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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (1,634)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1,634)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1970-1974  (1,634)
Collection
Publisher
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1,634)
  • American Meteorological Society
Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 269-282 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The development of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) has provided a convenient tool for the rapid determination of molecular weight distribution. The question has arisen as to the suitability of the method for specification purposes. The present work, suggested by the Naval Air Systems Command, represents an attempt to assess the precision of the method through a series of tests carried out by a number of laboratories using identical procedures on the same samples. Ten laboratories agreed to take part. Naval Ordnance Station, Indian Head, worked out standard conditions for operation of the chromatograph, for calibration of the columns, and for analysis of the GPC curves. Two samples of polystyrene were used by the various organizations for calibration of their instruments. Number-average molecular weight, heterogeneity index, and cumulative molecular weight distribution curves were determined on four samples of carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB) and two samples of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), all unidentified except by letter code. All laboratories used identical directions for setting up CTPB and HTPB calibration curves which were based on curves determined from vapor-pressure osmometer molecular weights and GPC count numbers of fractionated material. Variation among the different laboratories was 0.15 in heterogeneity index, and a maximum of 1200 in molecular weight provided one aberrant set of values was eliminated. The six samples had heterogeneity indices from 1.15 to 1.54, while molecular weight varied from approximately 3000 to 6000. The average coefficient of variation of the molecular weight values was 6.2 ± 0.7%, which is quite acceptable. Variation in heterogeneity index was too great for specification purposes when considered among the different laboratories, but may be sufficiently good when measured by any one laboratory.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0449-2986
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1429-1454 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ability of oligodesoxyribonucleotides of various chain lengths to form complexes has been compared with that of oligoribonucleotides. Four series of oligonucleotidcs were prepared and investigated, i.e., dCn at acid pH versus rCn, dAn and dTn versus. rAn and rUn at neutral pH. The results indicate that in dilute solution, the formation of complexes is greatly facilitated in the case of desoxyoligomers and occurs for shorter oligomere than in the corresponding ribooligomers. The spectrophotometric titration of deoxyribooligo C indicates the appearance of two pK values in the 4-5 pH region characteristic of the double-stranded form, which occurs for much shorter dCn than rCn. The circular dichroism (CD.) spectra of deoxycytidylies in dilute solution starting from the trimer are conservative, characteristic of the double-stranded helical form of poly C at acid pH. In contrast, the CD spectra of a series of corresponding ribo Cn, under identical conditions is of nonconservative character similar to that of the single-stranded form of poly C at neutral pH, but differs in the band position. This spectrum is called intermediate. Only at higher concentrations of oligonucleotidcs (i.e., 10-3Minstead of 10-4M) does the circular dichroism spectrum of longer ribocytidylics assume conservative character. Thermal denaturation of deoxycytidylces at acid pH are strongly dependent on chain length and concentration, its one would expect for a cooperative helix-coil transition. The circular dichroism spectra measured at different temperatures shows one isosbestic point. In dilute solution, the standard-state enthalpy change found was 5-6 kcal/mole for higher oligomers (dC7). These properties are all in agreement with a structural transition from the d-Cn double-stranded form to a coil for n 〉 3. Studies of dAn and dTn in solutions of high ionic strength at low temperature indicate that complex formation occurs already at the level of trimer and for high oligomers. Under identical conditions a complex between rAn and rUn is detected only for oligomers longer than the hexamer. The nature of the “intermediate” form of oligoribo C at acid pH and low temperature was investigated by sedimentation and circular dichroism. A model of rCn is proposed of linear molecules which are partially double-stranded and partially single-stranded, which probably are slowly rearranged by “slippage” into a regular-double-stranded helical form.