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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Ground deformation precursory to extrusions at Mount St. Helens, 1981-1982 : tectonic analogues and mechanical modeling (1988)
    Ann Arbor : UMI
    Details Availability
    Call number: M 95.0412
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 95 S.
    Series Statement: UMI Dissertation Services
    Classification:
    B.4.2.
    Language: English
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
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    COMSOL Model Data from Sierra Negra Volcano Galapagos Ecuador, 2005 Eruption Precursors (2018)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Gregg, Patricia M; Le Mével, H; Zhan, Yan; Dufek, Josef; Geist, Dennis; Chadwick, William W Jr (2018): Stress Triggering of the 2005 Eruption of Sierra Negra Volcano, Galápagos. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(24), 13,288-13,297, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080393
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Description: The following files are model data generated by COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3. Our numerical approach utilizes previously developed and benchmarked, thermomechanical and fluid-structure interaction FEM models. COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3a calculates the stress, strain, and temperature variations due to a viscous magma flowing from a deeper source into an existing, magma-filled reservoir. Model rheology implantations include: non-Temperature-dependent, Temperature-dependent, and Temperature-dependent with pre-existing weakness. Model outputs includes: Time, vertical deformation, optimized flux, change in overpressure, maximum tensile stress, and temperature.
    Keywords: File format; File name; File size; Uniform resource locator/link to file
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 28 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 3
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    Seawater carbonate chemistry and Bathymodiolus brevior shell variables near Eifuku volcano, Japan, 2009 (2009)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Tunnicliffe, Verena; Davies, Kimberly T A; Butterfield, David A; Embley, Robert W; Rose, Jonathan M; Chadwick, William W Jr (2009): Survival of mussels in extremely acidic waters on a submarine volcano. Nature Geoscience, 2, 344-348, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo500
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are causing ocean acidification, compromising the ability of some marine organisms to build and maintain support structures as the equilibrium state of inorganic carbon moves away from calcium carbonate. Few marine organisms tolerate conditions where ocean pH falls significantly below today's value of about 8.1 and aragonite and calcite saturation values below 1. Here we report dense clusters of the vent mussel B. brevior in natural conditions of pH values between 5.36 and 7.29 on northwest Eifuku volcano, Mariana arc, where liquid carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide emerge in a hydrothermal setting. We find that both shell thickness and daily growth increments in shells from northwest Eifuku are only about half those recorded from mussels living in water with pH〉7.8. Low pH may therefore also be implicated in metabolic impairment. We identify four-decade-old mussels, but suggest that the mussels can survive for so long only if their protective shell covering remains intact: crabs that could expose the underlying calcium carbonate to dissolution are absent from this setting. The mussels' ability to precipitate shells in such low-pH conditions is remarkable. Nevertheless, the vulnerability of molluscs to predators is likely to increase in a future ocean with low pH.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, potentiometric; Alkalinity, total; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Bathymodiolus brevior; Bathymodiolus brevior, daily growth band, width; Bathymodiolus brevior, daily growth band, width, standard error; Bathymodiolus brevior, distance from shell edge; Bathymodiolus brevior, distance from umbo; Bathymodiolus brevior, shell, length; Bathymodiolus brevior, shell, weight; Bathymodiolus brevior, shell thickness; Bathymodiolus brevior, shell thickness, standard deviation; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Calcite saturation state; Calculated; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; CO2 vent; Date; Deep-sea; DEPTH, water; Electron microprobe (EMP); EPOCA; EUR-OCEANS; European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis; European Project on Ocean Acidification; Field observation; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Growth/Morphology; Hydrogen sulfide; LATITUDE; LONGITUDE; Measured; Mollusca; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; Salinity; Single species; Site; Temperature, water; Tropical
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 780 data points
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  • 4
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    Flux measurements of explosive degassing using a yearlong hydroacoustic record at an erupting submarine volcano (2013)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 13 (2012): Q0AF07, doi:10.1029/2012GC004211.
