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  • 11
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Были исследованы условия образования O 2 − на катализаторах VCl4/SiO2. Было показано, что термическая вакуумная обработка негидролизованных катализаторов приводит к частичному гидролизу поверхностного ванадиевого комплекса, вызванному силанольными группами носителя. Было найдено, что способность катализаторов генерировать радикалы O 2 − зависит от степени гидролиза, вызванного термической вакуумной обработкой.
    Notes: Abstract The conditions for the formation of O 2 − on VCl4/SiO2 catalysts have been investigated. It is shown that thermal vacuum treatment (TVT) of unhydrolyzed catalysts leads to partial hydrolysis of the surface vanadium complex caused by the silanol groups of the support. The ability of the catalysts to generate O 2 − radicals was found to depend on the degree of hydrolysis caused by thermal vacuum treatment.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 41 (1990), S. 147-152 
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Катализаторы (≡Si−O)2V2xO5x−1 ускоряют парциальное и полное окисление CH4 при 450–550°C. В стадиях, определяющих скорость суммарной реакции окисления с помощью N2O при низких температурах, участвуют одиночные V-центры и частицы $$O^{. - } $$ , тогда как при окислении с помощью O2 при повышенных температурах участвуют “кластеры” и частицы O2−.
    Notes: Abstract It has been found that (≡Si−O)2V2xO5x−1 catalysts accelerate partial and complete oxidation of CH4 at 450–550°C. The steps responsible for the rate of the overall reaction with the participation of N2O at low temperatures involve single V-centers and $$\mathop {O^ - }\limits^. $$ , whereas in the oxidation by O2 at higher temperatures V-“clusters” and O2−-species take part.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 32 (1986), S. 209-214 
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Показано, что совместная прививка ионов ванадия и фосфоа увеличивает активность и селективность ванадийсодержащих азросилов в реакции окисления н-бутана. Высказано предположение о связи каталитических свойств с образованием окисных группировок, содержащих ванадий и фофор с оптимальными кислотно-основными свойствами.
    Notes: Abstract It has been revealed that simultaneous immobilization of vanadium and phosphorus ions increases the activity and selectivity of vanadium-containing aerosils in n-butane oxidation. The catalytic properties are suggested to be dependent on the formation of mixed oxide surface V−P/SiO2 clusters having optimal acid-base characteristics.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 27 (1985), S. 109-114 
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Различные поверхностные фазы ванадиевых катализаторов на носителе SiO2 были охарактеризованы статической адсорбцией, а также экспериментами восстановления и реокисления в условиях вакуума. Очевидная подвижностя ванадия, участвующего в некоторых ступенях получения, приводит к увеличению разнообразия исходных фаз прекурсора в зависимости от условий предварительной обработки и концентрации SiOH.
    Notes: Abstract Different surface phases of silica supported vanadia catalysts have been characterized by static adsorption, reduction, and reoxidation experiments under vacuum conditions. The obvious mobility of vanadium involved in some preparation steps gives rise to a diversification of initial precursor phases as a function of pretreatment conditions and SiOH concentration.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Эффект примесей щелочных добавок (Li, Na, K, Rb и Cs) на катализаторы V/SiO2 был исследован методом ЭПР. Щелочные металлы сильно изменяют спектр VO2+. Восстановление приводит к спектрам, согласно которым происходит медленное вращательное движение частиц VO2+ на поверхности носителя. Предложенная интерпретация включает в себя предыдущие структурные модели и образование солей поливанадиевой кислоты.