ALBERT

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis = Table of contents = Table des matières. - Einleitung = Introduction = Introduction. - Bemerkungen zum Inhalt und zur Gestaltung des Buches = Comments on the Contents and lay-out of the book = Remarques quant au contenue et à la structure du livre. - Methode = Methods = Methode. - Oekogramm = Ecogram = Ecogramme. - Bestimmungsschlüssel = Identification key = Clé d'identification. - Charakterisierung der Makroreste = Description of the macro-remains = Description des macrorestes. - Weitere Makroreste = Further macro-remains = Autres macrorestes. - Literatur = Literature = Litterature. - Index der Arten = Index of species = Index des espèces. , Text dt., engl. u. franz.

Note: Contents: Part I Introductory Section. - 1 High-Resolution Paleoclimatology / Raymond S. Bradley. - 2 Dendroclimatology in High-Resolution Paleoclimatology / Malcolm K. Hughes. - Part II Scientific Bases of Dendroclimatology. - 3 How Well Understood Are the Processes that Create Dendroclimatic Records? A Mechanistic Model of the Climatic Control on Conifer Tree-Ring Growth Dynamics / Eugene A. Vaganov, Kevin J. Anchukaitis, and Michael N. Evans. - 4 Uncertainty, Emergence, and Statistics in Dendrochronology / Edward R. Cook and Neil Pederson. - 5 A Closer Look at Regional Curve Standardization of Tree-Ring Records: Justification of the Need, a Warning of Some Pitfalls, and Suggested Improvements in Its Application / Keith R. Briffa and Thomas M. Melvin. - 6 Stable Isotopes in Dendroclimatology: Moving Beyond ‘Potential’ / Mary Gagen, Danny McCarroll, Neil J. Loader, and Iain Robertson. - Part III Reconstruction of Climate Patterns and Values Relative to Today’s Climate. - 7 Dendroclimatology from Regional to Continental Scales: Understanding Regional Processes to Reconstruct Large-Scale Climatic Variations Across the Western Americas / Ricardo Villalba, Brian H. Luckman, Jose Boninsegna,Rosanne D. D’Arrigo, Antonio Lara, Jose Villanueva-Diaz, Mariano Masiokas, Jaime Argollo, Claudia Soliz, Carlos LeQuesne, David W. Stahle, Fidel Roig, Juan Carlos Aravena, Malcolm K. Hughes, Gregory Wiles, Gordon Jacoby, Peter Hartsough, Robert J.S. Wilson, Emma Watson, Edward R. Cook, Julian Cerano-Paredes, Matthew Therrell, Malcolm Cleaveland, Mariano S. Morales, Nicholas E. Graham, Jorge Moya, Jeanette Pacajes, Guillermina Massacchesi, Franco Biondi, Rocio Urrutia, and Guillermo Martinez Pastur. - Part IV Applications of Dendroclimatology. - 8 Application of Streamflow Reconstruction to Water Resources Management / David M. Meko and Connie A. Woodhouse. - 9 Climatic Inferences from Dendroecological Reconstructions / Thomas W. Swetnam and Peter M. Brown. - 10 North American Tree Rings, Climatic Extremes, and Social Disasters / David W. Stahle and Jeffrey S. Dean. - Part V Overview. - 11 Tree Rings and Climate: Sharpening the Focus / Malcolm K. Hughes, Henry F. Diaz, and Thomas W. Swetnam. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - 1 The meteorology of monsoons. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Meteorology of the tropics. - 1.3 The Indian Ocean monsoon system. - 1.4 Theory of monsoons. - 2 Controls on the Asian monsoon over tectonic timescales. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 The influence of Tibet. - 2.3 Oceanic controls on monsoon intensity. - 2.4 Summary. - 3 Monsoon evolution on tectonic timescales. - 3.1 Proxies for monsoon intensity. - 3.2 Monsoon reconstruction by oceanic upwelling. - 3.3 Continental climate records. - 3.4 Eolian dust records. - 3.5 Evolving flora of East Asia. - 3.6 History of Western Pacific Warm Pool and the Monsoon. - 3.7 Summary. - 4 Monsoon evolution on orbital timescales. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Orbital controls on monsoon strength. - 4.3 Eolian records in North-east Asia. - 4.4 Monsoon records from cave deposits. - 4.5 Monsoon variability recorded in ice caps. - 4.6 Monsoon variability recorded in lacustrine sediments. - 4.7 Salinity records in marine sediments. - 4.8 Pollen records in marine sediments. - 4.9 Paleoproductivity as an indicator of monsoon strength. - 4.10 The Early Holocene monsoon. - 4.11 Mid–Late Holocene monsoon. - 4.12 Summary. - 5 Erosional impact of the Asian monsoon. - 5.1 Monsoon and oceanic strontium. - 5.2 Reconstructing erosion records. - 5.3 Reconstructing exhumation. - 5.4 Estimating marine sediment budgets. - 5.5 Erosion in Indochina. - 5.6 Erosion in other regions. - 5.7 Monsoon rains in Oman. - 5.8 Changes in monsoon-driven erosion on orbital timescales. - 5.9 Tectonic impact of monsoon strengthening. - 5.10 Climatic control over Himalaya exhumation. - 5.11 Summary. - 6 The Late Holocene monsoon and human society. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Holocene climate change and the Fertile Crescent. - 6.3 Holocene climate change and the Indus Valley. - 6.4 Holocene climate change and early Chinese cultures. - 6.5 Monsoon developments since 1000 AD. - 6.6 Monsoon and religion. - 6.7 Impacts of future monsoon evolution. - 6.8 Summary. - References. - Further reading. - Index.

Note: Contents I Review of Current Concepts 1 Introduction 1.1 Sequence Stratigraphy: A New Paradigm? 1.2 From Sloss to Vail 1.3 Problems and Research Trends: The Current Status 1.4 Stratigraphic Terminology 2 Methods for Studying Sequence Stratigraphy 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Erecting a Sequence Framework 2.2.1 The Importance of Unconformities 2.2.2 Facies Cycles 2.2.3 Stratigraphic Architecture: The Seismic Method 2.3 Methods for Assessing Regional and Global Changes in Sea Level, Other Than Seismic Stratigraphy 2.3.1 Areas and Volumes of Stratigraphic Units 2.3.2 Hypsometric Curves 2.3.3 Backstripping 2.3.4 Sea-Level Estimation from Paleoshorelines and Other Fixed Points 2.3.5 Documentation of Meter-Scale Cycles 2.4 Integrated Tectonic-Stratigraphic Analysis 3 The Four Basic Types of Stratigraphic Cycle 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Supercontinent Cycle 3.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years 3.4 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities 3.5 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years 4 The Basic Sequence Model 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Terminology 4.3 Depositional Systems and Systems Tracts 4.4 Sequence Boundaries 4.5 Other Sequence Concepts 5 The Global Cycle Chart II The Stratigraphic Framework 6 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens to Hundreds of Millions of Years 6.1 Climate, Sedimentation, and Biogenesis 6.2 The Supercontinent Cycle 6.2.1 The Tectonic-Stratigraphic Model 6.2.2 The Phanerozoic Record 6.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years 6.3.1 Intercontinental Correlations 6.3.2 Tectonostratigraphic Sequences 6.4 Main Conclusions 7 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities 7.1 Extensional and Rifted Clastic Continental Margins 7.2 Foreland Basin of the North American Western Interior 7.3 Other Foreland Basins 7.4 Forearc Basins 7.5 Backarc Basins 7.6 Cyclothems and Mesothems 7;7 Carbonate Cycles of Platforms and Craton Margins 7.8 Evidence of Cyclicity in the Deep Oceans 7.9 Main Conclusions 8 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Neogene Clastic Cycles of Continental Margins 8.3 Pre-Neogene Marine Carbonate and Clastic Cycles 8.4 Late Paleozoic Cyclothems 8.5 Lacustrine elastic and Chemical Rhythms 8.6 Clastic Cycles of Foreland Basins 8.7 Main Conclusions III Mechanisms 9 Long-Term Eustasy and Epeirogeny 9.1 Mantle Processes and Dynamic Topography 9.2 Supercontinent Cycles 9.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Tens of Millions of Years 9.3.1 Eustasy 9.3.2 Dynamic Topography and Epeirogeny 9.4 Main Conclusions 10 Milankovitch Processes 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Nature of Milankovitch Processes 10.2.1 Components of Orbital Forcing 10.2.2 Basic Climatology 10.2.3 Variations with Time in Orbital Periodicities 10.2.4 Isostasy and Geoid Changes 10.2.5 The Nature of the Cyclostratigraphic Data Base 10.2.6 The Sensitivity of the Earth to Glaciation 10.2.7 Glacioeustasy in the Mesozoic? 10.2.8 Nonglacial Milankovitch Cyclicity 10.3 The Cenozoic Record 10.4 Late Paleozoic Cyclothems 10.5 The End-Ordovician Glaciation 10.6 Main Conclusions 11 Tectonic Mechanisms 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Rifting and Thermal Evolution of Divergent Plate Margins 11.2.1 Basic Geophysical Models and Their Implications for Sea-Level Change 11.2.2 Some Results from the Analysis of Modern Data Sets 11.3 Tectonism on Convergent Plate Margins and in Collision Zones 11.3.1 Magmatic Arcs and Subduction 11.3.2 Tectonism Versus Eustasy in Foreland Basins 11.3.2.1 The North American Western Interior Basin 11.3.2.2 The Appalachian Foreland Basin 11.3.2.3 Pyrenean and Himalayan Basins 11.3.3 Rates of Uplift and Subsidence 11.3.4 Discussion 11.4 Intraplate Stress 11.4.1 The Pattern of Global Stress 11.4.2 In-Plane Stress as a Control of Sequence Architecture 11.4.3 In-Plane Stress and Regional Histories of Sea-Level Change 11.5 Basement Control 11.6 Other Speculative Tectonic Hypotheses 11.7 Sediment Supply and the Importance of Big Rivers 11.8 Environmental Change 11.9 Main Conclusions IV Chronostratigraphy and Correlation: Why the Global Cycle Chart Should Be Abandoned 12 Time in Sequence Stratigraphy 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Hierarchies of Time and the Completeness of the Stratigraphic Record 12.3 Main Conclusions 13 Correlation, and the Potential for Error 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The New Paradigm of Geological Time? 13.3 The Dating and Correlation of Stratigraphic Events: Potential Sources of Uncertainty 13.3.1 Identification of Sequence Boundaries 13.3.2 Chronostratigraphic Meaning of Unconformities 13.3.3 Determination of the Biostratigraphic Framework 13.3.3.1 The Problem of Incomplete Biostratigraphic Recovery 13.3.3.2 Diachroneity of the Biostratigraphic Record 13.3.4 The Value of Quantitative Biostratigraphic Methods 13.3.5 Assessment of Relative Biostratigraphic Precision 13.3.6 Correlation of Biozones with the Global Stage Framework 13.3.7 Assignment of Absolute Ages 13.3.8 Implications for the Exxon Global Cycle Chart 13.4 Correlating Regional Sequence Frameworks with the Global Cycle Chart 13.4.1 Circular Reasoning from Regional Data 13.4.2 A Rigorous Test of the Global Cycle Chart 13.4.3 A Correlation Experiment 13.4.4 Discussion 13.5 Main Conclusions 14 Sea-Level Curves Compared 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The Exxon Curves: Revisions, Errors, and Uncertainties 14.3 Other Sea-Level Curves 14.3.1 Cretaceous Sea-Level Curves 14.3.2 Jurassic Sea-Level Curves 14.3.3 Why Does the Exxon Global Cycle Chart Contain So Many More Events Than Other Sea-Level Curves? 14.4 Main Conclusions V Approaches to a Modern Sequence-Stratigraphic Framework 15 Elaboration of the Basic Sequence Model 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Definitions 15.2.1 The Hierarchy of Units and Bounding Surfaces 15.2.2 Systems Tracts and Sequence Boundaries 15.3 The Sequence Stratigraphy of Clastic Depositional Systems 15.3.1 Pluvial Deposits and Their Relationship to Sea-Level Change 15.3.2 The Concept of the Bayline 15.3.3 Deltas, Beach-Barrier Systems, and Estuaries 15.3.4 Shelf Systems: Sand Shoals and Condensed Sections 15.3.5 Slope and Rise Systems 15.4 The Sequence Stratigraphy of Carbonate Depositional Systems 15.4.1 Platform Carbonates: Catch-Up Versus Keep-Up 15.4.2 Carbonate Slopes 15.4.3 Pelagic Carbonate Environments 15.5 Main Conclusions 16 Numerical and Graphical Modeling of Sequences 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Model Design 16.3 Selected Examples of Model Results 16.4 Main Conclusions VI Discussion and Conclusions 17 Implications for Petroleum Geology 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Integrated Tectonic-Stratigraphic Analysis 17.2.1 The Basis of the Methodology 17.2.2 The Development of an Allostratigraphic Framework 17.2.3 Choice of Sequence-Stratigraphic Models 17.2.4 The Search for Mechanisms 17.2.5 Reservoir Characterization 17.3 Controversies in Practical Sequence Analysis 17.3.1 The Case of the Tocito Sandstone, New Mexico 17.3.2 The Case of Gippsland Basin, Australia 17.3.3 Conclusions: A Modified Approach to Sequence Analysis for Practicing Petroleum Geologists and Geophysicists 17.4 Main Conclusions 18 Conclusions and Recommendations 18.1 Sequences in the Stratigraphic Record 18.1.1 Long-Term Stratigraphic Cycles 18.1.2 Cycles with Million-Year Episodicities 18.1.3 Cycles with Episodicities of Less Than One Million Years 18.2 Mechanisms 18.2.1 Long-Term Eustasy and Epeirogeny 18.2.2 Milankovitch Processes 18.2.3 Tectonic Mechanisms 18.3 Chronostratigraphy and Correlation 18.3.1 Concepts of Time 18.3.2 Correlation Problems, and the Basis of the Global Cycle Chart 18.3.3 Comparison of Sea-Level Curves 18.4 Modern Sequence Analysis 18.4.1 Elaboration of the Basic Sequence Model 18.4.2 Numerical and Graphical Modeling of Stratigraphic Sequences 18.5 Implications for Petroleum Geology 18.6 The Global-Eustasy Paradigm: Working Backwards from the Answer? 18.6.1 The Exxon Factor 18.6.2 Conclusions . 18.7 Recommendations References Author Index Subject Index

Note: Contents: List of Figures. - List of Plates. - List of Tables. - List of Contributors. - 1. Tectonics and geology / Nikolay Koronovsky. - 2. Climatic change and the development of landscapes / Andrey Velichko and Irina Spasskaya. - 3. Climate at the present and in the historical past / Maria Shahgedanova. - 4. Soils / Igor Zamotaev. - 5. Rivers, lakes, inland seas, and wetlands / Nikolay Koronkevich. - 6. Permafrost / Nelly Tumel. - 7. Biodiversity and productivity of ecosystems / Roman Zlotin. - 8. The arctic environments / Maria Shahgedanova and Mikhail Kuznetsov. - 9. Boreal forests / Arkady Tishkov. - 10. Mixed and deciduous forests / Leonid Serebryanny. - 11. Steppe and forest-steppe / Alexander Chibilyov. - 12. Arid environments / Elena Lioubimtseva. - 13. The mountains of Northern Russia / Maria Shahgedanova, Veniamin Perov, and Yury Mudrov. - 14. The mountains of Southern Siberia / Maria Shahgedanova, Nikolay Mikhailov, Sergey Larin, and Aleksandr Bredikhin. - 15. The Caucasus / Natalya Volodicheva. - 16. The mountains of Central Asia and Kazakhstan / Irina Merzlyakova. - 17. Lake Baikal / Anson Mackay, Roger Flower, and Liba Granina. - 18. The Far East / Andrey Ivanov. - 19. Radioactive contamination / Philip R. Pryde. - 20. Environmental impact of oil and gas development / Gregory Vilchek. - 21. Air pollution / Maria Shahgedanova. - 22. The Aral Sea / Nick Middleton. - 23. Deforestation and degradation of forests / Leonid Serebryanny and Igor Zamotaev. - 24. Nature protection and conservation / Arkady Tishkov. - List of plant names in Latin and English. - Index.

Note: Contents 1 Scope / G. Matthess 2 Polar Organic Substances and Their Role in the Water-Saturated and -Unsaturated Zones 2.0 Introduction / F.H. Frimmel 2.1 Isolation Procedures and Characterization Methods 2.1.1 Isolation and General Characterization of Organic Acids from Pore Water / F.H. Frimmel 2.1.2 Isolation and Characterization of Soil Humic Matter / W. Finger, B. Post and H. Klamberg 2.1.3 Isolation and Characterization of Organic Substancesin Ground Water and Sediments / F. Selenka and A. Hack 2.1.4 Chromatographie Characterization of the Acid-Soluble Part of Humic Substances / F.H. Frimmel 2.1.5 Spectroscopic Characterization of Humic Substances in the Ultraviolet and Visible Region and by Infrared Spectroscopy / G. Abbt-Braun 2.1.6 Temperature-Programmed/Time-Resolved Pyrolysis Field lonization Mass Spectrometry - a New Method for the Characterization of Humic Substances / H.-R. Schulten 2.1.7 Interpretation of the Pyrolysis Products of Isolated Humic and Fulvic Acids / G. Abbt-Braun 2.1.8 Characterization of Isolated Humic Material by 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy /J. Buddrus and P. Burba 2.1.9 Characterization of Humic Substances Extracted by Organic Solvents / B. Post and H. Klamberg 2.2 Interaction of Inorganics with Humic Substances 2.2.1 Investigation of Metal Complexation by Polarography and Fluorescence Spectroscopy / F.H. Frimmel 2.2.2 Determination of Complexation Equilibria by the Ion-Exchange Method / W. Finger and H. Klamberg 2.2.3 Sorption of Metals on Humic Material / R. Becker and H. Klamberg 2.2.4 Interactions of Humic Substances with Iodine / K. G. Heumann and C. Reifenhäuser 2.2.5 Experiments on the Influence of Organic Ligands upon Kinetics of Feldspar Weathering / A. Petersen, G. Matthess and D. Schenk 2.3 Characterization of Some Organic Acids in the Subsurface of the Sandhausen Ecosystem / T. Cordt and H. Kussmaul 2.3.4 Organic Acids 2.3.5 Conclusions 3 Carbonate Systems 3.0 Introduction / E. Usdowski 3.1 Dissolution Kinetics in the Generation of Carbonate Ground Waters 3.1.1 Theoretical and Experimental Results of the Kinetics of Calcite Dissolution and Precipitation / W. Dreybrodt 3.1.2 Field Measurements and Laboratory Experiments on Calcite Dissolution Kinetics of Natural Porous Media / J. Baumann and H.D. Schulz 3.2 Field Studies on Subsurface Water of Selected Sites / B. Merkel and J. Grossmann 3.2.1 Pore Water Sampling in Carbonate Terrains 3.2.2 Variation of Inorganic Carbon in the Unsaturated Zone of a Carbonate Gravel System / L. Eichinger and B. Merkel 3.2.3 Isotope Geochemistry of the Subsurface Carbonate System in Sandhausen and Bocholt / H. Dörr, W. Leuchs, P. Obermann, W. Regenberg and C. Sonntag 3.2.4 Application of Stable Carbon and Sulfur Isotope Models to the Development of Ground Water in a Limestone-Dolomite-Anhydrite-Gypsum Area / K.W. Schaefer and E. Usdowski 3.2.5 A dissolution Front at the Contact of Sandsto Marly Limestone Aquifers / H.R. Langguth and R. Schulz 3.2.6 Carbonate Rock Dissolution Under Intermediate System Conditions / J. Michaelis 3.3 Alteration in Karst Systems 3.3.1 Mineralogy and Hydrogeochemistry of the Gypsum Karst of Foum Tatahouine, South Tunisia / W. Smykatz-Kloss, H. Hötzl and H. Kössl 3.3.2 Dedolomitization and Salt Formationin a Semi-Arid Environment / W. Smykatz-Kloss, and J. Goebelbecker 3.3.3 Transformation Processes in Paleokarst Sediments and Chemistry of Modern Waters in the Aladag Region, Turkey / M. Cevrini and W. Echle 4 Silicate Systems 4.0 Introduction / G. Matthess 4.1 Redox Reactions in the Subsurface 4.1.1 Anoxic Reaction Zones in an Aquifer Influenced by Increasing Nitrate and Sulfate Contents / W. Leuchs and P. Obermann 4.1.2 Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotopes as Indicators for Nitrification and Denitrification / H.-L. Schmidt, S. Voerkelius and A. Amberger 4.1.3 Redox Conditions and Microbial Sulfur Reactions in the Fuhrberger Field Sandy Aquifer / J. Böttcher, O. Strebet and W. Kölle 4.1.4 Influence of Fine-Grained Cover Beds on the Chemistry of Shallow Ground Water / G. Ebhardt and P. Fritsch 4.1.5 Hydrogeochemical Processes During the Passage of Surface Water and Ground Water Through Genetically Different Organic Sediments / H. Brühl, A. Moschick and H. Verleger 4.1.6 Hydrochemical Phenomena in the Dorsten Leakage System / M. Hoffmann, H.R. Langguth and J. Larue 4.1.7 Hydrogeochemical Processes in the Hamburg Deep Aquifer System / E.P. Loehnert, W. Bauhus and C. Sonntag 4.2 Rock-Water Interaction 4.2.1 Aluminium Speciation in Acid Soil Water and Ground Water / G. Dietze and B. Ulrich 4.2.2 Mineral-Pore Water Interaction in Two Soil Types on Pleistocene Sediments at Hamburg / F. Sztuka and I. Valeton 4.2.3 Subsurface Hydrochemical Reactions in the Sandhausen Forest Ecosystem / H. Jacob, W. Regenberg and C. Sonntag 4.3 Reaction Kinetics 4.3.1 Experimental Methods for Determining Dissolution Rates of Silicates - a Comparison / D. Schenk, G. Matthess, A. Dahmke and A. Petersen 4.3.2 Field Studies on the Kinetics of Silicate Minerals/Water Interaction / G. Matthess, A. Petersen, D. Schenk and A. Dahmke 5 Microbiology 5.0 Introduction / P. Hirsch 5.1 Characterization of the Natural Subsurface Environment 5.1.1 Morphological and Taxonomic Diversity of Ground Water Microorganisms / P. Hirsch, E. Rades-Rohkohl, J. Kölbel-Boelke and A. Nehrkorn 5.1.2 Methods of Studying Ground Water Microbiology: Critical Evaluations and Method suggestions / P. Hirsch, E. Rades-Rohkohl, J. Kölbel-Boelke, A. Nehrkorn, R. Schweisfurth, F. Selenka and A. Hack 5.1.3 Organic Substances in Ground Water and Sediments and Their Relationships to Microorganisms in a Sandy Aquifer / E Selenka and A. Hack 5.2 Microbial Activities 5.2.1 Observations on the Physiology of Microorganisms from Pristine Ground Water Environments / P. Hirsch 5.2.2 Formation and Transformation of Manganese Oxidation States by Bacteria / J. Gottfreund and R. Schweisfurth 5.2.3 Interactions Between Humic Acids and Microorganisms / G.-J. Tuschewitzki, B. Langer and H. Otremba 5.3 Microbiology of Selected Locations 5.3.1 Subsurface Microbial Activities in the Sandhausen Forest Ecosystem / R. Weyandt and R. Schweisfurth 5.3.2 Heterotrophic Bacterial Communities in the Bocholt Aquifer System / J. Kölbel-Boelke and A. Nehrkorn 5.3.3 The Natural Microflora of the Segeberger Forest Aquifer System / P. Hirsch and E. Rades-Rohkohl 5.3.4 Microbiological Observations of the Unsaturated Zone of a Quaternary Gravel Profile / I. Alexander, G. Freitag, J. Grossmann, Β. Merkel, P. Udluft and I. Ullsperger 6 Hydrogeochemical and Geochemical-Hydraulic Models and Model Concepts 6.0 Introduction / H.-D. Schulz 6.1 Hydrogeochemical Models and Concepts 6.1.1 Development of Secondary Permeability of a Fracture Aquifer in Carbonate Rocks: a Model / W. Dreybrodt 6.1.2 Some Aspects of Modelling the Carbon System in the Unsaturated Zone / B. Merkel, L. Eichinger and P. Udluft 6.1.3 Methodical Concepts in Silicate-Water Interaction - a Comparison of Results / A. Dahmke, G. Matthess, A. Petersen and D. Schenk 6.2 Combination of Transport and Geochemical Reactions 6.2.1 Water Movement and Geochemical Reactions in the Unsaturated Zone of Sands with Low Calcite Contents / H.-D. Schulz 6.2.2 Physical and Biochemical Processes Affecting Mass Transport in the Bocholt Aquifer System / C. Bugner and R. Mull 6.2.3 Tritium and 3He Measurements as Calibration Data for Ground Water Transport Models / H. Dörr, P. Schlosser, M. Stute and C. Sonntag 6.2.4 39Ar-, 85Kr-, 3He- and 3H Isotope Dating of Ground Water in the Bocholt and Segeberger Forst Aquifer Systems / M. Forster, H. Loosli and S. Weise 6.2.5 Modelling of Mass Balance and of Microbial Transformations in the Fuhrberger Feld Sandy Aquifer / O. Strebet, J. Böttcher and W.H.M. Duynisveld 6.3 Description of Geochemical Environments with Thermodynamic Equilibrium Models / M. Rolling and H.-D. Schulz 6

