion und Brechung ebener Wellen an Diskontinuitätsflächen. - 2.4.2.1. Die einfallende Welle ist eine SH-Welle. - 2.4.2.2. Die einfallende Welle ist eine P-Welle. - 2.4.2.3. Die einfallende Welle ist eine SV-Welle. - 2.4.3. Oberflächen- und Grenzschichtwellen. - 2.4.3.1. RAYLEIGH-Wellen. - 2.4.3.2. LOVE-Wellen. - 2.4.3.3. Kanal- oder Flözwellen. - 2.5. Die Berechnung reflexionsseismischer Wellenfelder. - 2.5.1. Methode der Integralgleichungen. - 2.5.1.1. Die KIRCHHOFFsche Formel. - 2.5.1.2. Die Anwendung der KIRCHHOFFschen Formel auf Diffraktionswellen. - 2.5.2. Methoden der endlichen Differenzen. - 3. Petrophysikalische Grundlagen / Dr. rer. nat. habil. Heinz Militzer. - 3.1. Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit. - 3.1.1. Allgemeine Grundlagen. - 3.1.2. Geschwindigkeitsbestimmungen unter Laborbedingungen. - 3.1.3. Einige Ergebnisse von Geschwindigkeitsbestimmungen an Gesteinsproben. - 3.2. Absorption. - 3.2.1. Allgemeine Grundlagen. - 3.2.2. Bestimmung des Absorptionskoeffizienten unter Laborbedingungen. - 3.2.3. Einige Ergebnisse der Bestimmung von Absorptionskoeffizienten an Gesteinsproben. - 3.3. Schallhärte. - 3.3.1. Allgemeine Grundlagen. - 3.3.2. Einige Daten zur Schallhärte. - 4. Apparativ-methodische Grundlagen / Dr. rer. nat Bernhard Forkmann ; Tit. ao. Prof. Dipl. Ing. Dr. mont. Rupert Schmöller. - 4.1. Anregung seismischer Wellen. - 4.1.1. Übersicht. - 4.1.2. Impulsanregung. - 4.1.3. Vibrationsanregung. - 4.1.4. Richtstrahlcharakteristik. - 4.2. Aufnahme seismischer Wellen. - 4.2.1. Übersicht. - 4.2.2. Geophone. - 4.2.3. Hydrophone. - 4.2.4. Bündelung. - 4.3. Registrierapparaturen. - 4.3.1. Übersicht. - 4.3.2. Analogapparaturen. - 4.3.3. Digitalapparaturen. - 4.3.4. Zusatz- und Spezialgeräte. - 4.3.4.1. Telemetriesysteme. - 4.3.4.2. Signalgenerator für Vibratorsteuerung. - 4.3.4.3. Korrelator/Summator. - 4.3.4.4. Stapelapparatur für Ingenieurseismik. - 5. Methodik seismischer Erkundungsarbeiten / Tit. ao. Prof. Dipl. Ing. Dr. mont. Rupert Schmöller. - 5.1. Projektierung. - 5.2. Feldmethodik der Reflexionsseismik. - 5.2.1. Trupporganisation. - 5.2.2. Methodik der Feldarbeiten. - 5.2.2.1. Energieanregung. - 5.2.2.2. Beobachtungsschemata. - 5.2.2.3. Besonderheiten der Scherwellenseismik. - 5.2.2.3.1. Scherwellenerzeugung. - 5.2.2.3.2. Aufnahmetechnik in der Scherwellenseismik. - 5.2.2.4. Besonderheiten der 3D-Seismik. - 5.2.2.5. Hilfsprozesse. - 5.2.2.5.1. Störwellenanalyse. - 5.2.2.5.2. Aufzeitschießen. - 5.2.2.5.3. Refraktionsseismische Kurzaufstellungen. - 5.2.2.6. Datenkontrolle und -aufbereitung. - 5.3. Besonderheiten der Seeseismik. - 5.3.1. Organisation. - 5.3.2. Meßtechnik auf See. - 5.3.3. Positionsbestimmung auf See. - 5:3.3.1. Radio-Navigation. - 5.3.3.2. Satelliten-Navigation. - 5.3.3.3. Andere Navigationssysteme. - 5.3.4. Flachwasserseismik. - 5.4. Feldmethodik der Refraktionsseismik. - 6. Geschwindigkeitsbestimmung / Dr. rer. nat. Bernhard Forkmann. - 6.1. Modellbetrachtungen. - 6.2. Geschwindigkeitsdefinitionen. - 6.3. Geschwindigkeitsbestimmung aus seismischen Messungen in Bohrungen. - 6.4. Geschwindigkeitsbestimmung aus reflexionsseismischen Messungen. - 6.5. Geschwindigkeitsbestimmung aus refraktionsseismischen Messungen. - 6.6. Gesehwindigkeitsansatz. - 7. Grundlagen der Analyse seismischer Signale / Dr. rer. nat. Bernhard Forkmann ; Dr. rer. nat. habil. Rolf Rösler. - 7.1. Systemtheoretische Betrachtungen zur Entstehung des Seismogramms. - 7.1.1. Lineare Systeme. - 7.1.2. Übertragungsfunktion und Impulsantwort. - 7.1.3. Physikalisch realisierbare Systeme. - 7.2. Das digitalisierte Seismogramm