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  • 1
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    Earthquakes on dipping faults: the effects of broken symmetry (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-22
    Description: Dynamic simulations of earthquakes on dipping faults show asymmetric near-source ground motion caused by the asymmetric geometry of such faults. The ground motion from a thrust or reverse fault is larger than that of a normal fault by a factor of 2 or more, given identical initial stress magnitudes. The motion of the hanging wall is larger than that of the footwall in both thrust (reverse) and normal earthquakes. The asymmetry between normal and thrust (reverse) faults results from time-dependent normal stress caused by the interaction of the earthquake-generated stress field with Earth's free surface. The asymmetry between hanging wall and footwall results from the asymmetric mass and geometry on the two sides of the fault.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Oglesby -- Archuleta -- Nielsen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 15;280(5366):1055-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉D. D. Oglesby and R. J. Archuleta, Institute for Crustal Studies and Department of Geological Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. S. B. Nielsen, Institute for Crustal Studies and Materials Research Laborat.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9582114" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Isolating the spectroscopic signature of a hydration shell with the use of clusters: superoxide tetrahydrate (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-31
    Description: Cluster spectroscopy, aided by ab initio theory, was used to determine the detailed structure of a complete hydration shell around an anion. Infrared spectra of size-selected O(2)-. (H(2)O)(n) (n = 1 to 4) cluster ions were obtained by photoevaporation of an argon nanomatrix. Four water molecules are required to complete the coordination shell. The simple spectrum of the tetrahydrate reveals a structure in which each water molecule is engaged in a single hydrogen bond to one of the four lobes of the pi* orbital of the superoxide, whereas the water molecules bind together in pairs. This illustrates how water networks deform upon accommodating a solute ion to create a distinct supramolecular species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weber -- Kelley -- Nielsen -- Ayotte -- Johnson -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 31;287(5462):2461-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, Post Office Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10741960" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Glacial effects limiting mountain height (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-14
    Description: The height of mountain ranges reflects the balance between tectonic rock uplift, crustal strength and surface denudation. Tectonic deformation and surface denudation are interdependent, however, and feedback mechanisms-in particular, the potential link to climate-are subjects of intense debate. Spatial variations in fluvial denudation rate caused by precipitation gradients are known to provide first-order controls on mountain range width, crustal deformation rates and rock uplift. Moreover, limits to crustal strength are thought to constrain the maximum elevation of large continental plateaus, such as those in Tibet and the central Andes. There are indications that the general height of mountain ranges is also directly influenced by the extent of glaciation through an efficient denudation mechanism known as the glacial buzzsaw. Here we use a global analysis of topography and show that variations in maximum mountain height correlate closely with climate-controlled gradients in snowline altitude for many high mountain ranges across orogenic ages and tectonic styles. With the aid of a numerical model, we further demonstrate how a combination of erosional destruction of topography above the snowline by glacier-sliding and commensurate isostatic landscape uplift caused by erosional unloading can explain observations of maximum mountain height by driving elevations towards an altitude window just below the snowline. The model thereby self-consistently produces the hypsometric signature of the glacial buzzsaw, and suggests that differences in the height of mountain ranges mainly reflect variations in local climate rather than tectonic forces.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Egholm, D L -- Nielsen, S B -- Pedersen, V K -- Lesemann, J-E -- England -- Nature. 2009 Aug 13;460(7257):884-7. doi: 10.1038/nature08263.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark. david@geo.au.dk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19675651" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Small-scale mantle convection produces stratigraphic sequences in sedimentary basins (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-08-14
    Description: Cyclic sedimentary deposits link stratigraphic sequences that are now geographically distant but were once part of the same depositional environment. Some of these sequences occur at periods of 2 to 20 million years, and eustatic sea-level variations or regional tectonic events are likely causes of their formation. Using numerical modeling, we demonstrate that small-scale mantle convection can also cause the development of stratigraphic sequences through recurrent local and regional vertical surface movements. Small-scale convection-driven stratigraphic sequences occur at periods of 2 to 20 million years and correlate only at distances up to a few hundred kilometers. These results suggest that previous sequence stratigraphic analyses may contain erroneous conclusions regarding eustatic sea-level variations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Petersen, K D -- Nielsen, S B -- Clausen, O R -- Stephenson, R -- Gerya, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Aug 13;329(5993):827-30. doi: 10.1126/science.1190115.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Science, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. kenni@geo.au.dk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20705857" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coulomb and centrifugal barrier bound dianion resonances of NO2 (2001)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 114 (2001), S. 147-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New short-lived resonance states of NO22− have been studied by bombarding NO2− anions by low-energy, mono-energetic electrons at the ASTRID heavy-ion storage ring. Storage for several seconds before the measurement ensures full vibrational relaxation of NO2− target anions. The dianion resonances were identified by the detection of resonances in the cross section for formation of neutral NO2. Two resonances were observed: The one of lowest energy is assigned to be the ground state of NO22− based on an ab initio calculation. This state may be held by a Coulomb barrier alone. A second state of significantly higher energy is argued to be held by a combined Coulomb and centrifugal barrier. Finally, a new scheme in which electron recombination may create stable dianions is proposed. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1328380