Note: Contents: Preface. - List of Symbols. - 1 Groundwater flow. - 1.1 Darcy's law. - 1.1.1 The limits of Darcy's law. - 1.1.2 Driving forces for groundwater flow. - 1.2 Crustal permeability. - 1.2.1 Permeability versus porosity. - 1.2.2 Heterogeneity and anisotropy. - 1.2.3 Scale dependence. - 1.2.4 Depth dependence. - 1.2.5 Time dependence. - 1.2.6 Some limiting values. - 1.3 Conceptualizing groundwater systems. - 1.4 The continuum approach. - 1.5 The groundwater flow equation. - 1.5.1 Conservation of mass. - 1.5.2 The storage term. - 1.5.3 Various forms of the groundwater flow equation Problems. - 2 Solute transport. - 2.1 Governing equations. - 2.1.1 Molecular diffusion. - 2.1.2 Advection. - 2.1.3 Mechanical dispersion. - 2.1.4 Mass balance equation. - 2.1.5 Chemical reactions. - 2.1.6 Initial and boundary conditions. - 2.2 Numerical solution techniques. - 2.3 Density-driven flow. - 2.4 Multicomponent diffusion. - 2.5 Multicomponent reactive transport. - 2.5.1 Rate-based reactions. - 2.5.2 Surface reactions. - 2.5.3 Homogeneous reactions. - 2.5.4 Heterogeneous reactions. - 2.5.5 Solution algorithms Problems. - 3 Heat transport. - 3.1 Governing equations. - 3.1.1 Choice of dependent variables. - 3.1.2 Statements of mass and energy conservation. - 3.1.3 A form of Darcy's law for two-phase flow of compressible fluids. - 3.1.4 Conductive heat flux. - 3.1.5 One-dimensional forms of the governing equations. - 3.1.6 Extending the governing equations to three dimensions. - 3.1.7 Assumptions. - 3.1.8 Fluid properties. - 3.1.9 Numerical solution. - 3.2 Initial and boundary conditions. - 3.3 Temperature-based formulations. - 3.4 One-dimensional groundwater flow. - 3.4.1 Steady vertical flow. - 3.4.2 Flow in a confined aquifer or fault zone. - 3.5 Dimensionless numbers. - 3.5.1 Nusselt number. - 3.5.2 Peclet number. - 3.5.3 Rayleigh number. - 3.6 Buoyancy-driven flow. - 3.7 Heatpipes Problems. - 4Regional-scale flow and transport. - 4.1Sources and sinks of fluid. - 4.1.1 Geologic forcing. - 4.1.2 Anomalous fluid pressures. - 4.1.3 Hydraulic fracturing. - 4.1.4 The Gulf Coast. - 4.1.5 Accretionary prisms. - 4.2 Regional-scale solute transport. - 4.2.1 Groundwater age. - 4.2.2 Large-scale dispersion. - 4.2.3 Evolution of regional groundwater chemistry. - 4.3 Regional-scale heat transfer. - 4.3.1 The conductive regime in sedimentary basins. - 4.3.2 Thermal effects of groundwater flow in sedimentary basins. - 4.3.3 Some case studies of sedimentary basins. - 4.3.4 An example from volcanic terrane. - 4.3.5 The stress-heat flow paradox of the San Andreas fault Problems. - 5 Ore deposits. - 5.1Mississippi Valley-type deposits. - 5.1.1 Evidence for regional-scale brine migration. - 5.1.2 The salt problem. - 5.1.3 Controls on ore deposition. - 5.1.4 Driving forces for fluid flow. - 5.1.5 The Irish MVTs. - 5.2 Sediment-hosted uranium. - 5.2.1 Redox control of uranium solubility. - 5.2.2 Tabular uranium deposits. - 5.2.3 Unconformity-type uranium deposits. - 5.3 Supergene enrichment of porphyry copper. - 5.4 Colombian emeralds. - Problems. - 6 Hydrocarbons. - 6.1 Maturation. - 6.1.1 The oil window. - 6.1.2 Groundwater flow and the thermal regime. - 6.2 Migration. - 6.2.1 Capillary effects. - 6.2.2 Primary migration. - 6.2.3 Secondary migration. - 6.3 Entrapment. - 6.4 Governing equations for immiscible multiphase flow. - 6.5 Case studies. - 6.5.1 The Uinta basin. - 6.5.2 The Los Angeles basin. - Problems. - 7 Geothermal processes. - 7.1 Crustal heat flow. - 7.1.1 Measurement. - 7.1.2 Lateral and vertical variations. - 7.1.3 Perturbations due to groundwater flow. - 7.2 Magmatic-hydrothermal systems. - 7.2.1 Magmatic heat sources. - 7.2.2 Heat transfer from magma to groundwater. - 7.2.3 Fluid circulation near magma bodies. - 7.2.4 Permeabilities in near-magma environments. - 7.3 Fluid flow and heat transport near the critical point. - 7.3.1 One-dimensional pressure-enthalpy paths. - 7.3.2 Two-dimensional convection. - 7.4 Multiphase processes. - 7.4.1 Phase separation. - 7.4.2 Vapor-dominated zones. - 7.4.3 Pressure transmission. - 7.4.4 Boiling point-depth curves. - 7.5 Hotsprings. - 7.6 Geysers. - 7.7 Geothermal resources. - 7.8 Ore deposits. - 7.9 Subsea hydrothermal systems. - 7.9.1 Importance to the Earth's thermal budget. - 7.9.2 Influence on ocean chemistry. - 7.9.3 Quantitative description. - Problems. - 8 Earthquakes. - 8.1 Effective stress. - 8.2 Coulomb's law of failure. - 8.3 Induced seismicity. - 8.3.1 The Rocky Mountain arsenal. - 8.3.2 Rangely,Colorado. - 8.4 Fluid pressures at seismogenic depths. - 8.4.1 Hubbert and Rubey. - 8.4.2 Irwin and Barnes model for the San Andreas. - 8.4.3 Byerlee and Rice models for the San Andreas. - 8.5 Earthquake-induced hydrologic phenomena. - 8.5.1 Stream flow and springs. - 8.5.2 Well behavior. - 8.5.3 Geysering. - 8.6 Effect of earthquakes on crustal permeability. - 8.6.1 Analysis of the Loma Prietacase. - 8.6.2 State-of-stress and the orientation of conductive fractures. - Problems. - 9 Evaporites. - 9.1 Evaporite formation. - 9.1.1 The marine evaporite problem. - 9.1.2 Groundwater inflow. - 9.1.3 CaCl2 brines. - 9.1.4 Magnesium depletion. - 9.1.5 Continental evaporites. - 9.1.6 Groundwater outflow. - 9.2 Bedded evaporites. - 9.3 Saltdomes. - 9.3.1 Variable-density convection. - 9.3.2 Caprock formation. - Problems. - 10 Diagenesis and metamorphism. - 10.1 Reaction-Flow coupling. - 10.2 Diagenesis of siliciclastic sequences. - 10.2.1 Diagenesis in sedimentary basins. - 10.2.2 Silica cementation by thermal convection. - 10.3 Diagenesis of carbonate platforms. - 10.3.1 Dolomitization. - 10.3.2 Mixing-zone dissolution. - 10.4Local-scale diagenetic features. - 10.4.1 Mechanochemical coupling. - 10.4.2 Geochemical banding. - 10.5 Metamorphism. - 10.5.1 The evidence for voluminous fluid fluxes. - 10.5.2 The nature of permeability in metamorphic environments. - 10.5.3 Contact metamorphism at Skaergaard. - 10.5.4 Low-pressure metamorphic belts. - Problems. - References. - Index.

Note: Table of Contents: The Dahlem Konferenzen / S. Bernhard. - Introduction / H. Oeschger and C. C. Langway, Jr. - Aerosol transport from sources to ice sheets / G. E. Shaw. - Mechanisms of wet and dry deposition of atmospheric contaminants to snow surfaces / C. I. Davidson. - The transformation of snow to ice and the occlusion of gases / J. Schwander. - Environmental records in alpine glaciers / D. Wagenbach. - GROUP REPORT. - How do glaciers record environmental processes and preserve information? / J. W. C. White, P. Brimblecombe, C. Brühl, C. I. Davidson, R. J. Delmas, G. Gravenhorst, K. O. Münnich, S. A. Penkett, U. Schotterer, J. Schwander, G. E. Shaw, D. Wagenbach. - Dating by physical and chemical seasonal variations and reference horizons / C. U. Hammer. - Dating of ice by radioactive isotopes / B. R. Stauffer. - Dating by ice flow modeling: a useful tool or an exercise in applied mathematics? / N. Reeh. - Physical property reference horizons / H. Shoji and C. C. Langway, Jr. - GROUP REPORT. - How can an ice core chronology be established? / W. F. Budd, J. T. Andrews, R. C. Finkel, E. L. Fireman, W. Graf, C. U. Hammer, J. Jouzel, D. P. Raynaud, N. Reeh, H. Shoji, B. R. Stauffer, J. Weertman. - Temporal variations of trace gases in ice cores / M. A. K. Khalil and R. A. Rasmussen. - Trace metals and organic compounds in ice cores / D. A. Peel. - The ionic deposits in polar ice cores / H. B. Clausen and C. C. Langway, Jr. - The impact of observed changes in atmospheric composition on global atmospheric chemistry and climate / P. J. Crutzen and C. Brühl. - GROUP REPORT. - What anthropogenic impacts are recorded in glaciers? / G. I. Pearman, R. J. Charlson, T. Class, H. B. Clausen, P. J. Crutzen, T. Hughes, D. A. Peel, K. A. Rahn, J. Rudolph, U. Siegenthaler, D. S. Zardini. - Past environmental long-term records from the Arctic / W. Dansgaard and H. Oeschger. - Long-term changes in the concentrations of major chemical compounds (soluble and insoluble) along deep ice cores / R. J. Delmas and M. Legrand. - Long-term environmental records from Antarctic ice cores / C. Lorius, G. Raisbeck, J. Jouzel, and D. Raynoud. - Studies of polar ice: insights for atmospheric chemistry / M. B. McElroy. - GROUP REPORT. - Long-term ice core records and global environmental changes / A. D. Hecht, W. Dansgaard, J. A. Eddy, S. J. Johnsen, M. A. Lange, C. C. Langway, Jr., C. Lorius, M. B. McElroy, H. Oeschger, G. Raisbeck, P. Schlosser. - List of participants with fields of research. - Subject index. - Author index.

Note: Table of Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgments. - SAMUEL EPSTEIN: Scientist, Teacher and Friend. - PART A. EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION STUDIES. - Oxygen isotopic thermometer calibrations / Robert N. Clayton and Susan W. Kieffer. - Temperature dependence of isotopic fractionation factors / Robert E. Criss. - Oxygen isotope fractionation studies of solute-water interactions / James R. O'Neil and Alfred H. Truesdell. - Oxygen diffusion in leucite: Structural controls / Karlis Muehlenbachs and Cathy Connolly. - An experimental study of oxygen isotope partitioning between silica glass and CO2 vapor / Edward Stolper and Samuel Epstein. - D/H analysis of minerals by ion probe / E. Deloule, C. France-Lanord and F. Albarède. - PART B. THE HYDROSPHERE AND ANCIENT OCEANS. - Oxygen isotope history of seawater revisited: Timescales for boundary event changes in the oxygen isotope composition of sea water / R. T. Gregory. - Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of oceanic plutonic rocks: High-temperature deformation and metamorphism of oceanic layer 3 / Debra S. Stakes. - The hydrogen and oxygen isotope history of the Silurian-Permian hydrosphere as determined by direct measurement of fossil water / L. Paul Knauth and Sarah K. Roberts. - Oxygen isotopes in phosphates of fossil fish-Devonian to Recent / Yehoshua Kolodny and Boaz Luz. - Dolomitization of the Hope Gate Formation (north Jamaica) by seawater: Reassessment of mixing-zone dolomite / Lynton S. Land. - Fossil meteoric ground waters in the Delaware Basin of southeastern New Mexico / Steven J. Lambert. - PART C. CLIMATOLOGY AND GLACIOLOGY. - The heavy isotope enrichment of water in coupled evaporative systems / Joel R. Gat and Carl Bowser. - The elusive climate signal in the isotopic composition of precipitation / James R. Lawrence and James W. C. White. - Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios in shallow ground waters from India and a study of the role of evapotranspiration in the Indian monsoon / R. V. Krishnamurthy and S. K. Bhattacharya. - Stable isotopic composition of waters in a small Piedmont watershed / David B. Wenner, Peter D. Ketcham and John F. Dowd. - Isotopic changes during the formation of depth hoar in experimental snowpacks / Richard A. Sommerfeld, Clark Judy and Irving Friedman. - Isotopic changes during snow metamorphism / Irving Friedman, Carl Benson and Jim Gleason. - The glacial/interglacial temperature range of the surface water of the oceans at low latitudes / Cesare Emiliani and David B. Ericson. - Is the Postglacial artificial? / Cesare Emiliani, David A. Price and Joanne Seipp. - PART D. Paleoenvironment and Archaeology. - Osteocalcin as the recommended biopolymer for 14C age dating of bone and δ13C and δ15N paleodietary reconstruction / Henry O. Ajie and Isaac R. Kaplan. - The relationship between stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios of water in astomatal plants / Lee W. Cooper, Michael J. Deniro and Jon E. Keeley. - 13C/2C ratios of the Fe(IIl) carbonate component in natural geothites / Crayton J. Yapp and Harald Poths. - Oxygen isotope studies of zeolites: Stilbite, analcime, heulandite, and clinoptilolite I. Analytical technique / Xiahong Feng and Samuel M. Savin. - Eolian inputs of lead to the South Pacific via rain and dry deposition from industrial and natural sources / Dorothy M. Settle and Clair C. Patterson. - Stable isotopes and the Roman marble trade-evidence from Scythopolis and Caesarea, Israel / Ze'ev Pearl and Mordeckai Mararitz. - Part E. IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHC GEOCHEMISTRY. - Comparisons of 18O/16O and 87Sr/86Sr in volcanic rocks from the Pontine Islands, M. Ernici, and Campania with other areas in Italy / B. Turi, H. P. Taylor, Jr. and G. Ferrara. - Hydrogen, sulphur and neodymium isotope variations in the mantle beneath the EPR at 12°50' N / Marc Chaussidon, Simon M. F. Sheppard and Annie Michard. - Degassing of Obsidian Dome rhyolite, lnyo volcanic chain, California / Bruce E. Taylor. - Application of stable isotopes in identifying a major Hercynian synplutonic rift zone and its associated meteoric-hydrothermal activity, southern Schwarzwald, Germany / Hugh P. Taylor, Jr., Mordeckai Magaritz and Stephen M. Wickham. - An oxygen and hydrogen isotope study of high-grade metamorphism and anatexis in the Ruby Mountains-East Humboldt Range core complex, Nevada / Stephen M. Wickham, Hugh P. Taylor, Jr., Arthur W. Snoke and James R. O'Neil. - Daughter-parent isotope systematics in U-Th-bearing igneous accessory mineral assemblages as potential indices of metamorphic history: A discussion of the concept / Leon T. Silver. - Retrograde exchange of hydrogen isotopes between hydrous minerals and water at low temperatures / T. Kurtis Kyser and Robert K. Errich. - PART F. ORE DEPOSITS AND HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION. - Stable isotope studies of quartz-vein type tungsten deposits in Dajishan Mine, Jiangxi Province, Southeast China / Yuch-Ning Shieh and Guo-Xin Zhang. - Oxygen isotope study of the fossil hydrothermal system in the Comstock Lode mining district, Nevada / Robert E. Criss and Duane E. Champion. - Oxygen isotope studies of Jurassic fossil hydrothermal systems, Mojave Desert, southeastern California / G. Cleve Solomon and Hugh P. Taylor, Jr. - Variations in δ18O values, water/rock ratios, and water flux in the Rico paleothermal anomaly, Colorado / Peter B. Larson and Brian S. Zimmerman. - PART G. EXTRATERRESTRIAL GEOCHEMISTRY. - Initial Pb isotopic compositions of lunar granites as determined by ion microprobe / W. Compston, I. S. Williams and C. Meyer. - Silicon, carbon and nitrogen isotopic studies of silicon carbide in carbonaceous and enstatite chondrites / J. Stone, I. D. Hutcheon, S. Epstein and G. J. Wasserburg. - Subject Index.

Note: Chapter 1. Introduction by S. W. Bailey, p. 1 - 8 Chapter 2. Polytypism of 1:1 Layer Silicates by S. W. Bailey, p. 9 - 28 Chapter 3. Kaolin Minerals: Structures and Stabilities by S. W. Bailey, p. 29 - 66 Chapter 4. Kaolin Minerals: Their Genesis and Occurrences by Haydn H. Murray, p. 67 - 90 Chapter 5. Serpentine Minerals: Structures and Petrology by Frederick J. Wick & D. S. O'Hanley, p. 91 - 168 Chapter 6. Structures and Compositions of Other Trioctahedral 1:1 Phyllosilicates by S.W. Bailey, p. 169 - 188 Chapter 7. Isotopic Studies of Phyllosilicates by Samuel M. Savin and M. Lee, p. 189 - 224 Chapter 8. Talc, Pyrophyllite, and Related Minerals by Bernard W. Evans and Stephen J. Guggenheim, p. 225 - 294 Chapter 9. Stability, Phase Relations, and Thermodynamic Properties of Chlorite and Serpentine Group Minerals by Joseph V. Chernosky, Jr., Rob G. Berman and L. Taras Bryndzia, p. 295 - 346 Chapter 10. Chlorites: Structures and Crystal Chemistry by S.W. Bailey, p. 347 - 404 Chapter 11. Chlorites: Metamorphic Petrology by Jo Laird, p. 405 - 454 Chapter 12. Vermiculite by C. de la Calle and Helene Suquet, p. 455 - 496 Chapter 13. Smectites by N. Güven, p. 497 - 560 Chapter 14. Vector Representation of Phyllosilicate Compositions by Donald M. Burt, p. 561 - 600 Chapter 15. Mixed Layer Chlorite Minerals by Robert C. Reynolds, Jr., p. 601 - 630 Chapter 16. Sepiolite and Palygorskite by Blair F. Jones and Emilio Galan Huertos, p. 631 - 674 Chapter 17. Crystal Chemistry, Classification, and Identification of Modulated Layer Silicates by Stephen J. Guggenheim and Richard A. Eggleton, p. 675 - 725

Note: Contents: Foreword. - Preface. - Acknowledgements. - List of symbols and definitions. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Nature of the problem. - 3. Basic equations for the atmosphere and oceans. - 4. Various decompositions of the circulation. - 5. The data. - 6. Radiation balance. - 7. Observed mean state of the atmosphere. - 8. Observed mean state of the oceans. - 9. Observed mean state of the cryosphere. - 10. Exchange processes between the earth's surface and the atmosphere. - 11. Angular momentum cycle. - 12. Water Cycle. - 13. Energetics. - 14. The ocean-atmosphere heat engine. - 15. Entropy in the climate system. - 16 Interannual and interdecadal variability in the climate system. - 17. Mathematical simulation of climate. - Appendix A: Analysis in terms of Fourier components. - Appendix B: Analysis in terms of empirical orthogonal functions (EOF's). - References. - Name index. - Subject index.