als diskrete (getastete) Funktion. - 7.2.1. Die Abtastung. - 7.2.1.1. Das Abjast-Theorem. - 7.2.1.2. Der Aliasing-Effekt. - 7.2.1.3. Die Signalrekonstruktion. - 7.2.2. Die Übertragungsfunktion diskreter Systeme. - 7.2.3. Die Z-Transformation. - 7.2.4. Das Signalkonzept. - 7.2.4.1. Die Definition des digitalen Wavelets. - 7.2.4.2. Das seismische Modellsignal. - 7.2.5. Das synthetische Seismogramm. - 7.3. Digitale Filter. - 7.3.1. Der Zusammenhang mit analogen Frequenzfiltern. - 7.3.2. Die Darstellung digitaler Frequenzfilter. - 7.3.2.1. Die Umwandlung von analogen in digitale Frequenzfilter. - 7.3.2.2. Digitale Nullphasenfilter. - 7.3.3. Geschwindigkeitsfilter. - 7.4. Das Seismogramm als stationäre Wertereihe. - 7.4.1. Das Impulsseismogramm als Zufallsprozeß. - 7.4.2. Stationarität und Ergodizität. - 7.4.3. Die Auto- und Kreuzkorrelationsfunktion. - 7.4.4. Die Dekonvolution. - 7.4.4.1. Optimalfilter nach WIENER. - 7.4.4.2. Vorhersage-Filterung. - 7.4.4.3. Homomorphe Dekonvolution. - 8. . Bearbeitung reflexionsseismischer Daten / Tit. ao. Prof. Dipl. Ing. Dr. mont. Rupert Schmöller. - 8.1. Stellung der Bearbeitung im Gesamtprozeß. - 8.2. Zielstellung der seismischen Datenbearbeitung. - 8.3. Methoden der seismischen Datenbearbeitung. - 8.4. Darstellungsmöglichkeiten der seismischen Informationen. - 8.4.1. Profildarstellungen. - 8.4.2. Flächendarstellungen. - 8.4.3. Andere Darstellungen. - 8.5. Rechentechnik. - 8.6. Technologie der Datenbearbeitung. - 8.7. Standardmäßige Datenbearbeitungsprozesse. - 8.7.1. Vorbereitungsphase. - 8.7.2. Amplitudenausgleich. - 8.7.3. Statische Korrekturen und automatische statische Restkorrekturen. - 8.7.4. Dynamische Korrektur. - 8.7.5. Unterdrückung von Erst- und Refraktionseinsätzen. - 8.7.6. Die CMP-Stapelung. - 8.7.7. Frequenzfilterung. - 8.7.8. Inverse Filterung. - 8.8. Weiterführende Bearbeitungen. - 8.8.1. Seismische Migration. - 8.8.1.1. Horizontalmigration. - 8.8.1.2. Wellenfrontmigration und Diffraktionsstapeln. - 8.8.1.3. Migration als Lösung der Wellengleichung. - 8.8.1.4. Tiefenmigration. - 8.8.1.5. 3D-Migration. - 8.8.2. Geschwindigkeitsfilter. - 8.8.3. Waveletprocessing. - 9. Auswertung und Darstellung seismischer Daten / Dr. phil. Franz Weber. - 9.1. Geometrie der Wellenwege und zugehörige Laufzeitkurven (Reflexionsseismik). - 9.1.1. Reflexion an einer Schichtgrenze. - 9.1.2. Horizontaler n-Schichtfall. - 9.1.3. Dreidimensionaler Fall. - 9.1.3.1. Schußpunkt liegt im Profil. - 9.1.3.2. Schußpunkt liegt außerhalb des Profils. - 9.2. Einige einfache Anwendungen bei der Tiefendarstellung von Reflexionen. - 9.2.1. Tangentenmethode. - 9.2.2. Spiegelpunktmethode. - 9.3. Gradientmedien. - 9.3.1. Problemstellung. - 9.3.2. Allgemeine Beziehungen. - 9.3.3. Lineare Geschwindigkeitszunahme mit der Tiefe. - 9.3.4. Wellenfrontkarten. - 9.4. Beugungswellen. - 9.5. Mehrfachreflexionen (multiple Reflexionen). - 9.5.1. Multiple mit langem Weg. - 9.5.2. Mehrfachreflexionen mit kurzem Wellenweg. - 9.5.3. Abschwächung und Eliminierung von Mehrfachreflexionen. - 9.6. Spezielle Lagerungsformen. - 9.6.1. Gekrümmte Reflektoren. - 9.6.2. Antiklinale. - 9.6.3. Synklinale. - 9.6.4. Brüche. - 9.7. Geologische Modellierung reflexionsseismischer Ergebnisse. - 9.7.1. Kriterien für das Erkennen von Reflexionen. - 9.7.2. Kontrolle des Datenmaterials. - 9.7.3. Zeit- und Tiefenprofile. - 9.7.4. Kartend