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of alkali metal admixtures (Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs) on V/SiO2 catalysts was studied by ESR spectroscopy. Alkali metals strongly change the VO2+ spectra. Reduction leads to spectra showing a slow rotational motion of VO2+ species on the support surface. The proposed explanation includes former structural models and the formation of salts of polyvanadium acid.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: butyraldehyde ; condensation ; crystalline aluminophosphates ; molecular sieves ; VPI-5 ; AlPO{in4}-8 ; catalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It is found that zeolite-like crystalline aluminophosphates VPI-5, Si-VPI-5, and Mn-VPI-5 as well as those dirived from them, AlPO{in4}-8, SAPO{in4}-8, and MnAPO{in4}-8, are capable of catalyzing aldol condensation and crotonization of butyraldehyde (BA). Pd/AlPO{in4}-8 is catalytically active in hydrocondensation of BA with H{in2} at atmospheric pressure. The activities in BA conversion to 2-ethylhexane-3-ol-1-al increase in the following order: Mn-VPI-5 〈 Si-VPI-5 〈 VPI-5. The same order of activities is also found for AlPO{in4}-8, SAPO{in4}-8, and MnAPO{in4}-8. These catalysts are characterized by a lower initial activity in crotonization of BA than M{su+}NaX (CsNaX), but they are much more stable. Pd/AlPO{in4}-8 catalyzes BA conversion to 2-ethylhexanal even in the absence of H{in2} feed to the reaction zone. The influence of catalyst pretreatments and experimental conditions on the catalyst structures and catalytic activities is discussed.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Untersuchung an katalytisch aktiven Oberflächenverbindungen. III. ESR-Untersuchungen zur Bildung von Sauerstoffradikalen auf der Oberfläche von V2O5—P2O5-AufschichtkatalysatorenAn Vanadium-Phosphor-Katalysatoren, die SiO2 als Träger enthalten, wurde mit Hilfe der ESR-Methode die Bildung von O-- und O2--Radikalen untersucht. Durch Variation des Phosphor-Zusatzes konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Fähigkeit zur Bildung von O- und O2- durch steigenden Phosphor-Gehalt verringert wird. Zunehmende Mengen Phosphor erhöhen offensichtlich auch die Reduzierbarkeit der Katalysatoren und stabilisieren die quadratisch-pyramidale Koordination der V4+-Ionen.Durch einen Vergleich dieser Ergebnisse mit katalytischen Parametern, wie Aktivität und Selektivität der Oxydation von Buten zu Maleinsäureanhydrid wird deutlich, daß sowohl die katalytischen Eigenschaften als auch die für die Bildung von Sauerstoffradikalen erforderlichen Katalysatoreigenschaften durch die gleichen Strukturveränderungen beeinflußt werden.
    Notes: Using the ESR method the formation of O- and O2- on silica supported vanadiumphosphorus catalysts has been investigated. Studying catalysts with varying phosphorus contents it was found that the concentration of O- and O2- can be related to the contents of phosphate ions. The admixture of increasing amounts of phosphorus obviously increases the reducibility of the catalysts and stabilizes the square-pyramidical coordination of V4+ ions.Comparing these results with activity and selectivity of the catalytic butene oxidation to maleic anhydride we point out that both the changed catalytic properties and the formation of oxygen radicals may be influenced by the same structural effects.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies on Catalytically Active Surface Compounds. II. On the Existence of Different Vanadium(V) Oxide Surface Phases on SiO2 and their Catalytic PropertiesIn dependence on the SiOH concentration of the Aerosil surface two different disperse vanadium(V) oxide phases are obtained, which differ characteristically in their reflexion spectra, their chemisorption behaviour towards butene and their catalytic properties in the oxidation of butene and ethanol. At high values of the original concentration of SiOH groups a δ″ phase is formed which gives after desorption of adsorbed water at 250°C, a reflexion spectrum that points at a tetrahedral coordination of the Vv; this phase shows a relative low activity for both reactions. At a lower original concentration of SiOH a δ″ phase of the vanadium(V) oxide is formed, the reflexion spectrum of which, points at an octahedrally coordinated vanadium(V) oxide. This phase is considerably more active than the former.
