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  • 1
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/26
    In: CRREL Report, 78-26
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice fog suppression experiments on the Fort Wainwright Power Plant cooling pond were conducted during the winters of 1974-76. Baseline information studies occupied a sizable portion of the available ice fog weather in 1974-75. Then hexadecanol was added to the pond and dramatically improved visibility by reducing fog generated from water vapor released by the pond at -14 C. Although this temperature was not low enough to create ice fog, the cold vapor fog created was equally as devastating to visibility in the vicinity of the pond. During the winter of 1975-76, suppression tests were continued using films of hexadecanol, mixes of hexadecanol and octadecanol, and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGME). Suppression effectiveness at colder temperatures was stuided and limits to the techniques were probed. A reinforcing grid was constructed that prevented breakup of the film by wind and water currents. Lifetime tests indicated that EGME degrades much more slowly than either hexadecanol or the hexadecanol-octadecanol mix. The films were found to be very effective fog reducers at warmer temperatures but still allowed 20% to 40% of normal evaporation to occur. The vapor thus produced was sufficient to create some ice fog at lower temperatures, but this ice fog occurred less frequently and was more quickly dispersed than the thick fog that was present before application of the films.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-26
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Ice fog from cooling ponds Evaporation Relative humidity and cold air Ice fog suppression Air movement Plastic films Rafts Injection wells Cooling towers Chemical films Reinforced film experiments Meteorological data collection Floating reinforcement grid Application of the hexadecanol film Hexadecanol, octadecanol mixes Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether Laboratory tests of suppression effectiveness Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Design for an automatic thin chemical film applicationsystem Appendix B. Meteorological data
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  • 2
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/22
    In: CRREL Report, 78-22
    Description / Table of Contents: Special environmental factors that influence the design, laying and maintenance of undersea pipelines and cables in polar waters are described. Various approaches to the protection of submarine pipes and cables are considered, and prime emphasis is given to burial techniques for shallow water. A wide range of methods for trenching and burying are discussed, and technical data are given.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 36 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-22
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Types of pipelines and cables Potential hazards to pipelines and cables Areas of concern Waterdepth Sea ice Icebergs and ice islands Submarine permafrost Ice gouging Seabed erosion by water jets Protection methods Protection of unburied pipes and cables Protection by burial Backhoe digging Wireline equipment Plowing and ripping from the surface Plowing and ripping by self-propelled seabed vehicles Bucket ladder dredges Suction dredging Conventional cutterhead dredges Low pressure water jetting Bottom-traveling cutterhead dredges Explosive methods Novel methods Disc saws, wheel ditchers and milling drums Ladder trenchers and chain saws Repetitive impulse devices High pressure water jets Flame jets and plasma torches Electrical discharge and electromagnetic radiation Chemical methods Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 3
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/20
    In: CRREL Report, 78-20
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Measurements of the concentrations of Aitken nuclei in maritime air were made near Barrow, Alaska, in June 1975 with a modified Nolan-Pollack small-particle detector. The concentrations varied from 50 to 300 particles cm^-3 depending upon meteorological conditions. The mean Aitken nuclei count was 100 particles cm^-3 for diameters greater than 2 x 10^-3 μm. Transmission electron micrographs of aerosols in maritime air near Barrow were taken. The size range was measured to be 0.01 to 2.5 μm in diameter with the most frequently observed diameter being 0.04 μm. The volume of the maritime air and the collection efficiency of aerosol particles on filmed grids for electron microscopy were measured. The aerosol concentrations were found to be 76 to 101 particles cm^-3 ; the mean concentration was calculated to be 87 particles cm^-3. The aerosol particles in the maritime air were identified by electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction analysis. About 20% of the aerosol particles were identified, and 80% of the particles were too small for electron diffraction analysis. Sea salt particles constituted 2% of the total, and clay minerals 3%; these particles were considered to be of natural origin. Solid combustion by-products such as coagulated carbon particles and fly ash particles constituted 16%. Despite the comparative remoteness of the sampling site, the measurements indicate that many anthropogenic aerosols were found using an electron microscope.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 48 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-20
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/16
    In: CRREL Report, 78-16
    Description / Table of Contents: A model investigation of drifting snow conditions was conducted in a hydraulic flume using a sand-water analog. Model results were evaluated to define modeling parameters that would allow quantitative correlation between measured prototype drift conditions and the model. The modeled structure was the standard plan snow fence designed by the Wyoming Highway Department and installed along Interstate Highway 80 in 1971. The performance of this system was documented by the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station of the U.S. Forest Service. Models of the fence were constructed for three heights and two geometric scales. Geometric scaling was based on terrain roughness and boundary layer thickness considerations, while velocity scaling was based on particle fall velocity and threshold of motion characteristics. Simulation of the atmospheric boundary layer was found to be of primary importance. Velocity scaling analysis suggested the use of a 'significant wind' concept based on a combination of velocity magnitude and frequency. Similarity of precipitation rate was not essential, and could be altered within limits to adjust the time scale. The response of the model to the shape of model elements was significant. Although the model is distorted and inexact similarity is achieved, it appears useful on a practical basis.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-16
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Experimental design Similitude considerations The model Model operation Results Velocity Fence height Porosity Model correlation Summary and conclusions Recommeqdations for future work Literature cited Appendix A
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  • 5
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/7
    In: CRREL Report, 78-7
    Description / Table of Contents: The theory of non-coaxial in-plane plastic deformation of soils that obey the Coulomb yield criterion is presented. The constitutive equations are derived by use of the geometry of the Mohr circle and the theory of characteristic lines. It is found that, for solving a boundary value problem, the non-coaxial angle must be given such values that enable us to accommodate the presupposed type of flow in the given domain satisfying the given boundary conditions. The non-coaxial angle is contained in the constitutive equations as a parameter. Therefore, the plastic material obeying the Coulomb yield criterion is a singular material whose constitutive equations are not constant with material but are variable with flow conditions.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-7
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstrac Preface Introduction Analysis of stress Geometry of the Mohr circle Stress characteristic directions Analysis of strain rate Constitutive equations Strain-rate characteristic directions Constitutive geometry Strain-rate tensor The dyadic expression Plastic work rate Coordinate transformation Example The stress solution Velocity equations in the a-characteristic curvilinear coordinates The constant speed solution Velocity equations in the constant density region Solution in the first constant-density subregion Solution in the second constant-density subregion Solution in the passive region Conclusion Literature cited
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  • 6
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/4
    In: CRREL Report, 78-4
    Description / Table of Contents: The use of radio-echo sounding records to indicate the presence of internal layers within large ice sheets is of interest to glaciologists because it offers a means of tracking the internal properties of the ice sheets over large distances. The interpretation of the reflections obtained in this manner is more valuable, however, if a physical property change relating to the glaciological regime can be related to the dielectric property change producing the radio-echo reflections. In this report, we use the measured physical properties of core to bedrock taken at Cape Folger, East Antarctica (66 deg 22 min s, 111 deg (E), 324-m depth), to compute a profile of dielectric properties and from this, a depth-reflection coefficient profile for comparison with observed radio-echo reflections. The measurements available on physical properties are: density variations, bubble size and shape changes, and crystal fabric variations. The depths of the strong reflections shown on the available radio-echo records are in reasonable agreement with the depths corresponding to the highest reflection coefficients computed from the combined physical property measurements. In calculations to differentiate the separate effects of different physical properties, it appears that density variations account for the primary contributions to the calculated dielectric property changes corresponding to the highest reflection coefficients. However, bubble changes alone can also account for reasonable, though lower, reflection coefficients at the appropriate depths. Crystal fabric variations correspond poorly with the reflection locations. Density variations are normally associated with depositional events in the history of the ice sheet.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-4
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Derivation of the power reflection coefficient-depth variation Possible sources of dielectric constant variation with depth in ice sheets Ice density variations Effect of macroscopic impurity layers Effect of microscopic impurtty layers Changes in inclusion geometry Effect of crystal orientation changes Physical properties of the Cape Folger core Density-depth profile Air bubble-geometry depth profile Crystal orientation-depth profile Radio-echo sounding data Results and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 7
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/1
    In: CRREL Report, 78-1
    Description / Table of Contents: The results of axial double point-load tests on disk samples of snow and ice obtained from the area of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, are presented. They show the effects of temperature, sample length, load point diameter and specific gravity on failure load. It was determined that 13 samples should be tested to obtain a representative mean strength index. The results show that the axial double point-load test has good possibilities as a rapid field test for determining the unconfined comrpessive strength of snow and ice but that further evaluation of the variables affecting test results must be made.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-1
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test procedure Test program Test samples Number of test for determining strength index Effect of temperature Effect of sample length Effect of load point size Tests on snow Discussion Recommendations Literature cited
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  • 8
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/2
    In: CRREL Report, 76-2
    Description / Table of Contents: The repair and maintenance costs of low slope roofs are high and their life expectancy is less than desired. The increasing use of insulation is accompanied by a greater incidence of problems. The experience in cold regions amplifies these experiences. Protected membrane roofs have the prerequisites for better performance and the experience to date is encouraging. The results of performance measurements of three roofs built by the Corps of Engineers verify that the membrane remains at nearly constant temperature, independent of the weather, and that the insulation retains its integrity despite periodic wetting. Moisture absorption is slow and appears to stabilize in time due to the self-drying nature of the roof. Heat losses are increased due to rain, and extra insulation should be added to compensate for these losses. The resistance of protected membrane roofs to fire, traffic, impact, and other adverse forces is superior. So far, the initial cost of protected membrane roofs is at a premium, primarily due to the cost of concrete pavers. The initial cost premium can be justified, however, by the reduced repair and maintenance costs as indicated to date, and by the longer life expectancy of the protected membrane. The high probability of superior performance and cost effectiveness is a compelling reason to incorporate protected membrane roofs increasingly in Government construction.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-2
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Introduction Low slope roof problems and repair costs Protected membrane roofs and materials Installations of protected membrane roofs Performance evaluation Test program Effectiveness Thermal efficiency Heat balance Internal cooling due to rain Moisture absorption and thermal conductivity of insulations Durability and life expectancy Fire resistance Patent considerations Costs of roofs Design considerations Proposed specifications Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited
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  • 9
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/4
    In: CRREL Report, 76-4
    Description / Table of Contents: Large areas of grounded sea ice have been reported by early arctic explorers and more recently by the U.S. Coast Guard. The ESSA, ERTS, NOAA and DMSP satellites now provide multispectral imagery with sufficiently high resolution to allow detailed sequential observations to be made of the movement and spatial extent of arctic sea ice. This report discusses the location, formation and decay of five large (greater than 30 sq km) islands of grounded sea ice in the southern Chukchi Sea as observed for an extended period of time using satellite imagery. Measurements of the bathymetry around one grounded sea ice feature are presented along with observations made and photos taken from the ice surface. The potential use of these sea ice islands as research stations is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 24 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-4
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Introduction The discovery Age of the island Island visit Other islands of grounded ice Discussion Literature cited
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  • 10
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/7
    In: CRREL Report, 76-7
    Description / Table of Contents: This report covers a series of cantilever beam tests designed to determined the efficacy of adding reinforcement to an ice cover. Tests were run using 1-in.-diam tree branches, 3/16-in.-diam wire rope and 9/16-in. half-round wood dowels as reinforcement for both seawater and freshwater ice. The results show a definite advantage derived from using reinforcement, even when poorly placed. The results also show that reinforced ice carries a load even after it cracks. Thus, after the initial cracks there is time to remove people and equipment before final breakthrough. One must bear in mind, however, that reinforcement has disadvantages. The darker reinforcement absorbs solar radiation and thereby causes earlier weakening of the ice cover. Also, in many cases the time and effort required to place reinforcement may exceed those required to achieve equal strength by additional thickening of the ice sheet. This study has shown that understanding of the failure mechanism of ice under repetitive loading is poor and that future studies should be performed on this problem. Also, this study covered only cantilever beams. The actual field problem is strengthening a three-dimensional sheet. Hence, distribution and orientation of the reinforcement should be addressed in future studies.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-7
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Conversion factors: U.S. customary to SI metric units Introduction Typical methods of constructing ice bridges Current knowledge Test program Objectives Equipment Procedure Data General Specific ice sheets Test results Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited
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  • 11
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/10
    In: CRREL Report, 76-10
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-10
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Introduction Experimental work SCR samples CAG samples CMS samples UAG samples SI samples Optical system Equipment Procedure Photographic work Large cracks and fissures Small damage to the surface Small damage to the buIk Results Damage as a function of the position x of the focal point; n(x) Damage as a function of the number of irradiations #; n(#) Damage as a function of crystallographic orientation ĉ; n (ĉ); p (ĉ) Damage as a function of surface structure Damage as a function of age A; n (A) Damage as a function of wavelength λ; p(λ) Systematic study of damage as a function of W, t, m and s; n(W, t, m, s) Analysis Fracture in ice Mechanisms for optically generated damage in transparent dielectrics Discussion of the results Summary and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 12
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/15
    In: CRREL Report, 76-15
    Description / Table of Contents: A literature review of revegetation and biological aspects of restoration research was completed for arctic and sub­arctic North America. Although there is a great deal of climatic variation in this region it is generally characterized by extreme conditions, such as a short growing season and permafrost. Most of the revegetation research has been undertaken in the last six years as a result of increased natural resource development. The primary goal has been erosion control, with aesthetics, minimization of thermokarst, and production of browse as other objectives. Revege­tation and long-term restoration methods depend upon such variables as the site conditions, nutrient regime (especially as this is influenced by the climatic conditions in the Arctic and Subarctic), plant adaptations, and the selection of native or introduced species. Technologies which have been developed to meet these conditions primarily include seedbed preparation, use of seed mixes, and fertilization and seeding methods. Most of the research has focused on the use of agronomic grasses and legumes. These are selected on the basis of a number of factors, such as cold hardiness and growth form prior to evaluation in the laboratory and the field. The most successful species to date have been Arctared fescue and Nugget bluegrass in the Arctic, while these two as well as creeping red fescue, meadow foxtail, Frontier reed canarygrass, Durar hard fescue, slender wheatgrass, and Icelandic poa did well in the Subarctic. Similar methods have been attempted to a more limited extent with evaluation of native herbaceous and woody species which seem promising on the basis of natural succession studies. There are a number of continuing research needs for arctic anc subarctic revegetation. These include fertilization strategies, development of specialized techniques (such as sprigging) for native species, and longer term studies. It is particularly important to integrate short term revegetatio methods with long-term restoration goals.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 32 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-15
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Introduction Definition of revegetation Definition of restoration Objectives Some revegetation considerations Site conditions Nutrient regime Plant adaptations Native species vs introduced species Methods Seedbed preparation Seeding methods Timing of seeding Seed mixes Fertilization Agronomic grasses and legumes Selection criteria Laboratory evaluation Field evaluation Effect of revegetation methods Site conditions Maintenance of herbaceous cover Introduced woody species Native species — succession Significance of disturbance Primary succession Secondary succession Herbaceous native species Selection Laboratory evaluation Field evaluation Effect of revegetation methods Woody native species Selection Laboratory evaluation Field evaluation Native species and agronomic species, in combination Recommendations for research Summary Bibliography Appendix: Species tested
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  • 13
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/21
    In: CRREL Report, 76-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The effects of snow temperature and initial density on the stress vs density and stress vs deformation relationships were investigated for shallow compacted snow in the density range of 0.28 to 0.76 g/cu m, for stress range of 0.5 to 72 bars and a temperature range of -1 to -34 C at a deformation rate of 40 cm/s. A decrease in temperature increases the resistance to stress, the effect increasing with applied stress. For any stress, an increase in the initial density results in an increase in the resulting density, the effect decreasing with an increase in stress. The approximate yield envelopes, which define the stress required to initiate any deformation of snow of a particular density and temperature, were determined. Rapid compaction of snow results in extensive recrystallization, significantly different from that of naturally compacted snow. At a stress of 72 bars, transformation to ice occurs only at temperature above -10C.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 47 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-21
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Description of study Sample preparation Test equipment and procedure Discussion of results Stress-density relationship Stress-deformation relationship Summary and conclusions Microstructural examination of artifically compacted snow Analytical techniques Results and discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Photographs of oscilloscope traces
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  • 14
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/27
    In: CRREL Report, 78-27
    Description / Table of Contents: Uniaxial compression and tension tests were conducted on polycrystalline snow-ice to determine the effect of temperature on its strength. Test temperatures ranged from -O.1C to -54C. Two machine speeds, 0.847 mm/s and84.7 mm/s were used for the constant displacement rate tests. The compressive strength at -54C was about oneorder of magnitude higher than at -0.1C. The tensile strength at -18C was about 20% higher than at 0.1C. The initial tangent and 50% strength moduli are given for the compression tests, while the secant modulus to failure is given for the tension tests.The mode of fracture is discussed and the test results are compared with data from other investigations.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-27
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/21
    In: CRREL Report, 78-21
    Description / Table of Contents: This study investigates the possibility of providing estimates of the time of occurrence and length of the freezing season for any location in East and West Germany by using the average Januavy air temperature (AJ AT) as an index. The results indicate that reliable values of the mean freezing index can be obtained from the AJAT relationships which are developed for Germany. This association is further verified using data from the northeastern part of the U.S., and the AJ AT is then used to determine the average starting and ending dates (and hence the probable length) of the freezing season for stations in Germany. The AJ AT and the average dates of snowfall occurrence for numerous locations in the U.S. and Germany are also correlated. Interrelationships between these parameters and the average number of days with snow on the ground for stations up to 3000 m in elevation in Germany are examined. A detailed AJ AT map for East and West Germany, in which data from 134 stations, latitude, altitude and regional influences are considered, is developed in order to make the relationships usable. A historical review of the literature on snow studies in Germany and a brief discussion of snow-cover interpretation by satellite photography are included
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 48 Seiten , Illustrationen , 1 Karte
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-21
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Historical literature review Relationships between midwinter temperature and freezing season Mean freezing index 4 Average January air temperature U.S. comparative study Correlation of AJAT and duration of freezing season Relationships between average January air temperature and snow conditions U.S. relationships German relationships Mapping of average January air temperatures Analysis of observed AJ AT data Development of detailed maps Application and discussion Examples Influence of vegetation Literature cited Appendix A. interpretation of snow cover by satellite Appendix B. Contour, station elevation and Aj AT maps for East and West Germany
