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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 14 (1992), S. 1241-1254 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Polaritons (including photon-photon and photon-magnon interactions)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Using a nonlocal susceptibility with cilindrical symmetry as computed from the microscopic theory, we obtain the exciton-polariton modes in quantum wires, where the translational symmetry is preserved in one direction only. Resonant polaritons, with a finite radiative lifetime, result for $$k_\parallel〈 k_0 = (\omega /c)\sqrt {\varepsilon _\infty }$$ , while wire polaritons with infinite radiative lifetime result fork ‖〉k 0. Dispersion laws and lifetimes are given for all values ofk ‖, and the separation between the longitudinal and the nonlongitudinal mode is obtained. Numerical examples are given for GaAs/Ga1−x Al x As quantum wires.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 15 (1993), S. 337-345 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions) ; Optical properties of bulk materials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We consider the case of a plurality of polariton modes due to the valence band structure, and give a one-dimensional model to compute the optical functions in the exciton frequency range. Interference effects of each mode with itself and with the other modes are identified by a fine structure in the reflectivity spectrum.
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  • 13
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    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 7 (1986), S. 55-69 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si presentano le soluzioni esatte del problema quantistico del polaritone con dispersione spaziale. Gli autostati polaritonici esatti sono ottenuti come combinazioni di stati fotonici e di stati di polarizzazione. Contributi non lineari di fotoni e di quanti di polarizzazione sono presenti a tutti i valori dik. Componenti a due fotoni e a tre fotoni sono date in forma esplicita.
    Notes: Summary We give the exact solution of the quantum polariton problem with spatial dispersion. The exact polariton eigenstates are obtained in terms of photon and polariton states. For all values ofk a nonlinear contribution of the photon and polarization states is present in the polariton wave function. Two- and three-photon components are explicitly singled out.
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  • 14
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    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 5 (1985), S. 419-445 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Optical properties and materials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si è calcolata la funzione dielettrica di piccole particelle metalliche di qualsiasi dimensione a simmetria cubica semplice, usando un modello a legame forte (tight binding) esattamente risolubile. Le transizioni tra gli stati elettronici sono state considerate sia al prim'ordine nell'interazione elettromagnetica che al second'ordine, con la partecipazione delle interazioni con le vibrazioni e le impurezze. I risultati mostrano forti effetti di dimensione dovuti alla rottura della simmetria di traslazione e alla presenza di stati superficiali. Si è analizzato, in particolare, l'assorbimento ottico dovuto a risonanza di plasma nel caso di piccole particelle d'argento disperse in vetro; si è ottenuto un accordo ragionevole con gli andamenti sperimentali, mostrando la dipendenza dalle dimensioni delle particelle e dalla natura del mezzo in cui sono immerse.
    Abstract: Резюме Предлагается решаемая модель сильной связи для электронных состояний кубических кристаллов произвольного размера для вычисления вещественной и мнимой частеи диэлектрической функции металлических частиц. Обсуждаутся два типа микроскоцических процессов: переходы цервого порядка между электронными состояниями и переходы второго порядка, обусловленные столкновениями с колебательными состояниями и примесями. Дляs иp зон учитывается межзонные и внутризонные переходы. Полученные результаты овнаруживают сильные размерные эффекты, обусловленные отсутствием трансляционной симметрии и наличием поверхностных состояний. В частности, анализируется оптическое поглощение, обусловленное резонансом в плазме, в случае малых части ц серебра, диспергированных в стекле. Обнарузена Зависимость оптических цвойств от раЗмеров частиц. Получено разумное согласие с эксперимнтальными данными
    Notes: Summary A solvable tight-binding model for the electronic states of cubic crystals of arbitrary size is used to compute the real and the imaginary part of the dielectric function of metallic particles. Two types of microscopic processes are discussed: first-order transitions between electronic states and second-order transitions due to collisions with vibrational states and impurities. Interband and intraband transitions are both taken into account fors andp bands. The results display very strong size effects due to the lack of translational symmetry and to the presence of surface states; the Lorentz-Drude behaviour of the bulk metal is approached as the number of atoms in the particles increases. The size effects in the optical functions of the metallic particles are shown to depend on the environment and this is made to account for the basic features in the optical properties, in particular for the resonance plasma absorption. The case of silver particles in a glassy environment is investigated, experimental trends of the optical absorption with varying particle sizes are explained and reasonable agreement with experimental data is obtained.