Note: Contents: List of contributors. - Preface. - Foreword. - BACKGROUND TO PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES DURING HOLOCENE. - 1. Late-quaternary biotic changes in terrestrial and lacustrine environments, with particular reference to north-west Europe / H. J. B. Birks. - 2. Lake sediments and palaeohydrological studies / J. A. Dearing and I. D. L. Foster. - 3. Hydrological changes in mires / P. D. Moore. - RESEARCH STRATEGY. - 4. Palaeoecological reference areas and reference sites / B. E. Berglund. - 5. Studies on past lake-level fluctuations / G. Digerfeldt. - 6. Palaeoecological studies of mires / B. Aaby. - 7. Palaeoecological studies of terrestrial soils / S. Th. Andersen. - SAMPLING AND MAPPING TECHNIQUES. - 8. Sampling techniques for lakes and bogs / B. Aaby and G. Digerfeldt. - 9. Geological survey mapping / E. Daniel. - 10. Mapping present and past vegetation / N. Malmer and G. Regnéll. - 11. Archaeological survey mapping / L. Larsson. - STRATIGRAPHICAL METHODS. - 12. Characterization of peat and lake deposits / B. Aaby and B. E. Berglund. - 13. Core correlation and total sediment influx / J. A. Dearing. - DATING METHODS. - 14. Radiometric dating / I. U. Olsson. - 15. Palaeomagnetic dating / R. Thompson. - 16. Tephrochronology / Th. Einarsson. - 17. Annually laminated lake sediments / M. Saarnisto. - 18. Dendrochronology applied to mire environments / A. V. Munaut. - 19. Dendrochronology applied in mountain regions / W. Bircher. - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS. - 20. Stable oxygen and carbon isotope analyses / U. Siegenthaler and U. Eichler. - 21. Chemical analysis / L. Bengtsson and M. Enell. - BIOLOGICAL METHODS. - 22. Pollen analysis and pollen diagrams / B. E. Berglund and M. Ralska-Jasiewiczowa. - 23. Charred particle analysis / K. Tolonen. - 24. Application of fungal and algal remains and other microfossils in palynological analyses / B. van Geel. - 25. Blue-green algae, green algae and chrysophyceae in sediments / G. Cronberg. - 26. Diatom analysis / R. W. Battarbee. - 27. Analysis of fossil fruits and seeds / K. Wasylikowa. - 28. Analysis of vegetative plant macrofossils / G. Grosse-Brauckmann. - 29. Wood and charcoal analysis / W. Schoch. - 30. Bryophyte analysis. - J. H. Dickson. - 31. Rhizopod analysis / K. Tolonen. - 32. Cladocera analysis / D. G. Frey. - 33. Ostracod analysis / H. Löffler. - 34. Coleotera analysis / G. R. Coope. - 35. Chironomid analysis / W. Hofmann. - 36. Mollusca analysis / V. Lozek. - NUMERICAL TREATMENT OF BIOSTRATIGRAPHICAL DATA. - 37. Numerical zonation, comparison and correlation of Quaternary pollen-stratigraphical data / H. J. B. Birks. - 38. Multivariate methods for data analysis / I. C. Prentice. - 39. Forest-composition calibration of pollen data / I. C. Prentice. - 40. Climatic calibration of pollen data : an example and annotated computing instructions / R. Arigo, S. E. Howe and T. Webb, III. - 41. - Climatic calibration of coleopteran data / T. C. Atkinson, K. R. Briffa, G. R. Coope, M. J. Joachim and D. W. Perzy. - Index.

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 2 Time Scales and Ages. - 2.1 Absolute Time Scales. - 2.2 Relative Time Scales. - 2.3 Physical and Chemical Time Scales. - 3 Selection, Collection, Packing, Storage, Transport,and Description of the Samples. - 3.1 Selection and Collection of the Samples. - 3.2 Packing, Storage, and Transport of the Samples. - 3.3 Sample Description. - 4 Treatment and Interpretation of the Raw Data. - 4.1 Suitability of a Sample for Dating and Reliabilityof the Dates. - 4.1.1 Soft-Rock Dating. - 4.1.2 Hard-Rock Dating. - 4.1.3 Isotope Geochemistry. - 4.2 Mathematical Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Age Data. - 4.2.1 Rules for Simple Calculations with the Dating Results; Statistical Tests. - 4.2.2 Comparison of Age Values. - 4.2.3 Numerical and Graphical Evaluation of Age Values. - 4.3 Publication of the Age Values. - 5 Physical Dating Methods. - 5.1 Principles. - 5.2 Sample Treatment and Measurement Techniques. - 5.2.1 Sample Treatment. - 5.2.1.1 Hard-Rock Samples. - 5.2.1.2 Soft-Rock Samples. - 5.2.2 Radioactivity Measurements: Decay Counting Methods. - 5.2.2.1 Gas-Filled Proportional and Geiger-Müller Counters. - 5.2.2.2 Scintillation Counters. - 5.2.2.3 Semiconductor Detectors. - 5.2.3 Measurement of Stable and Long-Lived Isotopes: Atom Counting Methods. - 5.2.3.1 Mass Spectrometry (MS). - 5.2.3.2 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). - 5.2.3.3 Resonance-Ionization Spectrometry (RIS). - 5.2.4 Other Analytical Techniques. - 5.2.4.1 Isotope Dilution Analysis (ID). - 5.2.4.2 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA). - 5.2.4.3 Flame Photometry, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AA) and Inductive Coupled Plasma Analysis (ICP). - 5.2.4.4 Ion-Microprobe (IMP) and Laser Microprobe Mass Analysis (LAMMA). - 5.2.4.5 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF) . - 6 Radiometric Dating Methods. - 6.1 Parent/Daughter Isotope Ratios as a Geochronometer. - 6.1.1 Potassium/Argon (40K/40Ar) Method. - 6.1.1.1 Conventional Potassium/Argon (40K/40Ar) Method. - 6.1.1.2 Argon/Argon (39Ar/40Ar) Method. - 6.1.2 Potassium/Calcium (40K/40Ca) Method. - 6.1.3 Rubidium/Strontium (87Rb/87Sr) Method. - 6.1.4 Lanthanum/Cerium (138La/138Ce) Method. - 6.1.5 Lanthanum/Barium (138La/138Ba) Method. - 6.1.6 Samarium/Neodymium (147Sm/143Nd) Method. - 6.1.7 Lutetium/Hafnium (176Lu/176Hf) Method. - 6.1.8 Rhenium/Osmium (187Re/187Os) Method. - 6.1.9 Uranium/Thorium/Lead Methods (238U/206Pb, 235U/207Pb and 232Th/208Pb Methods). - 6.1.10 Common Lead Method. - 6.1.11 Lead/Lead (207Pb/206Pb) Method. - 6.1.12 Chemical Lead Method. - 6.1.13 Lead/Alpha Method (Larsen Method). - 6.1.14 Krypton/Krypton (Krsf/Krn) Method. - 6.1.15 Xenon Methods. - 6.1.15.1 Uranium/Xenon (U/Xesf) Method. - 6.1.15.2 Xenon/Xenon (Xesf/Xen) Method. - 6.2 Dating with Cosmogenic Radionuclides. - 6.2.1 Radiocarbon (14C) Method. - 6.2.2 Tritium (3H) Methods. - 6.2.2.1 Classical Tritium (3H) Method. - 6.2.2.2 Tritium/Helium-3 (3H/3He) and Helium-3 (3He)Methods. - 6.2.3 Beryllium-10 (10Be) Method. - 6.2.4 Sodium-22 (22Na) Method. - 6.2.5 Aluminium-26 (26Al) Method. - 6.2.6 Silicon-32 (32Si) Method. - 6.2.7 Chlorine-36 (36Cl) Method. - 6.2.8 Argon-39 (39Ar) Method. - 6.2.9 Calcium-41 (41Ca) Method. - 6.2.10 Manganese-53 (53Mn) Method. - 6.2.11 Krypton-81 (81Kr) Method. - 6.2.12 Iodine-129 (129I) Method. - 6.2.13 Aluminium-26/Beryllium-10 (26Al/10Be) Method. - 6.2.14 Beryllium-10/Chlorine-36 (10Be/36Cl) Method. - 6.3 Dating Based on Radioactive Disequilibrium of the Uranium, Thorium, and Protactinium Decay Series: The Uranium/Thorium/Protactinium Methods. - 6.3.1 230Th/234U Method. - 6.3.2 231Pa/235U Method. - 6.3.3 231Pa/230Th Method. - 6.3.4 234U/238U Method. - 6.3.5 230Th-excess Method. - 6.3.6 231Pa-excess Method. - 6.3.7 230Th-excess/232Th or 230Th/238U Method. - 6.3.8 231Pa-excess/23Th-excess Method. - 6.3.9 234Th-excess Method. - 6.3.10 228Th-excess/232Th Method. - 6.3.11 Dating Methods Based on Supported 226Ra and Unsupported 226Ra. - 6.3.12 224Ra and 228Ra Methods. - 6.3.13 210Pb Method. - 6.3.14 Uranium/Helium (U/He) Method. - 6.3.15 Radium/Radon Method. - 6.4 Age Determination Using Radiation Damage. - 6.4.1 Thermoluminescence (TL) Method. - 6.4.2 Optical Dating (OSL) Method. - 6.4.3 Electron Spin Resonance (ESR or EPR) Method. - 6.4.4 Exo-Electron Method (TSEE Method). - 6.4.5 Thermally Stimulated Current (TSC) Method. - 6.4.6 Differential Thermoanalysis (DTA). - 6.4.7 Fission Track Method (FT Method). - 6.4.8 Alpha-Recoil Track Method. - 6.4.9 Age Determination Using Pleochroic Haloes. - 6.5 Dating Meteorites and Lunar Rocks. - 6.5.1 Introduction. - 6.5.2 Sample Preparation and Measurement. - 6.5.3 Formation Interval. - 6.5.4 Solidification Ages. - 6.5.5 Gas Retention Ages. - 6.5.6 Cosmic Ray Exposure Ages. - 6.5.7 Terrestrial Ages of Meteorites. - 7 Chronostratigraphic Methods Using Global Time Markers. - 7.1 Paleomagnetic Dating Methods. - 7.2 Chronostratigraphic Time-Scale Using [Delta] 18O Values. - 7.3 Chronostratigraphic Time-Scale Using [Delta] 34S and [Delta] 13C Values and 87Sr/86Sr Ratios. - 7.4 Artificial Radionuclides as Time Markers. - 7.5 Geochemical Time Markers. - 7.6 Chemical Pollution as Time Markers. - 8 Chemical Dating Methods. - 8.1 Amino-Acid Racemization Method (AAR). - 8.2 Amino-Acid Degradation Method. - 8.3 Dating of Bones Using the Nitrogen or Collagen Content. - 8.4 Chemical Electron-Spin-Resonance (ESR) Dating. - 8.5 Molecular (Protein and DNA) Clocks. - 8.6 Obsidian Hydration Method. - 8.7 Dating of Man-Made Glass. - 8.8 Calcium Diffusion and Cation-Ratio Methods. - 8.9 Dating of Bones Using the Fluorine or Uranium Content. - 9 Phanerozoic Time-Scale. - 9.1 Objectives and History of Geochronolgy. - 9.2 Geological Time-Scales. - 9.3 The Future. - 10 Literature. - 10.1 Journals that Frequently Publish Geochronological Papers. - 10.2 Geochronology Textbooks. - 10.3 References. - Acknowledgments. - Appendix A: Geochronology Glossary. - Appendix B: Radioactive and Stable Isotopes in Geochronology. - Appendix C: List of Addresses. - Subject Index. - Foldout Table: Dating Methods, Ranges, and Materials.

Note: Contents Page Chapter 1 Introduction About This Book Geostatistics Measurement Systems A False Feeling of Security Selected Readings Chapter 2 Elementary Statistics Probability Statistics Joint Variation of Two Variables Induced Correlations Testing Normal Populations Central Limits Theorem Significance The f Test Degrees of Freedom Test of Correlation The F Test Analysis of Variance Two-Way Analysis of Variance The x2 Test The Lognormal Distribution and Other Transformations Other Transformations Nonparametric Methods Mann-Whitney Test Kruskal-Wallis Test Nonparametric Correlation Kolmogorov-Smirnov Tests Selected Readings Chapter 3 Matrix Algebra The Matrix Elementary Matrix Operations Matrix Multiplication Convolution Matrix Inversion and Simultaneous Equations Transposition Determinants Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors Selected Readings Chapter 4 Analysis of Sequences of Data Geologic Measurements in Sequences Interpolation Procedures Markov Chains Embedded Markov Chains Series of Events Runs Tests Least-Squares Methods and Regression Analysis Curvilinear Regression Orthogonal Polynomial Regression Reduced Major Axis Splines Segmenting Sequences Zonation Seriation Autocorrelation Cross-Correlation Cross-Correlation and Geologic Correlation Cross-Association Semivariograms Modelling the Semivariogram Spectral Analysis Harmonic Analysis The Continuous Spectrum Filters Smoothing and Time-Trend Analysis Derivatives Substitutability Analysis Selected Readings Chapter 5 Map Analysis Geologic Maps - Conventional and Otherwise Systematic Patterns of Search Distribution of Points Uniform Patterns Random Patterns Clustered Patterns Nearest-Neighbor Analysis Distribution of Lines Analysis of Directional Data Testing Hypotheses about Circular Directional Data Test for Randomness Testing for a Specified Trend Test of Goodness-of-Fit 326 Testing the Equality of Two Sets of Directional Vectors Spherical Distributions Matrix Representation of Vectors Displaying Spherical Data Testing Hypotheses about Spherical Directional Data A Test of Randomness Shape Fourier Measurements of Shape Computer Contouring Contouring by Triangulation Contouring by Gridding Moving Averages Moving Weighted Averages of Block Means Kriging Punctual Kriging Universal Kriging Calculating the Drift An Example Trend Surfaces Statistical Tests of Trends Two Trend-Surface Models Pitfalls Four-Dimensional Trend Surfaces Double Fourier Series Comparing Maps Overall Similarity Similarity Maps Comparing Map Coefficients Selected Readings Contents Chapter 6 Analysis of Multivariate Data Multiple Regression Discriminant Functions Tests of Significance Multivariate Extensions of Elementary Statistics Equality of Two Vector Means Equality of Variance-Covariance Matrices Cluster Analysis Introduction to Eigenvector Methods, Including Factor Analysis Eckart-Young Theorem Principal Components Analysis R-Mode Factor Analysis Factor Rotation Maximum Likelihood Factors O-Mode Factor Analysis Principal Coordinates Analysis Correspondence Analysis Application to Continuous Variables Simultaneous R- and O-Mode Factor Analysis Multigroup Discriminant Functions Canonical Correlation Selected Readings Appendix: How to Run the STAT Program Index

Note: Contents: General remarks on some geomedical problems in Arctic and Subarctic regions / J. Låg. - Geochemical mapping in northernmost Fennoscandia / B. Bølviken, R. T. Ottesen and R. Nilsen. - Atmospheric fallout of heavy metals in northern Norway / E. Steinnes. The chemistry of drinking waters in northern regions of Norway and some health aspects / T. P. Flaten. Human metal exposure, tissue accumulation and health effects among non-ferrous smelter workers in northern Sweden / G. Nordberg, L Gerhardsson and B. Lagerkvist. - Contamination of natural surrounding by heavy metals and ecological effects / T. D. Makarova and T. I. Moiseenko. - The regularities of the heavy metals accumulation in organism systems of fresh water fishes and pathological processes / T. I. Moiseenko and L. P. Kudratsjeva. - Features of harmful effects caused by air pollution on human and animal in cold / V. P. Chatchin. - The influence of selenium deficiency in environment on human health in Northeast China / Tan Jianan. - Methylmercury in northern Canada / C. Dumont and T. Kosatsky. - FAO European cooperative network on the trace elements. Activities concerning geomedical problems / H. Bergseth. - Trace element status in relation to aspects of animal health in northern regions of Norway / A. Frøslie. - Thyroid cancer: High risk areas in northern Norway / E. Glattre, S. Ø. Thoresen and J. W. Jebsen. - Selenium and human health in northern Norway / J. Ringstad. - Cadmium and lead concentrations in Norwegian reference population groups / J. Clench-Aas. - Some essential and toxic elements in Swedish diets / L. Jorhem. - Cancer in Pasvik. Pollution from Nikell. A connection? / H. G. Sunde and T. Haldorsen. - Serum selenium in patients with ankylosing spondylitis / J. Aaseth, Y. Thomassen and O. Vinje. - Lead in bone in smelter workers / L. Gerhardsson, D. Chettle, V. Englyst, G. F. Nordberg, M. Scott and A. Todd. - Correlation of cancer incidence with geochemistry in subarctic Finland / R. Riispanen. - The disturbance of renal calcium metabolism induced by metallothionein / T. Jin, P. Leffler and G. Nordberg. - Cadmium in Svalbard reindeer / G. Norheim and K. Nilssen. - Svalbard: Trace elements in liver from eider / G. Norheim and B. Borch-Johnsen. - Trace elements in reindeer and sheep from Sør-Varanger, Finnmark. A preliminary study / A. Frøslie. - List of participants.

Note: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Berge der Deutsch-Sowjetischen Freundschaft : Antarktika Enderby-Land = Gory Nemecko-Sovetskoj Družby : Antarktika Zemlja Ėnderbi 〈1 : 10 000〉 , Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort Rezjume Abstract Teil I: Allgemeiner Teil 1. Arbeitsprogramm und Arbeitsgebiet (S. MEIER) 1.1. Arbeitsprogramm 1.2. Meßmethoden 1.3. Hauptarbeitsgebiet Hays-Gletscher 1.4. Lokale Eiskappe von Molodežnaja 1.5. Vergleichsobjekt Campbell-Gletscher 2. Expeditionsverlauf (K. DRESZLER) 3. Ausrüstung (K. DRESZLER) 4. Klimatische Bedingungen (K. DRESZLER) Teil II: Meßverfahren und -ergebnisse 1. Geodätische und kartographische Grundlagen 1.1. Festpunkte (R. EGER) 1.2. Kartenunterlagen (K. DRESZLER) 2. Geodätisch-glaziologische Traverse 2.1. Erkundung und Signalisierung (S. MEIER} 2.1.1. Verlauf der Traverse 2.1.2. Erkundung, Punktabstand 2.1.3. Signalisierung 2.2. Lagemessung und trigonometrische Höhenübertragung 2.2.1. Streckenmessung 2.2.2. Winkelmessung 2.2.3. Technologischer Ablauf 2.2.4. Auswertung der Messungsergebnisse 2.3. Astronomische Beobachtungen (R. DIETRICH) 2.4. Deformationsraten (S. MEIER) 2.5. Barometrisches Höhenprofil (R. DIETRICH) 2.5.1. Zielstellung 2.5.2. Das Meßverfahren 2.5.3. Diskussion der Fehlereinflüsse 2.5.3.1. Fehler im angenommenen theoretischen Modell 2.5.3.2. Fehler bei der praktischen Messung 2.5.4. Ergebnisse 2.6. Oberflächenneigungen (S. MEIER) 2.7. Photogrammetrische Geländeaufnahmen (K. DRESZLER) 2.7.1. Zunge des Hays-Gletschers 2.7. 2. Einzugsgebiet des Hays-Gletschers 2.8. Glaziologische Arbeiten (S. MEIER) 2.8.1. Ziel der Feldarbeiten 2.8.2. Pegelablesungen 2.8.3. Überblick über Firnaufgrabungen. Firnschichtung 2.8.4. Dichtemessungen 2.8.5. Firntemperaturmessungen 2.8.6. Akkumulationsraten und -profile 2.8.7. Oberflächenbeobachtungen 3. Bewegungsmessungen am Hays- und Campbell-Gletscher 3.1. Photogrammetrjsche Bewegungsmessungen am Hays- und Campbell-Gletscher (K. DRESZLER) 3.2. Auswertung photogrammetrischer Bewegungsmessungen (S. MEIER) 3.2.1. Auswerteziel 3.2.2. Auswertefolge 3.2.3. Besonderheiten 3.2.4. Ergebnisse 3.2.5. Meßfehler 3.3. Trigonometrische Bewegungsmessungen am Campbell-Gletscher (R. EGER) 4. Eisdickenmessungen und Meereslotungen 4.1. Ergebnisse von Radarsondierungen (Messung V. I. CUDAKOV) G. W. TREPOV, Bearbeitung S. MEIER) 4.2. Ergebnisse von Gravimetermessungen (Messung N.D. TRETJAKOV, Bearbeitung C. OELSRER) 4.3. Drahtlotung Spooner-Bucht (S. MEIER) 5. Sonderarbeiten 5.1. Results of meteorological Observations at Camp Abendberg and during the oversnow traverses (E. KAUP) 5.1.1. Meteorological observations at Camp Abendberg 5.1.2. Meteorological Observations during the oversnow traverses 5.2. Küstennahe Ablation und temperierte Firnschicht (S. MEIER) 5.3. Analyse der Sedimentprobe vom Boden der Spooner-Bucht (J. ELIDBERG, F. FALK) 5.4. Refraktionsbeobachtungen (R. EGER) 5.4.1. Beobachtungsprogramm 5.4.2. Beobachtungsergebnisse 5.5. Untersuchungen zur barometrischen Höhenbestimmung von Einzelpunkten (R. DIETRICH) 5.5.1. Einführung 5.5.2. Beobachtungsverfahren und -geräte 5.5.3. Auswertungsmethode 5.5.4. Ergebnisse 5.5.5. Zusammenfassung und Schlußfolgerungen 5.6. Topographische Aufnahme der Berge der Deutsch-Sowjetischen Freundschaft (K. DRESZLER) 5.6.1. Allgemeine Beschreibung 5.6.2. Topographische Aufnahme 5.6.3. Photogrammetrische Auswertung 5.6.4. Kartographische Arbeiten (H. BRUNNER) 5.6.5. Ergebnis Teil IIIa Glaziologische Ergebnisse der Feldarbeiten (S. MEIER) 1. Topographie und Orographie 1.1. Topographie der Eisoberfläche 1.2. Topographie des Felsuntergrundes. Eisdicken 1.3. Abflußgebiete. Gletschergrenzen 1.4. Frontlagen und -höhen 2. Eisbewegung und Deformation 2.1. Frühere Beobachtungen am Hays- und Campbell-Gletscher 2.2. Geschwindigkeitsfeld Hays-Gletscher 2.3. Querkontraktion und Längsdilatation 2.4. Zeitliche Bewegungsschwankungen 2.5. Bewegung der schwimmenden Zunge und Kalbungsrhythmus 2.6. Geschwindigkeit und Kalbungsrhythmus des Campbell-Gletschers 3. Eigenschaften des Oberflächenfirns 3.1. Temperaturen und Temperaturgradienten 3.2. Dichte, Härte, Schichtung 3.3. Vorherrschende Winde und Schneedrift 4. Komponenten des Massenhaushalts 4.1. Schneeakkumulation 1972 4.2. Schneeablation 1972/73 4.3. Eisausstoß 5. Zusammenfassung und Schlußfolgerungen Literatur Anlagen Kartenbeilage , Zusammenfassung in russischer Sprache , Text teilweise in kyrillischer Schrift , Beiträge teilweise in deutscher, teilweise in englischer Sprache