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  • 16
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/10
    In: CRREL Report, 78-10
    Description / Table of Contents: The compressibility of wet snow is described in terms of pressure melting and nonlinear viscous deformation at grain contacts. The results of experiments with different salinities and liquid water contents are compared with computed densities. The decreasing compressibility of wet snow with increasing salinity and decreasing liquid content is quantified and explained. Simultaneous particle growth and the doubly charged layer at phase boundaries are included in the model. The results show that the density of wet snow increases approximately as a power of time but is highly dependent on the stress, initial particle size, liquid water content, and ionic impurity content of the snow.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-10
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental procedure Grain growth Stressed particle contacts Fluid pressure Packing geometry Temperature distribution and heat flow Fluid and impurity flows Results The liquid film Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 17
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/17
    In: CRREL Report, 78-17
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: This investigation utilized historical and recent aerial photographs and satellite imagery in 1) estimating changes in positions of the high-water line and sea cliff break and base, in rates of accretion and/or erosion, and in volumes of transported sediment, and 2) providing a preliminary evaluation of the direction of littoral transport along the outer Cape Cod coast. Using aerial photographs acquired in 1938, 1952, 1971 and 1974 with manual photointerpretation techniques, changes in the distances from selected reference points to the cliff break, cliff base and the high-water line were measured. LANDSAT-1 and -2 imagery acquired from 1 September 1972 to 28 May 1975 was evaluated for use in determining the directions of littoral transport that are active the predominant amount of time. Although the imagery has been very useful for this purpose at other locations, it proved to be useless along the outer shore of Cape Cod. Largest net migrations of the high water line from 1938 to 1974 occurred in the northern and southern portions of this coast. The northern maximum high water line was 321.4 ft, the southern was 1794.6 ft. The central portion of the coast was generally more stable with changes varying from 6.8 to 157.6 ft. Cliff-base recession rates varied from 0.4 to 7.3 ft/yr. Maximum estimated net volume of sediment deposited per linear foot of beach from 1938 to 1974 was 334 yd^3 (based on 2 yd^3/ft of recession or accretion); maximum eroded was 914 yd^3. Changes in the configuration of spits were used to evaluate directions of littoral transport since suspended sediment concentrations were generally not sufficient to act as natural tracers of surface currents. Based on the literature and a determination of the portion of the coast perpendicular to the direction of dominant wave approach, the location of the nodal zone for predominant littoral directions of drift probably shifts between the area near Spectacle Pond and North Truro Air Force Station. This investigation has illustrated a photo interpretation technique that is useful in performing a reconnaissance of coastal change. The data obtained from this method can be used to supplement those acquired by ground surveys and are valid as first approximations for planning subsequent, more detailed surveys.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 49 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-17
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Background Previous investigations Analytical procedures Results and discussion Shoreline changes: High-water line Shoreline changes: Cliff recession Volumetric changes Nodal zone location and direction of littoral transport Error evaluation Summary and conclusions Future research Selected bibliography Appendix A: Maps of shoreline with overlays for 1938, 1952, 1971 and 1974 Appendix B: Supplementary data for estimating shoreline change
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  • 18
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/9
    In: CRREL Report, 78-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Large, simply supported beams of temperate lake ice were found, generally, to yield significantly higher flexural strengths than the same beams tested in the cantilever mode. Data support the view that a significant stress concentration may exist at the fixed corners of the cantilever beams. Maximum effects are experienced with beams of cold, brittle ice substantially free of structural imperfections; for this kind of ice the strength difference factor, here attributed to the effect of stress concentrations, may exceed 2.0; that is, simply supported beams test a factor of 2 or more stronger than the same beams tested in the cantilever mode. In ice that has undergone extensive thermal degradation, the stress concentration effect may be eliminated entirely. Simply supported beams generally yield higher strengths when the top surfaces are placed in tension. This behavior is attributed to differences in ice type; the fine-grained, crack-free top layer of snow-ice which constituted up to 50% of the ice cover in the current series of tests usually reacted more strongly in tension than the coarse-grained crack-prone bottom lake ice.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-9
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test sites and ice cover properties Beam testing Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 19
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/3
    In: CRREL Report, 78-3
    Description / Table of Contents: The mathematical theory for the bearing capacity of river ice for vehicles is presented. The floating ice sheet is assumed to have simple supports at the shore line. Solutions are presented for loads uniformly distributed over circular and rectangular areas. Numerical evaluations are made for a number of vehicles and the results presented in graphical form
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    Pages: iii, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-3
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Theory Solution by superposition Solution by Fourier integral Solution by Fourier series Application and results Literature cited Appendix A: Bearing capacity of river ice for military vehicles Appendix B: Vehicle specifications Appendix C: Fortran II computer program
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  • 20
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/8
    In: CRREL Report, 78-8
    Description / Table of Contents: The interaction of a 5.1-GHz transverse electric surface wave with a dielectric slab is experimentally investigated. The wave is initially supported by a dielectric substrate resting upon a metallic ground-plane. A slab, made of the same dielectric material as the substrate and variable in height, is then placed upon the waveguide. The results for a small slab sitting on the substrate showed that the discontinuity was a very inefficient launcher of reflected surface waves. Investigations of these reflections with a trough waveguide showed that, for values of slab height comparable to the exponential decay height of the surface wave, the reflections remain very small. However, as the slab height is increased beyond the decay height, the reflected amplitude approaches the theoretical value for a plane wave reflected from the interface between air and the same dielectric. The results are applicable to surface wave methods of microwave deicing of wings and helicopter rotors.
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    Pages: v, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-8
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Background Objective and procedure Theory of plane surface waves Waveguide design and characteristics Physical apparatus Frequency characteristics Spatial distribution of Ey above the guide Guide wave length Surface wave interaction with a slab discontinuity Experiments with a trough Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 21
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/5
    In: CRREL Report, 78-5
    Description / Table of Contents: The viscoelastic deflection of an infinite floating ice plate subjected to a circular load was solved, assuming the Maxwell-Voigt type four-element model. An effective method of numerical integration of the solution integrals was developed, of which each integrand contains a product of Bessel functions extending to infinity. The theoretical curve was fitted to the field data, but the material constants thus found varied with time and location.
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    Pages: iii, 32 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-5
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The problem The solution Method of numerical integration Ramp/steady loading Curve fitting to time lapse deflections Asymptotic deflection Deflection profiles Acknowledgement Literature cited Appendix I. Analytical background Appendix II. Computer programs, ramp time profiles and steady time profiles
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  • 22
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/6
    In: CRREL Report, 78-6
    Description / Table of Contents: A new freezing mechanism, called segregation freezing, is proposed to explain the generation of the suction force that draws pore water up to the freezing surface of a growing ice lens. The segregation freezing temperature is derived by applying thermodynamics to a soil mechanics concept that distinguishes the effective pressure from the neutral pressure. The frost-heaving pressure is formulated in the solution of the differential equations of the simultaneous flow of heat and water, of which the segregation freezing temperature is one of the boundary conditions.
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    Pages: iv, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-6
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Segregation freezing Analysis Heat conduction in the nascent ice layer Water flow in the unfrozen soil Heat transfer in the unfrozen soil Energy balance at the segregation-freezing front Numerical computation Literature cited Appendix A. Essence of Portnov’s method Appendix B. Frost-heaving without air available
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  • 23
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/14
    In: CRREL Report, 76-14
    Description / Table of Contents: At the height of warm weather in Alaska in 1975, temperature measurements were made to determine the extent of the thermal impact on French Creek due to a condenser cooling water impact from the Eielson AFB Power plant. Water temperature measurements during a two-day period failed to show any significant thermal impact on the water in French Creek. It was concluded that no thermal pollution exists due to this warm water input at the volumes and conditions that presently exist.
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    Pages: ii, 5 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-14
    Language: English
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  • 24
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/22
    In: CRREL Report, 76-22
    Description / Table of Contents: Several membrane materials used or considered for MESL (membrane-enveloped soil layer) utilization of poor soils in road construction have been tested for cold effect on puncture and stiffness. PE (polyethylene) film was also tested for solvent soak effects. A simple blunt needle apparatus was devised for puncture testing. For plastic films (mainly PE), both puncture resistance and stiffness increase at low temperature (0 F, -18 C). For non-woven, spunbonded fabrics these properties are little affected by cold. For both non-wovens and PE film, puncture and bending strengths increase linearly with weight or thickness. The slope is steeper for the non-wovens, which generally are stronger on a per unit weight basis. PE film soaked in a hydrocarbon solvent swelled approximately 17% and lost about 30-40% its puncture strength. These effects are apparently reversible upon drying. Consideration has been given to sealing and patching requirements and to the drying of sealant liquids when adhering film to film. Also considered have been pos­sible slippage related to the reported low angle of friction of plastic films in soil and the possibility of lamination for improved membrane properties.
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    Pages: v, 60 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-22
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental Materials Apparatus Procedure Results Discussion PE solvent soak and swelling PE solvent soak and puncture Film puncture rate effect Bending orientation Comparative tables and graphs Puncture and temperature Bending and temperature Test result vs thickness and weight General considerations Conclusion and recommendations Literature cited Appendix Detailed data tables Denier explanation
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  • 25
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/5
    In: CRREL Report, 76-5
    Description / Table of Contents: Griffith, and later Babel, have previously developed a tensile fracture criterion for a two-dimensional state of stress. This theory is extended to the compression-compression region. From this theory the angle of fracture is developed. The theory is extended conceptually to three dimensions. Triaxial test data by Haynes for snow-ice are shown in this three-dimensional fracture theory. The test data are slightly less than those predicted when the void in the snow-ice is spherical.
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    Pages: iii, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-5
    Language: English
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  • 26
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/11
    In: CRREL Report, 76-11
    Description / Table of Contents: Water flow through the unsaturated portion of a snowpack is calculated using various assumptions about radiation penetration into the snow. The results show that for the purposes of hydrologic forecasting, it is sufficiently ac­curate to assume that all of the radiation absorption occurs at the surface. The error in the calculation of flow is largest for very shallow snowpacks, but this error is reduced by radiation absorption at the base of the snow and by the routing of meltwater through the saturated basal layer.
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    Pages: v, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-11
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Conversion factors for U.S. customary and SI units Introduction Theory Examples Discussion Literature cited
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  • 27
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/18
    In: CRREL Report, 76-18
    Description / Table of Contents: Three surface elevation and ice thickness profiles obtained during the 1972 Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment on a multiyear ice floe were analyzed to obtain relationships between surface elevation, thickness and physical properties of the ice. It was found that for ice freeboards from 0.10 m to 1.05 m above sea level a linear relationship between ice density and freeboard could be postulated. The equation for the regression line is: Ice density = -194f' + 974 kg/cu m where f' is the ice freeboard plus snow depth in ice equivalent at the point in question. This statistical relationship is consistent with observed physical properties, which indicate that as the ice freeboard increases, ice salinity decreases and the higher freeboard or thicker ice therefore decreases in density. Using this variable density with freeboard relationship, a model was constructed to predict ice thickness, given ice freeboard and snow depth alone. This prediction is desirable, since snow depth and freeboard are relatively easy to obtain, whereas ice thickness can usually be obtained only by drilling through the ice. The model was compared with two other models. It was found that the variable density prediction model gave the best approximation to observed ice thickness, with a standard error between the measured and predicted value of about 0.4 m, compared with errors from 50 to 100% higher for the other two models.
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    Pages: v, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-18
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Previous work Results Models for predicting thickness from ice freeboard Comparison between measured and predicted thicknesses Spectral behavior of measured and predicted profiles Comparisons of ice thickness using airborne laser profilometry Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Misgivings on isostatic imbalance as a mechanism for sea ice cracking
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  • 28
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/28
    In: CRREL Report, 78-28
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: x, 112 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-28
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Descriptions of road test sections Test equipment and procedures Field repetitive plate bearing tests Data analysis General Layered-elastic analysis of the pavement systems Statistical analysis Flexural analysis Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Resilient surface deflections for the test points
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  • 29
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/24
    In: CRREL Report, 78-24
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-24
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Comparison of winters Ship effects Measured forces Sequential breaking of the structure Discussion Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Force level fluctuations in west ice boom, 20 January 1977
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  • 30
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/23
    In: CRREL Report, 78-23
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 53 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-23
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion factors: Metric (SI) to U.S. customary units of measurement Introduction Selection of experimental approach Previous investigations of effect of freeze-thaw on soil deform ability Selection of laboratory test method Selection of method of field validation tests Field repeated-load plate-bearing tests Test pavements, soils and materials Test procedures and results Resilient modulus of subgrade calculated from field tests Mathematical model Characterization of asphalt concrete Characterization of frozen silt Calculated resilient modulus of silt within the zone of freezing Laboratory repeated-load triaxial tests Specimens, equipment and testing procedures Apparatus Procedures Resilient properties calculated from laboratory tests Calculation methods Asphalt concrete - test results Asphalt concrete - statistical analysis and discussion Silt - test results Silt - statistical analysis Discussion and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Repeated-load plate-bearing test results Appendix B. Laboratory repeated-load triaxial test results Appendix C. Regression equation coefficients for resilient modulus and Poisson’s ratio from repeated-load triaxial test data on asphalt concrete and silt Appendix D. Detailed procedures for repeated-load triaxial testing
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  • 31
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/19
    In: CRREL Report, 78-19
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-19
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous work Methods and results Methods of analysis Salinity-chlorophyll a associations Discussion Comparison of ice and water column standing crops Estimated mass of ice associated chl. a Mechanism of ice algae formation in the Weddell Sea Differences between the biological environments of fast and drifting pack ice Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Species variations - ice and water column
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  • 32
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/14
    In: CRREL Report, 78-14
    Description / Table of Contents: The analytical solution and the numerical study of the eigenvalue problem for determining the buckling pressure of an infinite elastic plate floating on water and stressed uniformly along the periphery of an internal hole is presented. The boundary conditions considered are the clamped-, simple-, and free-edge conditions. Small buckling pressure occurs only for the free-edge condition. The shape of the deflection for the free-edge condition suggests that buckling is an important mechanism of failure.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-14
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction 1. The problem 2. Abstract of the result Part I. Fundamental solutions 3. Fuchsian type solutions 4. Contour integral solution 5. Integration of the integral solution 6. Fundamental solutions for α = 1 7. Fundamental solutions for α = 0 8. Eigenvalues for α = 0 9. Fundamental solutions for α 〉 1 Part II. Asymptotic expansions 10. Asymptotic expansion for 0 〈 α ⩽1 11. Asymptotic expansion for 1 ≦ α ≦ 2 12. Asymptotic expansion for 2 ≦ α ≦ ∞ Part III. Eigenvalues 13. Range of eigenvalues 14. Eigenvalues for the free-edge condition 15. Eigenvalues for the clamped-edge and simple-edge conditions 16. Deflection Acknowledgement Literature cited Appendix A. Analytical continuation at the singular point Appendix B. Tensorial transformations Appendix C. Comparison of the semi-infinite plate buckling with the asymptotic buckling
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  • 33
    Call number: ZSP-201-78/12
    In: CRREL Report, 78-12
    Description / Table of Contents: Road test sections of membrane-enveloped silt and clay soils overlain with asphalt cement concrete were subjected to repetitive dynamic plate-bearing loadings to determine their strength variations during freeze-thaw cycles. The recoverable surface deformations in the load deflection bowl were continuously measured during the loading cycles and analyzed using the Chevron layered elastic computer program to obtain the in situ resilient deformation modulus of the various section layers at different stages of the freeze-thaw cycles. The resilient stiffness of the pavement system (the total load per unit of resilient load plate deflection) was also calculated for the various freeze-thaw conditions. The modulus values of the asphalt cement concrete varied inversely with its temperature by an order of magnetide (90,000 psi to 1,300,000 psi). The resilient stiffness of the pavement system varied in the same manner by nearly a factor of eight (228.4 kips/in. to 1740.2 kips/in.). Despite the wide strength variations of the sections during freeze-thaw cycles, membrane-enveloped fine-grained soils can be utilized instead of granular materials as base and subbase layers in flexible pavements in cold regions where moisture migration is a major concern. Moisture migration did not occur at saturation levels up to 75%, thus there was no strength loss during thawing.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 24 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-12
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S.customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Freeze-thaw system Construction materials Controlled environment test section Outdoor sections Temperature monitoring instrumentation Repetitive plate bearing test apparatus Test results and analyses Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 34
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/13
    In: CRREL Report, 78-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Field observations of the growth fabrics of the fast and near-fast ice along the coasts of the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas show that, at depths of more than 60 cm below the upper ice surface, the sea ice crystals show striking alignments within the horizontal plane. At one site this alignment was well developed at a depth of 15 cm and in all cases the degree of preferred orientation increased with depth, with the strongest orientations occurring at the bottom of the ice sheet. In general the c-axes of the crystals were aligned roughly E-W parallel to the coast. In the vicinity of islands the alignment roughly paralleled the outlines of the islands and in narrow passes between islands the alignment paralleled the channel. Our observations, as well as similar observations made in the Kara Sea by Cherepanov, can be explained if it is assumed that the c-axes of the crystals are aligned parallel to the 'long-term' current direction at the sea ice/sea water interface. The alignments are believed to be the result of geometric selection among the growing crystals, with the most favored orientation being that in which the current flows normal to the (0001) plates of ice that make up the dendritic ice/water interface characteristics of sea ice. It is hypothesized that current flow in this direction reduces the thickness of the solute boundary layer as well as the salinity in the liquid at the interface. This lowered salinity allows crystals in the favored orientation to extend farther into the melt than neighboring crystals with less favored orientations. In addition the current tends to induce a continuous flux of supercooled seawater against the sides of the crystals that extend ahead of the interface.
