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  • Artikel  (109)
  • 2000-2004  (109)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Co silicide formation on epitaxial Si1−yCy/Si (001) layers (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 3306-3312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: We investigated the formation and structure of cobalt silicide (CoSi2) on Si1−yCy (0≤y≤0.81%) layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Si (001). The incorporation of C in the Si lattice causes the following phenomena during silicidation: (i) the formation of CoSi2 is delayed in temperature scale, as compared to pure Si; (ii) epitaxial CoSi2 grains are formed at T≥600 °C; (iii) a two sublayer structure of CoSi2 is observed, where the upper sublayer contains a very small amount of C and has a homogeneous microstructure, while the lower sublayer, which has a higher C concentration, contains randomly oriented CoSi2 nanocrystallites; (iv) spatial inhomogeneity results in significant variation (within ±40%) in the CoSi2 layer thickness; (v) no strain relaxation in the Si1−yCy layer during silicidation is detected up to 700 °C; and (vi) the distribution of carbon and boron in the semiconductor during silicidation is not changed significantly. The two latter findings show the potential of CoSi2 on Si1−yCy for device application despite the mentioned inhomogeneity in CoSi2 microstructure. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.372341
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    PHANEROZOIC ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 31 (2003), S. 105-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Theoretical calculations, based on both the chemical and isotopic composition of sedimentary rocks, indicate that atmospheric O2 has varied appreciably over Phanerozoic time, with a notable excursion during the Permo-Carboniferous reaching levels as high as 35% O2. This agrees with measurements of the carbon isotopic composition of fossil plants together with experiments and calculations on the effect of O2 on photosynthetic carbon isotope fractionation. The principal cause of the excursion was the rise of large vascular land plants and the consequent increased global burial of organic matter. Higher levels of O2 are consistent with the presence of Permo-Carboniferous giant insects, and preliminary experiments indicate that insect body size can increase with elevated O2. Higher O2 also may have caused more extensive, possibly catastrophic, wildfires. To check this, realistic burning experiments are needed to examine the effects of elevated O2 on fire behavior.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141329
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evaluation of variability in Striga aspera, Striga hermonthica and their hybrids using morphological characters and random amplified polymorphic DNA markers (2000)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Weed research 40 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Striga aspera and Striga hermonthica are recognized as separate species, but their close morphological similarity causes difficulty in distinguishing between them in areas where they coexist in Africa. In this study, crosses between the species were made using randomly selected morphologically typical parental plants collected from different locations in Nigeria. Genetic analysis of both species and their reciprocal F1 hybrids were determined using cluster analysis of DNA profiles derived from genetic polymorphism (RAPD)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) markers. Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses were used to separate parental and hybrid populations based on 13 morphological characteristics. Morphological data from wild samples of both species were compared with the hand-pollinated parental, F1 and F2 hybrids, and back-crosses. Results showed that S. aspera and S. hermonthica were genetically and morphologically distinct. Morphological and genetic analyses revealed two major clusters: a S. aspera cluster and a S. hermonthica cluster. Genetically, the F1 hybrids showed closer affinity to their maternal parents, while morphologically, the F1 hybrids formed distinct clusters intermediate to the parents. Most F2 plants and back-crosses were morphologically similar to S. hermonthica. Comparative morphological analysis of wild and hand-pollinated populations showed some samples from the wild clustered with the hybrids, suggesting that hybrids may exist in nature.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3180.2000.00198.x
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The long-term carbon cycle, fossil fuels and atmospheric composition (2003)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 426 (2003), S. 323-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] The long-term carbon cycle operates over millions of years and involves the exchange of carbon between rocks and the Earth's surface. There are many complex feedback pathways between carbon burial, nutrient cycling, atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen, and climate. New calculations of carbon ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02131
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Gas and fluid venting at the Makran accretionary wedge off Pakistan (2000)
    Springer
    Geo-marine letters 20 (2000), S. 10-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1157
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract The Makran accretionary complex shows a distinct bottom-simulating reflector, indicating a thick gas-hydrate-bearing horizon between the deformational front and about 1350 m water depth which seals off the upward flow of gas-charged fluids. A field of presently inactive mud diapirs with elevations up to 65 m was discovered in the abyssal plain seawards of the deformation front, suggesting that in the past conditions were favorable for periodic but localized vigorous mud diapirism. Regional destabilization of the gas hydrate leading to focused flow was observed where deep-penetrating, active faults reach the base of the gas-hydrate layer, as in a deeply incised submarine canyon (2100–2500 m water depth). At this location we discovered seeps of methane and H2S-rich fluids associated with chemoautotrophic vent faunas (e.g., Calyptogena sp.). Driven by the accretionary wedge dynamics, the landward part of the gas-hydrate layer below the Makran margin is being progressively uplifted. Due to reduced hydrostatic pressure and rising ocean bottom-water temperatures, gas hydrates are progressively destabilized and dissociated into hydrate water, methane and H2S. Sediment temperatures lie outside the methane stability field wherever water depth is less than 800 m. Above this depth, upward migration of fluids to the seafloor is unimpeded, thus explaining the abundance of randomly distributed gas seeps observed at water depths of 350 to 800 m.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003670000033