Note: Contents Preface Part I Introduction 1 Applications and uses of diatoms: prologue / EUGENE F. STOERMER AND JOHN P. SMOL Part II Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in flowing waters and lakes 2 Assessing environmental conditions in rivers and streams with diatoms / R. JAN STEVENSON AND YANGDONG PAN 3 Diatoms as indicators of hydrologic and climatic change in saline lakes / SHERILYN C. FRITZ, BRIAN F. CUMMING, FRANQOISE GASSE, AND KATHLEEN R. LAIRD 4 Diatoms as mediators of biogeochemical silica depletion in the Laurentian Great Lakes / CLAIRE L. SCHELSKE 5 Diatoms as indicators of surface water acidity / RICHARD W. BATTARBEE, DONALD F. CHARLES, SUSHIL S. DIXIT, AND INGEMAR RENBERG 6 Diatoms as indicators of lake eutrophication / ROLAND I. HALL AND JOHN P. SMOL 7 Continental diatoms as indicators of long-term environmental change / J. PLATT BRADBURY 8 Diatoms as indicators of water level change in freshwater lakes / JULIE A. WOLIN AND HAMISH C. DUTHIE Part III Diatoms as indicators in extreme environments 9 Diatoms as indicators of environmental change near arctic and alpine treeline / ANDRE F. LOTTER, REINHARD PIENITZ, AND ROLAND SCHMIDT 10 Freshwater diatoms as indicators of environmental change in the High Arctic / MARIANNE S. V. DOUGLAS AND JOHN P. SMOL 11 Diatoms as indicators of enviromental change in antarctic freshwaters / SARAH A. SPAULDING AND DIANE M. MCKNIGHT 12 Diatoms of aerial habitats / JEFFREY R. JOHANSEN Part IV Diatoms as indicators in marine and estuarine environments 13 Diatoms as indicators of coastal paleoenvironments and relative sea-level change / LUC DENYS AND HEIN DE WOLF 14 Diatoms and environmental change in brackish waters / PAULI SNOEIJS 15 Applied diatom studies in estuaries and shallow coastal environments / MICHAEL J. SULLIVAN 16 Estuarine paleoenyironmental reconstructions using diatoms / SHERRI R. COOPER 17 Diatoms and marine paleoceanography / CONSTANCE SANCETTA PartV Other applications 18 Diatoms and archeology / STEVEN JUGGINS AND NIGEL CAMERON 19 Diatoms in oil and gas exploration / WILLIAM N. KREBS 20 Forensic science and diatoms / ANTHONY J. PEABODY 21 Toxic and harmful marine diatoms / GRETA A. FRYXELL AND MARIA C. VILLAC 22 Diatoms as markers of atmospheric transport / MARGARET A. HARPER 23 Diatomite / DAVID M. HARWOOD Part VI Conclusions 24 Epilogue: a view to the future / EUGENE F. STOERMER AND JOHN P. SMOL Glossary, and acronyms Index

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements Introduction Chapter One: Causes of sea-level change 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Changes in the quantity of oceanic water 1.3 Deformation of the shape of the oceanic basin 1.4 Variations of water density and dynamic changes affecting the water masses Chapter Two: Evidence of former sea levels 2.1 Rocky shores 2.2 Sedimentary shores 2.3 Archaeological and historical sea-level indicators 2.4 Dating a sea-level indicator 2.5 How sea-level curves are constructed Chapter Three: The ice age Earth 3.1 How the last glaciation developed 3.2 The sea-level positions during the last Ice age 3.3 Low-sea-level land bridges and landscapes 3.4 Last glaciation climate and hydrology 3.5 Last glaciation biomass and CO2 exchanges Chapter Four: Deglacial sea-level changes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Modelling results 4.3 Regional case studies 4.4 A gradually rising or a fluctuating sea level? 4.5 The Younger Dryas sea-level change 4.6 Impacts of past sea-level rise on coastal systems 4.7 Palaeomonsoons Chapter Five: Relative sea-level changes in the late Holocene 5.1 Delta and coral reef development 5.2 Continuance of isostatic emergence / submergence processes 5.3 Seismo-tectonic displacements 5.4 Relative sea-level changes produced by aseismic tectonics 5.5 Transgression-regression sequences and sea-level changes 6 Present-day sea-level trends 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Instrumental measurements . 6.3 Explanation of current estimations of global sea-level rise 6.4 Coastal areas at risk from sea-level rise Conclusions References Author Index Geographical Index Subject Index

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. - PREFACE. - INTRODUCTION. - SYMBOLS AND NOTATION. - PART I. FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS AND MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY OF ICE. - 1.General Concepts. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Equations of Balance. - 3. Material Response. - (a) General constitutive relations, simple materials. - (b) The rule of material objectivity. - (c) Material symmetry. - (d) Constitutive response for isotropie bodies. - (e) Materials with bounded memory-some constitutive representations. - (f) Incompressibility. - (g) Some representations of isotropic functions. - 4. The Entropy Principle. - (a) The viscous heat-conducting compressible fluid. - (b) The viscous heat-conducting incompressible fluid. - (c) Pressure and extra stress as independent variables. - (d) Thermoelastic solid. - (e) Final remarks. - 5. Phase Changes. - (a) Phase changes for a viscous compressible heat-conducting fluid. - (b) Phase changes for a viscous incompressible heat-conducting fluid. - References. - 2. A Brief Summary of Constitutive Relations for Ice. - 1. Preliminary Remarks. - 2. The Mechanical Properties of Hexagonal Ice. - (a) The crystal structure of ordinary ice. - (b) The elastic behavior of hexagonal ice. - (c) The inelastic behavior of single-crystal ice. - 3. The Mechanical Properties of Polycrystalline Ice. - (a) The elastic behavior of polycrystalline ice. - (b) Linear viscoelastic properties of polycrystalline ice. - (α) General theory. - (β) Experimental results. - (c) Non-linear viscous deformation and creep. - (α) Results of creep tests. - (β) Generalization to a three-dimensional flow law. - (γ) Other flow laws. - 4. The Mechanical Properties of Sea Ice. - (a) The phase diagram of standard sea ice and its brine conten. - (b) Elastic properties. - (c) Other material properties. - References. - PART II. THE DEFORMATION OF AN ICE MASS UNDER ITS OWN WEIGHT. - 3. A Mathematical Ice-flow Model and its Application to Parallel-sided Ice Slabs. - 1. Motivation and Physical Description. - 2. The Basic Model - Its Field Equations and Boundary Conditions. - (a) The field equations. - (α) Cold ice region. - (β) Temperate ice region. - (b) Boundary conditions. - (α) At the free surface. - (β) Along the ice-water interface. - (γ) Along the bedrock surface. - (δ) Along the melting surface. - 3. The Response of a Parallel-sided Ice Slab to Steady Conditions. - (a) Dimensionless forms of the field equations. - (b) Parallel-sided ice slab, a first approximation to glacier and ice-shelf flow dynamics. - (α) Velocity and temperature fields x-independent. - (β) Extending and compressing flow. - (γ) Floating ice shelves 4. Concluding Remark. - References. - 4. Thermo-mechanical Response of Nearly Parallel-sided Ice Slabs Sliding over their Bed. - 1. Motivation. - 2. The Basic Boundary-value Problem and its Reduction to Linear Form. - 3. The Solution of the Boundary-value Problems. - (a) Zeroth-order problem. - (b) First-order problem. - (α) Harmonic perturbation from uniform flow for a zero accumulation rate. - (β) Analytic solution for a Newtonian fluid. - (γ) Numerical solution for non-linear rheology. - (δ) Effect of a steady accumulation rate. - (ε) A historical note on a previous approach. - (η) The first-order temperature problem. - (c) Numerical results for steady state. - (α) Transfer of bottom protuberances to the surface. - (β) Basal stresses. - (γ) Surface velocities. - (δ) Effect of a steady accumulation rate. - 4. Remarks on Response to a Time-dependent Accumulation Rate. - 5. Surface-wave Stability Analysis. - (a) The eigenvalue problem. - (b) Discussion of results. - 6. Final Remarks. - References. - 5. The Application of the Shallow-ice Approximation. - 1. Background and Previous Work. - 2. Derivation of the Basal Shear-stress Formula by Integrating the Momentum Equations over Ice Thickness. - (a) Derivation. - (b) The use of the basal shear-stress formula in applied glaciology. - 3. Solution of the Ice-flow Problem using the Shallow-ice Approximation. - (a) Governing equations. - (b) Shallow-ice approximation. - (c) Construction of the perturbation solution. - (d) Results. - (e) Temperature field. - 4. Theoretical Steady-state Profiles. - (a) Earlier theories and their limitations. - (b) Surface profiles determined by using the shallow-ice approximation. - 5. An Alternative Scaling - a Proper Analysis of Dynamics of Ice Sheets with Ice Divides. - (a) Finite-bed inclination. - (b) Small-bed inclination. - (c) Illustrations. - References. - 6. The Response of a Glacier or an Ice Sheet to Seasonal and Climatic Changes. - 1. Statement of the Problem. - 2. Development of the Kinematic Wave Theory. - (a) Full non-linear theory. - (b) Perturbation expansion-linear theory. - (c) An estimate for the coefficients C and D. - (d) Boundary and initial conditions. - 3. Theoretical Solutions for a Model Glacier. - (a) Solutions neglecting diffusion. - (b) Theoretical solutions for a diffusive model. - (α) Coefficient functions for the special model. - (β) Solution for a step function. - (γ) General solution for uniform accumulation rate. - (δ) The inverse problem - calculation of climate from variations of the snout. - 4. General Treatment for an Arbitrary Valley Glacier. - (a) Fourier analysis in time. - (α) Low-frequency response. - (β) High-frequency response. - (γ) Use of the results. - (b) Direct integration methods. - 5. Derivation of the Surface-wave Equation from First Principles Non-linear Theory. - (a) Surface waves in the shallow-ice approximation. - (α) Integration by the methods of characteristics. - (β) An illustrative example. - (γ) A remark on linearization. - (δ) Effects of diffusion. - (b) Remarks regarding time-dependent surface profiles in ice sheets. - (c) Long waves in an infinite ice slab - Is accounting for diffusion enough?. - (α) Basic equations. - (β) Construction of perturbation solutions. - (γ) Numerical results. - 6. Concluding Remarks. - References. - 7. Three-dimensional and Local Flow Effects in Glaciers and Ice Sheets. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Effect of Valley Sides on the Motion of a Glacier. - (a) Solutions in special cases. - (α) Exact solutions for the limiting cases. - (β) Solution for a slightly off-circular channel. - (γ) A note on very deep and wide channels. - (b) A useful result for symmetrical channels with no boundary slip. - (c) Numerical solution - discussion of results. - 3. Three-dimensional Flow Effects in Ice Sheets. - (a) Basic equations. - (b) Decoupling of the stress-velocity problem from the problem of surface profile. - (c) The equation describing the surface geometry. - (d) The margin conditions. - 4. Variational Principles. - (a) Fundamental variational theorem. - (b) Variational principle for velocities. - (c) Reciprocal variational theorem. - (d) Maximum and minimum principles. - (e) Adoption of the variational principles to ice problems. - 5. Discussion of Some Finite-element Solutions. - References. - Appendix: Detailed Calculations Pertaining to Higher-order Stresses in the Shallow-ice Approximation. - AUTHOR INDEX. - SUBJECT INDEX.

Note: CONTENTS: THE COMPOSITION OF SEA-WATER. - SECTION I. CHEMISTRY. - 1. THE OCEANS AS A CHEMICAL SYSTEM / BY E. D. GOLDBERG. - 1. The composition of sea-water. - 2. Reactivities of the elements. - 3. Chemical reaction in the oceans and the compositions of the end-products. - 4. Space and time distributions of the elements. - 2. THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANISMS ON THE COMPOSITION OF SEAWATER / BY A. C. REDFIELD, B. H. KETCHUM AND F. A. RICHARDS. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The biochemical cycle. - 3. The biochemical circulation. - 3. ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY IN THE SEA / BY Y. MIYAKE. - 1. Artificial radioactivity in oceanic waters. - 2. Enrichment of radioactive substances in marine products. - 3. Artificial radioactivity as a tracer of water movements in the ocean. - 4. Disposal of radioactive waste in the ocean. - 4. RADIOISOTOPES AND LARGE-SCALE OCEANIC MIXING / W. BROECKER. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Useful isotopes. - 3. Steady-state distribution of 14C. - 4. Ocean-atmosphere CO2 exchange rates. - 5. Oceanic mixing models. - 6. Industrial CO2 effect. - 7. 226Ra distribution. - 8. 90Sr distribution. - 9. Non-steady-state conditions. - 10. Conclusion. - 5. CHEMICAL INSTRUMENTATION / BY D. E. CARRITT. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Chlorinity, salinity, density and related properties. - 3. Water tagging and tracer techniques. - 4. Measurement of dissolved gases. - 6. WATER SAMPLING AND THERMOMETERS / BY H. F. P. HERDMAN. - 1. Sampling. - 2. Thermometry. - SECTION II. FERTILITY OF THE OCEANS. - 7. PRODUCTIVITY, DEFINITION AND MEASUREMENT / BY E. STEEMANN NIELSEN. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Definitions. - 3. Methods for measuring primary production. - 4. The relation between the rate of gross production and net production below a surface unit. - 5. Transparency of the water versus organic production. - 6. The significance of single individual measurements of primary production. - 7. The influence of weather conditions. - 8. ORGANIC REGULATION OF PHYTOPLANKTON FERTILITY / BY L. PROVASOLI. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Data from chemical analysis. - 3. Organic products of algae and bacteria. - 4. Nutritional requirements of marine algae. - 5. Crustacea and organic solutes. - 6. Data from biological analysis of sea-water. - 7. Prospects. - 8. Addendum. - 9. BIOASSAY OF TRACE SUBSTANCES / BY W. L. BELSER. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Vitamins. - 3. Amino acids. - 4. Purines and pyrimidines. - 5. Perspectives. - COMPARATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE OCEANOGRAPHY. - SECTION III. CURRENTS. - 10. EQUATORIAL CURRENT SYSTEMS / BY J. A. KNAUSS. - 1. Methods of study of ocean currents. - 2. Gross circulation pattern. - 3. A two-layer ocean - the thermocline. - 4. Zonal fiow-geostrophic currents. - 5. Meridional flow-upwelling. - 6. Conclusions and speculations. - 11. EASTERN BOUNDARY CURRENTS / BY W. S. WOOSTER AND J. L. REID, JR. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Common features of eastern boundary currents. - 3. Coastal upwelling. -4. Poleward eastern boundary currents. - 5. Biological implications. - 12. THE SOUTHERN OCEAN / BY G. E. R. DEACON. - 1. Topography. - 2. Oceanographic data. - 3. Wind zones. - 4. The water-masses. - 5. Climatology and zoogeography. - 6. Nutrient salts. - 7. Future needs. - 13. DEEP-CURRENT MEASUREMENTS USING NEUTRALLY BUOYANT FLOATS / BY G. H. VOLKMANN. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The pinger. - 3. Measurements. - 14. DROGUES AND NEUTRAL-BUOYANT FLOATS / BY J. A. KNAUSS. - 15. ESTUARIES / BY W. M. CAMERON AND D. W. PRITCHARD. - 1. Definition of estuaries. - 2. General considerations. - 3. Estuarine circulation patterns. - 4. Some variations on the estuarine sequence. - 5. Flushing in estuaries. - 6. Dynamics of estuaries. - 7. Kinematic description of the distribution of properties in an estuary. - 16. APPLICATIONS OF THE GYROPENDULUM / BY W. S. VON ARX. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The gyropendulum. - 3. The problem of time variations. - SECTION IV. BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY. - 17. GEOGRAPHIC VARIATIONS IN.PRODUCTIVITY / BY J. H. RYTHER. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Incident radiation. - 3. Transparency. - 4. Nutrients. - 5. Latitudinal variations in the stability of surface water. - 6. Productivity of the major oceanic regions. - 7. Hydrodynamic features which influence productivity. - 8. Plankton production in coastal and inshore waters. - 9. Production of benthic plant communities. - 18. BIOLOGICAL SPECIES, WATER-MASSES AND CRRRENTS / BY M. W. JOHNSON AND E. BRINTON. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Water-masses and biological species. - 3. Water currents and biological species. - 19. COMMUNITIES OF ORGANISMS / BY E. W. FAGER. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Definition of community. - 3. Identification of communities. - 4. Community structure. - 5. Community function. - 6. Community theory. - 20. THEORY OF FOOD-CHAIN RELATIONS IN THE OCEAN / BY G. A. RILEY. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Mathematical models of plankton populations. - 3. Complex versus simple models. - 4. Prognosis for mathematical models. - 5. Higher elements of the food chain. - 21. FISHERY DYNAMICS - THEIR ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION / BY M. B. SCHAEFER AND R. J. H. BEVERTON. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The Beverton-Holt approach. - 3. The Schaefer approach. - 4. Concluding remarks. - SECTION V. OCEANOGRAPHICAL MISCELLANEA. - 22. SEASONAL CHANGES IN SEA-LEVEL / BY JUNE G. PATTULLO. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The observed seasonal variations. - 3. Factors influencing variations in sea-level. - 4. Summary. - 5. Conclusions. - 23. BATHYSCAPHS AND OTHER DEEP SUBMERSIBLES FOR OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH / BY R. S. DIETZ. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Diving chambers. - 3. Bathyscaphs. - 4. Diving saucer. - 5. Buoyant-hulled deep ships or bathynauts. - 6. Deep-research vessel (D.R.V.). - 7. Remote underwater manipulator (RUM). - 8. Concluding remarks. - 24. DEEP-SEA ANCHORING AND MOORING / BY JOHN D. ISAACS. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Historical background. - 3. Problems of taut-mooring. - 4. Remarks on components of moorings. - 5. Mooring cables. - 6. The anchors. - 7. Fittings. - 8. Performance. - AUTHOR INDEX. - SUBJECT INDEX.