Note: Contents Page Chapter 1 Introduction About This Book Geostatistics Measurement Systems A False Feeling of Security Selected Readings Chapter 2 Elementary Statistics Probability Statistics Joint Variation of Two Variables Induced Correlations Testing Normal Populations Central Limits Theorem Significance The f Test Degrees of Freedom Test of Correlation The F Test Analysis of Variance Two-Way Analysis of Variance The x2 Test The Lognormal Distribution and Other Transformations Other Transformations Nonparametric Methods Mann-Whitney Test Kruskal-Wallis Test Nonparametric Correlation Kolmogorov-Smirnov Tests Selected Readings Chapter 3 Matrix Algebra The Matrix Elementary Matrix Operations Matrix Multiplication Convolution Matrix Inversion and Simultaneous Equations Transposition Determinants Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors Selected Readings Chapter 4 Analysis of Sequences of Data Geologic Measurements in Sequences Interpolation Procedures Markov Chains Embedded Markov Chains Series of Events Runs Tests Least-Squares Methods and Regression Analysis Curvilinear Regression Orthogonal Polynomial Regression Reduced Major Axis Splines Segmenting Sequences Zonation Seriation Autocorrelation Cross-Correlation Cross-Correlation and Geologic Correlation Cross-Association Semivariograms Modelling the Semivariogram Spectral Analysis Harmonic Analysis The Continuous Spectrum Filters Smoothing and Time-Trend Analysis Derivatives Substitutability Analysis Selected Readings Chapter 5 Map Analysis Geologic Maps - Conventional and Otherwise Systematic Patterns of Search Distribution of Points Uniform Patterns Random Patterns Clustered Patterns Nearest-Neighbor Analysis Distribution of Lines Analysis of Directional Data Testing Hypotheses about Circular Directional Data Test for Randomness Testing for a Specified Trend Test of Goodness-of-Fit 326 Testing the Equality of Two Sets of Directional Vectors Spherical Distributions Matrix Representation of Vectors Displaying Spherical Data Testing Hypotheses about Spherical Directional Data A Test of Randomness Shape Fourier Measurements of Shape Computer Contouring Contouring by Triangulation Contouring by Gridding Moving Averages Moving Weighted Averages of Block Means Kriging Punctual Kriging Universal Kriging Calculating the Drift An Example Trend Surfaces Statistical Tests of Trends Two Trend-Surface Models Pitfalls Four-Dimensional Trend Surfaces Double Fourier Series Comparing Maps Overall Similarity Similarity Maps Comparing Map Coefficients Selected Readings Contents Chapter 6 Analysis of Multivariate Data Multiple Regression Discriminant Functions Tests of Significance Multivariate Extensions of Elementary Statistics Equality of Two Vector Means Equality of Variance-Covariance Matrices Cluster Analysis Introduction to Eigenvector Methods, Including Factor Analysis Eckart-Young Theorem Principal Components Analysis R-Mode Factor Analysis Factor Rotation Maximum Likelihood Factors O-Mode Factor Analysis Principal Coordinates Analysis Correspondence Analysis Application to Continuous Variables Simultaneous R- and O-Mode Factor Analysis Multigroup Discriminant Functions Canonical Correlation Selected Readings Appendix: How to Run the STAT Program Index

Note: Text in deutscher und englischer Sprache

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Universität Bremen, 1989 , Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ. Diss., 1987

Note: Teilweise in deutscher, englischer, französischer, russischer und spanischer Sprache