    Description: The output of gas and tephra from volcanoes is an inherently disorganized process that makes reliable flux estimates challenging to obtain. Continuous monitoring of gas flux has been achieved in only a few instances at subaerial volcanoes, but never for submarine volcanoes. Here we use the first sustained (yearlong) hydroacoustic monitoring of an erupting submarine volcano (NW Rota-1, Mariana arc) to make calculations of explosive gas flux from a volcano into the ocean. Bursts of Strombolian explosive degassing at the volcano summit (520 m deep) occurred at 1–2 min intervals during the entire 12-month hydrophone record and commonly exhibited cyclic step-function changes between high and low intensity. Total gas flux calculated from the hydroacoustic record is 5.4 ± 0.6 Tg a−1, where the magmatic gases driving eruptions at NW Rota-1 are primarily H2O, SO2, and CO2. Instantaneous fluxes varied by a factor of ∼100 over the deployment. Using melt inclusion information to estimate the concentration of CO2 in the explosive gases as 6.9 ± 0.7 wt %, we calculate an annual CO2 eruption flux of 0.4 ± 0.1 Tg a−1. This result is within the range of measured CO2 fluxes at continuously erupting subaerial volcanoes, and represents ∼0.2–0.6% of the annual estimated output of CO2from all subaerial arc volcanoes, and ∼0.4–0.6% of the mid-ocean ridge flux. The multiyear eruptive history of NW Rota-1 demonstrates that submarine volcanoes can be significant and sustained sources of CO2 to the shallow ocean.
    Description: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Ocean Exploration and Research, the NOAA Vents Program, and the National Science Foundation (OCE-0751776) for support.
    Description: 2013-05-29
    Keywords: Gas flux ; Ocean acoustics ; Seafloor volcanism
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Volcanic eruptions in the deep sea (2012)
    The Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 25, no. 1 (2012): 142–157, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2012.12.
    Description: Volcanic eruptions are important events in Earth's cycle of magma generation and crustal construction. Over durations of hours to years, eruptions produce new deposits of lava and/or fragmentary ejecta, transfer heat and magmatic volatiles from Earth's interior to the overlying air or seawater, and significantly modify the landscape and perturb local ecosystems. Today and through most of geological history, the greatest number and volume of volcanic eruptions on Earth have occurred in the deep ocean along mid-ocean ridges, near subduction zones, on oceanic plateaus, and on thousands of mid-plate seamounts. However, deep-sea eruptions (〉 500 m depth) are much more difficult to detect and observe than subaerial eruptions, so comparatively little is known about them. Great strides have been made in eruption detection, response speed, and observational detail since the first recognition of a deep submarine eruption at a mid-ocean ridge 25 years ago. Studies of ongoing or recent deep submarine eruptions reveal information about their sizes, durations, frequencies, styles, and environmental impacts. Ultimately, magma formation and accumulation in the upper mantle and crust, plus local tectonic stress fields, dictate when, where, and how often submarine eruptions occur, whereas eruption depth, magma composition, conditions of volatile segregation, and tectonic setting determine submarine eruption style.
    Description: NSF-OCE 0937409 (KHR), OCE-0525863 and OCE-0732366 (DJF and SAS), 0725605 (WWC), OCE- 0751780 (ETB and RWE), OCE‐0138088 (MRP), OCE-0934278 (DAC), OCE-0623649 (RPD), and a David and Lucile Packard Foundation grant to MBARI (DAC and DWC).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Hydrothermal discharge during submarine eruptions : the importance of detection, response, and new technology (2012)
    The Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 25, no. 1 (2012): 128–141, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2012.11.
