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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: At 2015 SPIE O&P we presented "Preliminary Analysis of Random Segment Errors on Coronagraph Performance" Key Findings: Contrast Leakage for 4thorder Sinc2(X) coronagraph is 10X more sensitive to random segment piston than random tip/tilt, Fewer segments (i.e. 1 ring) or very many segments (〉 16 rings) has less contrast leakage as a function of piston or tip/tilt than an aperture with 2 to 4 rings of segments. Revised Findings: Piston is only 2.5X more sensitive than Tip/Tilt
    Keywords: Instrumentation and Photography
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN32194
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 337 (1995), S. 441-445 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The regioselective sulfation of a Lex-trisaccharide having free hydroxyl groups in 2-, 3- and 4- position of the galactose elucidated their different reactivities and gave mono- and disulfated Lex derivatives.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Conformational analysis ; Force field calculations ; MM3 ; Polyketide natural products ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2,4-Dimethylpentane (1) is a typical biconformational backbone segment. When one methyl group in 1 is replaced by a sp2 bound residue (vinyl, formyl, phenyl), as in compounds 3-6, a small preference for conformer 2b ensues, in which the sp2 bound group resides in the sterically more hindered position. Oxygen substituents in the 3-position do not change this conformational preference, but in concert with bulkier sp2-hybridized groups in the 2-position, a preference for the 2a backbone conformation may be induced, in which the sp2-hybridized group is in the less sterically hindered end-of-chain position, cf. compounds 20 and 23.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: enantiomers ; conjugates ; protein binding ; tissue binding ; stereoselective pharmacokinetics ; first-pass effect ; drug metabolism ; liver disease ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: As an experimental model for reduced liver function rats with surgical portacaval shunts (pcs) may be used. Carvedilol, a nonselective β-adrenoceptor antagonist with vasodilating activity, is extensively metabolised by phase I as well as phase II pathways. In order to study the stereoselective pharmacokinetics of carvedilol in liver disease, pcs and control rats were given rac-carvedilol intravenously and p.o. The carvedilol enantiomers and their conjugates were assayed in plasma, urine, and bile. Carvedilol was highly bound to plasma proteins; binding was reduced by pcs. In all groups, the plasma concentrations of (R)-carvedilol exceeded those of (S)-carvedilol significantly. In comparison to the control group the plasma concentrations of both enantiomers increased after pcs, while the difference between the stereoisomers decreased. The total clearance decreased proportionally to the decrease in liver weight (30%). Both the apparent oral clearance, as well as its stereoselectivity were reduced, by up to 90 and 43%, respectively. The biliary clearance of the parent drug after i.v. dosage increased in rats with pcs due to the reduced hepatic metabolism. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The oxidative transformation of synthetic (+)-aristoteline ((+)-6) into other metabolites which had been isolated from Aristotelia species was investigated. Thus, treatment of (+)-6 with I2 as the single oxidant furnished the naturally occurring indole alkaloids (+)-makonine ((+)-9),(+)-aristotelinone ((+)-11), or (+)-11, 12-didehydroaristoteline ((+)-7) in good yields, the selectivity of the oxidation process depending on the chosen reaction conditions.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The methanolysis of the epimeric 7-chloro-7H-yohimbine derivatives 2 and 3 was reinvestigated. In case of the 7α-epimer 2, the reaction was uneventful and conformed with earlier observations, i.e., under sufficiently mild conditions, only the imino ether 4 (= imino ether A) was produced. Under the same conditions, the less reactive β-isomer 3 furnished a mixture of both imino ethers 4 and 5, accompanied by the elimination product 11, and by equal amounts of yohimbine (1) and 3,4,5,6-tetradehydroyohimbine (12), which are believed to arise through a disproportionation process of the putative intermediate 5,6-didehydroyhimbine (23). The nature of this divergent reactivity and of the ready equilibration of 4 and 5 was investigated by means of extensive force-field and semi-empirical calculations (AM1 and PM3) of various conformers of the compounds 2-5 and of some possible reaction intermediates.