Note: Table of Contents: Copyright; Additional copies. - Foreword and acknowledgements. - Chapter 1. Cosmochemistry of the Rare Earth Elements: Condensation and Evaporation Processes / by William V. Boynton. - Introduction. - Meteorites. - Astrophysical context for interpretation of cosmochemical data. - Solar nebula. - Solar abundances. - Cosmochemical properties of the REE. - REE condensation reactions. - Activity coefficients. - Partial pressures. - Solid / gas distribution coefficients. - Why are the REE volatilities so different?. - Calculated REE patterns. - Early condensates. - Removing REE in the gas. - Comparison with meteoritic data. - Ultra-refractory component. - Group II inclusions. - FUN inclusions. - REE condensation as a function of oxygen fugacity. - Rims on CAI. - What have we learned from the REE?. - High temperatures were achieved in the solar nebula. - A very efficient mechanism for gas/dust separation existed in the solar nebula. - The high nebular temperatures existed for a long time. - A very intense, very brief, heat source also existed. - The solar nebula was a chaotic environment. - Summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 2. Radiogenic Isotope Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements / by P. Jonathan Patchett. - Introduction. - Long-lived radioactive isotopes of Rare Earth Elements. - 138La-138Ce decay. - 147Sm-143Nd decay. - 176Lu-176Hf decay. - Cemical variations of La/Ce, Sm/Nd and Lu/Hf ratios. - Geochronological studies. - La-Ce and Lu-Hf chronology. - Sm-Nd chronology. - Defining bulk planetary isotopic evolution. - Isotopic study of planetary interiors. - The Moon. - The Earth. - Nd isotopes in studies of terrestrial crustal evolution. - Model Nd ages of continental crust. - Growth curves for the continental crust. - Origin of granitoids. - Nd isotopes and the sedimentary system. - Characterization of whole crustal terranes. - Crustal Lu-Hf isotopic studies. - Major unsolved problems. - Continental crustal growth curve. - Abundance of Archean continental crust. - Origin of mantle isotopic variations. - References. - Chapter 3. Partitioning of Rare Earth Elements between Major Silicate Minerals and Basaltic Melts / by Gordon A. McKay. - Introduction. - Usefulness of the REE for petrogenetic modelling. - Scope of this chapter. - Caveat. - How partition coefficients are measured. - Phenocryst/matrix studies of natural samples. - Experimental measurement of partition coefficients. - Basic experimental approach. - Equilibrium. - Percent level doping technique. - Beta-track mapping technique. - Other experimental approaches. - Henry's law: The applicability of percent-level doping results. - Factors governing mineral/melt partitioning. - Ionic size and charge of trace element. - Crystal field effects. - Cristallographic versus defect sites: The Henry's law question. - Phase compositions. - Oxidation state. - Thermodynamic relationships: Dependence of partitioning on temperature and composition. - Other predictive approaches. - Special applications. - Eu as an oxygen fugacity indicator. - Origin of the Eu anomaly in lunar mare basalts. - REE partition coefficient patterns for the major minerals. - Plagioclase. - Olivine. - Pyroxene. - Low-Ca pyroxene. - High-Ca pyroxene. - Garnet. - Future directions. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 4. An Approach to Trace Element Modeling Using a Simple Igneous System as an Example / by Gilbert N. Hanson. - Introduction. - Review of trace element equations. - Melting. - Fractional crystallization. - Melting versus fractional crystallization. - Essential structural constituents. - Example of petrogenetic approach. - Discussion and summary. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 5. Rare Earth Elements in Upper Mantle Rocks / by W. F. McDonough and Fredrick A. Frey. - Introduction. - Massive peridotites. - Massive peridotites: dominantly lherzolite Western Alps - Lanzo. - Western Alps -Baldissero, Balmuccia. - Eastern Liguria, Italy. - Western Liguria, Italy. - Eastern Pyrenees - France. - Ronda, Spain Effects of late stage alteration on REE. - What can be inferred about the melting process and the segregated melts?. - Massive peridotites: pyroxenite layers and veins and their wall rocks. - Amphibole-bearing pyroxenite veins. - Anhydrous pyroxenite layers. - How were the pyroxenite layers created? Evidence for multistage processes. - Implications for mantle enrichment processes (metasomatism). - Massive peridotites: dominantly harzburgite. - Oceanic peridotites. - Ultramafic xenoliths. - Group I spinel peridotites. - Garnet peridotites. - Pyroxenite and related xenoliths. - Models for REE abundance trends in peridotite xenoliths. - Megacrysts, minerals in xenoliths and damong inclusions. - Megacrysts. - Minerals in peridotites and pyroxenites. - Inclusions in diamonds. - Summary: comparison of peridotites from massifs and xenoliths and implications of REE data for Upper Mantle composition. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 6. Rare Earth Elements in Metamorphic Rocks / by Richard I. Grauch. - Introduction. - REE residence in metamorphic rocks. - REE mobility during metamorphism. - REE content of metamorphic rocks. - Suggestions for future work. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 7. Rare Earth Elements in Sedimentary Rocks: Influence of Provenance and Sedimentary Processes / by Scott M. McLennan. - Introduction. - Rare earth element properties and sedimentary rocks. - Cosmochemical considerations. - Geochemical considerations. - Aqueous geochemistry. - Normalizing and notation. - Sedimentary processes. - Weathering. - Diagenesis. - Sedimentary sorting. - REE and provenance studies. - Sedimentary rocks and crustal abundances. - Sedimentation and plate tectonics. - Archean sedimentary rocks and the Archean crust. - Archean greenstone belts. - REE in sedimentary rocks and crustal evolution. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 8. Aqueous Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements / by Douglas G. Brookins. - Introduction. - The trivalent lanthanides (Ln III). - Types of complexes in solution. - Hydrolysis products. - Phosphate complexes. - Carbonate complexes. - Halide complexes. - Complexes with total dissolved sulfur. - Gadolinium-Terbium fractionation?. - Scandium and Yttrium. - Europium (II). - Cerium (IV). - Eh-pH diagrams. - Cerium. - Europium. - Other lanthanides. - Lanthanides in ocean waters. - Lanthanides and actinides. - Concluding remarks. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 9. Rare Earth Elements in Lunar Materials / by Larry A. Haskin. - Introduction. - The nature of planet moon. - The magma ocean hypothesis and its presumed products. - Lunar REE patterns. - Highland plutonic rocks. - Anorthosites. - Durâtes, troctolites, norites, and gabbros. - Lunar felsite (granite). - Highland volcanic rocks: KREEP. - Mare basalts. - Mare basalt sources as magma ocean products. - Assimilation of crusted material during basalt petrogenesis. - Glassy spherules. - Soils and breccias. - Caveat. - Acknowledgements. - References. - Chapter 10. Compositional and Phase Relations among Rare Earth Element Minerals / by Donald M. Burt. - Introduction. - Geochemical background. - Minerals. - Coupled substitutions. - Vector treatment. - Application to selected mineral groups. - Fluorides. - Carbonates. - Fluorocarbonates. - Monazite, xenotime, zircon, and related phases. - Apatites. - Florencite and related phases. - A-B oxides (niobates, tantalates, titanates, ferrites). - Fergusonitelbetafergusonite, ABO4. - Perovskite, ABO3. - Aeschyniteleuxenite, AB2O6. - Pyrochlore, A1-2B2O6(O,F,OH). - Allanite. - Titanite. - Garnet. - Gadolinite. - Chevkinite/perrierite. - Element distributions: acid-base relations. - Summary. - Acknowledgemen

Note: Contents: List of contributors. - Preface. - 1 An Overview of Rates of Chemical Weathering / S. M. Colman and D. P. Dethier. - PART I KINETICS AND MECHANISMS OF WEATHERING REACTIONS. - 2 The Relations between Crystal Structure and Silicate Weathering Rates / R. A. Eggleton. - 3 The Dissolution Rate of Forsteritic Olivine from Hawaiian Beach Sand / D. E. Grandstaff. - 4 Stoichiometry of Alkali Feldspar Dissolution at Room Temperature and Various pH Values / G. R. Holdren, Jr. and P. M. Speyer. - 5 Rate Limitation and Dissolution of Highly Soluble Minerals / J. B. Laronne. - PART II RATES OF MINERAL ALTERATION IN SOIL ENVIRONMENTS. - 6 The Etching of Hornblende Grains in the Matrix of Alpine Tills and Periglacial Deposits / R .D. Hall and R. E. Martin. - 7 Rates of Hornblende Etching in Soils on Glacial Deposits, Baffin Island, Canada / W. W. Locke. - 8 Rates of Mineral Weathering in the Wind River Mountains, Western Wyoming / W. C. Mahaney and D. L. Halvorson. - 9 Evolution of Iron Crusts in Tropical Landscapes / D.B. Nahon. - 10 Processes and Rates of Weathering in Cold and Polar Desert Environments / F. C. Ugolini. - PART III WEATHERING OF VOLCANIC ASHES AND DEPOSITS. - 11 Weathering of Holocene Airfall Tephras in the Southern Canadian Rockies / R. H. King. - 12 Controls on the Rates of Weathering and Clay Mineral Genesis in Airfall Tephras: A Review and New Zealand Case Study / D. J. Lowe. - 13 Rates of Weathering of 14C-Dated Late Quaternary Volcaniclastic Deposits in the Western United States / V. E. Neall and I. K. Paintin. - 14 Chemical Weathering of the May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens Ash Fall and the Effect on the Iron Creek Watershed, Washington / A. F. White and L. V. Benson and A. Yee. - PART IV RATES OF FORMATION OF ROCK-WEATHERING FEATURES. - 15 Levels of Time Information in Weathering Measurements, with Examples from Weathering Rinds on Volcanic Clasts in the Western United States / S. M. Colman. - 16 Weathering Rates in Granitic Boulders Measured by P-Wave Speeds / R. Crook, Jr. and A. R. Gillespie. - 17 Growth of Weathering Rinds on Torlesse Sandstone, Southern Alps, New Zealand / I. E. Whitehouse and M. J. McSaveney and P. L. K. Knuepfer and T. J. H. Chinn. - PART V HYDROCHEMICAL STUDIES OF RATES OF WEATHERING. - 18 The Mathematical Basis for Determining Rates of Geochemical and Geomorphic Processes in Small Forested Watersheds by Mass Balance: Examples and Implications / M. A. Velbel. - 19 An Estimate of Plagioclase Weathering Rate in the Idaho Batholith Based upon Geochemical Transport Rates / J. L. Clayton. - 20 The Use of Catchment Studies for Assessing Chemical Weathering Rates in Two Contrasting Upland Areas in Northeast Scotland / J. Creasey and A. C. Edwards and J. M. Reid and D. A. MacLeod and M. S. Cresser. - 21 Weathering Rates and the Chemical Flux from Catchments in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A. / D. P. Dethier. - 22 Rates of Weathering and Erosion Derived from Mass Balance in Small Drainage Basins / T. Paces. - 23 Processes and Rates of Saprolite Production and Erosion on a Foliated Granitic Rock of the Virginia Piedmont / M. J. Pavich. - Index.

Note: CONTENTS: PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY. - SECTION I. FUNDAMENTALS. - 1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SEA-WATER / BY N. P. FOFONOFF. - 1. The equilibrium thermodynamic state. - 2. Equation of state for sea-water. - 3. Entropy. - 4. Chemical potential difference. - 5. The non-equilibrium state. - 6. Other physical properties of sea-water. - 2. THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION OF SEA-WATER / BY CARL ECKART. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Thermodynamics. - 3. Hydrodynamics. - 4. The irreversible processes. - 5. Transformation of the equation. - 6. The zeroth approximation. - 7. The first approximation. - 8. Definitions related to convective motion. - 9. The field equations. - SECTION II. INTERCHANGE OF PROPERTIES BETWEEN SEA AND AIR. - 3. SMALL-SCALE INTERACTIONS / BY E. L. DEACON AND E. K. WEBB. - 1. General considerations of transfer. - 2. Momentum transfer and the wind-profile. - 3. Drag coefficients of the sea surface. - 4. Transfer of heat and water vapour. - 4. LARGE-SCALE INTERACTIONS / BY JOANNE S. MALKUS. - 1. Introduction. - 2. How the whole system works. - 3. Determination of air-sea fluxes. - 4. Climatology of energy exchange and the global heat and water budgets. - 5. Heat and water exchange and its role in tropical circulations. - 6. Large-scale momentum relations. - 7. Exchange mechanisms and fluctuations. - 8. Exchange fluctuations in mid-latitudes and long-period interaction anomalies. - 9. Concluding remarks. - 5. INSOLUBLES / BY R. W. REX AND E. D. GOLDBERG. - 1. Meteorology of transport. - 2. Eolian materials in marine sediments. - 6. SOLUBLES / BY A. H. WOODCOCK. - 7. GASES / BY R. REVELLE AND H. E. SUESS. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Oxygen and nitrogen. - 3. Rare gases. - 4. Carbon dioxide. - SECTION III. DYNAMICS OF OCEAN CURRENTS / BY N. P. FOFONOFF. - 1. Conservation equations for momentum and mass. - 2. Separation into steady and time-dependent motion. - 3. Magnitude of forces. - 4. Steady-state circulation. - 5. Steady inertial circulation. - 6. Convective circulation. - 7. Time-dependent motion. - SECTION IV. TRANSMISSION OF ENERGY WITHIN THE SEA. - 8. LIGHT / BY J. E. TYLER AND R. W. PREISENDORFER. - 1. Physical constructs. - 2. Instrumentation for the measurement of the underwater light field and the determination of the optical properties of the sea. - 3. Radiance distribution. - 4. Attenuation coefficient. - 5. Volume scattering functions and total scattering coefficient. - 6. Irradiance. - 7. Diffuse attenuation function and reflectance function. - 8. Scalar irradiance (spherical irradiance). - 9. Absorption coefficient. - 10. Path function. - 11. Data. - 12. Applications. - 13. List of symbols. - 9. UNDERWATER VISIBILITY / BY S. Q. DUNTLEY. - 1. Image transmission. - 2. Inherent contrast. - 3. Sighting range. - 10. LIGHT AND ANIMAL LIFE / BY G. L. CLARKE AND E. J. DENTON. - 11. OTHER ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION / BY L. N. LIEBERMANN. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Electromagnetic properties of sea-water. - 3. Propagation through sea-water. - 4. The effect of the sea-surface on electromagnetic propagation. - 5. Natural electromagnetic radiation or "noise" in the sea. - 12. SOUND IN THE SEA / BY P. VIGOUREUX and J. B. HERSEY. - 1. The nature of sound. - 2. Propagation of sound in water. - 3. Noise. - 4. Instruments and applications of sound to oceanography. - 13. SOUND SCATTERING BY MARINE ORGANISMS / BY J. B. HERSEY AND R. H. BACKUS. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Occurrence and description of scattering layers. - 3. Identification of sound scatterers. - 4. Sound-scattering theory. - 5. Sound-scattering observations. - 6. What is "the deep scattering layer"?. - 7. Ideas and miscellaneous observations. - 14. SOUND PRODUCTION BY MARINE ANIMALS / BY W. E. SCHEVILL, R. H. BACKUS, AND J. B. HERSEY. - 1. Introduction. - 2. History. - 3. Instrumentation. - 4. Identification of source. - 5. Purposeful and adventitious sounds. - 6. Sound-producing mechanisms. - 7. Spectra of sounds. - 8. Functions of sound. - 9. Hearing as related to sound production. - 10. Eliciting and suppressing marine animal sounds. - 11. Exploitation of marine animal sounds by the oceanographer. - SECTION V. WAVES. - 15. ANALYSIS AND STATISTICS / BY D. E. CARTWRIGHT. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Fundamental equations of wave motion. - 3. Statistical formulation. - 4. Properties of a wave system in terms of its directional energy spectrum. - 5. Estimating the directional energy spectrum. - 6. Waves recorded by a single detector. - 7. Spectral measurement. - 8. Second-order approximations to energy spectra. - 16. LONG-TERM VARIATIONS IN SEA-LEVEL / BY J. R. ROSSITER. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The determination of mean sea-level. - 3. Causes of variations in sea-level. - 4. The analysis of observations. - 5. Some geophysical implications of long-term variations in sea-level. - 6. Conclusion. - 17. SURGES / BY P. GROEN AND G. W. GROVES. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Description. - 3. Dynamics and forecasting. - 18. LONG OCEAN WAVES / BY W. H. MUNK. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The instruments. - 3. The spectrum. - 4. Surf beat. - 5. Shelf waves. - 6. Tsunamis. - 19. WIND WAVES / BY N. F. BARBER AND M. J. TUCKER. - 1. Kinematics of waves. - 2. The description of a complicated wave pattern: the wave spectrum. - 3. Theories of wave generation by wind. - 4. Wave prediction. - 5. Waves from distant storms. - 6. Waves approaching the shore. - 7. The surf zone. - 8. Ships and waves. - 9. Methods of observation and analysis-methods taking no account of direction of travel. - 10. Methods of observation and analysis - the directional power spectrum. - 20. MICROSEISMS / BY J. DARBYSHIRE. - 1. Relation between sea waves and microseisms. - 2. The nature of microseisms. - 3. Refraction of microseisms. - 4. Storm tracking and estimation of the direction of approach of microseisms. - 5. Estimation of direction from the nature of microseisms. - 6. Instruments. - 7. Other work. - 21. RIPPLES / BY C. S. COX. - 1. Spectrum and mean square slope. - 2. Effect of slicks. - 3. Shape of a rippled water surface. - 4. Growth of ripples. - 22. INTERNAL WAVES : Part I / BY E. C. LAFOND. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Measurements. - 3. Observed relations. - 22. INTERNAL WAVES : Part II / BY C. S. COX. - 4. Differential equations. - 5. Spectrum. - 6. Internal waves and turbulence. - 23. TIDES / BY W. HANSEN. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The hydrodynamic equations and their application to tidal problems. - 3. Tidal observation. - 4. Tidal charts. - 5. Classical theory. - 6. Numerical methods for ascef!.aining the tides and tidal currents. Boundary-value problems. - 7. The application of difference methods to initial-boundary problems. - 8. Numerical solutions of initial-boundary-value problems of tides in one and two dimensions. - 9. Internal tides. - SECTION VI. TURBULENCE / BY K. F. BOWDEN. - 1. General properties of turbulence. - 2. Turbulence in the sea. - 3. Turbulent fluctuations and turbulent transports. - 4. Vertical turbulence. - 5. Horizontal turbulence. - SECTION VII. THE PHYSICS OF SEA-ICE / BY E. R. POUNDER. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Mechanical properties. - 3. Thermal properties. - 4. Electrical properties. - 5. Growth and disintegration of an ice cover. - 6. Theory of sea-ice structure and properties. - AUTHOR INDEX. - SUBJECT INDEX.

Note: Contents: 1 Global Distribution of Lakes / M. MEYBECK. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Background Material and Approaches to Global Lake Census. - 2.1 Data Used. - 2.2 Approaches to Global Lake Census. - 3 General Laws of Lake Distribution. - 3.1 Lake Density . - 3.2 Limnic Ratio. - 4 Distribution of Lakes of Tectonic Origin. - 5 Lakes of Glacial Origin. - 5.1 Lake Densities. - 5.2 Global Deglaciated Area. - 5.3 Total Number of Glacial Lakes. - 6 Fluvial Lakes. - 7 Global Distribution of Crater Lakes. - 8 Global Distribution of Saline Lakes. - 8.1 Coastal Lagoons. - 8.2 Salinized Lakes due to Evaporation. - 9 Global Lake Distribution. - 9.1 Extrapolation Approach. - 9.2 Lake Type Approach. - 9.3 Climatic Typology Approach. - 9.4 Lake Distribution in Endorheic Areas. - 9.5 Global Dissolved Salt Distribution in Lakes. - 10 Major Changes in Global Lake Distribution in the Geological Past. - 10.1 Lake Ages. - 10.2 Historical Changes. - 10.3 Postglacial Changes. - 11 Discussion and Conclusions. - References. - 2 Hydrological Processes and the Water Budget of Lakes / T. C. WINTER. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Hydrological System with Regard to Lakes. - 2.1 Interaction of Lakes with Atmospheric Water. - 2.2 Interaction of Lakes with Surface Water. - 2.3 Interaction of Lakes with Subsurface Water. - 2.4 Change in Lake Volume. - 3 Summary. - References. - 3 Hydrological and Thermal Response of Lakes to Climate: Description and Modeling / S. W. HOSTETLER. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Hydrological Response. - 3 The Hydrological Budget. - 4 Hydrological Models. - 5 Thermal Response. - 5.1 Energy Budget and Energy Budget Models. - 5.2 Models and Modeling. - 6 Use of Models to Link Lakes with Climate Change. - 7 Input Data Sets. - 8 Sample Applications. - 9 Summary. - References. - 4 Mixing Mechanisms in Lakes / D. M. IMBODEN and A. WÜEST. - 1 Transport and Mixing. - 2 Lakes as Physical Systems. - 3 Fluid Dynamics: Mathematical Description of Advection and Diffusion. - 3.1 Equations of Fluid Motion. - 3.2 Turbulence, Reynolds' Stress, and Eddy Diffusion. - 3.3 Vertical Momentum Equation. - 3.4 Nonlocal Diffusion and Transilient Mixing. - 4 Density and Stability of Water Column. - 4.1 Equation of State of Water. - 4.2 Potential Temperature and Local Vertical Stability. - 5 Energy Fluxes: Driving Forces Behind Transport and Mixing. - 5.1 Thermal Energy. - 5.2 Potential Energy. - 5.3 Kinetic Energy. - 5.4 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Balance in Stratified Water. - 5.5 Internal Turbulent Energy Fluxes: Turbulence Cascade. - 6 Mixing Processes in Lakes. - 6.1 Waves and Mixing. - 6.2 Mixing in the Surface Layer. - 6.3 Diapycnal Mixing. - 6.4 Boundary Mixing. - 6.5 Double Diffusion. - 6.6 Isopycnal Mixing. - 7 Mixing and Its Ecological Relevance. - 7.1 Time Scales of Mixing. - 7.2 Reactive Species and Patchiness. - 7.3 Mixing and Growth: The Search for an Ecological Steering Factor. - References. - 5 Stable Isotopes of Fresh and Saline Lakes / J. R. GAT. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Isotope Separatio During Evaporation. - 2 Small-Area Lakes. - 2.1 Seasonal and Annual Changes. - 2.2 Deep Freshwater Lakes. - 2.3 Transient Surface-Water Bodies. - 3 Interactive and Feedback Systems. - 3.1 Network of Surface-Water Bodies. - 3.2 Recycling of Reevaporated Moisture into the Atmosphere. - 3.3 Large Lakes. - 3.4 Large-Area Lakes with Restricted Circulation. - 4 Saline Lakes. - 4.1 Isotope Hydrology of Large Salt Lakes. - 4.2 Ephemeral Salt Lakes and Sabkhas. - 5 Isotopie Paleolimnology. - 6 Conclusions: From Lakes to Oceans. - References. - 6 Exchange of Chemicals Between the Atmosphere and Lakes / P. VLAHOS, D. MACKAY, S. J. EISENREICH, and KC. HORNBUCKLE. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Air-Water Partitioning Equilibria. - 3 Diffusion Between Water and Air. - 4 Volatilization and Absorption: Double-Resistance Approach. - 5 Factors Affecting Mass-Transfer Coefficients. - 6 Partitioning of Chemical to Paniculate Matter in Air and Water. - 6.1 Air. - 6.2 Water. - 7 Atmospheric Deposition Processes. - 7.1 Dry Deposition. - 7.2 Wet Deposition. - 8 Specimen Calculation. - 8.1 Step 1: Physicochemical Properties. - 8.2 Step 2: Mass-Transfer Coefficients. - 8.3 Step 3: Sorption in Air and Water. - 8.4 Step 4: Equilibrium Status. - 8.5 Step 5: Volatilization and Deposition Rates. - 9 Role of Air-Water Exchange in Lake Mass Balances. - 10 Case Studies. - 10.1 Mass Balance on Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. - 10.2 Mass Balance on Lake Superior. - 10.3 Air-Water Exchange in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. - 10.4 Air-Water Exchange in Lake Superior. - 11 Conclusions. - References. - 7 Atmospheric Depositions: Impact of Acids on Lakes / W. STUMM and J. SCHNOOR. - Abstract. - 1 Introduction: Anthropogenic Generation of Acidity. - 1.1 Genesis of Acid Precipitation. - 2 Acidity and Alkalinity: Neutralizing Capacities. - 2.1 Transfer of Acidity (or Alkalinity) from Pollution Through the Atmosphere to Ecosystems. - 3 Acidification of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems. - 3.1 Disturbance of H+ Balance from Temporal or Spatial Decoupling of the Production and Mineralization of the Biomass. - 3.2 In Situ H+ Ion Neutralization in Lakes. - 3.3 Krug and Frink Revisited. - 4 Brønsted Acids and Lewis Acids: Pollution by Heavy Metals, as Influenced by Acidity. - 4.1 Cycling of Metals. - 4.2 Pb in Soils. - 5 Impact of Acidity on Ecology in Watersheds. - 5.1 Soils. - 5.2 Lakes. - 5.3 Nitrogen Saturation of Forests. - 6 Critical Loads. - 6.1 Critical Load Maps. - 6.2 Models for Critical Load Evaluation. - 7 Case Studies. - 7.1 Chemical Weathering of Crystalline Rocks in the Catchment Area of Acidic Ticino Lakes, Switzerland. - 7.2 Watershed Manipulation Project at Bear Brooks, Maine. - 8 Summary. - References. - 8 Redox-Driven Cycling of Trace Elements in Lakes / J. HAMILTON-TAYLOR and W. DAVISON. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Major Biogeochemical Cycles and Pathways. - 3 Iron and Manganese. - 3.1 Transformations and Cycling. - 3.2 Iron and Manganese Compounds as Carrier Phases. - 4 Sediment-Water Interface. - 4.1 Diffusive Flux from Sediments. - 4.2 Evidence of Little or No Diffusive Efflux from Sediments. - 4.3 Transient Remobilization. - 4.4 Diffusive Flux into Sediments. - 5 Pathways Involving Redox Reactions Directly: Case Studies. - 5.1 Arsenic. - 5.2 Chromium. - 5.3 239,240Pu. - 5.4 Selenium 6 Pathways Involving Redox Reactions Indirectly: Case Studies. - 6.1 137Cs. - 6.2 Stable Pb, 210Pb, and 210Po. - 6.3 Zinc. - 7 Summary and Conclusions. - References. - 9 Comparative Geochemistry of Marine Saline Lakes / F. T. MACKENZIE, S. VINK, R. WOLLAST, and L. CHOU. - 1 Introduction. - 2 General Characteristics of Marine Saline Lakes. - 3 Comparative Sediment-Pore-Water Reactions. - 3.1 Mangrove Lake, Bermuda. - 3.2 Solar Lake, Sinai. - 4 Conclusions. - References. - 10 Organic Matter Accumulation Records in Lake Sediments / P. A. MEYERS and R. ISHIWATARI. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Significance of Organic Matter in Lake Sediments. - 1.2 Origins of Organic Matter to Lake Sediments. - 1.3 Alterations of Organic Matter During Deposition. - 1.4 Similarities and Differences Between Organic Matter in Sediments of Lakes and Oceans. - 1.5 Dating of Lake-Sediment Records. - 2 Indicators of Sources and Alterations of Total Organic Matter in Lake Sediments. - 2.1 Source Information Preserved in C/N Ratios of Sedimentary Organic Matter. - 2.2 Source Information from Carbon-Stable Isotopic Compositions. - 2.3 Source Information from Nitrogen-Stable Isotopic Compositions. - 3 Origin and Alterations of Humic Substances. - 4 Sources and Alterations of Lipid Biomarkers. - 4.1 Alteration of Lipids During Deposition. - 4.2 Changes in Sources vs Selective Diagenesis. - 4.3 Effects of Sediment Grain Size on Geolipid Compositions. - 4.4 Source Records of Alkanes in Lake Sediments. - 4.5 Preserv

