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  • 1
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    Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-09-10
    Description: The gene Microcephalin (MCPH1) regulates brain size and has evolved under strong positive selection in the human evolutionary lineage. We show that one genetic variant of Microcephalin in modern humans, which arose approximately 37,000 years ago, increased in frequency too rapidly to be compatible with neutral drift. This indicates that it has spread under strong positive selection, although the exact nature of the selection is unknown. The finding that an important brain gene has continued to evolve adaptively in anatomically modern humans suggests the ongoing evolutionary plasticity of the human brain. It also makes Microcephalin an attractive candidate locus for studying the genetics of human variation in brain-related phenotypes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Evans, Patrick D -- Gilbert, Sandra L -- Mekel-Bobrov, Nitzan -- Vallender, Eric J -- Anderson, Jeffrey R -- Vaez-Azizi, Leila M -- Tishkoff, Sarah A -- Hudson, Richard R -- Lahn, Bruce T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Sep 9;309(5741):1717-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16151009" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; African Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Alleles ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Brain/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Exons ; Gene Conversion ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Microcephaly/genetics ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics ; Organ Size ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Recombination, Genetic ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Ongoing adaptive evolution of ASPM, a brain size determinant in Homo sapiens (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-09-10
    Description: The gene ASPM (abnormal spindle-like microcephaly associated) is a specific regulator of brain size, and its evolution in the lineage leading to Homo sapiens was driven by strong positive selection. Here, we show that one genetic variant of ASPM in humans arose merely about 5800 years ago and has since swept to high frequency under strong positive selection. These findings, especially the remarkably young age of the positively selected variant, suggest that the human brain is still undergoing rapid adaptive evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mekel-Bobrov, Nitzan -- Gilbert, Sandra L -- Evans, Patrick D -- Vallender, Eric J -- Anderson, Jeffrey R -- Hudson, Richard R -- Tishkoff, Sarah A -- Lahn, Bruce T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Sep 9;309(5741):1720-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16151010" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; African Continental Ancestry Group ; Animals ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; Brain/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; European Continental Ancestry Group ; Gene Conversion ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Models, Genetic ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics ; Organ Size ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Recombination, Genetic ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Serotonin and octopamine in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-05-28
    Description: The biogenic amines serotonin and octopamine are present in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Serotonin, detected histochemically in whole mounts, is localized in two pharyngeal neurons that appear to be neurosecretory. Octopamine, identified radioenzymatically in crude extracts, probably is also localized in a few neurons. Exogenous serotonin and octopamine elicit specific and opposite behavioral responses in Caenorhabditis elegans, suggesting that these compounds function physiologically as antagonists.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Horvitz, H R -- Chalfie, M -- Trent, C -- Sulston, J E -- Evans, P D -- GM07287/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM24663/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 May 28;216(4549):1012-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6805073" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Age Factors ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Caenorhabditis/*physiology ; Female ; Octopamine/*physiology ; Ovulation/drug effects ; Serotonin/*physiology ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    The role of maternal age and context-dependent maternal effects in the offspring provisioning of a long-lived marine teleost (2018)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-11
    Description: Despite evidence of maternal age effects in a number of teleost species, there have been challenges to the assertion that maternal age intrinsically influences offspring quality. From an evolutionary perspective, maternal age effects result in young females paradoxically investing in less fit offspring despite a greater potential fitness benefit that might be gained by allocating this energy to individual somatic growth. Although a narrow range of conditions could lead to a maternal fitness benefit via the production of lower quality offspring, evolutionary theorists suggest these conditions are seldom met and that the reported maternal age effects are more likely products of the environmental context. Our goal was to determine if maternal effects operated on offspring provisioning in a long-lived rockfish (genus Sebastes ), and to evaluate any such effects as an intrinsic function of maternal age or a context-dependent effect of the offspring release environment. We found that offspring provisioning is a function of both maternal age and the timing of offspring release; older females exhibit increased provisioning over younger females throughout the spawning season despite a decrease in provisioning across all maternal ages as the season progresses. These findings suggest a role for both maternal age effects and a potential context-dependent maternal effect in population productivity, carrying important implications when modelling population persistence and resilience.