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    Pages: v, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-13
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Locale and techniques Observations Vertical variations in crystal orientation Regional variations in crystal orientation Summary of observations Causes Initial ice skim Earth’s magnetic field Currents Conclusions and consequences Literature cited
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  • 35
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/2
    In: CRREL Report, 78-2
    Description / Table of Contents: Many of the technical questions relating to iceberg transport are given brief, but quantitative, consideration. These include iceberg genesis and properties, the mechanical stability of icebergs at sea, towing forces and tug characteristics, drag coefficients, ablation rates, and handling and processing the iceberg at both the pick-up site and at the final destination. In particular the paper attempts to make technical information on glaciological and ice engineering aspects of the problem more readily available to the interested planner or engineer. Specific conclusions include: (1) No unprotected iceberg, no matter how long or wide, would be likely to survive the ablation caused by a long trip to low latitudes. (2) Icebergs that have a horizontal dimension exceeding 2 km may well be prone to breakup by long wavelength swells. (3) To avoid the dangers associated with an iceberg capsizing, the width of a 200-m thick iceberg should always be more than 300 m. (4) For towing efficiency the length/width ratio of a towed iceberg should be appreciably greater than unity. (5) For a pilot project, the selected iceberg would have to be quite small, if for no other reason than the practical availability of tug power.
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    Pages: v, 31 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-2
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sources and properties of tabular icebergs Sources Characteristics of ice shelves near the ice front Characteristics of tabular icebergs Towing Geophysical and engineering considerations Tug characteristics Handling and processing Cutting and boring with thermal devices Penetration with electrothermal devices Electrothermal cutting Making vertical cuts by pre-split blasting Primary fragmentation by blasting Primary fragmentation by mechanical sawing Comminuting ice with machines Slurry pipelines Conclusion Literature cited
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  • 36
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/1
    In: CRREL Report, 76-1
    Description / Table of Contents: This report summarizes the advances in understanding of the Arctic which have come about since the inception of the ARPA Arctic Surface Effect Vehicle Program in 1970, primarily as the result of CRREL’s participation. Major efforts to increase knowledge of sea ice, terrestrial, and coastal topographic features are described. Special empha­sis is placed upon the quantitative understanding of pressure ridging. Other areas of major interest are atmospheric characteristics and ecological effects. A list of publications generated is included.
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    Pages: iv, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-1
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sea ice characteristics Ridging intensity Arctic terrain characteristics databank Digital terrain maps Digital laser profiles Standard terrain tapes Mobility analysis Terrestrial and coastal characteristics Northern Alaska Interior Alaska Arctic USSR Northern Canada and Greenland Climatological characteristics General features Surface winds Temperatures Precipitation and visibility Electromagnetic/optical propagation Ecological effects of SEV operations SK-5 tests Simulated SEV tests Conclusions Literature cited Additional CRREL SEV Bibliography
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  • 37
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/3
    In: CRREL Report, 76-3
    Description / Table of Contents: A world-wide review of the literature applicable to the design of harbors and channels in cold regions was conducted. Forces due to ice movement present the dominant factor in the design of marine structures in cold regions. Expressions for calculating the ice force are presented. Other factors relating to design criteria such as construction materials, structure geometry, and methods of ice suppression are discussed.
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    Pages: iii, 32 Seiten
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-3
    Language: English
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  • 38
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/6
    In: CRREL Report, 76-6
    Description / Table of Contents: Water flow through the vein structure of temperate ice is described as Darbian flow in which the pressure gradient is determined from vein size and overburden pressure. A solution method for the resulting equation is given and two special cases are considered. For steady flow the equilibrium vein size is a function of depth and, by neglecting the effects of diffusion, it is shown that flow perturbations introduced at the surface propagate downward at a constant speed.These perturbations propagate so slowly that even annual surface fluctuations of flow may be eliminated by diffusion before reaching the bottom of the glacie
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    Pages: iii, 5 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-6
    Language: English
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  • 39
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/9
    In: CRREL Report, 76-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Access to study areas may be an important factor in long-term field-oriented research, particularly in-regions without well-developed road and communications systems. In a wildland hydrometeorology research project in subarctic Alaska, access to and within a 40-square-mile research watershed has been developed both in accordance with a general plan prepared at project inception and in response to developing research requirements. Foot trails, trails for 'off-road' low-ground-pressure tracked vehicles, helicopter transport, long-term data recorders, and radio telemetry of data have all been incorporated in an access and communications system. Cost estimates indicate that incorporation of gravel roads into the system would be economically advantageous, given adequate funding for initial road construction.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-9
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Conversion factors for U.S. customary and SI units Introduction Access within the Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed Trail access Helicopter access Road access Alternative approaches Long-term recorders Telemetry systems Remote sensing Relative costs A desirable system Selected bibliography
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  • 40
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/16
    In: CRREL Report, 76-16
    In: Mechanics of cutting and boring, (DE-B103)20210225152525
    Description / Table of Contents: This report, which is one of a series on the mechanics of cutting and boring in rock, deals with the kinematics of machines such as rotary drills, augers, tunnel boring machines, corers, and raise borers, in which the rotary cutting unit revolves about an axis that is parallel to the machine's direction of advance. The discussion and analysis cover the geometry and motion of various components of the cutting systems, including such topics as tool trajectories, tool speeds, motions of the more complicated mechanisms, chipping depth, penetration rates, production and clearance of cuttings, tool angles, and spatial distribution of cutters. Worked examples are given to illustrate the application of various equations to practical problems.
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    Pages: ix, 45 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-16
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Foreword Terminology Trajectories of fixed tools Trajectories of roller cutters and indenters Speed of fixed cutting tools Speed of rolling disc cutters Speed and geometry of "wide" roller cutters Skidding rollers "Spiked" rollers Epicyclic or planetary mechanisms Chipping depth and penetration rate Chip production and cutting removal rate Balancing cutting and clearing rates in flight augers Tool relief angles - kinematic considerations Tool rake angles Distribution and spacing of cutting tools Radial tool spacing Angular tool spacing Spacing in the axial direction Literature cited
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  • 41
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/20
    In: CRREL Report, 76-20
    Description / Table of Contents: Under ordinary conditions the freezing of water begins with supercooling and ice nucleation, and proceeds at 0°C at the ice/water interface until ice formation stops. The presence of solutes, high pressure, or dispersal in fine pores causes the water to freeze at temperatures below 0°C (the so-called freezing point depression). Whenever freezing begins, it pro­ceeds at a constant temperature, or at a temperature which becomes progressively lower. A temperature rise during ice formation is considered here to be an anomaly. Under all equal circumstances, the conditions under which an anomal­ous freezing temperature is observable appear to be very special. This report describes two different experiments dis­playing the anomalous rise of temperature after nucleation and during ice formation. In one case the water was dispersed in the fine pores of fine powders; in the other case pure water was frozen in a transparent insulated cell. Photographic observations were made; relations of ice surface to water volume were measured.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-20
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Conversion factors for U.S.customary and SI units Introduction Materials, instruments, measurements Experiments with water freezing in fine pores Freezing experiments with bulk water Summary and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 42
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/12
    In: CRREL Report, 76-12
    Description / Table of Contents: The heat transfer processes associated with melting and refreezing a drill hole 500 m in depth and 0.150 m in initial radius through an ice shelf were approximately analyzed. The results were expressed in graphical form showing the time available for experimentation under the hole as a function of heating duration and heating strength. It was found that the refreezing of the drill hole had a much slower rate than the melting of the hole.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-12
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Nomenclature Introduction Analysis Melting period Freezing period Calculation Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Justification of using eq 8 for the calculation of heat transfer coefficient h
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  • 43
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/13
    In: CRREL Report, 76-13
    Description / Table of Contents: The thermal structure and ice conditions of Lake Champlain, a mid-latitude large lake, near Shelburne Point, Vermont, were studied during the winter of 1974-75. The lake was instrumented to a depth of 8.5 m with a string of highly calibrated thermistors, connected to a data logger on shore which recorded water temperatures every four hours. An ice mooring system was developed to anchor the thermistor string so that ice and water temperatures could be obtained at known levels. This temperature recording system measured vertical and horizontal variations in ice and water temperature regimes during ice formation, growth and decay. Meteorological data were measured during the winter period November 1974 through March 1975 at the site. Ice stratigraphy was determined for the ice at the site at its maximum seasonal growth for comparison with ice from St. Albans Bay (at the northern end of Lake Champlain) which had formed earlier. Correlations were determined between ice growth and accumulated degree days of freezing. The operation of a bubbler system installed near the measurement site around a service dock was observed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-13
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Climate Site selection Instrumentation, measurements and calibration Installation of automatic water temperature recording system Visual observations and ice structure St. Albans Shelburne Analysis Temperature comparison Water temperature measuring system Changes in water temperature Wind Degree-days of freezing Prediction of ice formation Bubbler system Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited
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  • 44
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/17
    In: CRREL Report, 76-17
    In: Mechanics of cutting and boring, (DE-B103)20210225152525
    Description / Table of Contents: This report, which is one of a series on the mechanics of cutting and boring in rock, deals with the kinematics of machines which utilize a continuous belt as the cutting unit (e.g. coal saws, shale saws, digger-chain trenchers). The discussion and analysis cover the geometry and motion of various components of the cutting system, including such topics as chipping depth, production and conveyance of cuttings, tool trajectories, tool speeds, tool angles, and arrangement of cutting tools on the belt. Worked examples are included to illustrate the application of various equations to practical problems
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: viii, 24 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-17
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Foreword Introduction Terminology Chipping depth Production and conveyance of cuttings Tool trajectories Tool speeds Tool relief angles — kinematic considerations Tool rake angles Belt curvature, slackness and flexibility Tool layout Longitudinal tool spacing Transverse tool spacing Cross-section profiles of the kerf Literature cited
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  • 45
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/25
    In: CRREL Report, 78-25
    Description / Table of Contents: The objectives of this investigation were to describe channel characteristics and geographic settings of ice jam sites from aerial photographic interpretation, to indicate which characteristics may be important in causing ice jams, and to suggest additional uses of aerial photographs. Aerial photographs were taken of 19 sites with a Zeiss RMK 15/23 aerial camera on 17, 19, and 21 April 1976. Uncontrolled photomosaics of each site were assembled and major river characteristics were delineated on the photomosaics. Characteristics described include: manmade structures, falls, rapids, changes in channel depths, channel islands, mid-channel shoals or bars, river bed material, river sinuosity, meanders, floodplain width, riparian vegetation, and types of development on the floodplain. River channel widths were measured from the photographs along rivers where ground truth data were available for comparison. Lengths of channel riffles and pools were measured along the rivers where variations in river depths were evident on the photographs. Seventy-nine percent of the sites have some form of flow control structure which causes a pool with a backwater condition of low velocity. The low flow condition in the pool allows a solid ice cover to form which impedes ice movement and initiates ice jams. Aerial photographs provide a regional perspective for evaluating channel characteristics at an ice jam site and for analyzing the geographic setting at each site during ice-free conditions. Photographs taken after ice jams have formed are useful in monitoring ice jam formation, in analyzing ice characteristics, and in documenting ice jam breakup and movement.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 60 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-25
    Language: English
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  • 46
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/18
    In: CRREL Report, 78-18
    Description / Table of Contents: The primary objective of this project was to demonstrate the utility of remote sensing techniques as an operational tool in the acquisition of data required by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, in the Grays Harbor dredging effects project, and related projects. Aerial imagery was used to map surface circulation and suspended sediment patterns near the hopper dredge pump site at the harbor entrance and near pulpmill outfalls in Aberdeen, and to map the areal distribution and extent of intertidal habitats. The surface circulation maps prepared from the aerial photographs and thermal imagery compared favorably with the large-scale circulation patterns observed in the Grays Harbor hydraulic model at the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. Of the imagery provided by NASA, the thermal imagery was more useful than the color or color infrared (CIR) photographs for mapping circula­tion, while the CIR photographs were more useful than the thermal imagery or the color photographs for mapping intertidal habitats. Current velocities estimated from dye dispersion patterns and drifting dye drogues were comparable at some locations to velocities measured by in situ current meters and in the hydraulic model. Based on a cursory evaluation of LANDSAT-1 imagery acquired in January, February, and October 1973, it had limited utility in providing data on surface circulation patterns in Grays Harbor. The areal distribution and extent of nine wetland vegetation types, dune vegetation, and three types of eelgrass were mapped using primarily aerial C IR photographs and ground sur­veys. Color photographs were also used for areas not covered by the C IR photographs. Wetland vegetation types mapped were: low silty marsh, low sandy marsh, sedge marsh, high immature marsh, high mature marsh, salt marsh, diked pasture, freshwater marsh, and wooded swamp. Undiked salt marsh (first five types) covered 5540 acres (22.3 km2) in Grays Harbor.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 85 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-18
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Site description Background and objectives Project history Approach General Aircraft imagery and sensor data LANDSAT imagery Ground truth data Results and discussion Remote sensing techniques Conventional techniques Comparison of results Conclusions Advantages and disadvantages Applications Recommendations Literature cited
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  • 47
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/15
    In: CRREL Report, 78-15
    Description / Table of Contents: This report first discusses the general approach for calculating the horizontal forces an ice cover exerts on a structure. Ice force determination consists of two parts: (1) the analysis of the in-plane forces assuming that the ice cover remains intact and (2) the use of a failure criterion, since an ice force cannot be larger than the force capable of breaking up the ice cover. For an estimate of the largest ice force, an elastic plate analysis and a failure criterion are often sufficient. A review of the literature revealed that, in the majority of the analyses, it is assumed that the failure load is directly related to a 'crushing strength' of the ice cover. However, observations in the field and tests in the laboratory show that in some instances the ice cover fails by buckling. This report reviews the ice force analyses based on the buckling failure mechanism and points out their shortcomings. The report then presents a new method of analysis which is based on the buckling mechanism
