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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 258 (1975), S. 225-226 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Much work has been done in recent years in the accumulation of radionuclides in marine organisms (refs 1 to 4, and references therein). Mathematical models for accumulation and loss of radionuclides are usually based on laboratory studies using a constant source of radionuclides, a condition which ...
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Origins of life and evolution of the biospheres 3 (1972), S. 260-264 
    ISSN: 1573-0875
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Xenon trioxide was compared for toxicity in the few common oxidants using three bioassays. On a molar basis XeO3 and HOCl were similar, but XeO3 was less active than expected when comparisons were based on normality.
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  • 13
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of biological physics 11 (1983), S. 15-22 
    ISSN: 1573-0689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In the course of work on the interactions of electric and magnetic fields with both living and dead biological materials, it was noticed that certain published dielectrophoretic yield curves for biological cells showed unexplained deviations in the region of 2 kHz. Dielectrophoretic measurements made at frequencies and magnetic fields which satisfied the nuclear magnetic resonance conditions showed sharply resonant features. Dielectric measurements showed small, but sharp, resonances most easily seen in the dielectric loss curves which had a bandwidth of the order of one Hertz and presented at the frequencies which satisfied the magnetic resonance conditions for the ambient magnetic field. Resonances were found corresponding to the frequencies for electron spin resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance for1H,31P,23Na,37Cl and39K. The onset of these resonances occurs at the value of the steady magnetic field strength so that one quantum of magnetic flux (2.07×10−15wb) would link a single biological cell or pair of cells, approximately 1 G (100μT) in the case of a 5-μm yeast cell. The effects of these magnetic resonance conditions on the mean generation time ofE. coli and on the reaction of the enzyme lysozyme with the substrateM. lysodeikticus cells are also shown.
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  • 14
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of biological physics 14 (1986), S. 15-20 
    ISSN: 1573-0689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Dispersion effects in bacteriorhodopsin both in suspension and incorporated into liposomes have been studied by measuring the changes in the dielectric properties induced by electric and magnetic fields at low and medium frequencies. The samples exhibit very high values of relative permittivity and dielectric loss. Dispersions have been measured up to 200 kHz and are believed to be due to the reorientation of the bacteriorhodopsin chromophore within the membrane fragments. A study of relaxation times vs temperature shows a transition at 28°C, the same temperature as found using other techniques.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of biological physics 18 (1991), S. 83-91 
    ISSN: 1573-0689
    Keywords: Dielectric dispersion ; bacteriorhodopsin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Dielectric measurements in the MHz region of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) in aqueous solution have shown the existence of β1-dispersion with five distinct parts. This dispersion and the β-dispersion at low frequencies conform approximately to the Debye relaxation equations. The derived apparent relaxation times showed dependence on various physical parameters. The relaxation effect at low frequencies is attributed to the reorientation of bR chromophore within the purple membrane (PM) fragments. The mechanism which gives rise to the β1-dispersion may well be due to the Maxwell-Wagner effect, although the first two parts of the dispersion could also be attributed to counterion relaxation or to bR reorientation.
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Space science reviews 87 (1999), S. 269-275 
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mechanisms for the deposition of heat in the lower coronal plasma are discussed, emphasizing recent attempts to reconcile the fluid and kinetic perspectives. Structures at the MHD scales are believed to act as reservoirs for fluctuation energy, which in turn drive a nonlinear cascade process. Kinetic processes act at smaller spatial scales and more rapid time scales. Cascade-driven processes are contrasted with direct cyclotron absorption, and this distinction is echoed in the contrast between frequency and wavenumber spectra of the fluctuations. Observational constraints are also discussed, along with estimates of the relative efficiency of cascade and cyclotron processes.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of muscle research and cell motility 6 (1985), S. 669-708 
    ISSN: 1573-2657