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Chapter 1. The CO2-Carbonic Acid System and Solution Chemistry Basic Concepts Activity Coefficients in Solutions Influences of Temperature and Pressure The Carbonic Acid System in Seawater Calculation of the Saturation State of Seawater with Respect to Carbonate Minerals Concluding Remarks Chapter 2. Interactions Between Carbonate Minerals and Solutions Sedimentary Carbonate Minerals Basic Concepts Characteristics of Sedimentary Carbonate Minerals Solubility Behavior of Carbonate Minerals General Considerations Calcite and Aragonite Solubility Methods for the Calculation of Equilibrium Solution Composition Under Different Conditions Surface Chemistry of Carbonate Minerals Basic Principles Adsorption of Ions on Carbonate Surfaces Carbonate Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics Basic Principles Reaction Kinetics in Simple Solutions Reaction Kinetics in Complex Solutions Concluding Remarks Chapter 3. Coprecipitation Reactions and Solid Solutions of Carbonate Minerals General Concepts Background Information Basic Chemical Considerations Coprecipitation of "Foreign" Ions in Carbonate Minerals Examples of Coprecipitation Reactions General Models for Partition Coefficients in Carbonates Magnesian Calcite General Considerations The Fundamental Problems Experimental Observations Hypothesis of a Hydrated Magnesian Calcite Stable Isotope Chemistry General Considerations Oxygen Isotopes Carbon Stable Isotopes Concluding Remarks Chapter 4. The Oceanic Carbonate System and Calcium Carbonate Accumulation in Deep Sea Sediments An Overview of Major Processes The CO2 System in Oceanic Waters The Upper Ocean The Deep Sea Saturation State of Deep Seawater with Respect to CaCO3 Sources and Sedimentation of Deep Sea Carbonates Sources Sedimentation The Distribution of CaCO3 in Deep Sea Sediments and Carbonate Lithofacies General Considerations The Distribution of CaCO3 in Surface Sediments Factors Controlling the Accumulation of Calcium Carbonate in Deep Sea Sediments General Relations Factors Leading to Variability Near Interfacial Processes Variability of Calcium Carbonate Deposition in Deep Sea Sediments with Time Influence of Glacial Times The Impact of Fossil Fuel CO2 on the Ocean-Carbonate System Concluding Remarks Chapter 5. Composition and Source of Shoal-Water Carbonate Sediments Introduction Shoal-Water Carbonates in Space and Time Carbonate Grains and Skeletal Parts Overview and Examples Sediment Classification Depositional Environments Concluding Statement Biomineralization General Aspects Environmental Controls on Mineralogy Stable Isotopes Coprecipitation Precipitation of Carbonates from Seawater Carbonate Chemistry of Shallow Seawater Abiotic Precipitation of CaCO3 from Seawater Sources of Aragonite Needle Muds Formation of Oöids Concluding Remarks 238 Chapter 6. Early Marine Diagenesis of Shoal-Water Carbonate Sediments Introduction Some Preliminary Thermodynamic and Kinetic Considerations Very Early Diagenesis Major Diagenetic Processes Pore Water Chemistry Precipitation of Early Carbonate Cements Dissolution of Carbonates Concluding Remarks Chapter 7. Early Non-Marine Diagenesis of Sedimentary Carbonates Introduction Plate-Tectonic Controls on Diagenesis General Considerations for Early Non-Marine Diagenesis Major Types of Non-Marine Environments Water Chemistry Reactivity of Sedimentary Carbonates Major Phase Transformations The Transformation of Aragonite to Calcite Dolomite Formation Summary Remarks Mass Transfer During Diagenesis General Considerations Geochemical Constraints on Mass Transfer Beachrock Formation Lithification in the Meteoric Environment Introduction The Meteoric Environment and Cement Precipitates Bermuda: A Case Study of a Meteoric Diagenetic Environment Introduction Geological Framework Limestone Chemistry and Isotopic Composition Water Chemistry Carbonate Mass Transfer A Brief Synthesis of Meteoric Diagenesis Diagenetic Stages Effect of Original Mineralogy Climatic Effects Rock-Water Relationships Mixed Meteoric-Marine Regime Concluding Remarks Chapter 8. Carbonates as Sedimentary Rocks in Subsurface Processes Introduction P,T, and X and Carbonate Mineral Stability Subsurface Water Chemistry in Sedimentary Basins Continuous Processes Pressure Solution Dolomitization Mud to Spar Neomorphism Secondary Porosity Cementation in the Subsurface Examples of "Models" of Long-Term Diagenesis The Present Ocean Setting The Present Continental Setting Concluding Remarks Chapter 9. The Current Carbon Cycle and Human Impact Introduction Modern Biogeochemical Cycle of Carbon A Model for the Cycle of Carbon Methane and Carbon Monoxide Fluxes CO2 Fluxes Human Impact on Carbon Fluxes The Fossil Fuel and Land Use Fluxes Observed Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Increase Future'Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Trends Consequences of Increased Atmospheric CO2 Levels The Oceanic System Sources of Calcium, Magnesium, and Carbon for Modern Oceans Mass Balance of Ca, Mg, and C in Present Oceans Oceanic Mass Balance of Elements Interactive with Ca, Mg, and C Concluding Remarks Chapter 10. Sedimentary Carbonates in the Evolution of Earth's Surface Environment Introduction Sedimentary Rock Mass-Age Distributions Secular Trends in Sedimentary Rock Properties Lithologic Types Chemistry and Mineralogy Carbon Cycling Modeling Introduction and Development of a Global Model Glacial-Interglacial Changes of Carbon Dioxide Long-Term Changes of Atmospheric CO2 Phanerozoic Cycling of Sedimentary Carbonates Synopsis of the Origin and Evolution of the Hydrosphere-Atmosphere-Sedimentary Lithosphere Origin of the Hydrosphere The Early Stages The Transitional Stage Modern Conditions Concluding Remarks Epilogue Introduction The Road Traveled The State of the Art Ever Onward References Index

Note: Contents Introduction 1. Isotope hydrology: a historical perspective / P.K. Aggarwal, K. Froehlich, R. Gonfiantini, J.R. Gat ISOTOPIC AND NUCLEAR METHODOLOGIES 2. Isotopic tracers for obtaining hydrologic parameters / H. Moser, W. Rauert 3. Hydrologic process studies using radionuclides produced by cosmic rays / D.Lal 4. Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes / L.L. Gourcy, M. Groening, P.K. Aggarwal 5. Tritium in the hydrologic cycle / R.L. Michel 6. Assessing sources and transformations of sulphate and nitrate in the hydrosphere using isotope techniques / B. Mayer 7. Rare gases / H.H. Loosli, R. Purtschert 8. U and Th series nuclides in natural waters / A. Kaufman 9. Optical isotope ratio measurements in hydrology / E.R.Th. Kerstel, H.A.J. Meijer HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES AND SYSTEMS 10. Some classical concepts of isotope hydrology / J.R. Gat 11. Istotopes in lake studies: a historical perspective / K.Froehlich, R. Gonfiantini, K. Rozanski 12. A review of isotope applications in catchment hydrology / T. Vitvar, P.K. Aggarwal, J.J. McDonnell 13. Contribution of isotopic and nuclear tracers to study of groundwaters / W.M. Edmunds 14. Dating of young groundwater / LN. Plummer 15. Dating of old groundwater - history, potential, limits and future / M.A. Geyh 16. Geotermal systems / Y.K. Kharaka, R.H. Mariner 17. Saline waters / J. Horita HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES AND SYSTEMS 18. Isotopes in atmospheric moisture / K. Rozanski 19. How much climatic information do water isotopes contain? / G. Hoffmann, M. Cuntz, J. Jouzel, M. Werner 20. Stable isotopes through the holocene as recorded in low-latitude, high-altitude ice cores / L.G. Thompson, M.E. Davis 21. Groundwater as an archive of climatic and environmental change / W.M. Edmunds 22. Isotopic palaeolimnology / F. Gasse Appendices A. List of seminal papers on isotope hydrology (the isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen) B. List of papers presented at the 1st IAEA Symposium on Isotope Hydrology (Tokyo, 1963) C. Excerpts from report of 1st IAEA Panel on the Application of Isotope Techniques in Hydrology

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements Part 1: Introduction 1 Sedimentology in the earth sciences 1.1 Introduction: sedimentology and earth cycling 1.2 Erosional drainage basins and depositional sedimentary basins 1.3 Global sediment discharge and earth recycling: the rock cycle 1.4 Comparative interplanetary sedimentology 1.5 Practical sedimentology 1.6 A brief history of sedimentology Part 2: Origin and Types of Sediment Grains 2 Water-rock interactions: chemical and physical breakdown of catchment bedrock to soil and elastic sediment grains 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Natural waters as proton donors: pH, acid hydrolysis and limestone weathering 2.3 Metallic ions, electron transfer and Eh-pH diagrams 2.4 Behaviour of silicate minerals during chemical weathering: breakdown products and newly formed minerals 2.5 Acid rain and whole-catchment studies of chemical weathering 2.6 The rates and mechanisms of chemical weathering 2.7 A simple index of chemical alteration (CIA) 2.8 Vegetation, chemical weathering and the Precambrian controversy 2.9 Physical weathering 2.10 Soils as valves and filters for the natural landscape 3 The inorganic and organic precipitation of sediment: chemical, biochemical and biological 3.1 Marine and freshwater chemical composition: chemical fluxes to and from the oceans 3.2 The carbonate system in the oceans 3.3 Advances in understanding carbonate reaction kinetics and their significance 3.4 Pre-Recent and future CaCO3 reactions 3.5 Ooids 3.6 Carbonate grains from plants and animals 3.7 Carbonate muds, oozes and chalks 3.8 Other carbonate grains of biological origins 3.9 Organic productivity, sea-level and atmospheric controls of biogenic CaCO3 deposition rates 3.10 CaCO3 dissolution in the deep ocean and the oceanic CaCO3 compensation mechanism 3.11 Evaporite salts and their inorganic precipitation 3.12 Silica and pelagic plankton 3.13 Iron minerals and biomineralizers 3.14 Phosphates Part 3: User's Guide to Sedimentological Fluid Dynamics 4 Back to basics: fluid flow in general 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Material properties of fluids 4.3 Plastic behaviour 4.4 Dimensionless numbers 4.5 Reference frames for flows 4.6 The concepts of flow steadiness and uniformity 4. 7 Visualization of flow patterns 4.8 Ideal (potential) flow 4.9 Dynamics of fluid motion 4.10 Strategies for coping with the dynamic equations 5 Flow in the real world: laminar and turbulent behaviour 5.1 Osborne Reynolds and types of flow 5.2 The distribution of velocity in viscous flows: the boundary layer 5.3 Turbulent flow 5.4 The distribution of velocity in turbulent flows 5.5 Shear velocity, bed roughness, bed shear stress and flow power 5.6 The periodic coherent structures of turbulent shear flows 5.7 Shear flow instabilities, flow separation and secondary currents 6 Sediment grains in fluids: settling, transport and feedback 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Fall of grains through stationary fluids 6.3 Natural flows carrying particulate material are complex 6.4 Fluids as transporting machines 6.5 Initiation of particle motion 6.6 Initiation of motion by air flow 6.7 Paths of grain motion 6.8 Solid transmitted stresses 6.9 A dynamic sediment suspension theory 6.10 A warning: nonequilibrium effects may dominate natural sediment transport systems 6.11 Steady state, deposition or erosion: the sediment continuity equation Part 4: Sediment Transport and Sedimentary Structures 7 Bedforms and structures formed by unidirectional water flows over granular sediment 7.1 The 'trinity' of flow, transport and bedform 7.2 Current ripples 7.3 Lower-stage plane beds and cluster bedforms 7.4 Dunoids (bars, 2D dunes) 7.5 Dunes 7.6 Upper-stage plane beds 7.7 Antidunes, transverse ribs, chutes and pools, and related forms 7.8 Bedforms and sediment transport in poorly sorted sediment 7.9 Bedform phase diagrams 7.10 Bedform 'lag' effects 7.11 Bedform theory 7.12 Measurement of palaeocurrents and problems arising from trough-shaped sets of cross- stratification 8 Bedforms and structures formed by atmospheric flows 8.1 Introduction: some contrasts between air and water flows 8.2 Aeolian bedforms in general 8.3 Ballistic ripples and ridges 8.4 Dunes in general 8.5 Flow-transverse dunes 8.6 Flow-parallel dunes 8.7 Complex flow dunes 8.8 Vegetated parabolic dunes 9 Oscillatory water waves, combined flows and tides: their bedforms and structures 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Simple wave theory 9.3 Near-bed flow and bedforms 9.4 Combined flows, wave-current ripples and hummocky cross-stratification 9.5 Tidal flows 10 Bedforms and cohesive sediment transport and erosion 10.1 The 'special' case of clays and cohesive beds 10.2 Flow erosion of cohesive beds 10.3 Erosion by 'tools' 11 Sediment gravity flows and their deposits 11.1 Introduction and static grain aggregates 11.2 Static friction and stability of granular masses 11.3 Grain flow avalanches: from cross-bedding to megabreccias 11.4 Debris flows 11.5 Turbidity flows 12 Liquefaction, liquefaction structures and other 'soft' sediment deformation structures 12.1 Liquefaction 12.2 Sedimentary structures formed by and during liquefaction 12.3 Submarine landslides, growth faults and slumps 12.4 Desiccation and synaeresis shrinkage structures Part 5: External Controls on Sediment Derivation, Transport and Deposition 13 Climate and sedimentary processes 13.1 Introduction: climate as a fundamental variable in sedimentology 13.2 Solar radiation: ultimate fuel for the climate machine 13.3 Earth's reradiation and the 'greenhouse' concept 13.4 Radiation balance, heat transfer and simple climatic models 13.5 Climate and the water cycle, 13.6 General atmospheric circulations 13.7 Global climates: a summary 13.8 Climate, mountains and plateaux 13.9 Climate change 13.10 Sedimentological evidence for palaeoclimate 14 Changing sea level and sedimentary sequences 14.1 Introduction: sea level as datum 14.2 Sea-level changes 14.3 Rates and magnitude of sea-level change 14.4 Origins of global sea-level change: slow vs. fast eustasy 14.5 Sequence stratigraphy: layers, cheesewires and bandwagons 15 Tectonics, denudation rates and sediment yields 15.1 Basic geodynamics of uplift 15.2 Elevation and gradients 15.3 Catchment processes 15.4 Erosion and denudation 15.5 Large-scale studies of denudation rates 15.6 Basinal studies of denudation and sediment flux: the inverse approach 15.7 Sediment supply, vegetation and climate change: implications for basin stratigraphy 15.8 Marine strontium isotope ratio and continental erosion rates Part 6: Sediment Deposition, Environments and Facies in Continental Environments 16 Aeolian sediments in low-latitude deserts 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Physical processes and erg formation 16.3 Modern desert bedform associations and facies 16.4 Aeolian architecture 16.5 Climate change, erg abandonment and desert-lake-river sedimentary cycles 16.6 Ancient desert facies 17 Rivers 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Channel magnitude and gradient 17.3 Channel form 17.4 Channel sediment transport processes, bedforms and internal structures 17.5 The floodplain 17.6 Channel belts, alluvial ridges, combing and avulsion 17.7 River channel changes, adjustable variables and equilibrium 17.8 The many causes of channel incision-aggradation cycles 17.9 Fluvial architecture: scale, controls and time 17.10 Fluvial deposits in the geological record 18 Alluvial fans and fan deltas 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Controls on the size (area) of fans 18.3 Physical processes on alluvial fans 18.4 Debris-flow-dominated alluvial fans 18.5 Stream-flow-dominated alluvial fans 18.6 Recognition of ancient alluvial fans 18.7 Fan deltas 19 Lakes 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Lake stratification 19.3 Clastic input by rivers and the effect of turbidity currents 19.4 Wind-forced physical processes 19.5 Chemical processes and cycles 19.6 Biological processes and cycles 19.7 Modern temperate lakes and their continental sedimentary facies 19.8 Lakes in the East African rifts 19.9 Lake Baikal 19.10 Shallow saline lakes 19.11 The succes

