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  • Articles  (52)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (39)
  • Humans  (13)
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  • Articles  (52)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2005-09-06
    Description: This study describes comprehensive polling of transcription start and termination sites and analysis of previously unidentified full-length complementary DNAs derived from the mouse genome. We identify the 5' and 3' boundaries of 181,047 transcripts with extensive variation in transcripts arising from alternative promoter usage, splicing, and polyadenylation. There are 16,247 new mouse protein-coding transcripts, including 5154 encoding previously unidentified proteins. Genomic mapping of the transcriptome reveals transcriptional forests, with overlapping transcription on both strands, separated by deserts in which few transcripts are observed. The data provide a comprehensive platform for the comparative analysis of mammalian transcriptional regulation in differentiation and development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carninci, P -- Kasukawa, T -- Katayama, S -- Gough, J -- Frith, M C -- Maeda, N -- Oyama, R -- Ravasi, T -- Lenhard, B -- Wells, C -- Kodzius, R -- Shimokawa, K -- Bajic, V B -- Brenner, S E -- Batalov, S -- Forrest, A R R -- Zavolan, M -- Davis, M J -- Wilming, L G -- Aidinis, V -- Allen, J E -- Ambesi-Impiombato, A -- Apweiler, R -- Aturaliya, R N -- Bailey, T L -- Bansal, M -- Baxter, L -- Beisel, K W -- Bersano, T -- Bono, H -- Chalk, A M -- Chiu, K P -- Choudhary, V -- Christoffels, A -- Clutterbuck, D R -- Crowe, M L -- Dalla, E -- Dalrymple, B P -- de Bono, B -- Della Gatta, G -- di Bernardo, D -- Down, T -- Engstrom, P -- Fagiolini, M -- Faulkner, G -- Fletcher, C F -- Fukushima, T -- Furuno, M -- Futaki, S -- Gariboldi, M -- Georgii-Hemming, P -- Gingeras, T R -- Gojobori, T -- Green, R E -- Gustincich, S -- Harbers, M -- Hayashi, Y -- Hensch, T K -- Hirokawa, N -- Hill, D -- Huminiecki, L -- Iacono, M -- Ikeo, K -- Iwama, A -- Ishikawa, T -- Jakt, M -- Kanapin, A -- Katoh, M -- Kawasawa, Y -- Kelso, J -- Kitamura, H -- Kitano, H -- Kollias, G -- Krishnan, S P T -- Kruger, A -- Kummerfeld, S K -- Kurochkin, I V -- Lareau, L F -- Lazarevic, D -- Lipovich, L -- Liu, J -- Liuni, S -- McWilliam, S -- Madan Babu, M -- Madera, M -- Marchionni, L -- Matsuda, H -- Matsuzawa, S -- Miki, H -- Mignone, F -- Miyake, S -- Morris, K -- Mottagui-Tabar, S -- Mulder, N -- Nakano, N -- Nakauchi, H -- Ng, P -- Nilsson, R -- Nishiguchi, S -- Nishikawa, S -- Nori, F -- Ohara, O -- Okazaki, Y -- Orlando, V -- Pang, K C -- Pavan, W J -- Pavesi, G -- Pesole, G -- Petrovsky, N -- Piazza, S -- Reed, J -- Reid, J F -- Ring, B Z -- Ringwald, M -- Rost, B -- Ruan, Y -- Salzberg, S L -- Sandelin, A -- Schneider, C -- Schonbach, C -- Sekiguchi, K -- Semple, C A M -- Seno, S -- Sessa, L -- Sheng, Y -- Shibata, Y -- Shimada, H -- Shimada, K -- Silva, D -- Sinclair, B -- Sperling, S -- Stupka, E -- Sugiura, K -- Sultana, R -- Takenaka, Y -- Taki, K -- Tammoja, K -- Tan, S L -- Tang, S -- Taylor, M S -- Tegner, J -- Teichmann, S A -- Ueda, H R -- van Nimwegen, E -- Verardo, R -- Wei, C L -- Yagi, K -- Yamanishi, H -- Zabarovsky, E -- Zhu, S -- Zimmer, A -- Hide, W -- Bult, C -- Grimmond, S M -- Teasdale, R D -- Liu, E T -- Brusic, V -- Quackenbush, J -- Wahlestedt, C -- Mattick, J S -- Hume, D A -- Kai, C -- Sasaki, D -- Tomaru, Y -- Fukuda, S -- Kanamori-Katayama, M -- Suzuki, M -- Aoki, J -- Arakawa, T -- Iida, J -- Imamura, K -- Itoh, M -- Kato, T -- Kawaji, H -- Kawagashira, N -- Kawashima, T -- Kojima, M -- Kondo, S -- Konno, H -- Nakano, K -- Ninomiya, N -- Nishio, T -- Okada, M -- Plessy, C -- Shibata, K -- Shiraki, T -- Suzuki, S -- Tagami, M -- Waki, K -- Watahiki, A -- Okamura-Oho, Y -- Suzuki, H -- Kawai, J -- Hayashizaki, Y -- FANTOM Consortium -- RIKEN Genome Exploration Research Group and Genome Science Group (Genome Network Project Core Group) -- TGM03P17/Telethon/Italy -- TGM06S01/Telethon/Italy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Sep 2;309(5740):1559-63.