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  • 15
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    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 9 (1987), S. 1145-1158 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: General theories and computational techniques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si propone di calcolare la densità elettronica e l’energia dello stato fondamentale dei solidi con un nuovo metodo che utilizza un piccolo numero di atomi e impone la simmetria propria del cristallo attorno all’atomo centrale. Si eseguono calcoli sull’elio solido nella simmetria esagonale compatta. La densità elettronica del metodo Hartree-Fock differisce dalla somma delle densità atomiche. L’attrazione tra gli atomi è dovuta esclusivamente all’energia di correlazione e non può essere espressa come somma dei potenziali tra due atomi; essa contiene termini di ordine superiore, che tendono a diminuire l’attrazione di Van der Waals.
    Abstract: Резюме Для вычисления электронной плотности и энергии основного состояния твердого тела предлагается новый метод, при котором испольсуется небольшое число атомов при собственной симметрии кристалла вокруг центральноого атома. Проводятся вычисления в случае твердого гелия при шестиугольной компактной симметрии. Электронная плотность метода Гартпии-Фока (Hartree-Fock) отличается от суммы атомных плотностей. Притяжение между атомами обусловлено только энергией корреляции и не выразимо через сумму потенциалов между двумя атомами. В ней имеются слагаемые высшего порядка при которых уменьшается притяжение Ван дер Ваалса (Van der Waals).
    Notes: Summary We propose a new method based on small clusters with the constraint of periodic symmetry to compute electron density and ground-state electronic energy of solids. Calculations are carried out on h.c.p. solid helium, and the Hartree-Fock density is shown to differ from the sum of atomic densities. The correlation energy is responsible for the existence of a small attractive energy per atom, which depends on the lattice parameters. The binding energy per atom cannot be expressed as the sum of two-atom interatomic potentials, but interatomic interactions to higher order must be included. Their effect is to decrease the Van der Waals attraction and to increase the hard-core repulsion.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 7 (1986), S. 700-716 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions) ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electronhole drops)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si deriva l’hamiltoniana quantistica di eccitoni in interazione con il campo elettromagnetico sia nel modello di Frenkel che nel modello di Wannier, includendo la dispersione spaziale e la singolarità del termine di scambio elettrone-buca. Si ottengono autostati e autovalori esatti per il polaritone superiore e quello inferiore. Nel modello di Wannier si trova una correzione alla teoria quantistica fenomenologica. In entrambi i modelli si dimostra la coincidenza del limite ak=0 del polaritone superione con quello dell’eccitone longitudinale. Questo è connesso con la dipendenza dell’accoppiamento eccitone-radiazione e dello scambio elettrone-buca dalla forza di oscillazione della transizione ottica. Gli effetti di spin introducono un fattore due sia nel termine di accoppiamento che nella separazione longitudinale-trasversale di eccitoni di singotetto.
    Abstract: Резуме Квантовый Гамильтоньян зкцитонов, взаимодействующих с злектромагнитным полем, получен и в случае зкцитонов Френкеля и в случае зкцитонов Ванниера, причем учитывается пространственная дисперсия и особое поведение злектронно-дырочного обмена. Получены точные собственные значения и точные собственные функции Гамильтоньяна. В случае зкцитонов Ванниера найдена поправка результатов, полученных в феноменологической кватовой теории. В обоих случаях доказывается совпад ение энергии верхнего поларитона приk=0 с знергиейпродольного зкцитона приk=0. Доказывается, что наличие спина вызывает удвоение козффициента силы связи и также удвоение поперечно-продоьного расщепления синглетных состояний.
    Notes: Summary The quantum Hamiltonian of excitons in interaction with the electromagnetic field is derived for the case of Frenkel excitons and for the case of Wannier excitons by taking into account spatial dispersion and the singular behaviour of the electron-hole exchange. The exact eigenvalues and eigenstates are obtained for the upper and lower polaritons. In the case of Wannier excitons a correction to the phenomenological quantum theory is found. In both cases the coincidence of the upper polariton limit fork=0 and the longitudinal exciton value atk=0 is proved. Spin effects are shown to introduce a factor two both in the coupling strength and in the transverse-longgitudinal splitting for singlet excitons.
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  • 17
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 7 (1986), S. 755-766 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Other topics in electronic transport in condensed matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si mostra che in un semiconduttore estrinseco (di tipon), contenente impurezze con un livello profondo, si possono produrre auto-oscillazioni stocastiche nella densità di elettroni in modo da ionizzare le impurezze e riscaldare gli elettroni. Il meccanismo responsabile è la dipendenza della sezione di cattura degli elettroni nel livello profondo della temperatura degli elettroni e la dipendenza dell’energia del livello dalla temperatura degli elettroni e dalla loro densitá. Si danno le esplicite condizioni per l’insorgere di auto-oscillazioni periodiche e stocastiche.