    Description: Submarine volcanic eruptions and intrusions construct new oceanic crust and build long chains of volcanic islands and vast submarine plateaus. Magmatic events are a primary agent for the transfer of heat, chemicals, and even microbes from the crust to the ocean, but the processes that control these transfers are poorly understood. The 1980s discovery that mid-ocean ridge eruptions are often associated with brief releases of immense volumes of hot fluids ("event plumes") spurred interest in methods for detecting the onset of eruptions or intrusions and for rapidly organizing seagoing response efforts. Since then, some 35 magmatic events have been recognized and responded to on mid-ocean ridges and at seamounts in both volcanic arc and intraplate settings. Field responses at mid-ocean ridges have found that event plumes occur over a wide range of eruption styles and sizes, and thus may be a common consequence of ridge eruptions. The source(s) of event plume fluids are still debated. Eruptions detected at ridges generally have high effusion rates and short durations (hours to days), whereas field responses at arc volcanic cones have found eruptions with very low effusion rates and durations on the scale of years. New approaches to the study of submarine magmatic events include the development of autonomous vehicles for detection and response, and the establishment of permanent seafloor observatories at likely future eruption sites.
    Description: Support for these efforts came from the NOAA Vents Program and the National Science Foundation, primarily through its long-term funding of the RIDGE and Ridge 2000 Programs, including grants OCE-9812294 and OCE-0222069. SOSUS detection efforts were supported from 2006 to 2009 by the National Science Foundation, grant OCE-0623649.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    Waning magmatic activity along the Southern Explorer Ridge revealed through fault restoration of rift topography (2013)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 12 (2013): 1609–1625, doi:10.1002/ggge.20110.
    Description: We combine high-resolution bathymetry acquired using the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle ABE with digital seafloor imagery collected using the remotely operated vehicle ROPOS across the axial valley of the Southern Explorer Ridge (SER) to infer the recent volcanic and tectonic processes. The SER is an intermediate spreading ridge located in the northeast Pacific. It hosts the Magic Mountain hydrothermal vent. We reconstruct the unfaulted seafloor terrain at SER based on calculations of the vertical displacement field and fault parameters. The vertical changes between the initial and the restored topographies reflect the integrated effects of volcanism and tectonism on relief-forming processes over the last 11,000–14,000 years. The restored topography indicates that the axial morphology evolved from a smooth constructional dome 〉500 m in diameter, to a fault-bounded graben, ~500 m wide and 30–70 m deep. This evolution has been accompanied by changes in eruptive rate, with deposition of voluminous lobate and sheet flows when the SER had a domed morphology, and limited-extent low-effusion rate pillow eruptions during graben development. Most of the faults shaping the present axial valley postdate the construction of the dome. Our study supports a model of cyclic volcanism at the SER with periods of effusive eruptions flooding the axial rift, centered on the broad plateau at the summit of the ridge, followed by a decrease in eruptive activity and a subsequent dominance of tectonic processes, with minor low-effusion rate eruptions confined to the axial graben. The asymmetric shape of the axial graben supports an increasing role of extensional processes, with a component of simple shear in the spreading processes.
    Description: Funding for the 2002 Submarine Ring of Fire expedition was from the NOAA Ocean Exploration Program and NOAA’s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. This work was supported by a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Post-doctoral Scholarship, CNRS and Université de Bretagne Occidentale, France.
    Description: 2013-11-29
    Keywords: Mid-ocean ridge ; Lava flow ; Spreading ; Axial valley ; Explorer ridge ; Dike ; Cyclic
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    Axial Seamount (2010)
    Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © Oceanography Society, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 23, 1 (2010): 38-39.
    Description: Axial Seamount is a hotspot volcano superimposed on the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JdFR) in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Due to its robust magma supply, it rises ~ 800 m above the rest of JdFR and has a large elongate summit caldera with two rift zones that parallel and overlap with adjacent segments of the spreading center.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 9
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    Eruptive modes and hiatus of volcanism at West Mata seamount, NE Lau basin : 1996–2012 (2014)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 15 (2014): 4093–4115, doi:10.1002/2014GC005387.
