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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 74-82 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Solvolyse von 17-(Tosyloxy)androstanen in Hexafluorisopropylalkohol - Ein Beispiel für extreme Reaktivitätsunterschiede ohne Auftreten von nichtklassischen IntermediatenDie Solvolyse von 17α-(Tosyloxy)androstan wie die des entsprechenden 18-Norsteroids in Hexafluorisopropylalkohol verläuft um den Faktor 〉 104 mal schneller (bei 25°C) als bei den β-Isomeren sowie auch erheblich schneller als die Solvolyse von Cyclopentyl- oder Cyclohexyltosylat. Beide Epimere ergeben die gleichen 1,2-Methylverschiebungs-Produkte. Der Vergleich kinetischer Messungen an Steroid-, Cyclohexan- und Cyclopentan-Derivaten mit vicinalen Methylgruppen oder Wasserstoff zeigt, daß weder eine Verbrückung mit antiperiplanaren C—C-Bindungen noch eine Wasserstoffverschiebung zu tertiären geladenen Zentren für die beobachteten Reaktivitätsdifferenzen verantwortlich ist. Chloride zeigen im Vergleich zu Tosylaten eine erhebliche Erniedrigung des Geschwindigkeitsverhältnisses der Epimeren. Die Epimeren zeichnen sich durch ks/kc-Verhältnisse aus, welche einen Bereich von 102 bis 103 überstreichen. Molekülmechanische Berechnungen zeigen, daß die schnellen Reaktionen der 17α-Isomeren auf sterischen Faktoren beruhen. Die 17β-Epimeren dagegen reagieren wesentlich langsamer als durch das Kraftfeldmodell vorausgesagt; dies stimmt mit einer starken sterischen Hinderung der Solvatation überein. Die Darstellungen z. B. von 18-Norsteroiden sowie 13C-NMR-Spektren werden beschrieben.
    Notes: Solvolysis in hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol of 17α-(tosyloxy)androstane as well as of the corresponding 18-norsteroid proceeds faster than that of the 17β-isomers by a factor of 〉 104 (25°C), and also considerably faster than that of cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl tosylates. The same 1,2-methyl migration products are observed with both epimers. Kinetic comparison with steroids, cyclohexane and cyclopentane derivatives with vicinal methyl groups or hydrogen shows that neither bridging with antiperiplanar C—C bonds, nor hydrogen rearrangements leading to charges at tertiary centers can be responsible for the reactivity differences. Chlorides instead of tosylates show a substantial decrease of the epimeric rate ratios. The epimers are characterized by ks/kc ratios differing by a factor of 102 to 103. Molecular mechanics calculations indicate that the fast reactions of the 17α-isomers are due to steric acceleration; the 17β-epimers react much slower than predicated by the applied force field model, which is in accord with a strong steric hindrance to solvation. Preparations of, e.g., 18-norsteroids and 13C NMR spectra are described.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 122 (1989), S. 1211-1213 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Amides ; Barbiturates ; Hydrogen bonds ; Linear free-energy relations ; Solvent effects ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: NMR Shift titrations with 2,6-diacyldiaminopyridines as well as with the parent benzene derivative and barbiturates indicate strong hydrogen bond attenuation by steric hindrance, by flexible side chains, and by chloroform as solvent. Analysis of unhindered associations and of corresponding host-guest complexes reported in the literature shows a linear correlation of complexation free energy ΔG° with the number n of hydrogen bonds for n 〉 1, which amounts to ΔG° = (5 ± 1) kJ/(mol · n) in CDCl3; this value is expected to increase in carbon tetrachloride to ΔG° ≈ 10 kJ/(mol · n) as judged by extrapolation from 2 measurements.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 122 (1989), S. 321-326 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: NMR shielding mechanisms ; Steric effects ; Hybridization ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 13C- und 1H-NMR-Abschirmungseffekte in aliphatischen gauche/trans-FragmentenAuf der Basis von verbesserten rechnerischen Modellen, von neuen NMR-Messungen an Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan- und an Cyclohexanverbindungen sowie von Literaturdaten wird gezeigt, daß klassische Mechanismen von sterisch induzierten Ladungspolarisierungen, von linearen elektrischen Feldeffekten und Anisotropieeffekten zahlreiche Unterschiede bei Substituenteneffekten erklären. Die Rolle sterischer Geometriestörungen auf α- und β-Effekte wird diskutiert; die durch Einführung von α-Methyl-substituenten induzierten Bindungswinkeländerungen an C-α und die daraus berechneten Hybridisierungsdifferenzen lassen sich sowohl mit den sehr unterschiedlichen Cα-Me-Substituenteneffekten wie auch mit den entsprechenden Differenzen zwischen äquatorialen und axialen Susbtituenten korrelieren.
