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  • 11
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    Miniature Gas Chromatograph (GC): Penning Ionization Electron Spectroscopy (PIES) Instrument for the Trace Analyses of Extraterrestrial Environments (2006)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: In situ exploration of the solar system to identify its early chemistry as preserved in icy bodies and to look for compelling evidence of astrobiology will require new technology for chemical analysis. Chemical measurements in space flight environments highlight the need for a high level of positive identification of chemical compounds, since re-measurement by alternative techniques for confirmation will not be feasible. It also may not be possible to anticipate all chemical species that are observed, and important species may be present only at trace levels where they can be masked by complex chemical backgrounds. Up to now, the only techniques providing independent sample identification of GC separated components across a wide range of chemical species have been Mass Spectrometry (MS) and Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS). We describe here the development of a versatile and robust miniature GC detector based on Penning Ionization Electron Spectroscopy (PIES), for use with miniature GC systems being developed for planetary missions. PIES identifies the sample molecule through spectra related to its ionization potential. The combination of miniature GC technology with the primary identification capabilities of PIES provides an analytical approach ideal for planetary analyses.
    Keywords: Space Sciences (General)
    Type: American Chemical Society 231st National Meeting and Exposition; Mar 26, 2006 - Mar 30, 2006; Atlanta, GA; United States
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 12
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    Miniature GC: Minicell ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) for astrobiology planetary missions (2006)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: Astrobiology flight experiments require highly sensitive instrumentation for in situ analysis of volatile chemical species and minerals present in the atmospheres and surfaces of planets, moons, and asteroids. The complex mixtures encountered place a heavy burden on the analytical instrumentation to detect and identify all species present. The use of land rovers and balloon aero-rovers place additional emphasis on miniaturization of the analytical instrumentation. In addition, smaller instruments, using tiny amounts of consumables, allow the use of more instrumentation and/or longer mission life for stationary landers/laboratories. We describe here the development of a miniature GC - Minicell Ion Mobility Spectrometer (IMS) under development through NASA's Astrobiology Science and Technology Instrument Development (ASTID) Program and NASA's Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) Program.
    Keywords: Exobiology
    Type: American Chemical Society 231st National Meeting and Exposition; Mar 26, 2006 - Mar 30, 2006; Atlanta, GA; United States
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 13
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    Instrumentation for in situ sampling and analysis of compounds of interest to Astrobiology in the lower atmosphere and surface of Titan (2006)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: Instrumentation for exploration of the solar system will require new enabling technology for in situ sample acquisition and analysis of pre-biotic chemistry in extreme planetary environments, such as that encountered at the surface of Titan. The potential use of balloon aero-rovers for Titan places special emphasis on the importance of miniaturization, low power and low usage of consumables. To help meet this need, we are developing a miniature gas chromatograph coupled with a new Mini-Cell ion mobility spectrometer (GC-IMS), and one of us (PMH) has begun development work on a miniaturized cryogenic inlet system with sampling probes for Titan. This instrumentation, and its approach for meeting measurement needs for the analysis of prebiotic chemistry on Titan, will be discussed.
    Keywords: Exobiology
    Type: Astrobiology Conference; Mar 26, 2006 - Mar 30, 2006; Washington, DC; United States
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 14
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    Titan Ice and Dust Experiment (TIDE): Detection and Analysis of Compounds of Interest to Astrobiology in the Lower Atmosphere and Surface of Titan (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: The Titan Orbiter Aerorover Mission (TOAM) is a proposed concept for the Solar System Exploration Visions Mission, Titan Explorer, a follow-on to the Cassini-Huygens mission. TOAM would use a Titan polar orbiter and a lighter-than-air aerorover to investigate the surface and atmosphere of Titan. Astrobiology issues will be addressed though TOAM investigations including, for example: Distribution and composition of organics (atmospheric, aerosol, surface); Organic chemical processes, their chemical context and energy sources; and Seasonal variations and interactions of the atmosphere and surface. The TIDE instrument will perform in-situ analyses to obtain comprehensive and sensitive molecular and elemental assays of volatile organics in the atmosphere, oceans and surface. TIDE chemical analyses are conducted by a Gas Chromatograph-Ion Mobility Spectrometer (GC-IMS). This TIDE GC-IMS was a component of the mini-Cometary Ice and Dust Experiment (mini-CIDEX) developed for the chemical analysis of a cometary environment. Both the GC and helium IMS of mini-CIDEX have been further developed to better meet the analytical and operational requirements of the TOAM. application. A Micro-ElectroMechanical System (MEMS) GC and Mini-Cell helium IMS are under development to replace their respective mini-CIDEX components, providing similar or advanced analytical capabilities.