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Contraction in vertebrate smooth and striated muscles results from the interaction of the actin filaments with crossbridges arising from the myosin filaments. The functions of the actin based thin filaments are (1) interaction with myosin to produce force; (2) regulation of force generation in response to Ca2+ concentration; and (3) transmission of the force to the ends of the cell. The major protein components of smooth muscle thin filaments are actin, tropomyosin and caldesmon, present in molar ratios of 28:4:1 respectively. Other smooth muscle proteins which may be associated with the thin filaments in the cell are filamin, vinculin, α-actinin, myosin light chain kinase and calmodulin. We have reviewed the structural and functional properties of these proteins and where possible we have suggested what their function and mechanism of action may be. We propose that actin and tropomyosin are involved in the force producing interaction with myosin, and that this interaction is controlled by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism involving caldesmon, tropomyosin and calmodulin. Vinculin, α-actinin and filamin appear to be involved in the attachment of the thin filaments to the cell membrane and their spatial organization within the cell. We conclude that the filaments of smooth muscles share many common properties with those from skeletal muscle, but that they are also quite distinct in terms of both their caldesmon based regulatory mechanism and their mode of organization into a contractile apparatus.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 10 (1974), S. 337-352 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une série d'essais de photo-élasticité à trois dimensions a été conduite sur des plaques comportant des fissures traversantes, sollicitées en flexion avec une composante de traction suffisante pour éviter que les fissures ne se referment du côté comprimé de la plaque. Les géométries des plaques fissurées ont été choisies de sorte à couvrir la gamme de la transition “mince” à “épais”. Des tranches ont été découpées parallèlement aux surfaces de la plaque, après que l'on eût figé les contraintes dans le matériau. Ces tranches ont été analysées par photo-élasticité, et des fonctions correspondant aux distributions des facteurs d'intensité des contraintes ont été évaluées expérimentalement. Les résultats ont été comparés avec la théorie de G. C. Sih. L'accord est excellent pour les tôles fissurées correspondant aux géométries “minces”. Ils divergent progressivement au fur et à mesure que l'on passe à des géométries “épaisses”. Pour tous les cas étudiés, l'emploi d'une distribution linéaire de la fonction représentant le facteur d'intensité des contraintes au travers de l'épaisseur de la plaque apparaît satisfaisant.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe von dreidimensionalen photoelastischen Versuchen wurden auf Platten, die durchgehende Risse enthalten, unter Biegebelastung und genügendem Zug um das Schließen auf der Druckseite der Platte zu verhindern, ausgeführt. Die Dimensionen der gerissenen Platten wurden so gewählt daß sie das Übergangsgebiet “dünn auf dick” enthalten. Man machte Streifen paralell zu den Plattenoberflächen im spannungsgefrohrenen Material um die Teile um die Rißspitze zu entfernen. Die Streifen wurden photoelastisch untersucht und man stellte experimentelle Funktionen auf, die der Verteilung der Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren über die Plattendicke entsprechen. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit der Theorie von G. C. Sih verglichen. Die Übereinstimmung war ausgezeichnet für “dünne” Platten mit Rissen. Für “dickere” Platten mit Rissen gehen die Ergebnisse progressiv auseinander. Für alle untersuchten Fälle erwies sich die Anwendung einer linearen Verteilung der Spannungsintensitätsfaktorenfunktion über die dicke der Platte als zufriedenstellend.
    Notes: Abstract A series of three-dimensional photoelastic experiments were conducted on plates containing through cracks which were loaded in bending with sufficient extension to prevent closure on the compressive side of the plate. Cracked plate geometries were selected so as to span the transitional “thin to thick” range. Slices were made parallel to the plate surfaces in the stress frozen material so as to remove the region around the crack tips. These slices were analyzed photoelastically and functions were evaluated experimentally corresponding to stress intensity factor distributions through the plate thickness. Results were compared with the theory of G. C. Sih. Agreement was excellent with theory for “thin” cracked plate geometries. For “thicker” cracked plate geometries results diverged progressively. For all cases studied, the use of a linear distribution of the stress intensity factor function through the plate thickness appeared to be satisfactory.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 11 (1975), S. 977-987 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On présente un modèle pour décrire le comportement en champs proche de matériaux photoélastiques utilisés pour “geler” les états de contrainte. Il s'agit d'une analyse par déformations finies de la région avoisinant l'extrémité de perforations elliptiques, similaires à des fissures, dans une plaque infinie sujette à tension uniformément répartie sur son pourtour. L'étude est effectuée dans le cas d'une géométrie déformée et couvre les effets de déformations et de rotations finies. On introduit d'abord une fonction de contraintes dans les équations de compatibilité au moyen de relations constitutives linéaires. L'équation qui en résulte est solutionnée par différences finies. La gamme des rayons d'entaille étudiée s'étend de un à neuf fois celui d'une fissure déformée. On représente la variation des contraintes normales et des facteurs d'intensité des contraintes. Les résultats de l'analyse sont comparés avec ceux que fournit l'analyse linéaire d'Inglis, et l'on montre que les effets de déformations et de rotations finies sont importants, encore que concentrés à quelques rayons d'entaille de l'extrémité de celle-ci. Les résultats suggèrent que la distribution des tensions au voisinage de la racine d'une entaille dépend de la dimension du rayon de coubure de celle-ci: de petits rayons induisent des contraintes maximales à une certaine distance de l'extrémité de l'entaille, tandis que de grands rayons produisent un maximum de contraintes à l'exrémité elle-même. On estime que ces effets sont trop localisés pour influencer la détermination de l'intensité des contraintes par la photoélasticité.