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-15
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction and statement of problem Review of relevant analyses and tests Determination of the largest ice force on an isolated structure Preliminary remarks The buckling analysis of a floating wedge Proposed method to determine Literature cited
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  • 48
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/8
    In: CRREL Report, 76-8
    Description / Table of Contents: During the past decade a number of methods for measuring the amount of unfrozen water in partially frozen ground have emerged. Means of quickly and simply predicting unfrozen water contents in clay have become increasingly important with the growth of interest in encapsulating clay soils compacted at low water contents to serve as base courses for roads. Unfortunately the measurements require sophisticated equipment and, in most instances, specially trained operators. In an effort to simplify the task of obtaining water-ice phase composition data, methods of calculating phase composition curves from other, simpler measurements on soils have been sought. The paper presents a method of deriving the measurement of unfrozen water contents at various temperatures from liquid limit determinations.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-8
    Language: English
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  • 49
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/23
    In: CRREL Report, 76-23
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes the study of piles tested in polar snow at Camp Century, Greenland. More than 20 piles of various lengths and sizes were driven, including timber, closed-end and open-end steel pipe piles, and I- and H-piles. The H-piles were instrumented with strain gages. In addition to the driven piles, two purely end-bearing piles were installed in augered holes and five piles were frozen in place using a snow-water slurry. Driving records were obtained and are discussed. Analysis of the driving response of various piles revealed that the Hiley formula, and presumably other similar pile driving formulas, cannot be used to predict the ultimate supporting capacity of piles driven in snow. Factors such as pile inertia, rigidity, size, and tip resistance are discussed in relation to their apparent influence upon pile penetration. Pile load test procedures are described and test results are discussed. It was found that closed-end pipe piles are decidedly inferior to open-end pipe piles in their load-carrying capability and their ultimate supporting capacity. Although pile settlement was found to be dependent upon such variables as pipe load, time, pile shape, and snow temperature, precise effects of these variables were not determined. Nevertheless, the capability of open-end piles to carry quite heavy loads was demonstrated and a procedure is presented for testing these piles in snow.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ix, 132 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-23
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Test site Pile driving equipment Test instrumentation Testing procedures Pile driving data Pile type vs driving resistance Closed-end vs open-end piles Calculated bearing capacity of pile Effect of pile driving on the embedment medium Pile inclination Slurried-in-place piles Pile load test data Strain gage instrumentation and results Pile excavation Discussion and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Theoretical elastic deflection of piles supported by skin friction Appendix B: Trench floor arching study
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  • 50
    Call number: SR 99.0015(335) ; ZSP-292-335
    In: Freiberger Forschungshefte, 335
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 145 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    Series Statement: Freiberger Forschungshefte : C 335 : Geowissenschaften
    Language: German
    Note: Enthält auch: Methode und Anleitung zur weitgehend objektiven Ermittlung der Varietäten humifizierter Xylite unserer Weichbraunkohlen : Vortrag zum Berg- u. Hüttenmännischen Tag 1976 in Freiberg / von Gerhard Roselt
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  • 51
    Call number: Q 2435/37 ; ZSP-319/C-37 ; MOP Per 581(3/37)
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, Heft 37
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 191 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten , 1 Karte
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Series Statement: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 37
    Language: German , English , Russian
    Note: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Berge der Deutsch-Sowjetischen Freundschaft : Antarktika Enderby-Land = Gory Nemecko-Sovetskoj Družby : Antarktika Zemlja Ėnderbi 〈1 : 10 000〉 , Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort Rezjume Abstract Teil I: Allgemeiner Teil 1. Arbeitsprogramm und Arbeitsgebiet (S. MEIER) 1.1. Arbeitsprogramm 1.2. Meßmethoden 1.3. Hauptarbeitsgebiet Hays-Gletscher 1.4. Lokale Eiskappe von Molodežnaja 1.5. Vergleichsobjekt Campbell-Gletscher 2. Expeditionsverlauf (K. DRESZLER) 3. Ausrüstung (K. DRESZLER) 4. Klimatische Bedingungen (K. DRESZLER) Teil II: Meßverfahren und -ergebnisse 1. Geodätische und kartographische Grundlagen 1.1. Festpunkte (R. EGER) 1.2. Kartenunterlagen (K. DRESZLER) 2. Geodätisch-glaziologische Traverse 2.1. Erkundung und Signalisierung (S. MEIER} 2.1.1. Verlauf der Traverse 2.1.2. Erkundung, Punktabstand 2.1.3. Signalisierung 2.2. Lagemessung und trigonometrische Höhenübertragung 2.2.1. Streckenmessung 2.2.2. Winkelmessung 2.2.3. Technologischer Ablauf 2.2.4. Auswertung der Messungsergebnisse 2.3. Astronomische Beobachtungen (R. DIETRICH) 2.4. Deformationsraten (S. MEIER) 2.5. Barometrisches Höhenprofil (R. DIETRICH) 2.5.1. Zielstellung 2.5.2. Das Meßverfahren 2.5.3. Diskussion der Fehlereinflüsse 2.5.3.1. Fehler im angenommenen theoretischen Modell 2.5.3.2. Fehler bei der praktischen Messung 2.5.4. Ergebnisse 2.6. Oberflächenneigungen (S. MEIER) 2.7. Photogrammetrische Geländeaufnahmen (K. DRESZLER) 2.7.1. Zunge des Hays-Gletschers 2.7. 2. Einzugsgebiet des Hays-Gletschers 2.8. Glaziologische Arbeiten (S. MEIER) 2.8.1. Ziel der Feldarbeiten 2.8.2. Pegelablesungen 2.8.3. Überblick über Firnaufgrabungen. Firnschichtung 2.8.4. Dichtemessungen 2.8.5. Firntemperaturmessungen 2.8.6. Akkumulationsraten und -profile 2.8.7. Oberflächenbeobachtungen 3. Bewegungsmessungen am Hays- und Campbell-Gletscher 3.1. Photogrammetrjsche Bewegungsmessungen am Hays- und Campbell-Gletscher (K. DRESZLER) 3.2. Auswertung photogrammetrischer Bewegungsmessungen (S. MEIER) 3.2.1. Auswerteziel 3.2.2. Auswertefolge 3.2.3. Besonderheiten 3.2.4. Ergebnisse 3.2.5. Meßfehler 3.3. Trigonometrische Bewegungsmessungen am Campbell-Gletscher (R. EGER) 4. Eisdickenmessungen und Meereslotungen 4.1. Ergebnisse von Radarsondierungen (Messung V. I. CUDAKOV) G. W. TREPOV, Bearbeitung S. MEIER) 4.2. Ergebnisse von Gravimetermessungen (Messung N.D. TRETJAKOV, Bearbeitung C. OELSRER) 4.3. Drahtlotung Spooner-Bucht (S. MEIER) 5. Sonderarbeiten 5.1. Results of meteorological Observations at Camp Abendberg and during the oversnow traverses (E. KAUP) 5.1.1. Meteorological observations at Camp Abendberg 5.1.2. Meteorological Observations during the oversnow traverses 5.2. Küstennahe Ablation und temperierte Firnschicht (S. MEIER) 5.3. Analyse der Sedimentprobe vom Boden der Spooner-Bucht (J. ELIDBERG, F. FALK) 5.4. Refraktionsbeobachtungen (R. EGER) 5.4.1. Beobachtungsprogramm 5.4.2. Beobachtungsergebnisse 5.5. Untersuchungen zur barometrischen Höhenbestimmung von Einzelpunkten (R. DIETRICH) 5.5.1. Einführung 5.5.2. Beobachtungsverfahren und -geräte 5.5.3. Auswertungsmethode 5.5.4. Ergebnisse 5.5.5. Zusammenfassung und Schlußfolgerungen 5.6. Topographische Aufnahme der Berge der Deutsch-Sowjetischen Freundschaft (K. DRESZLER) 5.6.1. Allgemeine Beschreibung 5.6.2. Topographische Aufnahme 5.6.3. Photogrammetrische Auswertung 5.6.4. Kartographische Arbeiten (H. BRUNNER) 5.6.5. Ergebnis Teil IIIa Glaziologische Ergebnisse der Feldarbeiten (S. MEIER) 1. Topographie und Orographie 1.1. Topographie der Eisoberfläche 1.2. Topographie des Felsuntergrundes. Eisdicken 1.3. Abflußgebiete. Gletschergrenzen 1.4. Frontlagen und -höhen 2. Eisbewegung und Deformation 2.1. Frühere Beobachtungen am Hays- und Campbell-Gletscher 2.2. Geschwindigkeitsfeld Hays-Gletscher 2.3. Querkontraktion und Längsdilatation 2.4. Zeitliche Bewegungsschwankungen 2.5. Bewegung der schwimmenden Zunge und Kalbungsrhythmus 2.6. Geschwindigkeit und Kalbungsrhythmus des Campbell-Gletschers 3. Eigenschaften des Oberflächenfirns 3.1. Temperaturen und Temperaturgradienten 3.2. Dichte, Härte, Schichtung 3.3. Vorherrschende Winde und Schneedrift 4. Komponenten des Massenhaushalts 4.1. Schneeakkumulation 1972 4.2. Schneeablation 1972/73 4.3. Eisausstoß 5. Zusammenfassung und Schlußfolgerungen Literatur Anlagen Kartenbeilage , Zusammenfassung in russischer Sprache , Text teilweise in kyrillischer Schrift , Beiträge teilweise in deutscher, teilweise in englischer Sprache
    Location: Upper compact magazine
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  • 52
    Call number: Q 2435/39 ; ZSP-319/C-39
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, 39
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 180 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Series Statement: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 39
    Language: German , English
    Note: Inhalt Vorwort 1. Beiträge zu den geologisch orientierten Arbeitsgruppen 4, 7, 9 1.1. OLSZAK, G.: Zur strukturellen Umformung der Erdkruste bei der Entwicklung regionaler tektonischer Elemente 1.2. PAECH, H.-J.: Kurzer Tätigkeitsbericht über geologische Arbeiten in der westlichen Antarktis (Shackleton Range) 1.3. JUBITZ, K.-B.: Die Entwicklung des Amadeus-Beckens in Zentralaustralien - Beckendynamik im Bereich alter Tafeln 1.4. TESCHKE, H.-J.: Sarmato-Turan-Lineament 1.5. SCHROEDER, E.: Probleme der Entwicklung und des Baues der Varisziden in Mitteleuropa und im Gebiet der UdSSR 1.6. SOHROEDER, E.: Beiträge zur vergleichenden Analyse tektonischer Strukturen im Variszikum des Südurals und Mitteleuropas 1.7. SCHWAB, G.; BENEK, R.; BRÜCKNER, W.; JUBITZ, K.-B.; LUDWIG, A.; MEIER, R.; NÖLDEKE, W.; STOLL, A.; TESCHKE, H.-J.: Beckendynamik der Norddeutsch-Polnischen Senke - Paläomobilität im Bereich einer jungen Tafel (Fortschrittsbericht) 1.8. JUBITZ, K.-B.; TESCHKE, H.-J.: Das IGCP-Projekt 86 "SW-Rand der Osteuropäischen Tafel" und seine Beziehungen zum Geodynamik-Projekt 1.9. KRAUSS, M.: Ein Beitrag zur paläotektonischen Abgrenzung, Gliederung und Entwicklung des westlichen Teils der Osteuropäischen Plattform während des Paläozoikum (Gebiet Dänemark - Baltikum) 1.10. LÜTZNER, H.: Sedimentation, Vulkanismus und Tektonik der variazischen Innenmolasse im Thüringer Wald - Studien zur Paläomobilität im Übergangsstockwerk zwischen Geosynklinal- und Tafeletappe im Gebiet der DDR 1.11. LÄCHELT, S.: Geologisch-tektonisch-magmatische Entwicklung und metallogenetische Prozesse 1.12. KRAMER, W.: Zu einigen basischen magmatischen Formationen im Gebiet der DDR und deren geotektonischer sowie metallegenetischer Bedeutung 1.13. RÖSLER, H.J.; WERNER, C.-D.: Variazische Initialmagmatite Mitteleuropas 1.14. BENEK, R.: Vulkanit-Formationen als Indikatoren der Krustenfelderung bzw. unterschiedlichen Mobilitätsverhaltens 1.15. BANKWITZ, P.: Überblick über Magmatismus und Metamorphose im Altpaläozoikum Mittel- und Westeuropas 1.16. LÄCHELT, S.: Beziehungen zwischen der Blocktektonik, dem Magmatismus und der endogenen Metallogenie im mitteleuropäischen Raum 1.17. PAECH, H.-J.: Zum Ablauf tektogener Deformationen im mitteleuropäischen Variszikum 1.18. BANKWITZ, P.; BANKWITZ, E.; FRISCHBUTTER, A.: Zur Tektonik des Präkambriums der Elbezone und ihres Rahmens 1.19. BENEK, R.; FRISCHBUTTER, A.; NEUMANN, W.: Methodische Arbeiten im Kristallin des Baikal-Riftes 1.20. NEUMANN, W.: Paläogeographie und Paläotektonik des Nossen-Wilsdruffer Schiefergebirges (Saxothuringikum im Bereich des Zentralsächsischen Lineamentes) 1.21. LUDWIG, A.O.: Paläogeographie und Paläotektonik des Saxen von Mitteleuropa 1.22. MEIER, R.: Halogenese und Beckendynamik 1.23. BANKWITZ, P.; BANKWITZ, E.: Geologische Interpretation rezenter Krustenbewegungen Osteuropas 1.24. LUDWIG, A.O.: Zum gegenwärtigen Stand der Quartärforschung im südlichen Ostseeraum - Paläogeographie, Neotektonik, Aussagen zur Paläotektonik 1.25. ELLENBBRG, J.; FALK, F.; GRUMBT, E.; LÜTZNER, H.: Methodik der Untersuchungen von Molassen 1.26. NEUMANN, W.: Geologisches Modell zur Interpretation des tiefenseismischen NW - SE-Profils zwischen Granulit- und Erzgebirge 2. Beiträge zu der geophysikalisch-geodätisch orientierten Arbeitsgruppe 5 2.1. BÖLSCHE, J.; KRESSER, K.-D.: Erste Ergebnisse reflexionsseismischer Tiefenerkundung auf einem Profil von 30 km Länge im Süden der DDR 2.2. GRÄSSL, S.; HURTIG, E.; GRÜNTHAL, G.: Untersuchungen zum Bau der Erdkruste mit Hilfe seismischer Dreikomponentenregistrierungen 2.3. SCHULZE, A.: Untersuchungen zur Auflösung von Interferenzstrukturen seismischer Wellen mit Hilfe von Polarisationsfiltern 2.4. GROSSER, H.: Einfluß der Geometrie seismischer Punktwellen auf den Spektralinhalt des Wellenfeldes 2.5. STILLER, H.; WAGNER, F.C.; VOLLSTÄDT, H.: Die Geschwindigkeiten elastischer Wellen im klüftigen Gestein und in Erdbebengebieten 2.6. GRÜNTHAL, G.; HURTIG, E.: Zur .makroseismischen Auswertung des Friaul-Erdbebens vom 6. Mai 1976 auf dem Territorium der DDR 2.7. NEUNHÖFER, H.: Observation of microearthquakes in the Vogtland region since 1962 2.8. MAAZ, R.: Zur Statistik von Erdbeben 2.9. ELSTNER, CL.; HARNISCH, G.; ALTMANN, W.: Präzisionsgravimetrische Messungen auf der W - E-Linie der DDR 1970-76 2.10. FISCHER, H.; NEUBERT, R.: Instrumentelle Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Laser-Satellitenentfernungsmessung 2.11. MONTAG, H.; GENDT, G.: Zur Untersuchung geodynamischer Parameter mit Hilfe von Satellitenbeobachtungen 2.12. JOCHMANN, H.: Betrachtungen zur Variation einiger Parameter der Polbewegung 2.13. HÖPFNER, J.: Untersuchungen von Amplituden- und Phasenänderungen der CHANDLER-, Jahres- und Halbjahreswelle 2.14. ARNOLD, K.: Einige Betrachtungen zum Auftreten und zur Bedeutung von Lateralinhomogenitäten der Dichte im Erdinneren 2.15. WALZER, U.: Report on mantle convection 2.16. SEIPOLD, U.: Messungen der thermischen Eigenschaften von Gesteinen unter extremen Bedingungen 2.17. ULLMANN, W.: Thermische Zustandsgleichung und GRÜNEISEN-Parameter zur Erforschung des tiefen Erdinneren 2.18. DITTFELD, H.-J.: Experimentelle Aussagen zum dynamischen Effekt des flüssigen Erdkerns 2.19. KOWALLE, G.: Untersuchung zur Dämpfung seismischer Wellen im Erdkern 2.20. DONNER, F. ; GÖTHE, W.; KNOTHE, C.; OELSNER, C.; PORSTENDORFER, G.:Beiträge der Tiefenelektromagnetik, Tiefenseismik und Geothermie zum Geodynamik-Projekt 2.21. HURTIG, E.; STROMEYER, D.: Temperatur-Tiefenverteilung und Viskosität im oberen Erdmantel unter Europa 2.22. OELSNER, C.: Eine Wärmestromanomalie im Gebiet von Freiberg (Sachsen) (in memorian Ferdinand Reich) 2.23. STROMEYER, D.: Studien zur Inversion geothermischer Daten 2.24. MAYER, P.: Einige Ergebnisse magnetisoher Messungen· im Nordatlantik 2.25. MENNING, M.: Tektonische Untersuchungen mit Hilfe der paläomagnetischen Bearbeitung von Bohrkernen 2.26. ROTHER, K.; WIEGANK, F.: Zur Interpretation paläomagnetischer Daten von Europa 2.27. MUNDT, W.: Zum Nachweis lokaler Säkularvariationsanomalien im Gebiet der DDR 2.28. MUNDT, W.; PORSTENDORFER, G.: Mögliche Zusammenhänge zwischen einer elektrischen Leitfähigkeitsanomalie im Erdmantel und anomalen magnetischen Säkularvariationen in Mitteleuropa 2.29. RITTER, E.: Zum Problem geoelektrischer Leitfähigkeitsanomalien und Tiefenbau von Kruste und oberem Mantel 2.30. HARWARDT, H.: Aufbau einer Strainmeteranlage in der Untertagestation Tiefenort 2.31. HARNISCH, G.: Zur Autokorrelationsfunktion der rezenten vertikalen Krustenbewegungen 2.32. THURM, H.; BANKWITZ, P.; HARNISCH, G.: Rezente horizontale Deformationen der Erdkruste im Südostteil der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik 2.33. KAUTZLEBEN, H.: Zur geophysikalischen Interpretation der planetaren Dynamik der Erde 3. Ergänzende Literatur 3.1. Untersuchung zur Geologie und Geophysik von Meeresböden (WG 4) 3.2. Rezente Erdkrustenbewegungen (WG 5) 3.3. Beziehungen zwischen Metamorphose und Tektonik (WG 9) 4. Autorenverzeichnis , Beiträge teilweise in deutscher, teilweise in englischer Sprache
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  • 53
    Call number: Q 2435/41 ; MOP Per 581(3/41) ; ZSP-319/C-41
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, Heft 41
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 248 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Series Statement: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 41
    Language: German , Russian
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorbemerkung Teilnehmerverzeichnis Vorträge 0. Meteorologische Einflüsse auf geodätische Messungen / Bahnert, G. 1.1 Terrestrische Refraktion und vertikale Temperaturverteilung über dem Inlandeis Antarktikas / Helbig, A. 1.2. Refraktionsschwankung und Turbulenz / Meier, S. 1.3. Opyt opredelenija pulsacii pokazatelja prelomlenija, c usredneniem izmerenij vo vremeni / Tikasz, E. 1.4. Fisičeskie osnovy slučajnych izmenenij uglov optičeskoj refrakcii v zemnoj atmosfere / Alekaeev, A. u.a. 1.5. Issledovanie refrakcii optičeskich voln v prizemnom sloe atmosfery / Alekseev, A. u.a. 2.1. Der Refraktionseinfluß auf Visuren bis 250 m Länge / Bahnert, G. 2.2. Trigonometrisches Nivellement im Testnetz der TH Praha / Hauf, M. 2.3. Bestimmung der Refraktion bei dem trigonometrischen Nivellement / Blazek, R. 2.4. Refraktionseinfluß auf trigonometrische Nivellements hoher Präzision / Milev, G. 2.5. Bestimmung der Refraktion bei der dreidimensionalen Triangulation insbesondere im Gebirge / Hradilek, L. 2.6. Neuere Untersuchungen in Refraktionsforschungen in Ungarn / Horvath, K. 2.7. Geodeziko-meteorologičeskij metod opredelenija bokovoj refrakcii / Djankov, I. 2.8. Issledovanija vlijanija fluktuacij sobstvennogo izlučenija lazerov i atmosfery na točnost' dispersionnogo metoda izmerenija refrakcii / Suškov, A. 2.9. Issledovanie vozmožnosti ispolzovanija predvestnika dlja oslablenija vlijanija atmosfery na geodezičeskie izmerenija / Galkin, J., Genike, A. 2.10. Brechungsindexschwankungen und die Interferenzerscheinung im Väisälä-Interferometer / Rauhut, J. 2.11. Zur Brechungsindexbestimmung mittels selbstregistrierender Luftrefraktometer auf der Standardbasis Potsdam / Kühne, K. 2.12. Erfassung des Refraktionseinflusses bei geodätischen Interferenzlängenmessungen mittels der Luftdispersion / Schüler, R. 3.1. Theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Ermittlung des vertikalen Tagesganges der bodennahen Refraktion zur Ableitung von Einsatzkriterien für Laserleitstrahlsysteme / Hübner, E. 3.2. Erfahrungen über die erreichbare Fluchtungsgenauigkeit mit Lasergeräten im Gelände / Freitag, P., Zschiesche, K. 3.3. Studium der Vibration und der Refraktion durch den Laser / Tlusty, J. 3.4. Beitrag zum Einfluß des systematischen Anteils der Luftturbulenz auf die Richtungsstabilität eines He-Ne-Laserstrahles in Erdbodennähe / Hübner, E. Empfehlungen , Beiträge zum Teil in deutscher, zum Teil in russischer Sprache , Text zum Teil in kyrillischer Schrift