Note: Contents I. The Scotia Arc and Antarctic Peninsula Review of marine geophysical investigations in the Scotia Sea (Review) / D. H. Griffiths and P. F. Barker Linear magnetic anomalies in southern Drake Passage / R. M. Demenitskaya, A. M. Karasik and N. N. Trubyatchinskiy Magnetic lineations in the Scotia Sea / P. F. Barker Crustal structure of the South Orkney Islands area from seismic refraction and magnetic measurements / P. K. Harrington, P. F. Barker and D. H. Griffiths Geophysical investigation of a section of the south Scotia Ridge / D. G. Watters Marine gravity measurements in Bransfield Strait and adjacent areas / F. J. Davey Large-scale folding in the Scotia arc / I. W. D. Dalziel Recent volcanism and magmatic variation in the Scotia arc / P. E. Baker Examination of the Eltanin dredged rocks from high latitudes of the South Pacific Ocean / N. D. Watkins and R. Self Ichnites from Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, South Shetland Islands / V. Covacevich and C. Lamperein Sedimentology of submarine deposits from Bahia Chile [Discovery Bay], Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands / E. Valenzuela and J. Varela Geology of Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands / E. Valenzuela and F. Herve A Tithonian-Neocomian fauna from Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands (Abstract) / J. Tavera Middle Jurassic flora from north-eastern Snow Island, South Shetland Islands / H. Fuenzalida, R. Araya and F. Herve Geomorphological observations and generalizations on the coasts of the South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula / E. F. Silva Periglacial phenomena in the South Shetland Islands / R. Araya and F. Herve Patterned gravel beaches in the South Shetland Islands / R. Araya and F. Herve Attempt at reconstructing the ancient coastal geomorphology and littoral environment in the South Shetland Islands (Abstract) / R. Araya and F. Herve Volcanic activity on Deception Island, South Shetland Islands / O. Orheim Recent advances in the geology of the Antarctic Peninsula (Review) / R. J. Adie Geophysical surveys in the Antarctic Peninsula / R. G. B. Renner K-Ar age determinations on volcanic and associated rocks from the Antarctic Peninsula and Dronning Maud Land / D. C. Rex Evolution of volcanism in the Antarctic Peninsula / R. J. Adie Geology of the Lassiter Coast area, Antarctic Peninsula: preliminary report / P. L. Williams, D. L. Schmidt, C. C. Plummer and L. E. Brown Stratigraphical correlation in south-east Alexander Island / B. J. Taylor Ammonite faunas of southeastern Alexander Island and their stratigraphical significance / M. R. A. Thomson II. Western Antarctica Tectonics of the Antarctandes / G. E. Grikurov Seismic refraction shooting in Ellsworth and Dronning Maud Lands / C. R. Bentley and J. W. Clough Distribution, migration and tectonic control of Upper Cenozoic volcanism in west Antarctica and South America / O. Gonzalez-Ferran Late Cenozoic petrographic provinces of the volcanic rocks from the Andes to Antarctica / Y. Katsui Post-Miocene volcanic petrographic provinces of west Antarctica and their relation to the southern Andes of South America / O. Gonzalez-Ferran and M. Vergara Rb-Sr total-rock and mineral ages from the Marguerite Bay area, Kohler Range and Fosdick Mountains / M. Halpern Rb-Sr isotopic ages of intrusive rocks from Thurston Island and adjacent islands / F. Munizaga Geology of Marie Byrd and Ellsworth Lands / F. A. Wade and J. R. Wilbanks Stratigraphy of eastern Ellsworth Land / T. S. Laudon Glacial geomorphology of the Ellsworth Mountains / R. H. Rutford Drainage systems of the Ellsworth Mountains area (Abstract) / R. H. Rutford Unusual Upper Cambrian fauna from west Antarctica / G. F. Webers Tertiary glaciation in the Jones Mountains / R. H. Rutford, C. Craddock, C. M. White and R. L. Armstrong Outline of the geology of Marie Byrd Land and the Eights Coast / B. G. Lopatin and E. M. Orlenko Volcanic record of Cenozoic glacial history of Marie Byrd Land / W. E. LeMasurier The volcanic ranges of Marie Byrd Land between long. 100° and 140° W / O. Gonzalez-Ferran and F. Gonzalez-Bonorino Geology of the Fosdick Mountains, Marie Byrd Land / J. R. Wilbanks Ill. The Transantarctic Mountains Basement Complex of the McMurdo 'oasis', south Victoria Land / B. G. Lopatin Development of augen-gneiss in the ice-free valley area, south Victoria Land / S. B. Smithson, P. R. Fikkan, D. J. Murphy and R. S. Houston Differentiation source for the mafic and ultramafic rocks ('enstatite-peridotites') and some porphyritic granites of Terra Nova Bay, Victoria Land / D. N. B. Skinner Rb-Sr geochronology of the Nimrod Group, central Transantarctic Mountains / J. Gunner and G. Faure Polyphase deformation of the Precambrian Nimrod Group, central Transantarctic Mountains / G. W. Grindley The Beacon Supergroup of east Antarctica (Review) / P. J. Barrett, G. W. Grindley and P. N. Webb Recent advances in the pre-Permian geology of northern Victoria Land / S. Nathan and D. N. B. Skinner Summary of the geology of lower Rennick Glacier, northern Victoria Land / J. A. S. Dow and V. E. Neall Stratigraphy of the Beacon Supergroup between the Olympus and Boomerang Ranges, Victoria Land / B. C. McKelvey, P. N. Webb, M. P. Gorton and B. P. Kohn Stratigraphy and petrology of the Beacon Supergroup, southern Victoria Land / D. B. Matz, P. R. Pinet and M. O. Hayes Pagoda Formation: evidence of Permian glaciation in the central Transantarctic Mountains / D. A. Coates Stratigraphy and petrology of the mainly fluviatile Permian and Triassic part of the Beacon Supergroup, Beardmore Glacier area / P. J. Barrett Permian-Triassic Beacon Supergroup of the Shackleton Glacier area, Queen Maud Range, Transantarctic Mountains / K. E. La Prade Geology of an area near the mouth of Beardmore Glacier, Ross Dependency / R. L. Oliver Stratigraphy of Triassic tetrapod-bearing beds of Antarctica / D. H. Elliot, J. W. Collinson and J. S. Powell Antarctic Triassic tetrapods (Review) / E. H. Colbert The early Mesozoic volcaniclastic Prebble Formation, Beardmore Glacier area / P. J. Barrett and D. H. Elliot Jurassic geology of the Allan-Battlements-Carapace Nunataks area, Victoria Land (Abstract) / B. A. Hall and H. W. Borns Major oxide chemistry of the Kirkpatrick basalt, central Transantarctic Mountains / D. H. Elliot Weddell orogeny-latest Permian to early Mesozoic deformation at the Weddell Sea margin of the Transantarctic Mountains / A. B. Ford Some observations on the glacial geology of the Beardmore Glacier area / J. H. Mercer Interaction of the east Antarctic ice sheet, alpine glaciations and sealevel in the Wright Valley area, southern Victoria Land / P. E. Calkin and C. Bull Weathering and soil formation in the dry valleys of southern Victoria Land: a possible origin for the salts in the soils / G. O. Linkletter IV. Eastern Antarctica Antarctic tectonics (Review) / C. Craddock Tectonics of Antarctica (Review) / G. E. Grikurov, M. G. Ravich and D. S. Soloviev Main features of Antarctic neotectonics / G. A. Znachko-Yavorskiy Dispersion-wave studies in Antarctica (Review) / R. D. Adams Crustal structure of antipodal regions of the Earth: Antarctic and Arctic / R. M. Demenitskaya and V. I. Rosenberg Results of deep seismic sounding of the Earth's crust in east Antarctica / A. L. Kogan Antarctic geochronology (Review) / A. Ya. Krylov Local earthquakes in Victoria Land / R. D. Adams Gravity determinations in Antarctica / N. P. Grushinsky Project of a gravimetric network and gravity survey in Antarctica / N. P. Grushinsky and G. E. Lazarev Regional metamorphism of the Antarctic platform crystalline basement (Review) / M. G. Ravich Enderbites / E. N. Kamenev The charnockite problem / M. G. Ravich Sequence of metamorphism and deformation in the Mawson charnockite of east Antarctica / K. Kizaki Platform magmatic formations of east Antarctica (Review) / D. S. Soloviev The sedimentary and volcanic sequence of Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land / A. Hjelle and T. Winsnes Age an

Note: Contents: 1 Preliminaries. - 1.1 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. - 1.2 The Rossby Number. - 1.3 Density Stratification. - 1.4 The Equations of Motion in a Nonrotating Coordinate Frame. - 1.5 Rotating Coordinate Frames. - 1.6 Equations of Motion in a Rotating Coordinate Frame. - 1.7 Coriolis Acceleration and the Rossby Number. - 2 Fundamentals. - 2.1 Vorticity. - 2.2 The Circulation. - 2.3 Kelvin's Theorem. - 2.4 The Vorticity Equation. - 2.5 Potential Vorticity. - 2.6 The Thermal Wind. - 2.7 The Taylor-Proudman Theorem. - 2.8 Geostrophic Motion. - 2.9 Consequences of the Geostrophic and Hydrostatic Approximations. - 2.10 Geostrophic Degeneracy. - 3 lnviscid Shallow-Water Theory. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 The Shallow-Water Model. - 3.3 The Shallow-Water Equations. - 3.4 Potential-Vorticity Conservation: Shallow-Water Theory. - 3.5 Integral Constraints. - 3.6 Small-Amplitude Motions. - 3.7 Linearized Geostrophic Motion. - 3.8 Plane Waves in a Layer of Constant Depth. - 3.9 Poincare and Kelvin Waves. - 3.10 The Rossby Wave. - 3.11 Dynamic Diagnosis of the Rossby Wave. - 3.12 Quasigeostrophic Scaling in Shallow-Water Theory. - 3.13 Steady Quasigeostrophic Motion. - 3.14 Inertial Boundary Currents. - 3.15 Quasigeostrophic Rossby Waves. - 3.16 The Mechanism for the Rossby Wave. - 3.17 The Beta-Plane. - 3.18 Rossby Waves in a Zonal Current. - 3.19 Group Velocity. - 3.20 The Method of Multiple Time Scales. - 3.21 Energy and Energy Flux in Rossby Waves. - 3.22 The Energy Propagation Diagram. - 3.23 Reflection and the Radiation Condition. - 3.24 Rossby Waves Produced by an Initial Disturbance. - 3.25 Quasigeostrophic Normal Modes in Closed Basins. - 3.26 Resonant Interactions. - 3.27 Energy and Enstrophy. - 3.28 Geostrophic Turbulence. - Appendix to Chapter 3. - 4 Friction and Viscous Flow. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Turbulent Reynolds Stresses. - 4.3 The Ekman Layer. - 4.4 The Nature of Nearly Frictionless Flow. - 4.5 Boundary-Layer Theory. - 4.6 Quasigeostrophic Dynamics in the Presence of Friction. - 4.7 Spin-Down. - 4.8 Steady Motion. - 4.9 Ekman Layer on a Sloping Surface. - 4.10 Ekman Layer on a Free Surface. - 4.11 Quasigeostrophic Potential Vorticity Equation with Friction and Topography. - 4.12 The Decay of a Rossby Wave. - 4.13 Side-Wall Friction Layers. - 4.14 The Dissipation of Ens trophy in Geostrophic Turbulence. - 5 Homogeneous Models of the Wind-Driven Oceanic Circulation. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 The Homogeneous Model. - 5.3 The Sverdrup Relation. - 5.4 Meridional Boundary Layers: the Munk Layer. - 5.5 Stommel's Model: Bottom Friction Layer. - 5.6 Inertial Boundary-Layer Theory. - 5.7 Inertial Currents in the Presence of Friction. - 5.8 Rossby Waves and the Westward Intensification of the Oceanic Circulation. - 5.9 Dissipation Integrals for Steady Circulations. - 5.10 Free Inertial Modes. - 5.11 Numerical Experiments. - 5.12 Ekman Upwelling Circulations. - 5.13 The Effect of Bottom Topography. - 5.14 Concluding Remarks on the Homogeneous Model. - 6 Quasigeostrophic Motion of a Stratified Fluid on a Sphere. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 The Equations of Motion in Spherical Coordinates: Scaling. - 6.3 Geostrophic Approximation: ε = O(L/r0 ) ≪ 1. - 6.4 The Concept of Static Stability. - 6.5 Quasigeostrophic Potential-Vorticity Equation for Atmospheric Synoptic Scales. - 6.6 The Ekman Layer in a Stratified Fluid. - 6.7 Boundary Conditions for the Potential-Vorticity Equation: the Atmosphere. - 6.8 Quasigeostrophic Potential-Vorticity Equation for Oceanic Synoptic Scales. - 6.9 Boundary Conditions for the Potential-Vorticity Equation: the Oceans. - 6.10 Geostrophic Energy Equation and Available Potential Energy. - 6.11 Rossby Waves in a Stratified Fluid. - 6.12 Rossby-Wave Normal Modes: the Vertical Structure Equation. - 6.13 Forced Stationary Waves in the Atmosphere. - 6.14 Wave-Zonal Flow Interactions. - 6.15 Topographic Waves in a Stratified Ocean. - 6.16 Layer Models. - 6.17 Rossby Waves in the Two-Layer Model. - 6.18 The Relationship of the Layer Models to the "Level" Models. - 6.19 Geostrophic Approximation ε ≪ L/r0 〈 1; the Sverdrup Relation. - 6.20 Geostrophic Approximation ε ≪ 1, L/r0 = O(1). - 6.21 The Thermocline Problem. - 6.22 Layer Models of the Thermocline. - 6.23 Flow in Unventilated Layers: Potential Vorticity Homogenization. - 6.24 Quasigeostrophic Approximation: an Alternative Derivation. - 7 Instability Theory. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Formulation of the Instability Problem: the Continuously Stratified Model. - 7.3 The Linear Stability Problem: Conditions for Instability. - 7.4 Normal Modes. - 7.5 Bounds on the Phase Speed and Growth Rate. - 7.6 Baroclinic Instability: the Basic Mechanism. - 7.7 Eady's Model. - 7.8 Charney's Model and Critical Layers. - 7.9 Instability in the Two-Layer Model: Formulation. - 7.10 Normal Modes in the Two-Layer Model: Necessary Conditions for Instability. - 7.11 Baroclinic Instability in the Two-Layer Model: Phillips' Model. - 7.12 Effects of Friction. - 7.13 Baroclinic Instability of Nonzonal Flows. - 7.14 Barotropic Instability. - 7.15 Instability of Currents with Horizontal and Vertical Shear. - 7.16 Nonlinear Theory of Baroclinic Instability. - 7.17 Instability of Non parallel Flow. - 8 Ageostrophic Motion. - 8.1 Anisotropic Scales. - 8.2 Continental-Shelf Waves. - 8.3 Slow Circulation of a Stratified, Dissipative Fluid. - 8.4 The Theory of Frontogenesis. - 8.5 Equatorial Waves. - Selected Bibliography. - Index.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Autorenverzeichnis Vorwort Gol'dštejn, R. V.; Osipenko, N. M.: Formirovanie struktur pri razrušenii gornych porod i vozmožnyj mechanizm očaga zemletrijasenija Klima, K.; Ruprechtová, L.: Cross-Correlation Approach to the Estimation of Reliability of Focal Mechanism Determination for Some Friuli Aftershocks Kol'cov, A. V.; Stachovskaja, Z. I.: Issledovanie predvestnikov makrorazrušenija vysokoplaetičnych materialov pri složnom naprijazennom Mikaeljan, A. O.: Nekotorye osobennosti vlijanija vnutriporovogo davlenija na skorosti uprugich voln i elektrosoprotivlenie izvestnjakov v uslovijach gidrostatičeskogo sžatija Plomerová, J.; Babuška, V.: Influence of Subduction Zones on P-Wave Magnitude Corrections Poppitz, R.; Grosser, H.; Knoll, P.: Zum Problem des Herdmechanismus seismischer Ereignisse in Bergbaugebieten Procházková, D.: Determination of Source Parameters using Spectra of Earthquake Sources Savarenskij, E. F.; Fedorov, S. A.; El' chašab, Ch.; Kalinin, N. I.: Model'nye issledovanija releevskich voln v neodnorodnom sloe na poluprostranstve Šamina, O. G.: Metod sejsmičeskogo prosvečivanija v laboratornych issledovanijach fiziki očaga Schenk, V.; Schenkova, Z.: Ocenka periodičnosti pojavlenija zemletrijasenij s pomošč'ju avtokorreljacionnych funkcij vremennych rjadov Schön, J.: Bemerkungen zum Verhalten von Geschwindigkeiten seismischer Wellen und elektrischem Widerstand bei Bruchvorgängen Škljar, G. P.: Svjaz' mechanizma očagov s geologičeskimi osobennostjami rajona Sobolev, G. A.: Izučenie obrazovanija i predvestnikov razryva sdvigovogo tipa v laboratornych uslovijach Teisseyre, R.: Some Remarks on Physical Processes in an Earthquake Source Wolter, J.: Zur Entwicklung eines mobilen digitalen seismischen Registriersystems Zacharova, A. I.,. Starovojt, O. E., Čepkunas, L. S.: Sejsmičeskij moment i razmery očagov sil'nych zemletrjasenij , Beiträge teilweise in deutscher, teilweise in englischer und teilweise in russischer Sprache , Text überwiegend in kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Inhalt Vorwort 1. Beiträge zu den geologisch orientierten Arbeitsgruppen 4, 7, 9 1.1. OLSZAK, G.: Zur strukturellen Umformung der Erdkruste bei der Entwicklung regionaler tektonischer Elemente 1.2. PAECH, H.-J.: Kurzer Tätigkeitsbericht über geologische Arbeiten in der westlichen Antarktis (Shackleton Range) 1.3. JUBITZ, K.-B.: Die Entwicklung des Amadeus-Beckens in Zentralaustralien - Beckendynamik im Bereich alter Tafeln 1.4. TESCHKE, H.-J.: Sarmato-Turan-Lineament 1.5. SCHROEDER, E.: Probleme der Entwicklung und des Baues der Varisziden in Mitteleuropa und im Gebiet der UdSSR 1.6. SOHROEDER, E.: Beiträge zur vergleichenden Analyse tektonischer Strukturen im Variszikum des Südurals und Mitteleuropas 1.7. SCHWAB, G.; BENEK, R.; BRÜCKNER, W.; JUBITZ, K.-B.; LUDWIG, A.; MEIER, R.; NÖLDEKE, W.; STOLL, A.; TESCHKE, H.-J.: Beckendynamik der Norddeutsch-Polnischen Senke - Paläomobilität im Bereich einer jungen Tafel (Fortschrittsbericht) 1.8. JUBITZ, K.-B.; TESCHKE, H.-J.: Das IGCP-Projekt 86 "SW-Rand der Osteuropäischen Tafel" und seine Beziehungen zum Geodynamik-Projekt 1.9. KRAUSS, M.: Ein Beitrag zur paläotektonischen Abgrenzung, Gliederung und Entwicklung des westlichen Teils der Osteuropäischen Plattform während des Paläozoikum (Gebiet Dänemark - Baltikum) 1.10. LÜTZNER, H.: Sedimentation, Vulkanismus und Tektonik der variazischen Innenmolasse im Thüringer Wald - Studien zur Paläomobilität im Übergangsstockwerk zwischen Geosynklinal- und Tafeletappe im Gebiet der DDR 1.11. LÄCHELT, S.: Geologisch-tektonisch-magmatische Entwicklung und metallogenetische Prozesse 1.12. KRAMER, W.: Zu einigen basischen magmatischen Formationen im Gebiet der DDR und deren geotektonischer sowie metallegenetischer Bedeutung 1.13. RÖSLER, H.J.; WERNER, C.-D.: Variazische Initialmagmatite Mitteleuropas 1.14. BENEK, R.: Vulkanit-Formationen als Indikatoren der Krustenfelderung bzw. unterschiedlichen Mobilitätsverhaltens 1.15. BANKWITZ, P.: Überblick über Magmatismus und Metamorphose im Altpaläozoikum Mittel- und Westeuropas 1.16. LÄCHELT, S.: Beziehungen zwischen der Blocktektonik, dem Magmatismus und der endogenen Metallogenie im mitteleuropäischen Raum 1.17. PAECH, H.-J.: Zum Ablauf tektogener Deformationen im mitteleuropäischen Variszikum 1.18. BANKWITZ, P.; BANKWITZ, E.; FRISCHBUTTER, A.: Zur Tektonik des Präkambriums der Elbezone und ihres Rahmens 1.19. BENEK, R.; FRISCHBUTTER, A.; NEUMANN, W.: Methodische Arbeiten im Kristallin des Baikal-Riftes 1.20. NEUMANN, W.: Paläogeographie und Paläotektonik des Nossen-Wilsdruffer Schiefergebirges (Saxothuringikum im Bereich des Zentralsächsischen Lineamentes) 1.21. LUDWIG, A.O.: Paläogeographie und Paläotektonik des Saxen von Mitteleuropa 1.22. MEIER, R.: Halogenese und Beckendynamik 1.23. BANKWITZ, P.; BANKWITZ, E.: Geologische Interpretation rezenter Krustenbewegungen Osteuropas 1.24. LUDWIG, A.O.: Zum gegenwärtigen Stand der Quartärforschung im südlichen Ostseeraum - Paläogeographie, Neotektonik, Aussagen zur Paläotektonik 1.25. ELLENBBRG, J.; FALK, F.; GRUMBT, E.; LÜTZNER, H.: Methodik der Untersuchungen von Molassen 1.26. NEUMANN, W.: Geologisches Modell zur Interpretation des tiefenseismischen NW - SE-Profils zwischen Granulit- und Erzgebirge 2. Beiträge zu der geophysikalisch-geodätisch orientierten Arbeitsgruppe 5 2.1. BÖLSCHE, J.; KRESSER, K.-D.: Erste Ergebnisse reflexionsseismischer Tiefenerkundung auf einem Profil von 30 km Länge im Süden der DDR 2.2. GRÄSSL, S.; HURTIG, E.; GRÜNTHAL, G.: Untersuchungen zum Bau der Erdkruste mit Hilfe seismischer Dreikomponentenregistrierungen 2.3. SCHULZE, A.: Untersuchungen zur Auflösung von Interferenzstrukturen seismischer Wellen mit Hilfe von Polarisationsfiltern 2.4. GROSSER, H.: Einfluß der Geometrie seismischer Punktwellen auf den Spektralinhalt des Wellenfeldes 2.5. STILLER, H.; WAGNER, F.C.; VOLLSTÄDT, H.: Die Geschwindigkeiten elastischer Wellen im klüftigen Gestein und in Erdbebengebieten 2.6. GRÜNTHAL, G.; HURTIG, E.: Zur .makroseismischen Auswertung des Friaul-Erdbebens vom 6. Mai 1976 auf dem Territorium der DDR 2.7. NEUNHÖFER, H.: Observation of microearthquakes in the Vogtland region since 1962 2.8. MAAZ, R.: Zur Statistik von Erdbeben 2.9. ELSTNER, CL.; HARNISCH, G.; ALTMANN, W.: Präzisionsgravimetrische Messungen auf der W - E-Linie der DDR 1970-76 2.10. FISCHER, H.; NEUBERT, R.: Instrumentelle Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Laser-Satellitenentfernungsmessung 2.11. MONTAG, H.; GENDT, G.: Zur Untersuchung geodynamischer Parameter mit Hilfe von Satellitenbeobachtungen 2.12. JOCHMANN, H.: Betrachtungen zur Variation einiger Parameter der Polbewegung 2.13. HÖPFNER, J.: Untersuchungen von Amplituden- und Phasenänderungen der CHANDLER-, Jahres- und Halbjahreswelle 2.14. ARNOLD, K.: Einige Betrachtungen zum Auftreten und zur Bedeutung von Lateralinhomogenitäten der Dichte im Erdinneren 2.15. WALZER, U.: Report on mantle convection 2.16. SEIPOLD, U.: Messungen der thermischen Eigenschaften von Gesteinen unter extremen Bedingungen 2.17. ULLMANN, W.: Thermische Zustandsgleichung und GRÜNEISEN-Parameter zur Erforschung des tiefen Erdinneren 2.18. DITTFELD, H.-J.: Experimentelle Aussagen zum dynamischen Effekt des flüssigen Erdkerns 2.19. KOWALLE, G.: Untersuchung zur Dämpfung seismischer Wellen im Erdkern 2.20. DONNER, F. ; GÖTHE, W.; KNOTHE, C.; OELSNER, C.; PORSTENDORFER, G.:Beiträge der Tiefenelektromagnetik, Tiefenseismik und Geothermie zum Geodynamik-Projekt 2.21. HURTIG, E.; STROMEYER, D.: Temperatur-Tiefenverteilung und Viskosität im oberen Erdmantel unter Europa 2.22. OELSNER, C.: Eine Wärmestromanomalie im Gebiet von Freiberg (Sachsen) (in memorian Ferdinand Reich) 2.23. STROMEYER, D.: Studien zur Inversion geothermischer Daten 2.24. MAYER, P.: Einige Ergebnisse magnetisoher Messungen· im Nordatlantik 2.25. MENNING, M.: Tektonische Untersuchungen mit Hilfe der paläomagnetischen Bearbeitung von Bohrkernen 2.26. ROTHER, K.; WIEGANK, F.: Zur Interpretation paläomagnetischer Daten von Europa 2.27. MUNDT, W.: Zum Nachweis lokaler Säkularvariationsanomalien im Gebiet der DDR 2.28. MUNDT, W.; PORSTENDORFER, G.: Mögliche Zusammenhänge zwischen einer elektrischen Leitfähigkeitsanomalie im Erdmantel und anomalen magnetischen Säkularvariationen in Mitteleuropa 2.29. RITTER, E.: Zum Problem geoelektrischer Leitfähigkeitsanomalien und Tiefenbau von Kruste und oberem Mantel 2.30. HARWARDT, H.: Aufbau einer Strainmeteranlage in der Untertagestation Tiefenort 2.31. HARNISCH, G.: Zur Autokorrelationsfunktion der rezenten vertikalen Krustenbewegungen 2.32. THURM, H.; BANKWITZ, P.; HARNISCH, G.: Rezente horizontale Deformationen der Erdkruste im Südostteil der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik 2.33. KAUTZLEBEN, H.: Zur geophysikalischen Interpretation der planetaren Dynamik der Erde 3. Ergänzende Literatur 3.1. Untersuchung zur Geologie und Geophysik von Meeresböden (WG 4) 3.2. Rezente Erdkrustenbewegungen (WG 5) 3.3. Beziehungen zwischen Metamorphose und Tektonik (WG 9) 4. Autorenverzeichnis , Beiträge teilweise in deutscher, teilweise in englischer Sprache