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16141072" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3' Untranslated Regions ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Conserved Sequence ; DNA, Complementary/chemistry ; *Genome ; Genome, Human ; Genomics ; Humans ; Mice/*genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Proteins/genetics ; RNA/chemistry/classification ; RNA Splicing ; RNA, Untranslated/chemistry ; Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid ; *Terminator Regions, Genetic ; *Transcription Initiation Site ; *Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: acid-catalyzed polycondensation ; L-aspartic acid ; 6-aminocaproic acid ; o-phosphoric acid ; poly(succinimide-co-6-aminocaproic acid) ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The polycondensation of L-aspartic acid (ASP) with 6-aminocaproic acid (ACA) using o-phosphoric acid produced poly(succinimide-co-6-aminocaproic acid). The yield of the MeOH-insoluble copolymer decreased from 99 to 52% and that of the MeOH-soluble one increased from 9 to 47%, with increasing molar ratio of ACA in the monomer feed. The compositions of the succinimide (SCI) unit in the MeOH-insoluble and -soluble copolymers tended to be higher than those of ASP in the monomer feed. The copolymers with the 35 mol % SCI units or above were soluble in DMSO, DMF, and conc-H2SO4, but those with the 20 and 21 mol % SCI units were soluble only in conc-H2SO4. The melting temperature appeared for the copolymers with less than 76 mol % SCI units. Poly(succinimide-co-6-aminocaproic acid) was easily hydrolyzed to yield poly(aspartic acid-co-6-aminocaproic acid), and it exhibited biodegradability toward activated sludge. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 6 (1968), S. 653-656 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Silk fibers were graft-copolymerized with methacrylamide (MAA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in aqueous media, using a chemical redox system as an initiator. High weight gains (300%) were obtained with both monomers, the weight gain being linearly related to the amount of monomer contained in the reaction system. The reaction efficiency attained 95-100%. The extent of homopolymerization was negligible for the MAA grafting system, while large amounts of poly-HEMA covered the surface of silk fibers beyond 70% weight gain. The fiber size increased linearly with the weight gain. The moisture content of MAA-grafted silk fibers was highly enhanced by grafting. The severe grafting conditions caused a partial degradation of the tensile properties of silk fibers, as well as of the degree of fiber whiteness. Following grafting, the breaking load slightly increased, while elongation at break and energy decreased. The decomposition temperature of grafted silk fibers shifted upwards. The Raman spectra of untreated silk fibers showed strong lines at 1667 (amide I), 1451, 1227 (amide III), 1172 and 1083 cm-1. Overlapping of the lines characteristic of both silk fibroin and grafted polymer was observed in the spectra of grafted silk samples. The vibrational mode of the amide III lines of silk fibroin was significantly modified by grafting. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 31 (1986), S. 2491-2500 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Formation of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) between cellulose derivatives in aqueous solution and their blood compatibility were examined. To this end, two types of quaternary ammonium cellulose derivatives, Q-Cell and Q-HEC, were prepared by treating cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), respectively, with glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride. Anionic derivatives were carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with different degrees of substitution (DS) and cellulose sulfate (CS). In vivo blood tests were made by a method of peripheral vein indwelling suture. The results showed that the complex formation of Q-Cell did not follow a stoichiometric reaction, but Q-HEC reacted stoichiometrically with CMC and CS. It was also found that water-insoluble cellulosic PECs are soluble in formic acid, showing that the cellulosic PEC films can be prepared from formic acid solutions. The blood tests revealed that by the criteria of the test method employed in this work, cellulosic PECs had a good blood compatibility.