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  • 54
    Series available for loan
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    Leipzig : Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Zentralinstitut für Isotopen- und Strahlenforschung
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-980-95
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen, Nr. 95
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: VI, 150 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: ZfI-Mitteilungen 95
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Einleitung. - 1.1. Ausgangssituation. - 1.2. Bestrahlungsanlagen als Basis strahlenchemischer Untersuchungen und Verfahren. - 1.3. Anforderungen der Praxis an ein Programmsystem zur Berechnung von Strahlenfeldern in γ-Bestrahlungsanlagen. - 2. Ableitung des Grundmodells. - 2.1. Ausgangspunkt. - 2.1.1. Punktförmige Strahlenquelle. - 2.1.2. Linienförmige Strahlenquelle. - 2.1.3. Anordnung mehrerer Strahlenquellen. - 2.2. Zugrundegelegte Struktur von Bestrahlungsanlage und Strahlenfeld. - 2.3. Geometrische Zusammenhänge. - 2.4. Berechnung der Bestrahlungsdosisleistung in einem Feldpunkt. - 3. Das Programm DOSKMF2. - 3.1. Übersicht. - 3.2. Eingabe. - 3.3. Aktivitätskorrektur. - 3.4. Auswahl der Feldpunkte. - 3.4.1. Zylinderkoordinaten. - 3.4.2. Quaderkoordinaten. - 3.4.3. Auswahl von Einzelpunkten. - 3.4.4. Variation der Rohrpositionen 3.5. Zyklusgestaltung, statistische Maßzahlen und Aufbereitung für graphische Ausgabe. - 3.5.1. Zylinderkoordinaten. - 3.5.2 Quaderkoordinaten. - 3.6. Programmtechnische Lösung. - 3.6.1. Struktur des Programms. - 3.6.2. Aufruf. - 3.6.3. Einschränkungen und programmtechnische Hinweise. - 3.7. Ein Demonstrationsbeispiel. - 3.7.1. Aufgabenstellung. - 3.7.2. Festlegung der Parameter. - 3.7.3. Resultate. - 4. Nutzung der graphischen Ausgabe. - 4.1. Ausgangspunkt und Voraussetzungen. - 4.2. Das Programm ISORADL. - 4.2.1. Übersicht. - 4.2.2. Die Programme ISOQ, ISOA. - 4.2.3. Problemlösung. - 4.2.4. Programmtechnische Lösung. - 4.2.5. Demonstrationsbeispiel. - 5. Einsatzmöglichkeiten des Programmpaketes. - 5.1. Übersicht. - 5.2. Prüfen von Voraussetzungen. - 5.3. Wechselwirkung Programmpaket-Realität. - 6. Berechnung und Modifikation von Strahlenfeldern bestehender Gammabestrahlungsanlagen. - 6.1. Technische Voraussetzungen. - 6.2. Prüfen der Anwendungsbedingungen für den Programmeinsatz. - 6.3. Durchgeführte Berechnungen. - 6.3.1. Aufklärung der Struktur des vorliegenden Strahlenfeldes. - 6.3.2. Darstellung typischer Bestrahlungskonfigurationen. - 6.3.2.1. Bestrahlung im Käfig. - 6.3.2.2. Bestrahlung flächenartiger Objekte. - 6.4. Berechnungen für eine neue Strahlenquellenkonfiguration. - 6.5. Schlußfolgerungen. - 7. Einsatz des Programmpaketes als Projektierungshilfsmittel. - 7.1. Nutzung für die Pilotanlage des PCK Bitterfeld. - 7.1.1. Vorbemerkungen. - 7.1.2. Berechnungen für Modellreaktoren. - 7.1.3. Auslegung eines Reaktors für die Pilotanlage. - 7.1.4. Kontrollrechnungen zur Dosimetrie des gefertigten Reaktors. - 7.2. Nutzung für eine industrielle Anlage des VEB PROWIKO Schönebeck. - 7.2.1. Vorbemerkungen. - 7.2.2. Entwurf eines Modellreaktors. - 7.2.3. Schlußfolgerungen für den Entwurf einer industriellen Anlage. - 8. Einige Gedanken zur Wechselwirkung Strahlenfeldberechnung - Dosimetrie am Beispiel zweier umschlossener γ-Bestrahlungsanlagen. - 8.1. Vorbemerkungen. - 8.2. Beschreibung der für den Vergleich wesentlichen Anlagenparameter. - 8.3. Durchgeführte dosimetrische Messungen. - 8.4. Durchgeführte Strahlenfeldberechnungen. - 8.5. Diskussion der Ergebnisse. - 9. Erweiterte Nutzungsmöglichkeiten und Ausblick. - 10. Zusammenfassung. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Verzeichnis der Abbildungen. - Verzeichnis der Tabellen.
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  • 55
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/13
    In: CRREL Report, 83-13
    Description / Table of Contents: A review on past experimental and theoretical work indicates a need for additional experimentation to characterize the response of snow to inelastic pressure waves. Pressure data from previously conducted explosion tests are analyzed to estimate the elastic limit of snow of 400 -kg/cu m density to be about 36 kPa. This pressure corresponds to a scaled distance of 1.6 m/cu.rt.kg for charges fired beneath the surface of the snow, and to a scaled distance of 1.2 m/cu.rt.kg for charges fired in the air. The effects of a snow cover on the method of clearing a minefield by using an explosive charge fired in the air above the snow surface are also discussed and recommendations are given for further work in this area. Explosive pressure data are used to estimate the maximum effective scaled radius for detonating buried mines at shallow depth to be 0.8 m/cu.rt.kg. Fuel-air explosive will increase this effective radius significantly because of the increase in the size of the source region.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 33 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-13
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Objectives Background Problems in describing the response of snow to an applied stress Methods of determining the dynamic behavior of materials Review of previous studies on snow Experimental measurements on snow Summary of snow experiments Theoretical studies Confirmation of the theory Discussion Applications Recommendations Summary Literature cited Appendix A. Selected data from Wisotski and Snyder (1966) Appendix B. Pressure data from Livingston (1964)
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  • 56
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/14
    In: CRREL Report, 83-14
    Description / Table of Contents: An analysis of ice fracture that incorporates dislocation mechanics and linear elastic fracture mechanics is discussed. The derived relationships predict a brittle to ductile transition in polycrystalline ice under tension with a Hall-Petch type dependence of brittle fracture strength on grain size. A uniaxial tensile testing technique, including specimen preparation and loading system design was developed and employed to verify the model. The tensile strength of ice in purely brittle fracture was found to vary with the square root of the reciprocal of grain size, supporting the relationship that the theory suggests. The inherent strength of the ice lattice and the Hall-Petch slope are evaluated and findings discussed in relation to previous results. Monitoring of acoustic emissions was incorporated in the tests, providing insights into the process of microfracture during ice deformation.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-14
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Development of testing technique Test specimens Tensile testing Compression testing Experimental results Tensile tests Compression tests Discussion Conclusions Suggestions for further work Literature cited Appendix A: Additional information on seed grains Appendix B: Thin-sectioning procedure Appendix C: Displacement transducer calibration
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  • 57
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/16
    In: CRREL Report, 83-16
    Description / Table of Contents: The presence of snow on the ground can impose limitations on the mobility of wheeled and tracked vehicles. Snow depth and density are the two most easily measured snow properties that can be related to mobility over snow. Existing models of snowpack accumulation and ablation processes and models of internal snowpack structure were examined to determine if a model of the snowpack can be developed for use in predicting the snow parameters that affect mobility. Simple models, such as temperature index models, do not provide sufficient snowpack details, and the more detailed models require too many measured inputs. Components of the various models were selected from a basis of a snowpack model for predicting snow properties related to mobility over snow. Methods of obtaining the input data from some components are suggested, and areas where more development is needed are described.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 34 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-16
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion of metric units Introduction Review of existing models Accumulation models Ablation models Using existing models for studying mobility Proposed snowpack model for mobility studies Model components Implementation of the model Developing input data Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 58
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/4
    In: CRREL Report, 83-4
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurements and analysis of seasonal ice growth and decay on Post Pond, New Hampshire, for the period 1973-1982 are presented. Observations included ice thickness measurements, examination of the various ice types contributing to the ice cover, and measurements of meteorological parameters for correlation with and modeling of the ice growth process. The overall nature of ice growth and decay (ice loss) on the Post Pond has been ascertained, the seasonal variability in the timing of freeze-up and ice-out and the duration of the ice cover have been determined, and the relationship of ice growth to freezing-degree-day (deg C) records evaluated on the basis of a Stefan conduction equation modified to deal with ice sheets covered with or free of snow. Ice growth occurs predominantly by the direct freezing of lake water, but snow ice may compose as much as 50% of the ice cover in winters with higher than average snowfall. Freeze-up leading to the establishment of a stable ice cover occurs during the 4-week period from the end of November to the end of December. Maximum seasonal ice thicknesses were from 45 to 67 cm and are generally attained during the first two weeks of March; ice-out, marking the final disappearance of ice from Post Pond, usually occurs by the third week of April. The overall rate of the ice loss is three to four times that of ice growth, and is dominated initially by melting from the top. As much as 50% of the ice may be lost in this way before the onset of any bottom melting. Final dissipation of the ice cover is usually expedited by candling resulting from preferential melting and disintegration of the ice at crystal boundaries.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 30 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-4
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Location of study Study methods Ice thickness Ice-cover composition Surface air temperatures Freeze-up and ice-out characteristics Results and discussion Ice-growth record Freezing-degree-day records Ice-growth predictions Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice-growth records Appendix B: Measured and computed ice-growth curves
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  • 59
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/1
    In: CRREL Report, 83-1
    Description / Table of Contents: Roof snow load case studies gathered throughout the United States over a three-year period are analyzed. The objective of the analysis is to determine a relationship between the snow load on the ground and the corresponding uniform snow load on flat and sloped roofs. The main parameters considered are the thermal characteristics of the roof, the roof slope and the exposure of the structure. Exposure has the strongest effect on the ratio of ground to roof snow loads. Comparisons are made with existing and proposed building codes and standards.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 47 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-1
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Data base Conversion factor Ground load effects Exposure effects Thermal effects Slope effects Expected value relationship Comparison with existing codes and standards Comparison with relationships proposed in new ANSI standard Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Roof snow load case history reports Appendix B. Roofs in the snow load case study data base Appendix C. Ground and roof snow load data Appendix D. Conversion factors from the 1982 ANSI standard
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  • 60
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-84/24
    In: CRREL Report, 84-24
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes the growth characteristics and crystalline textures of urea ice sheets which are now used extensively in the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab. (CRREL) test basin for modeling sea ice. The aims of the report are to describe the different kinds of crystalline texture encountered in urea ice sheets and to show that even small variations in texture can drastically influence the mechanical behavior of urea ice sheets. Standard petrographic techniques for studying microstructure in thin sections were used on 24 urea ice sheets. These investigations entailed observations of the crystalline texture of the ice (including details of the subgrain structure), grain size measurements, and studies of the nature and extent of urea entrapment and drainage patterns in the ice. Increased knowledge of the factors controlling the crystalline characteristics of urea ice sheets has progressed to the point where test basin researchers at CRREL are now able to fabricate ice sheets with prescribed structures leading to predictable mechanical properties. Originators supplied keywords include: Sea ice, and Mechanical properties.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-24
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Analytical techniques Procedures for growing urea ice sheets Analysis of the crystalline structure of urea ice Characteristics of urea ice Results and discussion Ice sheet no. 1 Ice sheet no. 2 Ice sheet no. 3 Ice sheet no. 4 Ice sheet no. 5 Ice sheet no. 6 Ice sheet no. 7 Ice sheet no. 8 Ice sheet no. 9 Ice sheet no. 10 Ice sheet no. 11 Ice sheet no. 12 Ice sheet no. 13 Ice sheet no. 14 Ice sheet no. 15 Ice sheet no. 16 Ice sheet no. 17 Ice sheet no. 18 Ice sheet no. 19 Ice sheet no. 20 Ice sheet no. 21 Ice sheet no. 22 Ice sheet no. 23 Ice sheet no. 24 Urea concentrations in test tank solution and ice Discussion and conclusions E/σf ratio Thickness of incubation layer Crystal properties Literature cited Appendix A: Thin sections of urea ice sheets
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  • 61
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-84/19
    In: CRREL Report, 84-19
    Description / Table of Contents: In this study a method for making long-range forecasts of freeze-up dates in rivers is developed. The method requires the initial water temperature at an upstream station, the long-range air temperature forecast, the predicted mean flow velocity in the river reach, and water temperature response parameters. The water temperature response parameters can be either estimated from the surface heat exchange coefficient and the average flow depth or determined empirically from recorded air and water temperature data. The method is applied to the St. Lawrence River between Kingston, Ontario, and Massena, New York, and is shown to be capable of accurately forecasting freeze-up. Originator-supplied keywords include: Ice formation, and River ice.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-19
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Problem formulation Analytical treatment Application to the upper St. Lawrence River Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Basic program for St. Lawrence River freeze-up forecast
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  • 62
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-84/17
    In: CRREL Report, 84-17
    Description / Table of Contents: VHF-band radiowave short pulses were transmitted within the permafrost tunnel at Fox, Alaska, over distances between 2.2 and 10.5 m. The propagation medium was a frozen silt containing both disseminated and massive ice with temperatures varying from -7°C near the transmitter to probably -2 C near the center of the tunnel overburden. The short pulses underwent practically no dispersion in the coldest zones but did disperse and refract through the warmer overburden, as suggested by calculations of the effective dielectric constant. Most significantly the measured frequency content decreased as the effective dielectric constant increased. The results indicate that deep, cross-borehole pulse transmissions over distances greater than 10 m might be possible, especially when the ground is no warmer than -4°C. The information thus pined could be used for identifying major subsurface variations, including ground ice features.
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    Pages: ii, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-17
    Language: English
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  • 63
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/7
    In: CRREL Report, 83-7
    Description / Table of Contents: Peak power generation with hydropower creates tailwater flow conditions characterized by high and low flows with abrupt transitions between these states. Flows occurring in tailwaters typically form sharp-fronted, large-amplitude waves of relatively short period. An understanding of the mechanics of downstream propagation of these waves is important both for direct application in studies of the tailwater and because of the similarity of these waves to those following a dam break. An analysis of the dynamic equations of open channel flow is used to quantify the relative importance of flow wave convection, diffusion and dispersion in rivers. The relative importance of each process is re­lated to the relative magnitude of terms in the dynamic equations, providing a physical basis for model formulation. A one-dimensional diffusion wave flow routing model, modified for tailwaters, simulates the important physical pro­cesses affecting the flow and is straightforward to apply. The model is based upon a numerical solution of the kine­matic wave equation. The “modified equation,” Hirt, and von Neumann analyses are used to gain insight into the stability and dissipative and dispersive behavior of the numerical solution, and results of these analyses are compared. A set of linear routings is used to demonstrate the dissipative and dispersive behavior predicted by the analyses and to verify the accuracy of an expression that quantifies the numerical diffusion of the model. The analyses provide a basis for selection of numerical parameters for model applications. The capability and accuracy of the model are enhanced when physical wave diffusion is balanced by numerical diffusion in the model. Maintaining the diffusion balance re­quires that the time derivative weighting parameter 0 be variable and in some instances negative. Though some amount of phase error is introduced, negative 0 values have no adverse effect upon model stability. Field studies were con­ducted to demonstrate the benefits of careful model development and analysis, and to verify the diffusion wave model for rapidly varying tailwater flow. The bed slope and roughness characteristics of the field study reaches (below Apalachia and Norris Dams) differ greatly, spanning those of a large number of rivers of practical interest. The accurate simulation of flow in both of these tailwaters attests to the soundness of both the physical basis of the model and the numerical solution technique. The field studies confirm, for the extreme case of rapidly varying flow in a mildly sloped river, that inertia has a negligible effect upon unsteady flow waves at low Froude numbers. Additionally, these studies verify that diffusion of short-period waves in rivers is generally significant.