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 1479-1492 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A rapid iteration method has been developed to correct the molecular weight averages calculated from raw GPC data for dispersion. Though simple in its performance, it covers the general case that the instrumental spreading characteristics (Tung's resolution factor h) depend on the elution volume. Moreover, it is irrelevant whether the calibration curve, being the logarithmic plot of the molecular weight versus the elution volume, is linear or not. The method has been applied to a number of well-characterized polystyrene mixtures and yields molecular weight averages which agree with those predicted theoretically. The effect of asymmetry exerted by the dispersion on both molecular weight averages M̄n and M̄w is also discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The separation of various liquid mixtures including systems of chloroform-hydrocarbons or ethyl ether, water-alcohols and water-nucleophilic organic solvents have been investigated by the pervaporation technique. Membranes were obtained by grafting Lewis base onto poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) films. The PTFE backbone has been chosen for its mechanical and chemical resistance. N-Vinylpyrrolidone and 4-vinylpyridine were selected because of their great affinity for the electrophilic compounds. In all cases, the compound which has the greatest affinity for the membrane pervaporates selectively through modified PTFE films. Selectivity and rates were studied. It is concluded that because selectivity is very important, total separation of different mixtures is possible at a good yield, with a faster rate when the temperature is increased or the thickness of the membrane is decreased.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of some factors including temperature, pressure, film thickness, and grafting ratio on the fractionation of binary liquid mixtures has been investigated by pervaporation through poly(tetrafluoroethylene) films grafted with N-vinylpyrrolidone or 4-vinylpyridine. The purpose was to estimate the best conditions in which the pervaporation process must be carried out. It was concluded that the pervaporation rate is increased at roughly constant selectivity when the temperature of the liquid charge is higher or when the downstream vapor pressure or the film thickness are decreased. A pressure higher than 1 atmosphere above the liquid does not increase the rate. When the grafting ratio is increased, the rate shows a maximum, and for particular conditions, the selectivity becomes much higher.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 857-865 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polystyrene has been fractured in tension at two temperatures in n-heptane and n-propanol and the fracture surfaces studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The test temperatures were selected such as to be approximately 20°C above and below the temperatures at which it was expected1 that a glass-to-rubber transition would occur in the solvent-penetrated craze material. It was found that features of the fracture process and also structure of the fracture surfaces were different at the two temperatures. These changes have been interpreted in terms of a Tg occurring in the craze material.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 25 (1974), S. 182-189 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The corrosion of CuZn alloys in Chloride solutions with potentiostatic polarisationThe intercrystalline corrosion susceptibility of brasses can be studied either by potentiostatic methods in NH4Cl+HCl solutions with polarisation to +80 mV, or - without polarisation - in NH4Cl+HCl+CuSO4 solutions where the potential of +80 mV is attained without external polarisation. Tests carried out with macroelements formed either by brasses having different structures (α, β/α), or identical structure (α) but different zinc contents (21 and 32% respectively) have shown the preferential attack of the β phase at potentials lower than those required for grain boundary dissolution, and the more anodic character of the alloys of higher zinc content.
    Notes: Die Anfälligkeit von CuZn-Legierungen für interkristalline Korrosion kann entweder potentiostatisch untersucht werden, und zwar in NH4Cl+HCl-Lösungen mit Polarisation auf +80 mV, oder - ohne Polarisation - in NH4Cl+HCl+CuSO4-Lösungen, denn dort stellt sich das Potential von +80 mV auch ohne äußere Polarisation ein. Versuche mit Makroelementen aus entweder Messungen verschiedener Struktur (α, β/α) oder gleicher Struktur (α), jedoch verschiedener Zn-Gehalte (21 bzw. 32%) haben gezeigt, daß die β-Phase bevorzugt angegriffen wird, und zwar bei niedrigeren Potentialen als zur Auflösung der Korngrenzen erforderlich sind, und daß die Legierungen höheren Zn-Gehalts stärker anodisch sind.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of scale adhesion on the carbon concentration in the neighbourhood of the steel surfaceThe oxidation of carbon-iron alloys can theoretically proceed with decarburization or carburization depending on the temperature and pertial pressure of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the furnace atmosphere.In the usual conditions only decarburization is observed. Nevertheless a superficial carbon enrichment can temporarily appear despite these theoretical previsions. The latter effect is very important between 730 and 800°C. It disappears above 950°C. The enrichment exists only where the scale is adherent.Ferrous ions cross the oxide but the carbon does not. Furthermore the carbon solubility in wustite is less that 0.5 ppm.The presence of silicon, manganese or nickel includes spalling and consequently the decarburization of subscale metal.With silicon alloys spalling occurs periodically during soaking and the external scale layers consist of Fe3O4 and Fe2O3.With manganese alloys the scale is always non adherent. Separation proceeds either at high temperature or during cooling. In the firs case, over-oxidation of the scale is induced.With nickel alloys the nickel enriched zone, which lies between the compact scale and the metal, adheres very tightly. The porosity of this zone allows rapid decarburization.