Note: Table of Contents: Copyright; Additional copies. - Foreword and acknowledgements. - Chapter 1. Cosmochemistry of the Rare Earth Elements: Condensation and Evaporation Processes / by William V. Boynton. - Introduction. - Meteorites. - Astrophysical context for interpretation of cosmochemical data. - Solar nebula. - Solar abundances. - Cosmochemical properties of the REE. - REE condensation reactions. - Activity coefficients. - Partial pressures. - Solid / gas distribution coefficients. - Why are the REE volatilities so different?. - Calculated REE patterns. - Early condensates. - Removing REE in the gas. - Comparison with meteoritic data. - Ultra-refractory component. - Group II inclusions. - FUN inclusions. - REE condensation as a function of oxygen fugacity. - Rims on CAI. - What have we learned from the REE?. - High temperatures were achieved in the solar nebula. - A very efficient mechanism for gas/dust separation existed in the solar nebula. - The high nebular temperatures existed for a long time. - A very intense, very brief, heat source also existed. - The solar nebula was a chaotic environment. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 2. Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements / by P. Jonathan Patchett. - Introduction. - Long-lived radioactive isotopes of Rare Earth Elements. - 138La-138Ce decay. - 147Sm-143Nd decay. - 176Lu-176Hf decay. - Cemical variations of La/Ce, Sm/Nd and Lu/Hf ratios. - Geochronological studies. - La-Ce and Lu-Hf chronology. - Sm-Nd chronology. - Defining bulk planetary isotopic evolution. - Isotopic study of planetary interiors. - The Moon. - The Earth. - Nd isotopes in studies of terrestrial crustal evolution. - Model Nd ages of continental crust. - Growth curves for the continental crust. - Origin of granitoids. - Nd isotopes and the sedimentary system. - Characterization of whole crustal terranes. - Crustal Lu-Hf isotopic studies. - Major unsolved problems. - Continental crustal growth curve. - Abundance of Archean continental crust. - Origin of mantle isotopic variations. - References. - Chapter 3. Partitioning of Rare Earth Elements between Major Silicate Minerals and Basaltic Melts / by Gordon A. McKay. - Introduction. - Usefulness of the REE for petrogenetic modelling. - Scope of this chapter. - Caveat. - How partition coefficients are measured. - Phenocryst/matrix studies of natural samples. - Experimental measurement of partition coefficients. - Basic experimental approach. - Equilibrium. - Percent level doping technique. - Beta-track mapping technique. - Other experimental approaches. - Henry's law: The applicability of percent-level doping results. - Factors governing mineral/melt partitioning. - Ionic size and charge of trace element. - Crystal field effects. - Cristallographic versus defect sites: The Henry's law question. - Phase compositions. - Oxidation state. - Thermodynamic relationships: Dependence of partitioning on temperature and composition. - Other predictive approaches. - Special applications. - Eu as an oxygen fugacity indicator. - Origin of the Eu anomaly in lunar mare basalts. - REE partition coefficient patterns for the major minerals. - Plagioclase. - Olivine. - Pyroxene. - Low-Ca pyroxene. - High-Ca pyroxene. - Garnet. - Future directions. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 4. An Approach to Trace Element Modeling Using a Simple Igneous System as an Example / by Gilbert N. Hanson. - Introduction. - Review of trace element equations. - Melting. - Fractional crystallization. - Melting versus fractional crystallization. - Essential structural constituents. - Example of petrogenetic approach. - Discussion and summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 5. Rare Earth Elements in Upper Mantle Rocks / by W. F. McDonough and Fredrick A. Frey. - Introduction. - Massive