    Abstract: Резюме Мы показываем, что собственный полупроводник (n-типа), содержащий глубокий уровень, связанный с примесными центрами, может производить стохастические автоколебания в электронной плотности и в электрическом поле при интенсивном облучении, которое ионизует глубокие ловушки и нагревает электроны. Этот механизм обратной связи представляет зависимость коэффициента захвата для глубоких центров от электронной температуры и зависимость глубокого энергетического уровня от температуры и концентрации электронов. В явном виде приводятся условия для возникновения периодических и стохастических автоколебаний.
    Notes: Summary We show that an extrinsic semiconductor (n-type), containing a deep level from impurity centres, may produce stochastic self-oscillations in the electron density and in the electric field, under intense illumination which ionizes the deep traps and heats the electrons. The feedback mechanism is the dependence of the capture coefficient of the deep centres on the electron temperature and the dependence of the deep energy level on electron temperature and concentration. The conditions for the occurrence of periodic and stochastic self-oscillations are explicitly given.
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  • 18
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    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 10 (1988), S. 847-859 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts,p-n junctions ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si presenta uno studio sistematico della luminescenza e della riflettività di strutture a buche quantiche multiple di GaAs/Ga1−x Al x As da 12K a temperatura ambiente. Un confronto diretto tra i picchi di fluorescenza dovuti a stati nelle buche quantiche e a quelli nell'arseniuro di gallio, cosí come il confronto tra fotoluminescenza e riflettività, forniscono una prova diretta del ruolo degli eccitoni a tutte le temperature. L'analisi spettrale della fluorescenza a temperatura ambiente ci consente di identificare il contributo degli eccitoni di buca pesante, degli eccitoni di buca leggera e degli stati del continuo. Un'analisi dettagliata delle energie di transizione in funzione della temperatura mostra che l'energia di confinamento aumenta del 5% quando la temperatura aumenta da 12K a temperatura ambiente. Questo effetto è dovuto alla variazione delle masse effettive dell'elettrone e della buca.
    Abstract: Резюме Мы исследуем фотолюминесценцию и отражение структур множественных квантовых ям в GaAs/Ga1−x Al x As в области от 12K до комнатной температуры. Прямое сравнение между эмиссионными пиками для квантовых ям и для объема арсенида галлия, а также между спектрами фотолюминесценции и отражения обнаруживает наличие экситонных особенностей при всех исследованных температурах. Подгоняя форму линий для спектра фотолюминесценции при комнатной температуре, мы определяем вклад экситонов тяжелых дырок, экситонов легких дырок и состояний непрерывного спектра. Из подробного анализа энергий перехода в зависимости от температуры показывается, что энергия удержания увеличивается на 5% при возрастании температуры от 12K до комнатной температуры. Отмечается, что этот эффект обусловлен изменением эффективных масс электрона и дырки.
    Notes: Summary We report a study of photoluminescence and reflectivity of GaAs/Ga1−x Al x As multiple quantum well structures from 12 K to room temperature. A direct comparison between the emission peaks of the quantum wells and of bulk GaAs, as well as between the photoluminescence and reflectance spectra, shows strong evidence of exciton features up to room temperature. By means of a line shape fit of the room temperature emission spectrum, we determine the contribution of the heavy and light hole excitons and of the continuum states. From a detailed analysis of the transition energies, a 5% increase of the confinement energy is found to occur when the temperature increases from 12 K to room temperature. This effect is shown to be due to the change in the electron and hole effective masses.
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  • 19
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 14 (1992), S. 873-880 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: General theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary A sum rule for the nonlinear absorption of a probe beam induced by an external light beam is derived for the H atom. Numerical calculations are carried out using the pseudostate summation method and the consistency of the calculation is verified by comparing the length and the velocity gauge. The results confirm the validity of the pseudostate summation method in perturbation theory and give a measure of the strength of nonlinear effects in atomic hydrogen. They are shown to increase by orders of magnitude with increasing the frequency of the external beam. Asymmetries in the nonlinear absorption are expected, with larger negative contributions on the high-frequency side of the spectrum.
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  • 20
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1417-1422 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions) ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The excitonic energies are computed in superlattices from the poles in the imaginary part of the susceptibility, using an appropriate Green's function expression for the coherent amplitude function of the electron-hole pair. Solving the Maxwell equations, the polariton states are obtained and the optical properties are computed. The procedure includes the effects of coherence between the carriers and the electromagnetic field, and it does not require any type of additional boundary conditions. Detailed calculations in GaAs/Ga1−x Al x As superlattices show polaritonic effects in the optical properties, in particular a peculiar fine-structure lineshape of then=1 andn=2 hh and lh excitons is obtained. A comparison with similar calculations in bulk GaAs clearly shows the roles of quantum confinement and of anisotropy in the superlattice.
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