    Notes: On the basis of improved calculation models, of new NMR measurements with bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl and cyclohexyl compounds, and of literature data it is shown that classical mechanisms of sterically induced charge polarizations, of linear electric field, and of anisotropy effects can account for many substituent-induced shielding (SIS) differences. The rǒle of steric distortions on α-and β-SIS is discussed; bond angle variations generated by a methyl group introduction at C-α and subsequent hybridization changes are correlated with Cα-Me SIS values as well as with the eq/ax shielding in cyclohexanes.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 747-750 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Host-Guest Chemistry, V. Improved Syntheses of Macrocyclic Azacyclophanes - Temperature Effects on Ring Size Ratios in the CyclisationThe simplified reaction of (bis)tosylamides and α,ω-dibromoalkanes using K2CO3 in heterogeneous DMF solution as a deposit base allows to obtain large quantities of macrocycles (1 - 4) in 45 - 62% yields. The hitherto unknown temperature effect on the ratio of smaller to larger cyclophanes (diaza- to tetraaza rings, DR to TR) can be used to increase the DR/TR ratio, e.g. from 2.2 to 〉 28.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 119 (1986), S. 2815-2831 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Azamacrocycles with N-(Aminoalkyl) Side Chains: Syntheses, Metal Complexes, and Catalysis of Acyl Transfer ReactionsAzacyclophanes containing ethylene diamine groups and open chain analogues are prepared e. g. by reactions with bromoacetonitrile and subsequent reduction. Metal complexes of the composition L · Cu4Cl8, L · Zn2Cl4, L · Ni6Cl12, · 8H2O, L · Co4(NO3)8 · 16 H2O, where L = macrocyclic ligand, are obtained in the solid form. In aqueous solutions the ethylenediamine systems show complexation constants e. g. with Ni2⊕ and Cu2⊕ of K 106 l/mol; protonation occurs only at the primary NH2 group with a pK of 8.55 ± 0.1. Rate constants of acyl transfer from 2,4-dinitro-1-naphthyl acetate to nitrogen are measured with amines which are half protonated; normalized for attack at one nucleophile they show ratios of 9.5:4.4:1 if one compares a macrocyclic octaamine, an open chain ethylenediamine analogue, and N-ethylaniline. The rates show little influence by Co2⊕, but a decrease of ≈ 50 upon addition of 1 equivalent of Cu2⊕ per macrocyclic ligand L. 1H and 13C NMR data for the new compounds are given.
    Notes: Azacyclophane mit Ethylendiamin-Einheiten und offenkettige Analoga werden durch Umsetzungen u. a. mit Bromacetonitril und Reduktion dargestellt, ebenso feste Metallkomplexe der Zusammensetzung L · Cu4Cl8, L · Zn2Cl4, L · Ni6Cl12, · 8H2O, L · Co4(NO3)8 · 16 H2O (L = makrocyclisches Octaamin). Die Ethylendiamin-Systeme komplexieren in wäßriger Lösung z. B. Ni2⊕ und Cu2⊕ mit K ≃ 106 l/mol; Protonierung erfolgt nur an den primären NH2-Gruppen mit pK-Werten von 8.55 ± 0.1. Die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten des Acyltransfers von 2,4-Dinitro-1-naphthylacetat auf Stickstoff werden in Gegenwart von jeweils zur Hälfte protonierten Basen gemessen; nach Normalisierung pro Nucleophil verhalten sie sich wie 9.5:4.4:1, wenn man ein makrocyclisches Octaamin, ein offenkettiges Ethylendiamin-Analogon und N-Ethylanilin vergleicht. Während der Zusatz von Co2⊕ wenig RGK-Änderungen bewirkt, verlangsamt 1 Äquivalent Cu2⊕ pro makrocyclischer Ligand L die Reaktion um den Faktor ≈ 50. 1H- und 13C-NMR-Daten der neuen Verbindungen werden angegeben.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 24 (1986), S. 718-722 
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: Epoxidation induced ; 13C NMR shifts ; Lanthanide induced shifts ; Epoxides ; Alkanes ; Alkenes ; Terpenes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Based on literature data, and new measurements with both simple and complicated skeletons, it is shown that epoxidation-induced shifts (EIS) usually vary by only 〈4ppm if compared with the corresponding olefins, but by 〈9 ppm if compared with the saturated analogues. Shift differences between stereoisomers (E/Z or trans/cis) are consistent and, again, similar in epoxides and olefins. Larger variations are observed only for cyclic systems in which flexibility and conformational coupling can lead to significant conformational differences between the epoxide and olefin. Yb(fod)3-induced LIS values are regular if normalized by setting the LIS for the α-carbon atoms to 100%; these and the EIS values can be used to confirm or correct13C signal assignments.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 26 (1988), S. 679-682 
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: Cyclohexanes ; Decalins ; Steroids ; 1H NMR substituent effects ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The proton shifts of trans-decalin and of its 9-hydroxy derivative were determined by 2D NMR methods, supported in the latter case by lanthanide-induced shifts. Based on these shifts and on literature data, substituent (X)-induced chemical shifts (SCS) were obtained for the 9-X-trans-decalins for X = OH, Cl, Br, I and Ch3. Comparisons with corresponding secondary cyclohexyl derivatives, derived from androstane measurements, usually showed good correlations; 38 SCS values out of 40 (for X = Hal, OH) deviate by 〈 ±0.08 ppm and are in line with earlier linear electric field effect calculations. Only two literature values for Br and I on the antiperiplanar tertiary H-10 exhibit unusual upfield shifts which, however, cannot be related to dihedral angle changes.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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