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 14 (1970), S. 551-572 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Four samples of poly(ethylene terephthalate) film of various crystallinities and orientation were dyed with p-nitroaniline and disperse dyes. When these films were heated under a 2-3 × 10-3 mm Hg vacuum at a specified temperature T, the dye sublimed out of the dyed specimen. The amount (Mt/M∞) of sublimed dye is in linear proportion to the square root of the sublimation time, t½, where Mt and M∞ are the amounts of dye sublimed for times t and t = ∞. The diffusion coefficient D, calculated from the slope of the above plot, is independent of the dye concentration of the film.When log D is plotted against 1/T°K over the temperature range 320-520°K, the relation is composed of two to four intersecting lines with the slope decreasing with elevation of temperature and with the breaks at about 89°-98°, 122°-135°, 155° and 175°-176°C. These breaks are the amorphous transitions: the first is the glass transition temperature Tg, the second and the fourth are the amorphous transitions corresponding to the crystalline transition points, i.e., the cold crystallization temperature and the smectic-triclinic transition temperature. With some exceptions, these amorphous transitions are found also by dilatometry and electrical conductivity measurements. The apparent activation energy for diffusion decreases from about 100 kcal/mole for the glass state to 22-24 kcal/mole for the region above 180°C. The activation energy for each region changes slightly with the size of dye molecule and the crystallinity and orientation of the film.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: To improve the blood compatibility of a segmented polyurethane (SPU), phospholipid polymer, i.e., 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) copolymerized with cyclohexyl methacrylate or 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, was blended into SPU as a polymeric additive. The blending was achieved by a solvent-evaporation technique from a homogeneous solution containing both the SPU and the MPC polymer. Surface analysis of the SPU membrane blended with the MPC polymer (SPU/MPC polymer membrane) revealed that the MPC polymer was concentrated at the surface of the SPU membrane which contacted the substrate, Teflon®, compared with that which contacted air during the membrane-formation period. The dispersion state of the MPC polymer in the SPU membrane was evaluated in detail by staining the MPC unit with osmium tetraoxide. When sonication was applied during preparation of the mixed solution containing SPU and the MPC polymer, the dispersion of the MPC polymer in the SPU membrane was different from that without sonication. That is, the size of the domains of the MPC polymer became smaller but the number of the domains increased. The amount of the MPC polymer mixed with SPU affected the dispersion state. Plasma proteins adsorbed on the SPU/MPC polymer membrane surface after contact with human plasma were detected by gold-colloid-labeled immunoassay. Both albumin and fibrinogen were observed on the SPU membrane; however, the amount of these proteins was reduced on the SPU/MPC polymer membrane. Thus it was concluded that the blood compatibility of the SPU was effectively improved by the blending of the MPC polymer. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Aus Äthyl-kaliummaleat und 1-Chlor-2,3-epoxypropan wurde ein Gemisch aus Äthyl-2,3-epoxypropylmaleat und -fumarat (4) erhalten.4 wurde mit Styrol copolymerisiert, und für die Monomeren wurden die folgenden Parameter gefunden: r1 = 0,30 und r2 = 0,05 (M1 = Styrol, M2 = Ester 4). Für Q und e wurden die Werte 0,55 bzw. 1,28 bestimmt. Copolymerisationen von 4 mit Äthylen wurden durchgeführt, um die chemische Reaktivität von Polyäthylen zu verbessern. Diese wurde in einer homogenen Reaktion mit Dibutylamin untersucht. Die beobachteten kinetischen Daten lassen sich in zwei Konstanten ausdrücken: k0 (die nicht katalytische Geschwindigkeitskonstante) = 1,75 · 10-5 dm3 mol-1 s-1 und kc (die produktinduzierte katalytische Geschwindigkeitskonstante) = 2,25 · 10-2 dm6 mol-2 s-1 in DMF bei 70°C.