    Notes: In Abhängigkeit von der SiOH-Gruppen-Konzentration der Aerosil-Ober- fläche werden durch Umsetzung mit VOCl3 und anschließende Hydrolyse zwei unterschiedliche, disperse Phasen von Vanadium(V)-oxid erhalten, die sich in charakteristischer Weise in ihrem Reflexionsspektrum, ihrem Chemisorptionsverhalten gegenüber Buten und ihren katalytischen Eigenschaften bei der Buten- und Äthanoloxydation unterscheiden.Bei hoher Ausgangskonzentration an SiOH entsteht eine δ″-Phase, deren Reflexionsspektrum nach Desorption von adsorbiertem Wasser bei 250°C auf eine tetraedrische Koordination des Vv deutet; sie besitzt eine relativ niedrige katalytische Aktivität in beiden Reaktionen. Bei niedriger Ausgangskonzentration an SiOH entsteht eine δ″-Phase des Vanadium(V)-oxids, deren entsprechendes Reflexionsspektrum auf oktaedrisch koordiniertes Vanadium(V)-oxid deutet und eine relativ hohe katalytische Aktivität in den genannten Reaktionen besitzt.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies on Catalytically Active Surface Compounds. VII. Catalytic Properties of Oxidic Vanadium-Chromium CatalystsThe catalytic properties of silica supported vanadium-chromium catalysts for the oxidation of ethanol, butane, propene, and butene are described and completed by ESR measurements.Differences in catalytic activity of chromium-free vanadium catalysts which are caused by different values of the silanol group concentration of the support are shown to become levelled by the addition of chromium. V—O—Cr species of medium catalytic activity are considered to be the catalytic active center. ESR spectra taken after the reaction show the existence of Cr3+ and VO+2 species. A correlation between the intensity of the VO2+ signal and the catalytic activity of the samples is observed.
    Notes: Die katalytischen Eigenschaften von Vanadiumoxid-Chromoxid-Aufschichtkatalysatoren wurden bei der Oxydation von äthanol, Butan, Buten und Propen untersucht und ergänzende ESR-spektroskopische Messungen durchgeführt.Die großen, durch unterschiedliche Silanolgruppenkonzentration des Trägers bedingten Aktivitätsunterschiede der chromfreien Vanadiumoxid-Aufschichtkatalysatoren werden mit wachsendem Chromoxidgehalt nivelliert. Als katalytisch aktives Zentrum werden V—O—Cr-Gruppierungen mit mittlerer Aktivität diskutiert. ESR-Spektren zeigen die Existenz von Cr3+- und V4+-Ionen nach der katalytischen Reaktion, und es wird ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Intensität des VO2+-Signals und der katalytischen Aktivität der Katalysatoren beobachtet.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies on Catalytically Active Surface Compounds. XIII. Structure and Catalytic Properties of Molybdenum Oxide/SiO2 CatalystsThe catalytic properties of Mo oxide/SiO2 catalysts in the selective oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde are described. It is shown that, independently on the preparation conditions, all catalysts showed relative high activity and selectivity values which were however, not constant during the reaction time. The high initial activity could be stabilized to a limited extent both by prereduction with methanol (but not with hydrogen) and by decreasing the oxygen concentration of the reaction gas. ESR measurements showed that in dependence on the means of reduction (methanol or hydrogen) two different coordinated Mo5+ ions were formed. Evidence was given by IR spectroscopy that prereduction in methanol caused the formation of methoxy groups stabilizing catalytically active Mo5+ ions. UV-Vis, ESCA, and electron microscopic measurements showed however, that further aggregation and formation of microcrystallites of MoO3 took place during the catalytic reaction which caused the observed decrease of the activity.
    Notes: Es werden die katalytischen Eigenschaften von Mo-oxid/SiO2-Katalysatoren bei der selektiven Oxydation von Methanol zu Formaldehyd beschrieben. Unabhängig von der Präparation zeigen alle Katalysatoren eine relativ hohe, zeitlich jedoch wenig stabile Aktivität und Selektivität. Diese Anfangsaktivität kann aber durch Vorreduktion mit Methanol (nicht aber mit Wasserstoff) oder durch Verringerung der Sauerstoffkonzentration im Reaktionsgas in begrenztem Maße stabilisiert werden. Mit Hilfe von ESR-Messungen wurde nachgewiesen, daß in Abhängigkeit vom Reduktionsmittel unterschiedlich koordinierte Mo5+-Ionen erzeugt werden. Im Falle der Reduktion mit Methanol werden außerdem Methoxy-Gruppen erzeugt, die die katalytisch aktiven Mo5+-Zentren stabilisieren. UV-Vis, ESCA sowie elektronenmikroskopische Messungen zeigen aber, daß im Verlaufe der katalytischen Reaktion eine Aggregierung unter Bildung von MoO3-Mikrokristalliten erfolgt und den beobachteten Aktivitätsabfall verursacht.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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