    Notes: Abstract A finite deformation analysis of the region surrounding the tip of crack-like elliptical perforations in an infinite plate under all around tension is presented as a model of the near field behavior of stress freezing photoelastic materials above critical temperature. The study is carried out in the deformed geometry and includes the effects of finite strains and rotations. A stress function is first introduced into the complete compatibility equations through linear constitutive relations; the resulting governing equation is solved through finite differences. The range of root radii investigated varies from one to nine times that of a deformed crack. Normal stresses and stress intensity factors are presented. The results of the analysis are compared to the linear analysis of Inglis. The effects of finite strains and rotations are shown to be large but are concentrated within a few root radii of the tip. Results suggest that the stress distribution near the notch root depends on the size of the root radius: small root radii produce maximum stresses away from the tip, whereas larger root radii produce maximum stresses at the tip itself. These effects are judged too local to influence photoelastic stress intensity determination.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 6 (1970), S. 305-318 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Deux séries d'essais photoélastiques recourant à la technique du gel des déformations ont été exécutées en vue d'évaluer la fermeture et l'ouverture précatastrophique de fissures dans des tôles soumises à flexion cylindrique. Les données recueillies ont été comparées à la théorie de Hartranft-Sih afin d'obtenir des résultans quantitatifs. On a trouvé que la fermeture de la fissure sur la portion comprimée de la tôle provoque des contraintes élastiques du côté tendu qui sont quelque pen plus élevées que celles prévues par le modèle mathématique, dans le cas de fissures traversant la tôle de part en part. Lorsque l'on se trouve dans des conditions d'extension précatastrophique d'une fissure sur le côté tendu d'une tôle, il se produit une relaxation des contraintes dont l'effet est de neutraliser l'effet d'intensification de la contrainte resultant de la fermeture de la fissure. Dans le cas de fissures courtes et quasi carrées, des effets tridimensionnels se font jour, qui réduisent également les effets d'intensification des contraintes dûs à la fermeture.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden zwei Reihen von photoelastischen Versuchen gefahren, wobei die Methode des Einfrierens der Verformung angewandt wurde. Ziel dieser Versuche war es, das Schließen und das vorkatastrophale Ōffnen von Rissen in zylindrischen Biegebeanspruchungen unterworfenen Blechen abzuschätzen. Die ermittelten Ergebnisse wurden mit der Hartranft-Sih-Theorie verglichen, im Hinblick auf die Erzielung quantitativer Resultate. Es zeigte sich, daß für Risse, welche die Bleche von Rand zu Rand durchlaufen, die Schließung auf der Druckseite, elastische Spannung auf der Zugseite hervorruft, deren Werte leicht oberhalb den durch das mathematische Modell bestimmten fegen. Unter den Bedingungen der vorkatastrophalen Ausdehnung eines Risses auf der Spannungen auf, welches den durch die Schließung des Risses bewirkten Spannungsanstieg ausgleicht. Für kurze, annähernd viereckige Risse, treten dreidimensionale Effekte auf, welche ebenfalls die durch die Schließung bewirkte Spannungserhöhung verringern.
    Notes: Abstract Two sets of photoelastic experiments employing stress freezing were performed in order to evaluate closure and precatastrophic extension of cracks in plates under cylindrical bending. Data were compared with the Hartranft-Sih theory in order to obtain quantitative results. It was found that crack closure on the compressive side of the plate produced somewhat larger local elastic stresses on the tensile side of the plate for straight through cracks than predicted by the mathematical model. When precatastrophic extension was allowed on the tension side of the plate, accompanying stress relaxation neutralized the stress intensification effect of closure. For short, nearly square cracks, three-dimensional effects appeared to reduce the stress intensification effects due to closure.
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