peridotites. - Massive peridotites: dominantly lherzolite Western Alps - Lanzo. - Western Alps -Baldissero, Balmuccia. - Eastern Liguria, Italy. - Western Liguria, Italy. - Eastern Pyrenees - France. - Ronda, Spain Effects of late stage alteration on REE. - What can be inferred about the melting process and the segregated melts?. - Massive peridotites: pyroxenite layers and veins and their wall rocks. - Amphibole-bearing pyroxenite veins. - Anhydrous pyroxenite layers. - How were the pyroxenite layers created? Evidence for multistage processes. - Implications for mantle enrichment processes (metasomatism). - Massive peridotites: dominantly harzburgite. - Oceanic peridotites. - Ultramafic xenoliths. - Group I spinel peridotites. - Garnet peridotites. - Pyroxenite and related xenoliths. - Models for REE abundance trends in peridotite xenoliths. - Megacrysts, minerals in xenoliths and damong inclusions. - Megacrysts. - Minerals in peridotites and pyroxenites. - Inclusions in diamonds. - Summary: comparison of peridotites from massifs and xenoliths and implications of REE data for Upper Mantle composition. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 6. Rare Earth Elements in Metamorphic Rocks / by Richard I. Grauch. - Introduction. - REE residence in metamorphic rocks. - REE mobility during metamorphism. - REE content of metamorphic rocks. - Suggestions for future work. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 7. Rare Earth Elements in Sedimentary Rocks: Influence of Provenance and Sedimentary Processes / by Scott M. McLennan. - Introduction. - Rare earth element properties and sedimentary rocks. - Cosmochemical considerations. - Geochemical considerations. - Aqueous geochemistry. - Normalizing and notation. - Sedimentary processes. - Weathering. - Diagenesis. - Sedimentary sorting. - REE and provenance studies. - Sedimentary rocks and crustal abundances. - Sedimentation and plate tectonics. - Archean sedimentary rocks and the Archean crust. - Archean greenstone belts. - REE in sedimentary rocks and crustal evolution. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 8. Aqueous Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements / by Douglas G. Brookins. - Introduction. - The trivalent lanthanides (Ln III). - Types of complexes in solution. - Hydrolysis products. - Phosphate complexes. - Carbonate complexes. - Halide complexes. - Complexes with total dissolved sulfur. - Gadolinium-Terbium fractionation?. - Scandium and Yttrium. - Europium (II). - Cerium (IV). - Eh-pH diagrams. - Cerium. - Europium. - Other lanthanides. - Lanthanides in ocean waters. - Lanthanides and actinides. - Concluding remarks. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 9. Rare Earth Elements in Lunar Materials / by Larry A. Haskin. - Introduction. - The nature of planet moon. - The magma ocean hypothesis and its presumed products. - Lunar REE patterns. - Highland plutonic rocks. - Anorthosites. - Durâtes, troctolites, norites, and gabbros. - Lunar felsite (granite). - Highland volcanic rocks: KREEP. - Mare basalts. - Mare basalt sources as magma ocean products. - Assimilation of crusted material during basalt petrogenesis. - Glassy spherules. - Soils and breccias. - Caveat. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 10. Compositional and Phase Relations among Rare Earth Element Minerals / by Donald M. Burt. - Introduction. - Geochemical background. - Minerals. - Coupled substitutions. - Vector treatment. - Application to selected mineral groups. - Fluorides. - Carbonates. - Fluorocarbonates. - Monazite, xenotime, zircon, and related phases. - Apatites. - Florencite and related phases. - A-B oxides (niobates, tantalates, titanates, ferrites). - Fergusonitelbetafergusonite, ABO4. - Perovskite, ABO3. - Aeschyniteleuxenite, AB2O6. - Pyrochlore, A1-2B2O6(O,F,OH). - Allanite. - Titanite. - Garnet. - Gadolinite. - Chevkinite/perrierite. - Element distributions: acid-base relations. - Summary. - Acknowledgemen