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    Pages: vi, 41 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-7
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Physical diffusion and dispersion in open channel flow Modeling approach Description of the diffusion wave flow routing model Analysis of the numerical model Modified equation and Hirt analyses of diffusion wave model von Neumann analysis of the diffusion wave model Linear case studies Accuracy considerations of the numerical solution Field studies Apalachia Dam tailwater Norris Dam tailwater Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 64
    Call number: ZSP-980-70
    In: 2nd Working Meeting "Radioisotope Application and Radiation Processing in Industry", Part 2, 50 to 97
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen, Nr. 70
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 355 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0323-8776
    Series Statement: ZfI-Mitteilungen 70
    Language: English
    Note: Contents of Part 2 Hecht, K. Gerber, R. Otto: Studies on the drying of paints by means of 14C-labelled compounds K. Wagner, F. Brutschin, I. Ritter, T. Gritsch, H. Zimmermann, H. Borchert: Investigations by the aid of radioisotope methods on the technology of the production of carbon and silicon carbide materials K. Gloe, P. Mühl: Determination of metal extraction process parameters using tracer technique W. Migdał, W. Łada, K. Malec-Czechowska: Studies on liquid-liquid extraction of noble metals using radiotracers L. Petryka, K. Przewłocki: Radiotracer investigations of benefication copper ore in the industrial flotation process Z. Bazaniak, J. Palige: Determination of Cu recovery degree from slags in shaft process by means of radiotracers R. Burek, J .K. Zurawicz: On the optimization of concentration measurements in heterogeneous materials based on β-backscatter measurements B. Heinrich: Analysis of carbon content in crude brown coal by inelastic scattering of neutrons and the method of time correlated associated particles P. Urbańaki, D. Wagner, M. Jankowska, E. Kowalska: Determination of calcium and iron and measurements of ash content in the brown coal H.-W. Thümmel: Some considerations relating to the prediction of the efficiency of radiometric methods for the continuous ash content determination of coal L. Wawrzonek: Monitor of ash content of coal with X-ray source I. Pavlicsek, V. Stenger, A. Veres: Apparatus for gamma activation analysis I. Végvári, I. Juhász: Determination of PbO content of lead-glass samples on the ground of gamma-absorption E. Schöntube, H.-J. Große: Aerosol ionization gas analysis as a monitoring for waste halothane in the atmosphere of operating theatre S. Mothes, P. Popp, G. Oppermann, W.-D. Herberg: Measurement of fluorocarbons with the ECD P. Popp, E. Schöntube, G. Oppermann: The usability of radiation ionization detectors for the determination of N2O concentrations in the air of operating theatres P. Popp, G. Arnold, G. Oppermann: A hydrocarbon-sensitized argon ionization detector for the detection of inorganic compounds R. Szepke, W. Lisieski, J. Harasimczuk: Automatic dust monitor AMIZ G. Vormum: Sealed sources - problems of design, measurement and quality control L. Gąsiorowski: New trends in developments of ratioisotope gauges in Poland G. Brunner: Direct chemical information from special radio tracers as well as from outer X-ray excitation J. Hirling: Experience and future trend in industrial application of nuclear methods in Hungary I. N. Ivanov, O. K. Nikolaenko, Yu. V. Phecktistov, V. L. Chulkin: Use of short-lived nuclides in activation analysis Kl.-P. Rudolph, J. Flachowsky, A. Lange: Trace element determination in semiconducter selenium by neutron activation analysis (NAA) W. Lisieski, J. Mirowicz: Some industrial applications of instruments with neutron sources R. Dybczyński, H. Maleszewaka, S. Sterliński, Z. Szopa, M. Wasek: Some problems in neutron activation determination of gold and silver in ores and concentrates of copper industry L. Jankowski: Cost-benefit aspects of radioisotope application in industry B. Manouchev, T. Boschkova, L. Tsankov, V. Gurev, I. Kojucharov, G. Grozev: On the possibilities of the direct gamma-spectremetry in natural waters P. Morgenstern, D. Müller, W. Riedel: A parallel grid proportional scintillation counter for the X-ray region from 3 to 20 keV with regard to high count rates N. A. Anders, V. S. Isaev, V. I. Filatov, B. E. Kolesnikov, D. Müller, P. Morgenstern, W. Riedel, V. P. Varvaritsa: X-ray fluroescence analyzer of light elements with proportional scintillation counter D. Müller, P. Morgenstern, W. Riedel, W. Warwariza, B. E. Kolesnikow, N. A. Anders, W. J. Filatov: General considerations concerning the use of the X-ray analyzer "RALE" in industry
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  • 65
    Call number: ZSP-980-71
    In: 2nd Working Meeting "Radioisotope Application and Radiation Processing in Industry", Part 3, 98 to 155
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen, Nr. 71
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 368 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0323-8776
    Series Statement: ZfI-Mitteilungen 71
    Language: English
    Note: Contents of Part 3 P. Popp, J. Leonhardt: Characterization of coulometric and hypercoulometric ECD mode of operation D. Hinneburg, H.-J. Grosse, J. Leonhardt, P. Popp: Calculation of current-voltage characteristics of electron-capture detectors A.G. Rozno, V.V. Gromov: Study of volume electric charge in radioactive dielectrics by the method of "acoustic sounding" Iv. N. Pandev, M.G. Christova, St.D. Stefanov, N.V. Gentchev, St.T. Bakardjiev, D.T. Genov, Ch.D. Christov: Portable gamma-irradiator - modified model P. Hargittai, V. Stenger: Planning of dose-rate distribution of radiation fields by computer M. Remer: DOSKMF2 - A contribution to the computer-aided design of dose rate distributions A. Heger, H. Dorschner, W. Schumann, D. Pleul: Characterization of the radiation field and control of the optimal electron beam accelerator operation for industrial processes V. Prenerov, K. Shivarov, P. Ivanov: Programme for radiation protection by using portable defectoscopes in industrial building T. Geßner, K. Irmer: Nuclear radiation detectors using high resistivity neutron transmutation doped silicon H.-G. Könnecke, D. Luther: The influence of airing systems on the residence time in biological clarification plants J. Dermietzel, C. Wienhold, H. Grundmann, A. Staschok, J. Koch, E. Bordes: Tracer studies on carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide formation in liquid phase oxidation of p-xylene W. Smułek: Use of technical mixtures of carboxylic acids to the extraction of silver H. Förster: Determination of oxide film thickness on aluminium using 14-MeV neutron activation and BET method H. Jaskólska, L. Waliś, C. Janusz: Investigations of the monocrystallization process of neodymium doped YAG using radiotracers H. Wagler: Substoichiometric determination of Pd-II-traces with dithizone and problems of determination P. Tábor, L. Molnár, D. Nagymihá!yi: Radioisotope gauge for automatic control of cottonwool package H.-W. Thummel, G. Körner, D. Fritzsche: Compensation for thickness variations in determining the bulk material composition on conveyor belts using combined scatter-transmission and thickness measuring methods D. Fritzsche, W. Dolak: Radiometric determination of ash content of raw lignites M. Braune: A simplified mathematical model for scattered transmission of X-rays in raw brown coal P. S. Kamenov, E. I. Vapirev, S. I. Ormandjiev: A new type of nuclear weighing device for transporter belts W. Smulek, M. Borkowski: Separation of reduced molybdenum from fission products. The Mo - HN03 - HDEHP system J. Komosiński, M. Radwan: Selected problems of radioisotope technique for wear investigation of precise elements Dr. A. Várkonyi: The thin layer activation for industry G. Hartmann, P. Kulicke: Wear testing in power stations J. Kraś, Z. Banasik: The radioisotopes in wear investigation of combustion engines H.-D. Grohmann: Short-time measurements of wear on surface activated rails G.M. Ter-Akopian, E.A. Sokol, Fam Ngok Chyong, M.P. Ivanov, L.P. Chelnokov, V.I. Smirnov, V.A. Gorshkov: Neutron multiplicity detector for the study of rare nuclear decay events L. Gąsiorowski, P. Mroziński, K. Sobkowicz, F. Zrudelny: Implementation of Intel 8080 - based microcomputer system in the radioisotope measurements control instrumentation W. Birkholz, M. Steinert: Evaluation of autoradiograms using a microcomputer F. Myšák, M. Krejči, J. Hakl, E. Smrkovský: Study of boron diffusion in high temperature Ni-base alloys by means of solid state track detectors W. Birkholz, H.-Ch. Treutler, K. Freyer, M. Geisler, J. Dubnack: Autoradiography of gallium in silicon H.C. Treutler, K. Freyer: On quantitative autoradiography of semiconductor basic material A.S. Shtan': Radiation evaluation techniques and facilities used for quality assurance of fuel elements and fuel assemblies for nuclear power plants D. Babić, A. Šafranj, V. Marković: Radiation degradation of poly-propylene-molecular weight and melt viscosity change A. Ciszek: Modern irradiation processes equipment-accelerators and their applications G. Kummer: Identification of signals by means of the decision theory N.S. Batchvarov, I.D. Vankov, L.P. Dimitrov, Ch.D. Shukov, P.A. Pavlov: Betareflektometer SR-77
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  • 66
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/26
    In: CRREL Report, 76-26
    Description / Table of Contents: Debris over a 44-mile stretch of the Chena River was studied. The study area extended from the first bridge on the Chena Hot Springs Road to the Chena River Flood Control damsite. The purpose of the study was to assess the potential danger to the Chena River Flood Control Dam outlet structure. Debris was catalogued, log jams were measured, and sources of debris were studied. The average size of logs was determined, as well as the number of logs present on the river. The authors concluded that a serious debris problem existed and would remain serious for the foreseeable future. Recommendations for debris handling were made.
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    Pages: iv, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-26
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Origin of debris Volume, magnitude Types of debris Hazards of the debris Recommended measures to counteract log jamming Conclusions and recommendations Future work Epilogue Selected bibliography Appendix: Additional photographs of Chena River debris
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  • 67
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/41
    In: CRREL Report, 76-41
    Description / Table of Contents: Eight Geoceiver stations were established and suitably marked along or near the crestiline of the Greenland ice sheet during GISP field operations from 1971 to 1975. At one of these stations, DYE-3, repeated Geoceiver positions indicate an ice velocity of 12.7 m.yr on an azimuth of approximately 60 degrees. Data from the International Greenland Glaciological Expedition (EGIG) surveys show that ice flow in the vicinity of Crete is radiating outward from a dome to the south. Two independent calculations of the state of equilibrium at Crete indicate ice sheet thinning rates of 0.25 to 0.37 m/yr, while direct measurement of elevation change by EGIG indicates an ice sheet thickening rate of difference of 0.06 m/yr. Resolution of these differences must await further geophysical work and deep drilling in the ice sheet.
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    Pages: iii, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-41
    Language: English
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  • 68
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/44
    In: CRREL Report, 76-44
    Description / Table of Contents: The deformation of wet snow is explained in terms of the thermodynamics of the three phases of water. When deformation by particle rearrangement is fully developed, deformation can occur most rapidly by melting at the particle contacts. The rate of deformation is highly sensitive to the liquid water content, ionic impurity content, particle contact area, and stress level. A model of the hydrostatic deformation of wet snow is constructed, and examples of the deformation of wet snow are given for a variety of conditions. These results are in agreement with existing experimental evidence. The model accurately simulates the transient nature of the deformation and the effect of water content on the quasi-stable density of wet snow subjected to a constant stress.
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    Pages: iv, 9 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-44
    Language: English
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  • 69
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/43
    In: CRREL Report, 76-43
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice fog generated at the Eielson AFB power plant cooling pond contributes heavily to the total ice fog problem on the base. Several methods for ice fog suppression were studied and two techniques were tested experimentally. Experiments were also conducted to determine the magnitude of the various modes of heat transfer within the pond's microclimate. Values of evaporative and radiative heat loss during ice fog are presented. Ice cover is shown to be an effective ice fog suppression technique. Monomolecular films are also shown to be effective and offer some unique advantages, such as ease of application and low overall cost. The heat normally lost to evaporation must be dissipated by other means during suppression. With the ice cover technique this is accomplished by melting the ice cover. During suppression with monomolecular films, the heat must be dissipated by increasing radiative and convective losses. The simplicity of application of monomolecular films, along with their lower cost, combine to make this technique attractive; however, the lower pond temperatures and increased suppression effectiveness weigh heavily in favor of the ice-cover technique.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: viii, 86 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-43
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Section I. Ice fog Section II. Evaporation Bowen's equation Evaporation equation Evaporation measurements during ice fog conditions Evaporation measurements at Eielson Power Plant cooling pond Data analysis Section Ill. Radiation during ice fog Brunt's equation Ångström equation Elsasser's equation Cloud cover Reflection Field experimental results Analysis of experimental results Radiation equations for ice fog Transmissivity of ice fog Radiation model Wind effect Summary Section IV. Convection Convective heat transfer theory Rotem and Claassen equation Kay's approach Russian approach Analysis Heat budget at the surface Conclusions Section V. Ice fog suppression techniques Fans Injection wells Latent heat storage Monomolecular films Use of heated water from the cooling pond Section VI. Latent heat storage experiments Freezing rates Cooling pond Ice building Ice growth rate -maximum system limitation Evaporation heat loss -maximum Realistic growth rate Ice building techniques Ice volume measurements Melting experiments Ice fog suppression considerations Experimental results Section VII. Recommendations and conclusions Hexadecanol studies Injection well suppression Latent heat storage suppression Comparison of approaches Measurements of evaporation Measurements of radiation loss Convective heat losses Ice fog suppression Selected bibliography Appendix A. Convective heat transfer coefficient from water to ice and from ice to air
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  • 70
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/46
    In: CRREL Report, 76-46
    Description / Table of Contents: The topological properties of 10 stream networks having moderate to well developed trellis drainage patterns have been compared with those expected in a topologically random population. Magnitude 4 subnetworks show a systematic departure from expectation which can be related to geological controls. A link type classification system was developed and a series of equations describing the probability of occurrence of link types in topologically random populations derived. Analysis of the link structure in the channel networks showed small but persistent deviations from expectation in the well developed trellis pattern streams. The general conclusion is that the topologically random model is a very useful standard with which to compare real channel networks.
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    Pages: vi, 54 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-46
    Language: English
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  • 71
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    Series available for loan
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
    Associated volumes
    Call number: MOP Per 581(3/40) ; ZSP-319/C-40 ; ZSP-319/C-40(2.Ex.)
    In: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde, Heft 40
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 68 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0435-6187
    Series Statement: Geodätische und Geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 3, Physik der festen Erde 40
    Language: German , Russian
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Summary, Rezjume 1. Einleitung 2. Das Bewegungsverhalten von Eismassen, seine Untersuchung und Modellierung 2.1. Zum Modellbegriff 2.2. Typische Eismassen und ihr Bewegungsverhalten 2.2.1. Zur Theorie der Eisbewegung 2.2.2. Gletscher 2.2.3. Schelfeis und Eiskappe 2.3. Die Ermittlung von Eisbewegungen durch geodätische Verfahren 2.3.1. Die Vorplanung der Messungen 2.3.2. Die Durchführung der Messungen 2.3.3. Reduktion der Beobachtungen 2.3.4. Berechnung der Eisbewegungen 2.4. Das trendbehaftete vektorielle Zufallsfeld - Modell zur Beschreibung des Geschwindigkeitsfeldes einer Eismasse - in der Theorie stochastischer Prozesse 2.4.1. Definition des Vektorfeldes 2.4.2. Das Geschwindigkeitsfeld einer Eismasse - trendbehaftetes vektorielles Zufallsfeld 2.4.3. Definition eines vektoriellen Zufallsfeldes 2.4.4. Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichte und Verteilungsfunktion 2.4.5. Die Momente und die Korrelationsfunktionen 2.4.6. Vektorielle Zufallsfelder mit Hormalverteilungsgesetz 2.4.7. Homogene und isotrope vektorielle Zufallsfelder 2.4.8. Das Ergodenproblem 3. Das Konzept der Kollokation und seine Anwendung auf die Bearbeitung von Eisbewegungsmessungen 3.1. Zur Theorie der Kollokation 3.1.1. Das Kollokationsmodell von Moritz [40] 3.1.2. Nichtlineare Prädiktion nach Grafarend [12] 3.1.3. Kollokation von Vektorgrößen 3.2. Analyse und Bearbeitung des Datenmaterials 3.2.1. Die Trendbestimmung 3.2.2. Die Analyse des Zufallsfeldes 3.3. Das Kollokationsmodell bei der Bearbeitung von Eisbewegungsmessungen 3.3.1. Zuordnung und Interpretation der Größen 3.3.2. Zur zeitlichen Variation des Geschwindigkeitsfeldes einer Eismasse 3.3.3. Kollokation mit den ursprünglichen reduzierten Beobachtungen 4. Praktische Untersuchungen 4.1. Geschwindigkeitsquerprofile des Fedtschenko-Gletschers (Pamir) 4.2. Geschwindigkeitslängsprofil des Kongsvegen-Gletschers (Spitzbergen) 4.3. Geschwindigkeitslängsprofil des Hays-Gletschers (Antarktika) 4.4. Geschwindigkeitsquerprofil des Ross-Schelfeises (Antarktika) 4.5. Vergleich mit früheren Untersuchungen zur Abschätzung von Geschwindigkeitskorrelationen natürlicher Eismassen 5. Zusammenfassung 6. Literaturverzeichnis , Zusammenfassung in englischer und russischer Sprache
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  • 72
    Call number: MOP Per 581(1/10) ; ZSP-319/A-10 ; ZSP-319/A-10(2. Ex.)