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation temperatures determined from stochastic inversion of borehole observations (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 101 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Bottom Hole Temperature (BHT) observations are generally influenced by drilling-induced thermal disturbances which must be corrected for. This paper presents a correction method based on a 1-D conductive finite element model and an inverse procedure for parameter estimation. While the technique may be applied to any section of the borehole this paper focuses on the correction of bottom hole temperatures.Model parameters are mud temperature during drilling and circulation at the depth of BHT observations, borehole radius, thermal parameters of mud and formation, and the equilibrium formation temperature. Data are one or more successive BHTs and their standard deviations.Prior to inversion the model parameters are assigned reasonable values and standard deviations that reflect the confidence in those values. A high level of confidence implies small standard deviations and vice versa.The process of inversion extracts the most likely values of all free parameters including the equilibrium formation temperature. Furthermore, the initial uncertainties in all parameters and data are propagated into uncertainties in the final parameter estimates. The formation temperature estimate is an unbiased estimate of the true formation temperature when the a priori parameter estimates and their standard deviations are consistent with the actual physical conditions in the borehole and the formation.The method on average yields 5–10 per cent higher equilibrium temperature estimates than does the Horner plot method and displays a strong consistency with temperature obtained during production tests. This is of importance to the understanding of terrestrial heat flow density patterns, and thermal structure of sedimentary basins, and to the modelling of hydrocarbon generation. The theory and results from the processing of 41 BHT series from 27 industrial wells in the North Sea Central Graben are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1990.tb05572.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of economics 68 (1998), S. 200-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-7134
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01237192
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  • 8
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    Coseismic recrystallization during shallow earthquake slip (2015)
    Geological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-26
    Description: Solidified frictional melts, or pseudotachylytes, remain the only unambiguous indicator of seismic slip in the geological record. However, pseudotachylytes form at 〉5 km depth, and there are many rock types in which they do not form at all. We performed low- to high-velocity rock friction experiments designed to impose realistic coseismic slip pulses on calcite fault gouges, and report that localized dynamic recrystallization may be an easy-to-recognize microstructural indicator of seismic slip in shallow, otherwise brittle fault zones. Calcite gouges with starting grain size 〈250 μm were confined up to 26 MPa normal stress using a purpose-built sample holder. Slip velocities were between 0.01 and 3.4 m s−1, and total displacements between 1 and 4 m. At coseismic slip velocities ≥0.1 m s−1, the gouges were cut by reflective principal slip surfaces lined by polygonal grains 〈1 μm in size. The principal slip surfaces were flanked by 〈300 μm thick layers of dynamically recrystallized calcite (grain size 1–10 μm) containing well-defined shape- and crystallographic-preferred orientations. Dynamic recrystallization was accompanied by fault weakening and thermal decomposition of calcite to CO2 + CaO. The recrystallized calcite aggregates resemble those found along the principal slip surface of the Garam thrust, South Korea, exhumed from 〈5 km depth. We suggest that intense frictional heating along the experimental and natural principal slip surfaces resulted in localized dynamic recrystallization, a microstructure that may be diagnostic of seismic slip in the shallow crust.
    Description: Published
    Description: 63-66
    Description: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; shallow earthquales ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.04. Mineral physics and properties of rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Mirror-like faults and power dissipation during earthquakes (2015)
    Geological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-17
    Description: Earthquakes occur along faults in response to plate tectonic movements, but paradoxically, are not widely recognized in the geological record, severely limiting our knowledge of earthquake physics and hampering accurate assessments of seismic hazard. Light-reflective (so-called mirror like) fault surfaces are widely observed geological features, especially in carbonate-bearing rocks of the shallow crust. Here we report on the occurrence of mirror-like fault surfaces cutting dolostone gouges in the Italian Alps. Using friction experiments, we demonstrate that the mirror-like surfaces develop only at seismic slip rates (∼1 m/s) and for applied normal stresses and sliding displacements consistent with those estimated on the natural faults. Under these experimental conditions, the frictional power density dissipated in the samples is comparable to that estimated for natural earthquakes (1–10 MW/m2). Our results indicate that mirror-like surfaces in dolostone gouges are a signature of seismic faulting, and can be used to estimate power dissipation during ancient earthquake ruptures.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1175-1178
    Description: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Earthquakes ; Faults ; Carbonates ; Rock Mechanics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.04. Mineral physics and properties of rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Effect of water on the frictional behavior of cohesive rocks during earthquakes (2015)
    Geological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-16
    Description: Fluid-rock interactions can control earthquake nucleation and the evolution of earthquake sequences. Experimental studies of fault frictional properties in the presence of fl uid can provide unique insights into these interactions. We report the fi rst results from experiments performed on cohesive silicate-bearing rocks (microgabbro) in the presence of pressurized pore fl uids (H2 O, drained conditions) at realistic seismic deformation conditions. The experimental data are compared with those recently obtained from carbonate-bearing rocks (Carrara marble). Contrary to theoretical arguments, and consistent with the interpretation of some fi eld observations, we show that frictional melting of a microgabbro develops in the presence of water. In microgabbro, the initial weakening mechanism (fl ash melting of the asperities) is delayed in the presence of water; conversely, in calcite marble the weakening mechanism (brittle failure of the asperities) is favored. This opposite behavior highlights the importance of host-rock composition in controlling dynamic (frictional) weakening in the presence of water: cohesive carbonate-bearing rocks are more prone to slip in the presence of water, whereas the presence of water might delay or inhibit the rupture nucleation and propagation in cohesive silicate-bearing rocks.
    Description: Published
    Description: 27-30
    Description: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: carbonates faults ; hydro-elasto-dynamics ; earthquake nucleation ; friction ; rock mechanics ; fluid-rcok interactions ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.06. Hydrothermal systems ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.04. Mineral physics and properties of rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.05. Rheology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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