Note: Contents: Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - 1. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. - History. - The Discovery of X-Rays. - The Discovery of X-Ray Diffraction. - History of Clay Mineralogy. - The Importance of Clay Mineralogy. - Box 1.1 Clay Minerals as Catalysts. - The Literature of Clay Mineralogy. - Summary. - References. - 2. NATURE AND PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS. - Box 2.1 Other Methods. - Safety and Protection. - Box 2.2 Defining a Dose of Radiation. - The Nature or X-Rays. - Continuous or White Radiation. - Characteristic Radiation. - General Absorption of X-Rays. - Characteristic Absorption. - Equipment for Producing and Recording X-Rays. - Stabilizing the Voltage. - Generating X-Rays. - The Diffractometer. - Step-Scanning with Automated Diffractometers. - The Single-Crystal Monochromator. - The Detector. - Signal Processing Circuitry. - The Strip-Chart Recorder. - An Example of a Checklist for Operating XRD Equipment. - Summary. - References. - 3. X-RAY DIFFRACTION. - Scattering. - Interference. - Scattering from a Row of Atoms. - Scattering from a Three-Dimensional Array of Atoms. - Bragg's Law. - Box 3.1 Diffraction and Reflection. - The Arithmetic of Scattering. - The Summation of Scattering Amplitudes. - The Structure Factor F. - Information from Intensity. - The Reciprocal Lattice. - Real versus Idealized Peaks on XRD Tracings. - The Interference Function F: Diffraction from a Crystal. - Whose Unit Cell Has a Unitary Scattering Factor. - The Lorentz-Polarization Factors. - Putting It All Together—Building an 001 Diffraction Pattern. - Exercise: Calculation of the Intensity from d(001) for Illite. - Points to Remember. - References. - 4. STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES: GENERAL TREATMENT. - General Structural Features. - Tetrahedral Sheets. - Octahedral Sheets. - Dioctahedral and Trioctahedral. - Joining the Sheets. - Stacking the Layers. - Properties. - Total Charge, Layer or Permanent Charge, and Variable Charge. - Electric Double Layer. - Exchangeable Ions or Cation-Exchange Capacity. - Interaction of Water with Clay Mineral Surfaces. - Interaction with Organic Compounds. - Classification. - Box 4.1 Nomenclature. - References. - 5. STRUCTURE, NOMENCLATURE, AND OCCURRENCES OF CLAY MINERALS. - The Individual Clay Minerals. - The 1:1 Layer Type. - Serpentine minerals. - Berthierine. - Odinite. - Kaolin minerals. - Box 5.1 Uses of Kaolinite. - Allophane and imogolite. - The 2:1 Layer Type, x = 0. - The 2:1 Layer Type, x ~ 1. - The trioctahedral subgroup. - The dioctahedral subgroup. - The 2:1 Layer Types with x 〈 1. - Illite. - Glauconite. - Smectite. - Box 5.2 Alteration of Ash-Fall Layers. - Vermiculite. - Chlorite. - Mixed-Layered Clay Minerals. - Mixed-layering, interlayering, and interstratification. - Illite/smectite (I/S). - Box 5.3 Reichweite or Ordering. - Models for smectite-to-illite transition. - MacEwan crystallite model. - Fundamental particle model. - Two-solid-solution model. - Chlorite/smectite (C/S). - Serpentine/chlorite. - Kaolinite/expandables (K/E). - Sepiolite and Palygorskite. - The Origin of Clay Minerals. - Summary. - Exercise: Calculating Structural Formulas. - Exercise: Making Structural Models of Layer Silicates. - References. - 6. SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR CLAY MINERALS. - Evaluating the Sample. - Disaggregating the Rock. - Separating Clay Minerals from Clastic Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Carbonate Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Sulfate Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Unconsolidated Materials. - Box 6.1 Glacial Deposits, North American Interior. - Chemical Pretreatments. - Removal of Iron Oxides. - Removal of Organic Materials. - Saturating the Clay Minerals with Different Cations. - Particle-Size Separation. - Preparing the Oriented Clay Mineral Aggregates. - The Glass Slide Method. - The Smear Mount Method. - The Millipore® Filter Transfer Method. - The Centrifuged Porous Plate Method. - Dealing with Curlers or Peelers. - Making the Random Powder Mount. - Everyday random powder packs. - Freeze-dried random powder packs. - Ethylene Glycol Solvation. - Final Note. - References. - IDENTIFICATION OF CLAY MINERALS AND ASSOCIATED MINERALS. - Clay Mineral Identification—General Principles. - Illite and Glauconite. - Chlorite and Kaolinite. - Vermiculite. - Smectite. - Sepiolite, Palygorskite, and Halloysite. - 060 Reflections. - The Use of hkl Reflections for the Determination of Polytypes. - Chlorite Polytypes. - The Kaolin Polytypes. - The Micas, Illite, and Glauconite. - Nonclay Minerals. - Silica Minerals. - Feldspar. - Zeolites. - Carbonates. - Apatite, Pyrite, and Jarosite. - Gypsum, Anhydrite, Celestite, and Barite. - Lepidocrocite, Goethite, Gibbsite, and Anatase. - Summary. - References. - 8. IDENTIFICATION OF MIXED-LAYERED CLAY MINERALS. - Méring's Principles and Mixed-Layered Nomenclature. - The Q Rule, a Broadening Descriptor. - Mixed-Layered Clay Minerals. - Illite/Smectite. - Chlorite/Smectite and Chlorite/Vermiculite. - Kaolinite/Smectite. - Serpentine/Chlorite. - Mica/Vermiculite. - Summary. - References. - 9. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS. - Required Sample Characteristics. - Sample Length. - Sample Thickness. - Sample Position. - Homogeneity of the Sample. - Equations for Quantitative Analysis. - Basic Quantitative Diffraction Equation. - Derivation of a Working Form of the Equation for Analysis. - The Method of the Orienting Internal Standard. - Mineral Reference Intensities. - General Comments. - Calculated Mineral Reference Intensities. - Practical Examples of the Application of Reference. - Intensities. - Measurement of Peak Intensity. - Comments and Summary. - References. - 10. DISORDER IN SMECTITE, ILLITE/SMECTITE, AND ILLITE. - Small Crystals in Reciprocal Space. - Turbostratic Disorder. - Theory. - Smectite. - Illite/Smectite. - Rotational Disorder in Illite and Illite/Smectite. - Cis-Vacant Elite and Interstratified Cis- and Trans-Vacant. - Illite/Smectite. - Conclusions. - References. - APPENDIX: MODELING ONE-DIMENSIONAL X-RAY PATTERNS. - The Input Variables. - Simulating the Instrument. - Describing the Clay Mineral. - Theory. - Structures of the Component Layers. - Advanced Techniques. - Pure Minerals. - Compositional Superstructures. - Layer Types Not Specifically Included. - Atom Types Not Incorporated in the Model. - Defect Broadening. - References. - INDEX.

Note: CONTENTS: SECTION I. GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION. - 1. ELEMENTARY THEORY OF SEISMIC REFRACTION AND REFLECTION MEASUREMENTS / BY J. I. EWING. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Reflected waves. - 3. Refracted waves. - 4. Computation of layer velocities and thicknesses. - 5. Shear waves and complex refracted waves. - 6. Some complications and deviations from simple theory. - 2. REFRACTION AND REFLECTION TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURE / BY G.G. SHOR, JR. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Shooting techniques. - 3. Receiving techniques. - 4. Plan of operations. - 5. Miscellaneous variations. - 6. Reflection methods. - 3. SINGLE-SHIP SEISMIC REFRACTION SHOOTING / BY M. N. HILL. - 1. Introduction. - 2 . Instrumentation. - 3. Operation. - 4 . CONTINUOUS REFLECTION PROFILING / BY J. B. HERSEY. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Design. - 3. Operations at sea. - 4. Results. - 5. Interpretations. - 6. Geophysical measurements. - 7. Concluding remarks. - 5. THE UNCONSOLIDATED SEDIMENTS / BY J. I. EWING AND J. E. NAFE. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Evidence for gradients and low-velocity sediments. - 3. Variable angle reflections. - 4. Normal-incidence reflections. - 5. Summary. - 6. THE CRUSTAL ROCKS / BY R. W. RAITT. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Layer 2. - 3. Layer 3. - 4. Average oceanic crust. - 7. THE MANTLE ROCKS / BY J. I. EWING. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Compressional-wave measurements. - 3. Shear-wave measurements. - 4. Summary. - 8. EXPLORATION OF SUB-OCEANIC STRUCTURE BY THE USE OF SEISMIC SURFACE WAVES / BY J. OLIVER AND J. DORMAN. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The general nature of seismic surface waves. - 3. Evidence from mantle surface waves. - 4. Evidence from crustal surface waves. - 5. Evidence from short-period surface waves. - 9. GRAVITY AT SEA / BY J. LAMAR WORZEL AND J. C. HARRISON. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Methods and theory. - 3. Gravity observations and geological interpretations. - 10. THE MAGNETIC FIELD OVER THE OCEANS / BY E. C. BULLARD AND R. G. MASON. - 1. Historical. - 2. Measurement of the magnetic field at sea. - 3. General features of the field. - 4. Reduction of magnetic observations. - 5. The magnetic properties of submarine rocks. - 6. The magnetic surveys of the north-east Pacific. - 7. The continental shelves. - 8. Seamounts and mid-ocean ridges. - 9. The deep trenches. - 11 . THE FLOW OF HEAT THROUGH THE FLOOR OF THE OCEAN / BY E. C. BULLARD. - 1. Method. - 2. The temperature probe. - 3. The thermal properties of sediments. - 4. The results of heat-flow measurements. - 5. Future work. - SECTION II . TOPOGRAPHY AND STRUCTURE. - 12. TOPOGRAPHY OF THE DEEP-SEA FLOOR / BY BRUCE C. HEEZEN AND H. W. MENARD. - 1 . Introduction. - 2 . Outline of submarine topography. - 3. Summary of submarine topographic forms. - 13. CONTINENTAL SHELF AND SLOPE (CONTINENTAL MARGIN) / BY A. GUILCHER. - 1. Definitions. - 2. Topography of the continental shelf. - 3. Topography of the continental slope. - 4. Structure and origins of the continental margins. - 5. Conclusion. - 14. ABYSSAL PLAINS / BY BRUCE C. HEEZEN AND A. S. LAUGHTON. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Regional description. - 3. Trench abyssal plains. - 4. Archipelagic plains. - 5. Abyssal gaps, interplain channels, mid-ocean canyons and deep-sea channels. - 6. Sediments on the abyssal plains. - 7. Geophysical characteristics. - 8. Theories of the origin of the abyssal plains. - 15. OCEANIC ISLANDS, SEAMOUNTS, GUYOTS AND ATOLLS / BY H. W. MENARD AND H. S. LADD. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Oceanic islands. - 3. Seamounts. - 4. Guyots. - 5. Atolls. - 6. Submerged atolls. - 7. Oceanic volcanoes in geological time. - 8. Importance of islands and seamounts. - 16. THE MID-OCEANIC RIDGE / BY BRUCE C. HEEZEN AND MAURICE EWING. - 1. Introduction. - 2. North Atlantic. - 3. South Atlantic. - 4. Indian Ocean. - 5. Indian and South Pacific Oceans. - 6. Iceland and the Norwegian Sea. - 7. Arctic Basin. - 8. Crustal structure. - 9. Origin. - 17. TRENCHES / BY R. L. FISHER AND H. H. HESS. - 1. Previous work. - 2. Topography of trenches. - 3. Structure of trenches. - 18. MICROTOPOGRAPHY / BY A. S. LAUGHTON. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Classification of microtopographic features. - 19. UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAPHY / BY H. E. EDGERTON. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Camera details. - 3. Cables and winches for cameras. - 20. SUBMARINE CANYONS / BY F. P. SHEPARD. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Classification of submarine valleys. - 3. Canyon descriptions. - 4. East coast U.S. (New England type) canyons. - 5. Trough-shaped valleys. - 6. Delta foreset-slope gullies. - 7. Shallow straight-walled valleys of submarine escarpments. - 8. Origin of submarine canyons. - 9. Subaerial erosion. - 10. Pleistocene canyon cutting by turbidity currents. - SECTION III. SEDIMENTATION. - 21. BEACH AND NEARSHORE PROCESSES. - PART I. MECHANICS OF MARINE SEDIMENTATION / BY R. A. BAGNOLD. - 1. Definition, origin and relevant physical properties. - 2. Transport during fall through the sea. - 3. Transport of sediment over the sea bed. - 4. Transport rate and fluid "power". - 5. Auto-suspension of sediment: turbidity currents , etc. - 6. Wave drift. - 7. Threshold of bed disturbance by fluid action. - PART II. LITTORAL PROCESSES / BY D. L. INMAN AND R. A. BAGNOLD. - 8. Introduction. - 9. Littoral profile: two-dimensional case. - 10. Migration of sand grains by wave action. - 11. Littoral processes: three-dimensional case. - 12. Discussion. - 22. SHALLOW-WATER CARBONATE SEDIMENTS / BY R. N. GINSBURG, R. MICHAEL LLOYD, K. W. STOCKMAN AND J. S. MCCALLUM. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Types of skeletal particles. - 3. Skeletal particles in sediments. - 4. Distribution of skeletal particles. - 5. Discussion of the distribution of skeletal particles. - 6. Non-skeletal particles. - 7. Distribution of non-skeletal particles. - 23. BASIN SEDIMENTATION AND DIAGENESIS / BY I. R. KAPLAN AND S. C. RITTENBERG. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Physical aspects of sedimentation. - 3. Diagenesis in sediments. - 4. Isotopic studies related to biological processes in sediments. - 5. Special problems. - 24. ESTUARIES, DELTAS, SHELF, SLOPE / BY A. GUILCHER. - 1. Estuaries, tidal marshes and flats, and deltas. - 2. Continental shelf. - 3. Continental slope. - 25. PELAGIC SEDIMENTS / BY G. ARRHENIUS. - 1. Concept of pelagic sedimentation. - 2. Composition. - 3. Productivity control of pelagic sedimentation. - 4. Physical stratification. - 5. Topographic and tectonic control of sedimentation. - 26. CLAY-MINERAL DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN / BY J. J. GRIFFIN AND E. D. GOLDBERG. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The clay minerals. - 3. Surface distribution of clay minerals. - 4. Vertical distribution. - 5. Summary. - 27. TURBIDITY CURRENTS / BY BRUCE C. HEEZEN. - 1. Early views. - 2. Full-scale experiment. - 3. Alternative explanations. - 4. Physiographic evidence. - 5. Sediments. - 6. Requirements of turbidity currents. - 7. Tectonic significance of turbidity currents. - 8. Biological significance of turbidity currents. - 9. Other processes of deep-sea erosion and transportation. - 10. Conclusion. - 28. ORGANIC TRANSPORTATION OF MARINE SEDIMENTS / BY K. O. EMERY. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Kelp. - 3. Driftwood . - 4. Sea mammals. - 5. Fishes. - 6. Birds. - 7. Invertebrates. - 8. Comparison with inorganic transporting agents. - 9. Criteria for recognition of rafting agent. - 29. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MARINE SEDIMENTS / BY J. E. NAFE AND C. L. DRAKE. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Relationships among observables. - 3. Methods of measurement. - 4. Summary of results. - 5. Conclusions. - 30. AGE DETERMINATION IN SEDIMENTS BY NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY / BY F. F. KOCZY. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Theoretical considerations. - 3. Geochemical considerations. - 4. Practical methods of age determination. - 5. Rate of sedimentation. - 31. CROSS-CORRELATION OF DEEP-SEA SEDIMENT CORES AND DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE RATES OF SEDIMENTATION BY MICRO-PALEONTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES / BY D. B. ERICSON. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Methods of correlation. - 3. Time-equivalence of the faunal zones. - 4. Some example

Note: Table of Contents: Preface. - Chapter 1. lntroduction. - Chapter 2. Basic Equations. - 2.1. Hydrodynamic and Thermodynamic Equations. - 2.2. Equations of the Mean Flow. - 2.3. Equations of the Eddies. - 2.4. Energy Balance. - 2.5. Vorticity and Divergence. - 2.6. Linearization. - 2.7. Eliassen-Palm Flux. - 2.8. Ertel Potential Vorticity. - 2.9. Diffusive Separation of Atmospheric Constituents. - 2.10. Spherical Harmonics. - 2.11. Hermite Functions. - Chapter 3. External Energy Sources. - 3.1. Solar Irradiance. - 3.2. Solar Heat Input into Upper Atmosphere. - 3.3. Solar Heat Input into Lower and Middle Atmosphere. - 3.4. Lunar Gravitational Tidal Energy. - 3.5. Solar Wind Energy. - Chapter 4. Internal Energy Sources and Sinks. - 4.1. Eddy Viscosity. - 4.2. Eddy Heat Conduction. - 4.3. Latent Heat. - 4.4. Newtonian Cooling. - 4.5. Rayleigh Friction. - 4.6. Ion Drag. - 4.7. Feedback between Large-Scale Eddies and Mean Flow. - Chapter 5. Horizontal Modal Structure. - 5.1. Separation of Variables. - 5.2. Eigenvalues of Laplace's Equations. - 5.3. Gravity Waves. - 5.4. Rossby- Haurwitz Waves. - 5.5. Kelvin Waves and Yanai Waves. - 5.6. Low Frequency Waves with Positive Eigenvalues. - 5.7. Class Il Waves of Wavenumber m = 0. - 5.8. Diurnal Tides. - 5.9. Dynamo Action of Tidal Winds. - 5.10. Rossby Waves Migrating within Mean Zonal Flow. - 5.11. Influence of Zonal Mean Flow on Rossby-Haurwitz Waves. - 5.12. Salutions of Inhomogeneous Laplace Equations. - Chapter 6. Vertical Modal Structure. - 6.1. Characteristic Waves. - 6.2. Vertical Wavenumber. - 6.3. Particular Salutions. - 6.4. Boundary Conditions. - 6.5. Normal Modes. - 6.6. Height Structure of External Waves. - 6.7. Directly Driven Circulation Cells. - 6.8. Indirectly Driven Circulation Cells. - 6.9. Height Structure of Internal Waves. - 6.10. Impulsive Heat Input. - 6.11. Ray Tracing of Rossby Waves. - 6.12. Mode Conversion. - 6.13. Baroclinic Instability. - Chapter 7. Nonlinear Wave Propagation. - 7.1. Nonlinear Coupling between Rossby- Haurwitz Waves. - 7.2. Analytic Salutions for Weak Coupling of Rossby-Haurwitz Waves. - 7.3. Rossby- Haurwitz Wave Coupling in Realistic Mean Flow. - 7.4. Homogeneous and Isotropic Turbulence. - 7.5. Space-Time Analysis. - 7.6. Nonlinear Normal Mode Initialization. - 7.7. Lorenz Attractor. - 7.8. Logistic Difference Equation. - 7.9. Multiple Equilibria. - Chapter 8. Tidal Waves. - 8.1. Seasonal Tides within Lower and Middle Atmosphere (m = 0). - 8.2. Quasi-Stationary Seasonal Waves (m 〉 0). - 8.3. Climatic Mean Flow. - 8.4. Seasonal Tides within Upper Atmosphere. - 8.5. Migrating Solar Diurnal Tides within Lower and Middle Atmosphere. - 8.6. Migrating Solar Diurnal Tides within Upper Atmosphere. - 8.7. Nonmigrating Solar Diurnal Tides. - 8.8. Lunar Tides. - 8.9. Electromagnetic Effects of Tidal Waves. - 8.10. Energy and Momentum Deposition of Solar Diurnal Tides. - Chapter 9. Planetary Waves. - 9.1. Extratropical Transients. - 9.2. Southern Oscillation. - 9.3. Forty-Day Oscillations. - 9.4. Transients in the Tropical Middle Atmosphere. - 9.5. Fluctuations of Atmospheric Angular Momentum. - 9.6. Sudden Stratospheric Warnings. - 9.7. Thermospheric Response to Solar EUV Fluctuations. - 9.8. Thermospheric Storms. - 9.9. Solar Activity Effects within Middle and Lower Atmosphere. - Chapter 10. Epilogue. - References. - Subject Index.