    Keywords: Exobiology
    Type: Astrobiology Science Conference; Mar 28, 2004 - Apr 01, 2004; Moffett Field, CA; United States
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 15
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    Analytical Instrument for Determining the Composition of Surface Materials and Ices in the Solar System: Mini-CIDEX to TIDE (2004)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: Exobiology experiments onboard spacecraft or space probes often require the detection and identification of a wide range of chemical species over vast concentration ranges. These experiments must be carried out under severely limited conditions utilizing minimal resources. The mini-Cometary Ice and Dust Experiment (mini-CIDEX) instrument was developed for the chemical analysis of a cometary environment. It combined a Gas Chromatograph (GC) with a helium-based Ion Mobility Spectrometer (IMS) to fulfill the analytical requirements of a cometary exobiology mission: universal response; ppb sensitivity; low mass, volume, and consumables. Mini-CIDEX has evolved into the Titan Ice and Dust Experiment (TIDE) for the chemical analysis of the surface (liquid and solid) and lower atmosphere of Titan. The complexity of the analyses will be similar to the comet application with a heavier emphasis on organic molecules. TIDE is a component of the Titan Orbiter Aero-Rover Mission (TOAM) proposed to NASA's New Visions Program. Advances to the Mini-CIDEX technology for the Titan application and the analytical capabilities of TIDE will be presented.
    Keywords: Solar Physics
    Type: 227th American Chemical Society National Meeting; Mar 28, 2004 - Apr 01, 2004; Anaheim, CA; United States
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  • 16
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    Sample Acquisition Techniques for Exobiology Flight Experiments (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: Exobiology Flight Experiments involve complex analyses conducted in environments far different than those encountered in terrestrial applications. A major part of the analytical challenge is often the selection, acquisition, delivery and, in some cases, processing of a sample suitable for the analytical requirements of the mission. The added complications of severely limited resources and sometimes rigid time constraints combine to make sample acquisition potentially a major obstacle for successful analyses. Potential samples come in a wide range including planetary atmospheric gas and aerosols (from a wide variety of pressures), planetary soil or rocks, dust and ice particles streaming off of a comet, and cemetery surface ice and rocks. Methods to collect and process sample are often mission specific, requiring continual development of innovative concepts and mechanisms. These methods must also maintain the integrity of the sample for the experimental results to be meaningful. We present here sample acquisition systems employed from past missions and proposed for future missions.
    Keywords: Astronautics (General)
    Type: American Chemistry Society; Aug 22, 1999 - Aug 27, 1999; Unknown
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  • 17
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    Development of Ion Mobility Spectrometry for Exobiology Flight Experiments (1996)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) can provide gas chromatography with sample identification independent of sample retention time, with minimal interface. Initial commercial methods of IMS however, did not possess sufficient analytical capabilities and presented operational parameters which were unsuitable for exobiology missions. Subsequent development of IMS technology, with the focus on exobiology analytical requirements and mission imposed operational limitations, has produced an IMS interfaced with a GC capable of fulfilling the analytical requirements of several exobiology missions. Future exobiology missions will require further development of the IMS, particularly in the areas of overall instrument miniaturization and complex sample identification. The evolution of the exobiology focused IMS will be presented up to the current prototype design, which is a component of several proposed exobiology instruments. Areas of future development will also be discussed.