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Microstructural characterization of γ-TiAl base alloy by electron probe x-ray microanalysis and electron backscatter diffraction (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 35 (2000), S. 3923-3929 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and electron probe x-ray microanalysis (EPMA) in combination with x-ray diffraction (XRD) were applied for phase identification of the ternary precipitates and accompanying phases in Ti-49.6Al-1.9Fe alloy after heat treatment at 1400°C followed by furnace cooling. The heat treatment resulted in formation of the duplex structure consisting of equiaxed grains of the γ phase (AuCu type) and lamellae of the γ and α2 (Ni3Sn type). The ternary τ2 (Mn23Th6 type) phase, containing 21–22 at. % Fe, was revealed on the grain boundaries of the γ-matrix and lamellae, and is accompanied by α2 precipitates. Different morphologies of the τ2 + α2 colonies were found to differ in chemical composition, coarse particles being depleted in titanium, and the fine particles enriched in it. The combination of EPMA and EBSD in scanning electron microscopy proved to be very effective in local phase identification of specimens with fine multiphase structure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004897801670
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Genomic Rearrangements in Neisseria meningitidis Strains of the ET-5 Complex (2000)
    Springer
    Current microbiology 40 (2000), S. 372-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0991
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. A physical map of the chromosome of Neisseria meningitidis strain 44/76, which belongs to the epidemic clone ET-5, was constructed. DNA fragments obtained after SfiI and NheI digestion were resolved by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The overall arrangement of 26 genetic markers localized on the 2.3-Mb chromosome was conserved in comparison with that in meningococcal strains B1940 and Z2491. Simplified physical maps of 29 additional strains belonging to the ET-5 complex isolated from various parts of the world were compared with that of strain 44/76. Ten distinct patterns of hybridization were identified. While two of the seven probes hybridized to fragments of the same size in all strains, the remaining probes hybridized to different fragments, in some cases to fragments not adjacent on the chromosome of 44/76. These results indicated the occurrence of genetic rearrangements in the genome of the ET-5 meningococcal clone in the course of its epidemic spread.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002840010073
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Quantitative Analysis of Ti-Si-Ge/Si-Ge/Si Structures by EDS and AES (2000)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 132 (2000), S. 461-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: EDS; TEM; AES; titanium; silicon-germanium layers.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract.  A method for quantitative analysis of Ti-Si-Ge/Si-Ge/Si structures with submicron thick layers by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) was developed. Quantitation of the results of both AES and EDS techniques was performed on the basis of a single reference specimen for the Ti-Si-Ge system comprising a uniform layer of the Ti(Si0.85Ge0.15)2 phase on a silicon substrate. The reference sample was prepared by the same procedure as the samples used in the study, and was thoroughly characterized by X-ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy in scanning electron microscopy. Using this reference sample the elemental sensitivity factors relative to Si were found for both techniques, which enable us to obtain the elemental depth distributions for the studied samples. Good agreement between the results obtained by EDS/TEM, AES and supplementary techniques was found.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s006040050095
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Phase Recognition in AlN-Ti System by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy and Electron Backscatter Diffraction (2000)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 134 (2000), S. 171-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Energy dispersive spectroscopy; electron backscatter diffraction; scanning electron microscopy; interface AlN-Ti.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract.  The combination of energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques in scanning electron microscope was employed to characterize the reacted interface between Ti matrix and AlN particles. Due to the high localization of EDS and EBSD, representative measurements of chemical composition and reliable determination of the crystal structure were possible for each phase in the reaction zone with complex morphology. The TiN1−x (cubic, NaCl type), Ti3AlN (cubic, perovskite type) and Ti-rich Ti3 Al (hexagonal, Ni3Sn type) phases were identified in the reaction zone after annealing at 1100 °C. EDS+EBSD combination is an efficient tool for phase analysis at the interface in reactive multicomponent systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s006040050063
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  • 10
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    Gas hydrates acting as cap rock to fluid discharge in the Makran accretionary prism? (2002)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 195: 137-146.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2002-01-01
    Beschreibung: We present a numerical model of the geothermal field of the Makran accretionary prism and of the slab being subducted below it. Calculated heat flow density values for the sea floor of the abyssal plain and the shelf slope are compared with in situ measured and bottom simulating reflector (BSR)-derived heat flow density values. The result suggests a predominance of conductive heat transport within the accretionary complex. Little evidence is found to suggest that fluid flow or frictional heat modifies the observed geothermal field to any great extent. We also studied the geothermal field associated with the decay of the potential gas hydrate layers (indicated by the presence of BSRs), as gas hydrate layers are being tectonically uplifted out of the gas hydrate stability field into shallower and warmer sea water. Theoretical considerations suggest a complete disappearance of gas hydrates at a water depth of about 750 m. The observed presence of numerous gas seeps almost exclusively at water depths of less than 800 m suggests that gas hydrate layers in the Makran accretionary prism act as a very effective cap rock to upward-directed flow of fluids containing notable amounts of dissolved gas from within the prism to the sea floor.
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