    Keywords: ecology, evolution
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solution structure of the carbohydrate-binding B-subunit homopentamer of verotoxin VT-1 from E. coli (1997)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature structural biology 4 (1997), S. 190-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1072-8368
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Sir—Certain pathogenic E.coli, in common with a variety of other pathogenic bacteria, produce cytotoxins (verotoxins, VT) associated with diarrhoeal diseases. These toxins belong to the A-B class of bacterial toxins, which includes pertussis and diphtheria toxins1. Their morphology comprises ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nsb0397-190
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Free-running activity rhythm in the natural environment (1977)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 269 (1977), S. 796-797 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The peaks of locomotory activity in the natural habitat did not exhibit constant relationships to the times of dawn and dusk. The interval between day peaks of activity during a sequence of non-covering tides was less than 24 h. The slope of the regression line for the first 6 d illustrated in Fig. ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/269796a0
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A concentration-dependent localization of octopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity in locust skeletal muscle (1989)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 92 (1989), S. 255-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A concentration-dependent localization of octopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity has been demonstrated in skeletal muscle of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria, using an histochemical technique. In the intermediate speed contracting muscle fibres from the fan region of the extensor-tibiae muscle of the locust hindleg, low concentrations of dl-octopamine (10−8 M) induce reaction product preferentially in the sarcoplasmic reticular component of the dyads. At slightly higher concentrations (10−7 and 10−6 M) lower amounts of diffuse reaction product are also found in the non-dyad sarcoplasmic reticulum and at the sarcolemmal membrane, with occassional amounts of a less diffuse, punctate product in the transverse tubule (T-tubule) component of the dyads. At higher concentrations (10−5 and 10−3 M) the predominant product is the dense, plaque-like accumulations of reaction product in the T-tubule component of the dyads. The results are discussed in terms of the likely physiological significance of the accumulation of reaction product in these different locations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500926
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histochemical localization of octopamine- and proctolin-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity in a locust skeletal muscle (1988)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 90 (1988), S. 233-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A histochemical technique for the localization of adenylate cyclase activity has been applied to the extensortibiae muscle of the hindleg of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria to localise the sites of action of the modulatory compounds octopamine and proctolin. Octopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity can be demonstrated in fast and intermediate type muscle fibres but not in the limited number of purely slow muscle fibres (3–6) in the fan region at the proximal end of the muscle. In contrast the latter fibres are the only ones in the muscle to exhibit proctolinsensitive adenylate cyclase activity. In both cases the bulk of the reaction product is localised in the sarcoplasmic reticulum component of the dyads, with lesser amounts occurring beneath the sarcolemmal membrane, in the non-dyad sarcoplasmic reticulum and in the T-tubule system. The results are consistent with physiological data suggesting that proctolin, but not octopamine, mediates its effects on the myogenic rhythm of contraction and relaxation in this muscle by changing the levels of cyclic AMP in the small group of slow muscle fibres which act as the pacemaker for this rhythm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00492512
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Short-term changes in activity rhythms in an intertidal arthropod (Acarina: Bdella interrupta Evans) (1979)
    Springer
    Oecologia 38 (1979), S. 291-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary On a marine saltmarsh, the intertidal mite, Bdella interrupta Evans, is exposed to periods of regular tidal submergence which alternate with periods of tidal emergence. The mite shows well defined day and night peaks of locomotory activity on the soil surface. During periods of tidal submergence the activity peaks showed an apparent periodicity, of around 12.5 h, characteristic of a tidal rhythm. In the presence of non-submerging tides the periodicity of the activity peaks changed to around 11.5 h. It is suggested that this shorter periodicity results either from free-running of the circatidal clock in the absence of entraining tides or from a sequence of transients that are phaseshifting towards a stable relationship with a second zeitgeber. It is further suggested that the alternation between a ca. 12.5 h and a ca. 11.5 h rhythm ensures that an activity peak is maintained in daylight and, also, reduces the possibility of inundation during the first critical floodings during sequences of rising spring tides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345189
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of the degradation and protection of wood surfaces (1992)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 26 (1992), S. 151-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Large weight losses occurred in thin veneers of radiata pine (P. radiata) during natural weathering due mainly to loss of lignin and hemicelluloses. This was demonstrated by direct chemical analysis and by spectrocopic techniques. Treatment of veneers with dilute aqueous solutions of the recognized surface stabilizing compound chromium trioxide was found to dramatically restrict weight loss during weathering, but similar applications of ferric compound were less effective (Evans, Schmalzl 1989). In order to rationalize these protective effects FTIR internal reflectance spectroscopy was used to study chemical changes taking place at the wood surface upon treatment and during weathering. The spectra obtained provide direct evidence for the modification and stabilization of the lignin aromatic system with aqueous chromium trioxide and to a lesser extent with ferric salts. It is postulated that photostable lignin complexes are formed. The implications of these findings for the development of improved surface stabilizing compounds for wood are discussed briefly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194471
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