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1, Heft 10
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 139 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7577
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 1 10
    Language: German
    Note: INHALTSVERZEICHNIS: ZUSAMMENFASSUNG (deutsch, englisch, russisch). - 1. EINLEITUNG. - 1.1 Wissenschaftliche Aufgabenstellung. - 1.2 Meßort und Maßzeitraum. - 1.3 Verwendetes Datenmaterial. - 2. ANALYSE DER HEP-ABREGNUNGSPHASEN IM TAGESGANG. - 2.1 Tagesgänge der HEP-Ionisation in hohen Breiten. - 2.2 Tagesgänge in mittelhohen Breiten und Nachwirkungseffekte. - 3. PARTIKELPAAZIPITATION WÄHREND AUSGEWÄHLTER POLARLICHTERSCHEINUNGEN. - 3.1 Allgemeines. - 3.2 Substorm-Eventuntersuchungen während der 21. SAE. - 3.2.1 Zusammenstellung des Beobachtungsmaterials. - 3.2.2 Polarlicht und auroraler Elektrojet. - 3.2.3 Polarlicht und ionosphärische Absorption. - 3.2.4 Die breitenmäßige Verteilunq der Polarlichtluminosität. - 3.2.5 Beobachtete Intensitätsverhältnisse von Polarlichtemissionen. - 3.3 Substorm-Eventuntersuchungen während der 22. SAE. - 3.3.1 Zusammenstellung des Beobachtungsmaterials. - 3.3.2 Eventbeschreibung. - 3.3.3 Diskussion der Beobachtungsresultate der 22. SAE. - 4. STEUERUNG DER PARTIKELPRÄZIPITATION DURCH DEN SOLAREN WIND UND DAS INTERPLANETARE MAGNETFELD. - 4.1 Physikalische Modellvorstellungen zur Energieübertragung aus dem Sonnenwind in die Erdatmosphäre. - 4.2 Einfluß von IMF-Sektordurchgängen auf das ionosphärische Plasma. - 4.3 Tages- und jahreszeitlicher Einfluß der IMF-Sektorstruktur auf das ionosphärische Plasma. - 4.4 Auswirkungen solarer Plasmaströme auf das ionosphärische Plasma. - 4.5 Vergleich der Energieübertragungsfunktion mit ionosphärischen Meßergebnissen. - 4.6 Zusammenfassung und Diskussion. - 5. EINIGE SPEZIELLE MIT DER PARTIKELEINREGNUNG VERBUNDENE PROBLEME. - 5.1 Exzessive D-Schicht Ionisation mittlerer Breiten in Sturm- und Nachwirkungsphase. - 5.2 Einige statistische Betrachtungen zur Rolle des D-Schicht Plasmas als Tracer für die HEP-Einregnung und NO Akkumulation. - 5.3 Exkursion zum statistischen Zusammenhang von Kp-Indizes und Events in A2-Messungen. - 5.4 Einige Bemerkungen zur Rolle der HEP II-Flüsse bei der Winteranomalie. - 6. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND EINSCHÄTZUNG DER ERGEBNISSE. - ABBILDUNGEN. - FIGURE CAPTIONS. - LITERATURVERZEICHNIS. - Anhang 1: Ionosphärische Absorptionsmessunqen in hohen Breiten (J. BREMER, K. EVERS, D. KEUER, H. RÖSSLER). - Anhang 2: Beobachtung von Polarlichtern mit dem Spektralphotometer (A. GRAFE). , Zusammenfassung in deutscher, englischer und russischer Sprache
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  • 73
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/5
    In: CRREL Report, 83-5
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the results of dynamic ice-structure interaction model tests conducted at the CRREL Ice Engineering Facility. A flexible, single-pile, bottom-founded offshore structure was simulated by a test pile with about a one-to-ten scale ratio. Urea (instead of sodium chloride) was used as dopant to scale down the ice properties, resulting in good model ice properties. Six ice fields were frozen and 18 tests carried out. In all cases distinctive dynamic ice structure interaction vibrations appeared, from which abundant data were collected. In tests with linear ice velocity sweep, sawtooth-shaped ice force fluctuations occurred first. With increasing velocity the natural modes of the test pile were excited, and shifts from one mode to another occurred. The maximum ice force values appeared mostly with low loading rates, but high forces appeared random'y at high ice velocities. As a general trend, ice force maximums, averages and standard deviations decreased with increasing ice velocities. The aspect ratio effect of the ice force in continuous crushing follows the same dependence as in static loadings. The frequency of observed ice forces is strongly dominated by the natural modes of the structure. Dynamically unstable natural modes tend to make the developing ice force frequencies the same as the natural frequencies. Otherwise the resulting frequency depends directly on structural stiffness and ice velocity and inversely on the ice force range. During vibrations the displacement rates of the structure overcome the velocity of ice, making low loading rates and hence high ice forces possible. During crushing, ice induces both positive and negative damping.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 53 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-5
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test arrangements Ice properties Crushing patterns Maximum ice force vs velocity Dynamic aspect ratio effect and crushing strength Measured ice force frequencies Calculated ice force frequencies Accelerations, velocities and displacements Damping Ice-induced negative damping Limit cycles Buckling load Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 74
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/15
    In: CRREL Report, 84-15
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurements of meltwater pH from annual layers of South Pole firn and ice samples ranging in age from 40 to 2000 years B.P. show that precipitation at this remote site has a higher natural acidity than that expected from atmospheric equilibrium with CO2. The average pH of deaerated (CO2-free) samples was 5.64 + or - 0.08, while air-equilibrated samples averaged 5.37 + or - 0.008, a pH that is about a factor of two more acidic than the expected background pH of 5.65. The observed 'excess' acidity can be accounted for by natural SO4(2)- and NO(3)- levels in the samples probably originating from non-anthropogenic H2SO4 and HNO3. Because of the presence of these naturally occurring acids in South Pole precipitation, a pH of 5.4 is considered a more representative baseline reference pH for acid precipitation studies.
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    Pages: ii, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-15
    Language: English
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  • 75
    Call number: ZSP-201-84/16
    In: CRREL Report, 84-16
    Description / Table of Contents: Phase composition curves are presented for a typical saline silt from Lanzhou, P.R.C., and compared to some silts from Alaska. The unfrozen water content of the Chinese silt is much higher than that of the Alaskan silts due to the large amount of soluble salts present in the silts from China, which are not present in silt from interior Alaska. When the salt is removed, the unfrozen water content is then similar for both the Chinese and Alaskan silt. Here we introduce a technique for correcting the unfrozen water content of partially frozen soils due to high salt concentrations. We calculate the equivalent molality of the salts in the unfrozen water at various temperatures from a measurement of the electrical conductivity of the extract from saturated paste.
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    Pages: iii, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-16
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Background Materials Sample preparation Nuclear magnetic resonance Specific surface area Electrical conductivity Results and discussion Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Unfrozen water content vs temperature data for Lanzhou silt
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  • 76
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/18
    In: CRREL Report, 84-18
    Description / Table of Contents: This report investigates the influences of turbulence and water temperature on frazil ice formation. The rate and thequantity of frazil ice formed in a specified volume of supercooled water increase with both increasing turbulence inten-sitv and decreasing water temperature. The influence of turbulence intensity on the rate of frazil ice formation, how-ever. is more pronounced for larger initial supercooling. The turbulence characteristics of a flow affect the rate offrazil ice formation by governing the temperature to which the flow can be supercooled, by influencing heat transferfrom the frazil ice to surrounding water, and by promoting collision nucleation, particle and floc rupture and increasingthe number of nucleation sites. larger frazil ice particles formed in water supercooled to lower temperatures. The par-ticles usually were disks, with diameters several orders greater than their thickness. Particle size generally decreased with increasing turbulence intensity. This report develops an analytical model, in which the rate of frazil ice formation isrelated to temperature rise of a turbulent volume of water from the release of latent heat of fusion of liquid water toice. Experiments conducted in a turbulence jar with a heated, vertically oscillating grid served both to guide and tocalibrate thanalytical'model as well as to afford insights into frazil ice formation. The formation of frazil ice wasstudied for Vemperatures of supercooled water ranging from -0.9° to -0.050°C.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 50 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-18
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Scope of study Literature review Introduction Incipient formation of frazil ice Particle size and evolution of frazil ice Influences of turbulence and water temperature on the rate of frazil ice formation Conclusions Analytical model Introduction Elements of heat transfer Elements of turbulence Experimentation Experimental apparatus Experimental procedure Results Introduction Nucleation of frazil ice Influences of turbulence on frazil ice formation Water temperature Influences of water temperature and turbulence on the concentration of frazil ice Frazil ice particle shape and size Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Preliminary frazil ice experiments Flume experiments Couette-flow Appendix B: Listing of computer program for calculation of frazil ice formation Appendix C: Water temperature rise attributable to frazil ice formation as computed usingthe analytical model .
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  • 77
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/12
    In: CRREL Report, 84-12
    Description / Table of Contents: Icing on stationary structures such as oil rigs is becoming an increasingly serious problem as offshore drilling operations in the subpolar regions become more common. Little information exists on this subject. Extensive observations have been made of icing on the upper structures of moving ships, but the complexity of this problem makes analysis of the results very difficult. Even the generation of water drops in this case involves many factors, such as windspeed, wave direction relative to the bearing of the ship, and size and free-board of the ship. On stationary structures, however, the problem is much simpler, since the major factor in drop generation is whitecaps produced by wind, and no motion of the structure is involved. In the present study, a theoretical calculation was made by combining the data available on the generation of drops by wind with data on the proportion of ice frozen from the collected water. The rate of ice accumulation on stationary structures was calculated using published data. The results were compared with icing measured on board ships. Although the general trend of this calculation indicated parallelism with the onboard measurements, the measured ice accumulation rate on ships needed a 5 to 8 m/s higher windspeed to correspond with the calculated rate for stationary structures.
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    Pages: ii, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-12
    Language: English
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  • 78
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/11
    In: CRREL Report, 84-11
    Description / Table of Contents: Data obtained from two sets of data buoys either air-dropped or deployed by ship onto the Weddell Sea pack ice during the period from Dec 1978 to Nov 1980 are presented. The buoy data include position, pressure and temperature information and to date represent the most complete combined weather and pack ice drift records for the ice-covered Southern Ocean regions. The buoys tended to drift north initially and then to turn east generally between latitudes 62°S and 64°S. Buoy 1433 turned east farther south at approximately 67°S but at about the same time as buoy 0527, implying that the westerly wind belt was farther south than usual in 1979. The range of air pressures-from about 950 mb to about 1020 mb is typical of the circumpolar low pressure trough in the Southern Hemisphere. All buoys were equipped with an internal or compartment temperature sensor. The 1980 buoys also contained an external air temperature sensor in a ventilated, shielded can at 1-m height. Although differences of 10°C or more between recorded air and compartment temperatures are common, the correlation between the two measured temperatures is generally very good. The compartment temperatures are higher probably because the buoy is radiationally heated. We found that subtracting 3°C from the average daily compartment temperature yielded a good estimate of the average air temperature for any given day. This technique can be used to construct average daily air temperature records for the 1979 buoys which only contained the internal or compartment temperature sensor.
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    Pages: v, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-11
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods and instrumentation Results Drift tracks Pressure data Temperature data Discussion Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 79
    Call number: ZSP-201-84/9
    In: CRREL Report, 84-9
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the results of the first phase of a test program designed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. In Phase I, 222 constant-strain-rate uni-axial compression tests were performed on ice samples from ten multi-year pressure ridges to examine the magnitude and variation of ice strength within and between pressure ridges. A limited number of constant-strain-rate compression and tension tests, constant-load compression tests, and conventional triaxial tests were also performed on ice samples from a multi-year floe to provide preliminary data for developing ice yield criteria and constitutive laws for multi-year sea ice. Data are presented on the strength, failure strain, and modulus of multi-year sea ice under different loading conditions. The statistical variation of ice strength within and between pressure ridges is examined, as well as the effects of ice temperature, porosity, structure, strain rate and confining pressure on the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice.
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    Pages: v, 107 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-9
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Field Sampling Site selection and description Ice sampling procedures Shipping and storage of ice samples Testing Techniques Multi-year Pressure Ridge Tests Ice description Sampling scheme and test variables Uniaxial compressive strength Residual compressive strength Failure strains Initial tangent modulus Statistical Variations in Ice Strength Differences in strength above and below level ice Sources of the variation in strength Shape of the strength histograms Multi-year Floe Ice Tests Ice description Uniaxial compressive strength Constant-load compression tests Constant-strain-rate tension tests Triaxial tests Conclusions Literature Cited Appendix A: Structural profile of a multi-year pressure ridge core Appendix B: Ridge uniaxial compression test data Appendix C: Structural profile of the continuous multi-year floe core Appendix D: Multi-year floe test data
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  • 80
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/30
    In: CRREL Report, 83-30
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice sheets are formed and retained in several ways in nature, and an understanding of these factors is needed before most structures can be successfully applied. Many ice sheet retention structures float and are somewhat flexible; others are fixed and rigid or semirigid. An example of the former is the Lake Erie ice boom and of the latter, the Montreal ice control structure. Ice sheet retention technology is changing. The use of timber cribs is gradually but not totally giving way to sheet steel pilings and concrete cells. New structures and applications are being tried but with caution. Ice-hydraulic analyses are helpful in predicting the effects of structures and channel modifications on ice cover formation and retention. Often, varying the flow rate in a particular system at the proper time will make the difference between whether a structure will or will not retain ice. The structure, however, invariably adds reliability to the sheet ice retention process.
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    Pages: iv, 39 Seiten , Illustrationen , 1 Beilage
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-30
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Natural ice sheets Choosing an ice control structure Flexible structures Ice booms Frazil collector lines Fence booms Rigid or semirigid structures Pier-mounted booms Stone groins Artificial islands Removable gravity structures Timber cribs Weirs Pilings and dolphins Structures built for other purposes Hydroelectric dams Wicket dams Light piers and towers Bridge piers Breakwaters Ice control not using Structures Channel improvements Ice sheet tying Ice sheet bridges Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice control structure
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  • 81
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/29
    In: CRREL Report, 83-29
    Description / Table of Contents: A literature review indicated that the effects or permafrost on streambank erodibility and stability are not yet understood because systematic and quantitative measurements are seriously lacking. Consequently, general controversy exists as to whether perennially frozen ground inhibits lateral erosion and bankline recession, or whether it increases bank recession rates. Perennially frozen streambanks erode because of modification of the bank's thermal regime by exposure to air and water, and because of various erosional processes. Factors that determine rates and locations of erosion include physical, thermal and structural properties of bank sediments, stream hydraulics and climate. Thermal and physical modification of streambanks may also induce accelerated erosion within permafrost terrain removed from the immediate river environment. Bankline or bluffline recession rates are highly variable, ranging from less than 1 m/year to over 30 m/year and, exceptionally, to over 60 m/year. Long-term observations of the physical and thermal erosion processes and systematic ground surveys and measurements of bankline-bluffline recession rates are needed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-29
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Stream bank erosional processes Permafrost and related factors Permafrost and erosion General Erosional processes Bank zone processes Bluff zone processes Factors affecting perm afrost erodibility Exposure to currents and wind waves Texture and stratigraphy Ice content, distribution and type Slope aspect Coriolis force Timing and depth of thaw Water level and temperature Vegetation Ice and snow cover Groundwater Rates and timing of erosion and recession Overall effects of permafrost Recommendations for research Literature cited Appendix A : Processes of stream bank modifications
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  • 82
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/31
    In: CRREL Report, 83-31
    Description / Table of Contents: A mathematical model is described that is used to determine the maximum ice conveyance capacity of a river channel. Based upon this model, computer programs were developed that enable the ice discharge to be calculated for steady-state flow conditions. For rivers that have uniform flow, the maximum ice-conveying capacity can be described with a simple function expressed in terms of the size of the ice fragments, channel geometry, and the flow of water in the river. For nonuniform flows, the computer program determines the elevation profile of the surface layer in addition to other flow characteristics, such as the velocity and surface concentration of the ice fragments. The location along this surface profile where the ice conveyance capacity becomes less than the upstream supply is determined and is considered to be the position where a surface ice jam or ice bridge will be formed.
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    Pages: iv, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-31
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Constitutive relationships Equations of motion Uniform flow Nonuniform flow Ice transport: Uniform flow Symmetric channel Asymmetric channel Ice transport: Nonuniform flow Further considerations Basis for model improvement Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 83
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/32
    In: CRREL Report, 83-32
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice forces on a bridge pier in the Ottauquechee River, in Quechee, Vermont, were measured by installing fourpanels-each capable of measuring forces in the normal and tangential direction - on both sides of a vertical V-shaped pier nose. The measured forces are presented for a short period during an ice run. After the ice run, the thickness and sizes of the ice floes were measured and the compressive strength of the ice was determined in the laboratory from the ice samples collected along the river banks. The water level measurements made at several locations along theriver are also presented for the period of the ice run.
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    Pages: ii, 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-32
    Language: English
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  • 84
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-78/11
    In: CRREL Report, 78-11
    In: Mechanics of cutting and boring, Part VIII
    Description / Table of Contents: The report deals with forces and power requirements for cutting machines of the belt type, as exemplified by large chain saws and ladder trenchers. The forces of single cutting tools are considered, and related to the overall forces on a cutter bar. Forces are related to power, and sources of loss are identified. Tractive thrust and normal reaction are analyzed and used to assess the traction, weight and balance.
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    Pages: vi, 24 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-11
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Tool forces Number of active cutting teeth Tool force and chain force Chain power Tool turce and belt power Tractive thrust and normal reaction Traction of carrier vehicles Power/weight ratio Cutter bar moments Specific energy Performance index Power density Apparent belt pressure Acceleratin and transport of cuttings Examples
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  • 85
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/4
    In: CRREL Report, 84-4
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice problems developed in the Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, portion of the St. Marys River because of winter navigation. Passing ships and natural influences moved ice from Soo Harbor into Little Rapids Cut in sufficient quantities to jam, cause high water in the harbor, and prevent further ship passage. After physical model and engineering studies, two ice booms with a total span of 1375 ft (419 m) with a 250-ft (76-m) navigation opening between were installed at the head of Little Rapids Cut in 1975. A modest field study program on the booms was conducted for the ensuring four winters to determine ice and boom interaction and the effects of ship passages on the system. Forces on some anchors were recorded and supplemental data were taken by local personnel. Several reports have been written about the booms' early operations. This paper presents four-year summary of the main effects of the booms on ice and ship interaction and vice versa. Throughout the four winter seasons, the small quantities of ice lost over and between the booms were manageable. Ships usually passed through the boom without influencing the boom force levels, but at time they brought about large changes. One boom needed strengthening, and artificial islands were added for upstream ice stability. Coast Guard icebreakers were also a necessary part of winter navigation in this area.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-4
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction St. Marys River Ice problems Remedial measures Field studies Highlights, trends, and major findings Modifications to boom Maximum forces Ship traffic Characteristics Effect of boom forces Effect on ice Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Ice boom forces
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  • 86
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/6
    In: CRREL Report, 84-6
    Description / Table of Contents: An expression relating aerosol growth to cold environmental conditions was developed. This was accomplished by solving the diffusion equation with the method of Laplace transformation. The series solution was expressed in terms of the dimensionless parameters K (ratio of vapor density over droplet surface to droplet density), ω (ratio of environmental vapor density at time zero to vapor density over droplet surface), and dimensionless time τ (ratio of product of diffusion coefficient D and time t to square of initial radius of condensation nucleus). To take into account the variation of the vapor density over the surface of an acidic condensation nucleus due to the continuous dilution of the droplet, the solution was obtained by assuming various levels of constant vapor concentration. The final expression [R/R sub o - 1 = 2.4917 x 10 to the minus 18th power) exp(0.0737 θ) (P sub RHS/25) x (100-P sub RHS) τ to the 0.9890 powder] can be used to compute the value of R once the values of initial radius R sub o, relative humidity P sub RH, percent of relative humidity at the droplet surface P sub RHS, and environmental temperature θ are given.