    Notes: A mixture of 2,3-epoxypropyl ethyl maleate and fumarate (4) was obtained from ethyl potassium maleate and 1-chloro-2,3-epoxy propane.Copolymerization of 4 with styrene was carried out and the monomer reactivity ratios were found to be r1 = 0,30 and r2 = 0,05 (M1: styrene, M2: ester 4). Q and e values were found to be 0,55 and 1,28, respectively. Copolymerizations of 4 with ethylene were performed to improve the chemical reactivity of polyethylene, and the reactivity was studied by means of a homogeneous reaction with dibutylamine. The observed kinetic data may be divided into two parts: ko (non-catalytic rate constant) = 1,75 · 10-5 dm3 mol-1 s-1, kc (product-induced catalytic rate constant) = 2,25 · 102 dm6 mol-2 s-1 in DMF at 70°C.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 27- and 36-membered ring peptides were prepared using glycine, (2S, 3′ S)-4-methyl-2-(2′-oxo-3′-isobutyl-1′-piperazinyl) pentanoic acid (2) and (2S,3′ S)-3-phenyl-2-(2′-oxo-3′-benzyl-1′-piperazinyl)propanoic acid as the units of peptides. The interactions of 1-phenylethylammonium (1) and p-methoxy-1-phenylethylammonium bromides (11) with these cyclic peptides were studied by 1H and 13C NMR measurements in CDCl3. It was found from these results that the peptides distinguish the enantiomers (R- and S-isomers) of the substrates. Furthermore, it was shown that the enantioface-differentiating abilities of 36-membered ring peptides are superior to those of 27-membered rings.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Entwicklung einer zerstörungsfreien Meßtechnik für die Aufkohlungsdicke und einer neuen, gegen Aufkohlung beständigen LegierungDie zerstörungsfreie Messung der Aufkohlung von Crack-Öfen und die Auswahl von aufkohlungsbeständigen Legierungen sind von großer Bedeutung für die Konstruktion und Instandhaltung von Anlagen, wie z.B. Ethylen-Crack-Öfen. In dieser Arbeit wird zum ersten Mal eine neuentwickelte Technik zur Messung der Aufkohlung beschrieben und über eine neue aufkohlungsbeständige Legierung berichtet, die sich auch im Hinblick auf die Verzögerung der Kohleablagerung aus Kohlenwasserstoffen als vorteilhaft erwiesen hat. Die Verfasser haben die Einflüsse des Reaktormetalls auf die Kohleablagerung unter simulierten Ethylen-Crack-Bedingungen untersucht, wobei das Ziel in der Verhinderung der Aufkohlung bestand. Sie sind zu dem Schluß gekommen, daß die abgelagerte Koksmenge mit dem Nickelgehalt in den Legierungen stetig ansteigen. Aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse wurde ein neuer Röhrenreaktor für Crackverfahren (CORET-Rohr) entwikkelt, bei dem Rohre aus HP innen mit Fe25Cr9Mn3Ni plattiert sind; das ganze wird durch Schleuderguß hergestellt. Diese Röhren wurden in technischen Ethylen-Crack-Öfen auf ihre Aufkohlungsbeständigkeit und mechanische Festigkeit sowie das Betriebsverhalten untersucht. Bei diesem mehr als drei Jahre dauernden Betriebsversuch wurden die folgenden Ergebnisse erhalten: 1. Das CORET-Rohr ist für den technischen Einsatz aufgrund seiner Aufkohlungsbeständigkeit und seinen mechanischen Eigenschaften geeignet. 2. Die vorläufigen Betriebsergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß die Koksablagerung in diesen Röhren im Vergleich zu Röhren aus HP etwas verzögert ist. 3. Beim Betrieb unter strengen Bedingungen ist aufgrund der Betriebsergebnisse auch eine gewisse Erhöhung der Olefinausbeute zu erwarten.
    Notes: Nondestructive measurement of carburization of cracking tube and selecting carburization-resistant alloys have been of much importance in design and maintenance of such equipment as ethylene cracking heater.In this paper, the authors firstly describe the newly developed manner of measuring carburization and then report a new carburization resistant alloy which is also proved to retard coke deposition from hydrocarbon stream on tube surface.The authors studied the effects of tube metallurgy on coke deposition under the conditions simulated to ethylene cracking tube with the aim of preventing carburization and concluded that the coke deposition amount increases consistantly with increase of nickel content of alloys. Based on the above results, the authors developed a new cracking tube designated as CORET tube which has inner layer of Fe-25Cr-9Mn-3Ni alloy clad to HP tubes by centrifugal double layer casting. Those tubes were installed in commercial ethylene cracking heaters and tested for their carburization resistance, mechanical stability and process performances. The results of the field test lasting for more than three years are as follows: 1. The CORET tube proved to be carburization resistant and mechanically reliable enough for actual use. 2. Preliminary process performance data suggest some degree of coking retardation in the CORET tubes when compared with HP tubes; both operating at approximately the same conditions. 3. These data also indicate some degree of enhancement in the olefins yield, when operating at or near high severity conditions.
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