    Abstract: Einfluß der Zunderhaftung auf die Kohlenstoffkonzentration in der Nähe der StahloberflächeDie Oxydation von FeC-Legierungen kann theoretisch unter Entkohlung oder Aufkohlung ablaufen, je nach temperatur und Partialdruck des Kohlenmonoxids und des Kohlendioxids in der Atmosphäre. Unter normalen Bedingungen tritt jedoch nur Entkohlung auf. Trotz der theoretischen Vorausberechnungen Kann es jedoch zeitweilig zu einer Kohlenstoffanreicherung an der Oberfläche kommen; diese Erscheinung ist zwischen 730 und 800°C stark ausgeprägt, verschwindet jedoch oberhalb 950°C. Die Anreicherung findet sich nur an den Stellen mit fest haftendem Zunder. Das Oxid wird dabei von Eisen-II-ionen durchdrungen, die zum Zunderwachstum beitragen, während es für den Kohlenstoff nicht permeabel ist. Versuch, markierten Kohlenstoff in Eisen-II-Oxid in Lösung zu bringen haben gezeigt daß die Löslichkeit unter 0,5 ppm liegt.Die Entkohlung erfolgt örtlich, und zwar an Oberflächendefekten, und breitet sich mit der fortschreitenden Ablösung des Zunders aus.Silicium, Mangan oder Nickel begünstigen die Ablösung der Oxidschichten und damit die Entkohlung des darunterliegenden Metalls.Im Falle von Silicium und bei längeren Behandlungszeiten kommt es zu mehreren aufeinander folgenden Ablösungen, wobei die äußeren Schichten ausschließlich aus Hämatit und Magnetit bestehen. Im Falle von Magnan platzt die Zunderschicht immer ab und man beobachtet eine weitere Oxidation des Substrats, auch in der Kälte. Im Falle von Nickel haftet die an der Grenzfläche befindliche und stark mit metallischem Nickel angereicherte Schicht fest auf dem darunterliegenden Metall. Zwischen dieser Schicht und dem Fe-II-oxid kommt es jedoch zu einer Trennung. Da die Mischoxidschicht porös ist, beobachtet man, wie auch in den anderen Fällen, eine Entkohlung.
    Notes: L'oxydation d'alliages Fe—C peut théoriquement se produire avec décarburation ou carburation, suivant la tempéature et les pressions partielles de l'oxyde de carbone et du gaz carbonique dans l'atmosphère. Dans les conditions usuelles, seule la décarburation se produit. Cependant, un enrichissement superficiel, temporaire, en carbone peut exister en déipt des prévisions theéoriques. Ce dernier effet est très important entre 730 et 800°C; il disparaît au-dessus de 950°C. L'enrichissement n'a lieu qu'aux endroits où la calamine est adhérente. L'oxyde est traversé par les ions ferreux qui contribuent à sa croissance, mais il est imperméable au carbone. Des essais de mise en solution dans le protoxyde de fer de carbone marqué ont montre que la soubilité de cet élément dans cet oxyde est inférieure à 0,5 ppm.La décarburation se produit localement à l'endroit des défauts de surface et se propage par suite du décollement progressif de la calamine.La présence de silicium, de manganèse ou de nickle, favorise le décollement des couches d'oxyde et en conséquence la décarburation du métal sous-jacent.Dans le cas du silicium et pour les temps de traitement les plus longs, plusieurs décollements successifs ont lieu, les couches externes étant constituées uniquement d'hématite et de magnétite. Dans le cas du manganése, la couche de calamine est toujours décollée, soit à chaud et l'on observe une suroxydation, soit à froid. Dans le cas du nickel, la couche mixte qui se trouve à li'interface, et qui est fortement enrichie en nickel métallique, adhére aumétal sous-jacent. Un décollement a lieu entre cette couche mixte et le protoxyde. La couche mixte étant poreuse, on observe, comme dans les autres cas, une décarburation du métal.
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