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    Pages: vi, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-6
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature General background The problem Method of solution Results and discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Evaluation of rn's in equation 25
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  • 87
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/5
    In: CRREL Report, 84-5
    Description / Table of Contents: Diatom species composition and relative abundances were determined for ice cores obtained from Weddell Sea pack ice during the October-November 1981 Weddell Polynya Expedition (WEPOLEX). Ice thickness and salinity indicate that the ice was less than one year old. The predominant ice type (70%) was frazil, which has the capacity to mechanically incorporate biological material through nucleation and scavenging. Diatoms were found throughout the length of the cores. Species showed down-core fluctuations in abundance that appeared to be correlated with changes in ice type. Pennate forms were more abundant than centrics, the average ratio being 16:1. Diatom frustules with intact organic material were more abundant (5 billion cells/liter). Differences in species abundances are attributed initially to incorporation of algal cells from a temporally changing water column and subsequently to diatom reproduction within the ice. Scanning electron micrographs illustrating the morphologic characteristics of the predominant species are included.
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    Pages: iv, 46 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-5
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Taxonomic terms Appendix B: Differences in species composition and abundance in duplicate samples examined under optical and inverted light microscopes Appendix C: Morphologic descriptions and SEM micrographs
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  • 88
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/21
    In: CRREL Report, 83-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The probability density function of the gouge depths into the sediment is represented by a simple negative exponential over four decades of gouge frequency. The exceedance probability function is, therefore, e to the -lambda d, where d is the gouge depth in meters and lambda is a constant. The value of lambda shows a general decrease with increasing water depth, from 9/m in shallow water to less than 3/m in water 30 to 35 m deep. The deepest gouge observed was 3.6 m, from a sample of 20,354 gouges that have depths greater than or equal to 0.2 m. The dominant gouge orientations are usually unimodal and reasonably clustered, with the most frequent alignments roughly parallel to the general trend to the coastline. The value of N(bar) sub 1, the mean number of gouges (deeper than 0.2 m) per kilometer measured normal to the trend of the gouges, varies from 0.2 for protected lagoons to 80 in water between 20 and 38 m deep in unprotected offshore regions. The distribution of the spacings between gouges as measured along a sampling track is a negative exponential. The form of the frequency distribution of N sub 1 varies with water depth and is exponential for lagoons and shallow offshore areas, previously skewed for 10 to 20 m depths off the barrier islands, and near-normal for deeper water. As a Poisson distribution gives a reasonable fit to the N sub 1 distributions for all water depths, it is suggested that gouging can be taken as approximating a Poisson process in both space and time. The distributions of the largest values per kilometer of gouge depths, gouge widths, and the heights of the lateral embankment of sediments plowed from the gouges are also investigated.
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    Pages: 40 Seiten , Illustrationen, 1 Karte
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-21
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background and environmental setting Data collection and terminology Data analysis Gouge depths Gouge orientation Gouge frequency Extreme value analysis Applications to offshore design Gouge depth Extreme value statistics Burial depths Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Detailed bathymetric map of the Alaskan portion of the Beaufort Sea
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  • 89
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/8
    In: CRREL Report, 84-8
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes the equipment and procedures that were used for acquiring, preparing and testing samples of multi-year sea ice. Techniques and procedures are discussed for testing ice samples in compression and tension at constant strain rates and constant loads, as well as in a conventional triaxial cell. A detailed account is given of the application and measurement of forces and dispiacements on the ice test specimens under these different loading conditions.
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    Pages: iv, 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-8
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test material and test specimens Test material Required dimensions for test specimens Acquisition and preparation of specimens Field core sampling Specimen preparation in the laboratory Application of forces and displacements to uniaxial specimens Compression Tension Squareness imperfections Loading devices Universal testing machine Gas actuator for constant load Weight-and-pulley system for constant tension Equipment for triaxial tests Measurement of force and displacement Force Displacement Readouts and recorders Literature cited Appendix A: Phenolic-resin end caps Appendix B: Compliant platens Appendix C: Theoretical factor for converting overall strain to gauge-length strain indumbbell specimens Appci dix D: Items developed but not used in Phase I Appendix E: Use of the Brazil test
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  • 90
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/26
    In: CRREL Report, 84-26
    Description / Table of Contents: Observations of shore ice pile-up and ride-up along the Alaska Beaufort Sea coast in 1983 and 1984 are presented. New information on historical accounts of onshore ice movement, uncovered since publication of Part I in this series, is reported. An account is given of ice overtopping a concrete caisson exploration island in the Canadian Beaufort Sea.
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    Pages: iii, 33 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-26
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Observations Discussion Literature cited Appendix A: Site location maps
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  • 91
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/33
    In: CRREL Report, 84-33
    Description / Table of Contents: A small-scale experimental study was conducted to characterize the magnitude and nature of ice forces during continuous crushing of ice against a rigid, vertical, cylindrical structure. The diameter of the structure was varied from 50 to 500 mm, the relative velocity from 10 to 210 mm/s, and the ice thickness from 50 to 80 mm. The ice tended to fail repetitively, with the frequency of failure termed the characteristic frequency. The characteristic frequency varied linearly with velocity and to a small extent with structure diameter. The size of the damage zone was 10 to 50% of the ice thickness, with an average value of 30%. The maximum and mean normalized ice forces were strongly dependent on the aspect ratio (structure diameter/ice thickness). The forces increased significantly with decreasing aspect ratio, but were constant for large aspect ratios. The maximum normalized forces appeared to be independent of strain rate. The effect of velocity on the normalized ice forces depended on structure diameter. The mean effective pressure or specific energy of ice crushing depended on both aspect ratio and ice-structure relative velocity. The energy required to crush the ice for the one failure cycle was obtained from the ice force records for each test, and was compared to the energy calculated from an idealized sawtooth shape for the force record, the maximum force, velocity and characteristic frequency data. Originator - supplied keywords included: Cold regions, Cold regions construction, Cylindrical test structures, Ice, Ice crushing, Ice forces, and Test facilities.
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    Pages: vi, 47 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-33
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Test objectives Experimental setup and procedures Facilities Test fixture Data acquisiton system Ice sheets Measurement of ice properties Daily test summary Experimental results and discussion Observations Ice force records Frequency of ice force variations Discussion Maximum crushing forces Mean effective pressure or specific energy of ice in crushing Failure energy of ice Ratio of maximum force to mean force Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Data for continuous crushing tests
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  • 92
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/24
    In: CRREL Report, 76-24
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemical analysis of surface snows and deeper ice core samples from Milcent, Greenland, indicates a marine origin for Na and Cl and a terrestrial origin for Al, Mn and V. Pre-1900 enrichment factors, based on average crustal composition, are high for Zn and Hg and appear to be related to their volatility. A comparison of pre-1900 and 1971-1973 concentrations of V and Hg shows no decided increase from industrial production; however, the abundance of Zn (relative to Al) increased three-fold during this time period. The chemical composition of ancient ice is extremely useful in interpreting modern aerosols.
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    Pages: ii, 6 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-24
    Language: English
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  • 93
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/25
    In: CRREL Report, 76-25
    Description / Table of Contents: The primary objective of this investigation was to compile baseline information pertaining to the ocean circulation, especially the extent and patterns of tidal currents and tidal flushing, in Cook Inlet, Alaska, utilizing aircraft and satellite imagery with corroborative ground truth data. LANDSAT-1 and NOAA-2 and -3 imagery provided repetitive, synoptic views of surface currents, water mass migration and sediment distribution during different seasons and tides. Color, color infrared and thermal infrared imagery acquired on 22 July 1972 with the NASA NP-3A aircraft were used to analyze currents, mixing patterns and sediment dispersion in selected areas. Temperature(C), salinity (0/00) and suspended sediment concentration (mg/l) data and hand-held photography were utilized as ground truth information in the interpretation of the aircraft and satellite imagery. Coriolis effect, semidiurnal tides and the Alaska current govern the estuary circulation. Clear, oceanic water enters the inlet on the southeast during flood tide, progresses northward along the east shore with minor lateral mixing, and remains a distinct water mass to the latitude of Kasilof-Ninilchik. South of the forelands, mixing with turbid inlet water becomes extensive. Turbid water moves south primarily along the north shore during ebb tide and a shear zone between the two water masses forms in mid-inlet south of Kalgin Island. Currents adjacent to and north of the forelands are complicated by tidal action, coastal configuration and bottom effects. Turbulence is greatest throughout the water column along the south shore and stratification is more pronounced in Kamishak and Kachemak Bays, especially when fresh water runoff is high.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ix, 92 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-25
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement. Introduction Background Objectives Project history Approach Aircraft imagery LANDSAT-1 imagery NOAA-2 and -3 satellite imagery Ground truth data Imagery and ground truth data analysis Physical and cultural setting Geography Geology Climate Hydrology Local industry and population density Sources of estuarine pollution Results and discussion Coastal configuration Bathymetry Tides Asymmetry of tidal flow/duration across inlet Suspended sediment distribution and circulation Sea ice Tidal flushing characteristics Summary and conclusions Applications Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. RS-14 infrared scanner imagery
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  • 94
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/28
    In: CRREL Report, 76-28
    Description / Table of Contents: Fourier transforms of selected ground-motion time histories from five underground high-explosive and nuclear detonations are used to define the transmission properties (Transfer functions) of three rock types. Absorption, a measure of a rock's energy dissipating characteristics, is expressed for each of the tests as a function of the frequency of transmission. Dispersion results from a variation in transmission velocity with frequency and is described for each test by a phase velocity spectrum. The transmission properties from one of the sites are used to predict a ground-motion time history at that site from another nuclear event. The potential use of Fourier techniques to make ground-motion predictions and to measure in-situ material properties is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 91 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-28
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Section I: Introduction Section II: Analytical procedures 1. Fourier transforms 2. Basic transform properties 3. Transform techniques 4. The transfer function Section II: Parameter studies and program evaluations 1. Analytical parameter study 2. I-TRAIN evaluation 3. S-TRAIN evaluation Section IV: Data 1. DATEX I 2. DATEX II 3. STARMET 4. MINERAL LODE 5. HARD HAT and PILEDRIVER Section V: Analysis of transformed data 1. Absorption 2. Dispersion 3. Transfer function Section VI: Fourier synthesis Section VII: Discussion Literature cited Appendix A: The Fourier integral and series Appendix B: Subroutine FOURT used in analysis Appendix C: I-TRAIN and S-TRAIN programs
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  • 95
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/31
    In: CRREL Report, 76-31
    Description / Table of Contents: Sections in the Connecticut River where ice jam potential is high were identified through the use of low-altitude black and white photographs taken during low-flow, ice-free conditions. The hydraulics and mechanics of ice jam initiation were investigated in the river reach where these sections were identified. Certain areas were found in the river that had a high susceptibility to ice clogging, but this high potential decreased with increasing discharge because of the improved surface conveyance of the ice through the reach. The stability of ice floes was established along the channel, but the floes generally became unstable as the flow increased. This was calculated by using a Froude number criterion. Grounding locations for ice became evident when the critical Froude number was zero for a given thickness and water depth. No single factor was determined to be responsible for initiating the ice jams in the Connecticut River at Windsor. Apparently there existed a multitude of interacting conditions: surface constrictions, possible high backwater conditions from the Brattleboro Dam, a solid ice cover in the backwater of the Brattleboro Dam that prevented ice transport from the Windsor area, deep pools followed by shallow depth sections upstream of bridge piers, a greater ice thickness accumulation of fragmented floes than would result if a uniform cover could be established in the same reach, and the diurnal fluctuation of river stage casued by the release of water at Wilder Dam.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 39 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-31
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Testsite Aerial photography Channel morphology — Interpretation of aerial photographs Ground surveys Hydraulic analysis Analysis of ice jam locations Winter field observations Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Locations and plots of cross sections from Sumner Falls to Chase Island, Connecticut River
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  • 96
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/34
    In: CRREL Report, 76-34
    Description / Table of Contents: Some physical characteristics of two grounded floebergs (fragments of multi-year pressure ridges) near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, are described. Cross-sectional profiles of the sails and keels of both floebergs were obtained. A sail to keel ratio of 1 to 3.38 obtained with one floeberg was found to be in good agreement with previous investigations. A survey of the sea floor for evidence of scoring induced during grounding yielded a maximum depth of gouging of 1.1m. Additional studies included investigations of the internal structure of the floebergs, and a brief examination of the organic and sedimentary debris found entrained within the floebergs. The grounding of ice on the continental shelves of the Arctic is of considerable interest to those concerned with the development and impact of development of these continental shelves. The field study reported here provides information useful in assessing the nature and characteristics of interactions between floebergs and the sea bed on which they are grounded.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-34
    Language: English
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  • 97
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/33
    In: CRREL Report, 76-33
    In: Detecting structural heat losses with mobile infrared thermography / R.H. Munis, S.J. Marshall and M.A. Bush, Part IV
    Description / Table of Contents: During the winter of 1973-74 a mobile infrared thermography system was used to survey campus buildings at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire. Both qualitative and quantitative data are presented regarding heat flow through a small area of a wall of one brick dormitory building before and after installation of aluminum reflectors between radiators and the wall. These data were used to estimate annual cost savings for 22 buildings of similar construction having aluminum reflectors installed behind 1100 radiators. The data were then compared with the actual savings which were calculated from condensate meter data. The discrepancy between estimated and actual annual cost savings is explained in detail along with all assumptions required for these calculations.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-33
    Language: English
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  • 98
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/35
    In: CRREL Report, 76-35
    Description / Table of Contents: Crystalline textures and fabrics of ice cores from the 2164-m-thick ice sheet at Byrd Station, Antarctica, reveal the existence of an anisotropic ice sheet. A gradual but persistent increase in the c-axis preferred orientation of the ice crystals was observed between the surface and 1200m. This progressive growth of an oriented crystal fabric is accompanied by a 20-fold increase in crystal sized between 56 and 600m, followed by virtually no change in crystal size between 6000 and 1200m. A broad vertical clustering of c-axes develops by 1200m. Between 1200 and 1300 m the structure transforms into a fine-grained mosaic of crystals with their basal glide planes now oriented substantially within the horizontal. This highly oriented fine-grained structure, which persists to 1800m, is compatible only with a strong horizontal shear deformation in this part of the ice sheet. Rapid transformation from single- to multiple-maximum fabrics occurs below 1800m. This transformation, accompanied by the growth of very large crystals, is attributed to the overriding effect of relatively high temperatures in the bottom layers of old ice at Byrd Station rather than to a significant decrease in stress. The zone of single-maximum fabrics between 1200 and 1800 m also contains numerous layers of volcanic dust. Fabrics of the very fine-grained ice associated with these dust bands indicate the bands are actively associated with shearing in the ice sheet. Some slipping of ice along the bedrock seems likely at Byrd Station, since the basal ice is at the pressure melting point and liquid water is known to exist at the ice/rock interface.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 30 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-35
    Language: English
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  • 99
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/47
    In: CRREL Report, 76-47
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes two mechanical ice-cutting systems for the removal of ice collars at the high pool level on the Poe Lock of the St. Marys Falls Canal at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. One system was a narrow-kerf (3.25-in.-wide) coal-cutting chain saw mounted on a bar, driven by a 65-hp wheeled trencher. The other system was a lumber-cutting chain saw mounted on a bar, driven by a 30-hp wheeled soil trencher which cut a 0.56-in.-wide kerf. The lumber-cutting saw's bar was too flexible and the desired cutting traverse speed was not met. The coal-cutting saw cut 6-ft-deep ice collars at traverse speeds of up to 10 ft/min and is acceptable. With a few modifications, the coal-cutting saw would be operational.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 20 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-47
    Language: English
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  • 100
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-76/38
    In: CRREL Report, 76-38
    Description / Table of Contents: Current methods for evaluation of the moisture absorption of plastic insulations (ASTM-C-272-53 and ASTM-C-355-64) due to vapor pressure gradients or immersion rely on short time periods to predict long term performance. This procedure may not provide accurate information on performance since in practice insulations may absorb more moisture than these tests indicate. A series of tests were conducted on extruded polystyrene roof insulation that had been in place, exposed to environmental moisture and pressure gradients, for a maximum of 36 months. Results indicate that moisture absorption of 1.5% by volume can be expected in the field.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-38
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Principal features of a protected membrane roof system Reported advantages of a protected membrane roof system Study sites Stevens Hall, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Building 41 5, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Building 1053, Ft. Wainwright, Alaska Gruening Building, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Consortium Library and K Building, University of Alaska, Anchorage CRREL Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire Resources Building, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Insulation properties Sampling Results Bulksamples Sliced samples Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Moisture contents Appendix B. Photographs
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