Note: Contents: List of contributors. - Preface. - 1 An Overview of Rates of Chemical Weathering / S. M. Colman and D. P. Dethier. - PART I KINETICS AND MECHANISMS OF WEATHERING REACTIONS. - 2 The Relations between Crystal Structure and Silicate Weathering Rates / R. A. Eggleton. - 3 The Dissolution Rate of Forsteritic Olivine from Hawaiian Beach Sand / D. E. Grandstaff. - 4 Stoichiometry of Alkali Feldspar Dissolution at Room Temperature and Various pH Values / G. R. Holdren, Jr. and P. M. Speyer. - 5 Rate Limitation and Dissolution of Highly Soluble Minerals / J. B. Laronne. - PART II RATES OF MINERAL ALTERATION IN SOIL ENVIRONMENTS. - 6 The Etching of Hornblende Grains in the Matrix of Alpine Tills and Periglacial Deposits / R .D. Hall and R. E. Martin. - 7 Rates of Hornblende Etching in Soils on Glacial Deposits, Baffin Island, Canada / W. W. Locke. - 8 Rates of Mineral Weathering in the Wind River Mountains, Western Wyoming / W. C. Mahaney and D. L. Halvorson. - 9 Evolution of Iron Crusts in Tropical Landscapes / D.B. Nahon. - 10 Processes and Rates of Weathering in Cold and Polar Desert Environments / F. C. Ugolini. - PART III WEATHERING OF VOLCANIC ASHES AND DEPOSITS. - 11 Weathering of Holocene Airfall Tephras in the Southern Canadian Rockies / R. H. King. - 12 Controls on the Rates of Weathering and Clay Mineral Genesis in Airfall Tephras: A Review and New Zealand Case Study / D. J. Lowe. - 13 Rates of Weathering of 14C-Dated Late Quaternary Volcaniclastic Deposits in the Western United States / V. E. Neall and I. K. Paintin. - 14 Chemical Weathering of the May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens Ash Fall and the Effect on the Iron Creek Watershed, Washington / A. F. White and L. V. Benson and A. Yee. - PART IV RATES OF FORMATION OF ROCK-WEATHERING FEATURES. - 15 Levels of Time Information in Weathering Measurements, with Examples from Weathering Rinds on Volcanic Clasts in the Western United States / S. M. Colman. - 16 Weathering Rates in Granitic Boulders Measured by P-Wave Speeds / R. Crook, Jr. and A. R. Gillespie. - 17 Growth of Weathering Rinds on Torlesse Sandstone, Southern Alps, New Zealand / I. E. Whitehouse and M. J. McSaveney and P. L. K. Knuepfer and T. J. H. Chinn. - PART V HYDROCHEMICAL STUDIES OF RATES OF WEATHERING. - 18 The Mathematical Basis for Determining Rates of Geochemical and Geomorphic Processes in Small Forested Watersheds by Mass Balance: Examples and Implications / M. A. Velbel. - 19 An Estimate of Plagioclase Weathering Rate in the Idaho Batholith Based upon Geochemical Transport Rates / J. L. Clayton. - 20 The Use of Catchment Studies for Assessing Chemical Weathering Rates in Two Contrasting Upland Areas in Northeast Scotland / J. Creasey and A. C. Edwards and J. M. Reid and D. A. MacLeod and M. S. Cresser. - 21 Weathering Rates and the Chemical Flux from Catchments in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A. / D. P. Dethier. - 22 Rates of Weathering and Erosion Derived from Mass Balance in Small Drainage Basins / T. Paces. - 23 Processes and Rates of Saprolite Production and Erosion on a Foliated Granitic Rock of the Virginia Piedmont / M. J. Pavich. - Index.