    Keywords: Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry
    Type: Fifth International Workshop on Ion Mobility Spectroscopy; Aug 19, 1996 - Aug 22, 1996; Jackson Hole, WY; United States
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 18
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    A Tale of Two Small Business Grants: The Best of Times, the Worst of Times from the NASA Ames Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) Program (2006)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: The purposes of the SBIR Program are to: stimulate technological innovation in the private sector; strengthen the role of Small Business Concerns (SBCs) in meeting Federal research and development needs; increase the commercial application of these research results; and encourage participation of socially and economically disadvantaged persons and women-owned small businesses. The process can be highly rewarding, providing the small business with resources to pursue research and development with a focus on providing NASA with new and advanced capabilities. We present two examples of how the NASA Ames SBIR Program has addressed these purposes, nurturing innovative ideas from small, businesses into commercially viable products that also address analytical needs in space research. These examples, from the Science Instruments for Conducting Solar System Exploration Subtopic, describe the journey from innovative concept to analytical instrument, one successful and one hampered by numerous roadblocks (including some international intrigue}.
    Keywords: Space Sciences (General)
    Type: 232nd ACS National Meeting; Sep 10, 2006 - Sep 14, 2006; San Francisco, CA; United States
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 19
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    Miniature GC-Minicell Ion Mobility Spectrometer (IMS) for In Situ Measurements in Astrobiology Planetary Missions (2006)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: Astrobiology flight experiments require highly sensitive instrumentation for in situ analysis of volatile chemical species and minerals present in the atmospheres and surfaces of planets, moons, and asteroids. The complex mixtures encountered place a heavy burden on the analytical instrumentation to detect and identify all species present. The use of land rovers and balloon aero-rovers place additional emphasis on miniaturization of the analytical instrumentation. In addition, smaller instruments, using tiny amounts of consumables, allow the use of more instrumentation and/or ionger mission life for stationary landers/laboratories. The miniCometary Ice and Dust Experiment (miniCIDEX), which combined Gas Chromatography (GC) with helium Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS), was capable of providing the wide range of analytical information required for Astrobiology missions. The IMS used here was based on the PCP model 111 IMS. A similar system, the Titan Ice and Dust Experiment (TIDE), was proposed as part of the Titan Orbiter Aerorover Mission (TOAM). Newer GC systems employing Micro Electro- Mechanical System (MEMS) based technology have greatly reduced both the size and resource requirements for space GCs. These smaller GCs, as well as the continuing miniaturization of Astrobiology analytical instruments in general, has highlighted the need for smaller, dry helium IMS systems. We describe here the development of a miniature, MEMS GC-IMS system (MEMS GC developed by Thorleaf Research Inc.), employing the MiniCell Ion Mobility Spectrometer (IMS), from Ion Applications Inc., developed through NASA's Astrobiology Science and Technology Instrument Development (ASTID) Program and NASA s Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) Program.
    Keywords: Exobiology
    Type: 15th International Conference on Ion Mobility Spectrometry; Jul 23, 2006 - Jul 28, 2006; Honolulu, HI; United States
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 20
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    Modulated-Voltage Metastable-Ionization Detector (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: New detector retains sensitivity of conventional ones but automatically reduces voltage to prevent current saturation at higher values, enabling quantitative determination of relative concentrations approaching 100 percent. Detector includes feedback circuitry to prevent current saturation. When detector current begins to exceed threshold, detector high voltage reduced to keep current from rising much more. Recorder output shows detector-current and voltage-reduction signals from gas mixture with constituents both above and below threshold concentration. Those above threshold cause both current and voltage-reduction peaks. Those below threshold give rise to current peaks only.
    Keywords: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
    Type: ARC-11503 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 12; 1; P. 58
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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