    Description: We present multiple lines of evidence for years to decade-long changes in the location and character of volcanic activity at West Mata seamount in the NE Lau basin over a 16 year period, and a hiatus in summit eruptions from early 2011 to at least September 2012. Boninite lava and pyroclasts were observed erupting from its summit in 2009, and hydroacoustic data from a succession of hydrophones moored nearby show near-continuous eruptive activity from January 2009 to early 2011. Successive differencing of seven multibeam bathymetric surveys of the volcano made in the 1996–2012 period reveals a pattern of extended constructional volcanism on the summit and northwest flank punctuated by eruptions along the volcano's WSW rift zone (WSWRZ). Away from the summit, the volumetrically largest eruption during the observational period occurred between May 2010 and November 2011 at ∼2920 m depth near the base of the WSWRZ. The (nearly) equally long ENE rift zone did not experience any volcanic activity during the 1996–2012 period. The cessation of summit volcanism recorded on the moored hydrophone was accompanied or followed by the formation of a small summit crater and a landslide on the eastern flank. Water column sensors, analysis of gas samples in the overlying hydrothermal plume and dives with a remotely operated vehicle in September 2012 confirmed that the summit eruption had ceased. Based on the historical eruption rates calculated using the bathymetric differencing technique, the volcano could be as young as several thousand years.
    Description: Support for R.W.E. during this study was by internal NOAA funding to the NOAA Vents Program (now Earth-Ocean Interactions Program). The NSF Ridge 2000 and MARGINS programs played a major role in the planning and justification for the 2009 rapid response proposal that funded the May 2009 expedition. MBARI provided support and outstanding postprocessing of the multibeam bathymetry from the D. Allan B. AUV multibeam sonar used in this study. NSF also provided major funding for the 2009 expedition (OCE930025 and OCE-0934660 to JAR) and for the 210Po-210Pb radiometric dating (OCE-0929881 and for the 210Po-210Pb radiometric dating (OCE-0929881 to KHR)). The NOAA Office of Exploration and Research provided major funding for the 2009 and 2012 field programs.
    Description: 2015-04-30
    Keywords: Seamount ; Lau ; Volcano ; Eruption ; Submarine ; Multibeam
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
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    Chemical Variations in the 1998, 2011, and 2015 Lava Flows From Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Cooling During Ascent, Lateral Transport, and Flow (2018)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-03
    Description: Lava flows erupted at Axial Seamount in 1998, 2011, and 2015 are chemically heterogeneous and display decreases in MgO content in their glass rinds with increasing distance from the summit. The trends are consistent with eruption temperature decreases down the rift zones of ~0.5 °C/km within 20 km of the caldera and ~0.9 °C/km at greater distance (only observed in the 2011 eruption). Cooling during magma transport in dikes is the likely cause of the temperature trends observed, related to the effects of cooler wall rocks in areas with less frequent dike intrusions. Flows also cooled as they advanced on the seafloor at rates 3–5 times greater than observed at Kilauea volcano in Hawaii for subaerial tube-fed pahoehoe flows. Lavas erupted in and near the caldera in 1998 and 2011 are slightly enriched transitional mid-ocean ridge basalt that are aphyric and have glass MgO content of 7.1–7.6 wt %. The 2015 lavas have similarly enriched incompatible element compositions typical of transitional mid-ocean ridge basalt, but those erupted inside and on the northeast rim of the caldera contain higher glass MgO of 7.8–8.3 wt % and more abundant plagioclase phenocrysts typical of the normal mid-ocean ridge basaltic lavas erupted between 1290 and 1370 CE. The brief recharge period between the 2011 and 2015 eruptions did not allow magma stored in the shallow reservoir to cool and degas as much as between prior eruptions since 1650 CE, suggesting that the most recent recharge period was shorter than the multicentennial average. ©2018. The Authors.
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Geophysical Union
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