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions. - 1.1.1 What Gas Seepage Is, What It Is Not. - 1.1.2 A Jungle of Names: Seeps, Macroseeps, Microseepage, Microseeps, and Miniseepage. - 1.1.3 Seepage id est Migration. - 1.1.4 Microbial, Thermogenic, and Abiotic Methane. - 1.2 Significance of Seepage and Implications. - 1.2.1 Seepage and Petroleum Exploration. - 1.2.2 Marine Seepage on the Crest of the Wave. - 1.2.3 From Sea to Land. - 1.2.4 A New Vision. - References. - 2 Gas Seepage Classification and Global Distribution. - 2.1 Macro-Seeps. - 2.1.1 Gas Seeps. - 2.1.2 Oil Seeps. - 2.1.3 Gas-Bearing Springs. - 2.1.4 Mud Volcanoes. - 2.1.5 Miniseepage. - 2.1.6 The Global Distribution of Onshore Macro-Seeps. - 2.2 Microseepage. - 2.3 Marine Seepage Manifestations. - References. - 3 Gas Migration Mechanisms. - 3.1 Fundamentals. - 3.1.1 Sources and Pathways. - 3.1.2 Diffusion and Advection. - 3.2 Actual Mechanisms and Migration Forms. - 3.2.1 Bubble and Microbubble Flow. - 3.2.2 Gas Seepage Velocity. - 3.2.3 Matter Transport by Microbubbles. - 3.2.4 The Concept of Carrier Gas and Trace Gas. - References. - 4 Detecting and Measuring Gas Seepage. - 4.1 Gas Detection Methods. - 4.1.1 Above-Ground (Atmospheric) Measurements. - 4.1.2 Ground Measurements. - 4.1.3 Measurements in Aqueous Systems. - 4.2 Indirect Methods. - 4.2.1 Chemical-Mineralogical Alterations of Soils. - 4.2.2 Vegetation Changes (Geobotanical Anomalies). - 4.2.3 Microbiological Analyses of Soils. - 4.2.4 Radiometric Surveys. - 4.2.5 Geophysical Techniques. - References. - 5 Seepage in Field Geology and Petroleum Exploration. - 5.1 Seepage and Faults. - 5.2 Microseepage Applied to Areal Petroleum Exploration. - 5.2.1 Which Gas Can Be Measured?. - 5.2.2 Microseepage Methane Flux Measurements. - 5.3 Seep Geochemistry for Petroleum System Evaluation. - 5.3.1 Recognising Post-genetic Alterations of Gases. - 5.3.2 Assessing Gas Source Type and Maturity. - 5.3.3 The Presence of Undesirable Gases (CO2, H2S, N2). - 5.3.4 Helium in Seeps… for Connoisseurs. - References. - 6 Environmental Impact of Gas Seepage. - 6.1 Geohazards. - 6.1.1 Methane Explosiveness. - 6.1.2 The Toxicity of Hydrogen Sulphide. - 6.1.3 Mud Expulsions and the Degradation of Soil-Sediments. - 6.2 Stray Gas, Natural versus Man-Made. - 6.3 Hypoxia in Aquatic Environments. - 6.4 Gas Emissions to the Atmosphere. - 6.4.1 Methane Fluxes and the Global Atmospheric Budget. - 6.4.2 Ethane and Propane Seepage, a Forgotten Potential Source of Ozone Precursors. - 6.5 Natural Seepage and CO2 Geological Sequestration. - References. - 7 Seepage in Serpentinised Peridotites and on Mars. - 7.1 Seeps and Springs in Active Serpentinisation Systems. - 7.1.1 Where Abiotic Methane Is Seeping. - 7.1.2 How Abiotic Methane in Land-Based Serpentinisation Systems Is Formed. - 7.1.3 How to Distinguish Abiotic and Biotic Methane. - 7.1.4 Seepage to the Surface. - 7.1.5 Is Abiotic Gas Seepage Important for the Atmospheric Methane Budget?. - 7.2 Potential Methane Seepage on Mars. - 7.2.1 Looking for Methane on Mars. - 7.2.2 A Theoretical Martian Seepage. - References. - 8 Gas Seepage and Past Climate Change. - 8.1 Past Seepage Stronger than Today. - 8.2 Potential Proxies of Past Seepage. - 8.3 Methane and Quaternary Climate Change. - 8.3.1 Traditional Models: Wetlands versus Gas Hydrates. - 8.3.2 Adding Submarine Seeps. - 8.3.3 Considering Onshore and Offshore Seepage in Total. - 8.3.4 CH4 Isotope Signatures in Ice Cores. - 8.4 Longer Geological Time Scale Changes. - 8.4.1 The Concept of Sedimentary Organic Carbon Mobilization. - 8.4.2 Paleogene Changes. - References. - 9 Seeps in the Ancient World: Myths, Religions, and Social Development. - 9.1 Seeps in Mythology and Religion. - 9.2 Seeps in Social and Technological Development. - References. - Epilogue. - Index.

Note: CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION. - PREFACE. - LIST OF MEMBERS. - SECTION I (GEOLOGY). - Geology of the Dakshin Gangotri landmass, Schirmacher Hill, Antarctica / M. K. Kaul, S. K Chakraborty and V. K Raina. - On the nature of the basic rock erratics from the Dakshin Gangotri landmass, Antarctica / V. K Raina, M. K Kaul and S. K Chakraborty. - On the amphibolites from the Indian Research Station at Antarctica / M. K Kaul, S. K Chakraborty and V. K Raina. - Mineralogical variation in the gneisses from Dakshin Gangotri, Antarctica / S. K Chakraborty, M. K Kaul and V. K Raina. - Petrography of the biotite-homblende bearing quartzo-feldspathic gneisses from Dakshin Gangotri, Schirmacher Hill, Antarctica / M. K. Kaul, S. K. Chakraborty and V. K. Raina. - SECTION II (GEOPHYSICS AND GEOMAGNETISM). - Acoustic studies at and around Dakshin Gangotri, Antarctica / H. R. S. Sastry. - Magnetic characteristics of Princess Astrid Coast of Antarctica 70°S, 12°E north of Dakshin Gangotri / G. S. Mittal and D. C. Mishra. - Geomagnetic field variations near Dakshin Gangotri, Antarctica / G. K Rangarajan, L. A. D'Cruz and Asha R. Patil. - Riometer observations at Antarctica in 1982-83 Indian Expedition / A. K Saha, R. Venkatachari, A. Sen Gupta and G. K. Rangarajan. - Studies of high latitude D-region using VLF observations / A. Sen Gupta, G. K Gael and B. S. Mathur. - Magnetometrics in the study of sub-surface structures of Antarctica margin / B. R Arora, S. Y. Waghmare and L. A. D'Cruz. - SECTION Ill (GLACIOLOGY). - Ice shelf studies at and around Indian Scientific Research Station, Dakshin Gangotri, Antarctica / V. K. Raina, M. K. Kaul and S. K. Chakraborty. - Ablation on the Antarctic shelf ice / M. K. Kaul, S. K. Chakraborty and V. K. Raina. - Iceberg studies in Antarctic waters / M. K. Kaul, S. K. Chakraborty and V. K. Raina. - A note on the snout of the Dakshin Gangotri Glacier, Antarctica / M. K. Kaul, S. K. Chakraborty and V. K. Raina. - Experiment on artificial augmentation of ablation on the shelf ice, Antarctica / M. K. Kaul, S. K. Chakraborty and V. K. Raina. - Stratigraphic studies of Antarctic ice / M. K. Kaul, S. K. Chakraborty and V. K. Raina. - Isotopic and TL studies of Antarctic ice samples / V. N. Nijampurkar, N. Bhandari, S. K. Bhattacharya, D. K. Rao, D. Sen Gupta, V. K. Raina and M. K. Kaul. - SECTION IV (METEOROLOGY AND RADIO PHYSICS). - Meteorological studies at Antarctica / C. R. Sreedharail and A. K. Sharma. - Infrasonic observations at Antarctica / R. Vankatachari, A. Sen Gupta, A. K. Saha and B. J. Srivastava. - High frequency communication in Antarctica / Anant Kumar Andhare. - Parameterization of the marine boundary layer for use in circulation modellings and duct propagation in the Indian Ocean / P. K. Pasricha.