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Contrary to earlier reports, the base-induced rearrangement of the 7-hydroxy-7H-indolenines derived from ajmalicine (1), yohimbine (5), corynanthine (6), methyl reserpate (16), and methyl isoreserpate (17) in each case furnished not just one, but two epimeric spiro-pseudoindoxyl derivatives which have opposite configuration at the spiro centre C(2). In all cases, the major component was shown by NOE experiments to be the A-type isomer (carbonyl group located below the plane defined by rings C and D). The thermodynamically less stable B-type pseudoindoxyl epimers 4, 10, 12, and 22 were isolated and characterized for the first time.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1982 (1982), S. 1158-1172 
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparative Aspects of 1,3-Dithiolanes Synthesizable from β-Dicarbonyl CompoundsThe reaction of 1,2-ethanedithiol (1) with the β-dicarbonyl compounds 2 leads to the 1,3-dithiolanes 3 which are accessible to regioselective reactions at the free carbonyl function. Thus the derivatives of the β-keto acid esters can be hydrolyzed to give the corresponding carboxylic acids 4 which make the ester group modified 1,3-dithiolanes 3 accessible in good yields. Addition of trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate produces the monodithiolanium salts 6 which on hydrolysis rapidly decompose into 2 and the vinyl thioethers 8. Reaction of 3 with the Grignard reagents 10 yields the 2-(2-hydroxyalkyl)-1,3-dithiolanes 11. Dethioacetalization of 11 with HgO/BF3 leads to the β-hydroxy ketones 12. The retro reaction of 3 leads to the basic compounds 2 which, however, are obtained only in moderate yields.  -  Finally the performance of the sensitive silylenol ether 13 starting from 3g is described.
    Notes: Aus 1,2-Ethandithiol (1) und den β-Dicarbonylverbindungen 2 werden die 1,3-Dithiolane 3 erhalten, die regioselektiven Reaktionen an der noch freien Carbonylfunktion zugänglich sind. So lassen sich die Derivate der β-Ketocarbonsäureester zu den Carbonsäuren 4 hydrolysieren, die bei der Veresterung mit den Alkanolen 5 die estergruppenmodifizierten 1,3-Dithiolane 3 liefern. Einwirkung von Trimethyloxonium-tetrafluoroborat ergibt die Monodithiolaniumsalze 6, die bei der Hydrolyse rasch in 2 und die Vinylthioether 8 zerfallen. Umsetzung von 3 mit den Grignardreagenzien 10 ergibt die 2-(2-Hydroxyalkyl)-1,3-dithiolane 11. Dethioacetalisierung von 11 mit HgO/BF3 führt zu den β-Hydroxyketonen 12. Die Rückspaltung von 3 zu 2 gelingt nur in mäßigen Ausbeuten.  -  Schließlich wird noch die Darstellung des empfindlichen Silylenolethers 13 aus 3g beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 340 (1998), S. 63-72 
    ISSN: 0941-1216
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1,3-Dithienium and 1,3-Dithiolenium Salts. IX. Reactions of 1,3-Dithiane-2-ylium Tetrafluoroborates with C-Nucleophiles1,3-Dithian-2-ylium tetrafluoroborates (1), which can be easily obtained by variable methods, react in good to excellent yields with variable C-nucleophiles to new geminal disubstituted 1,3-dithianes. The latter compounds are potential precursors of interesting synthetic building blocks. Reactions are described with 2-lithio-1,3-dithianes 2, sodium cyanide 4, sodium salts of the nitro alkanes 7 and CH-acids of the type of the 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds 9. The reduction of 3-oxo-2-(2-phenyl-1,3-dithian-2-yl)-ethoxybutanoat-following a diastereoselective pathway - leads to the Cram product 11. Further presented is the crystal structure of 2-phenyl-1,3-dithiane-2-ylium tetrafluoroborate (1b).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Carotenoids ; Isonorastacene synthesis ; Singlet oxygen ; Effective chain length ; Second-order quenching rate constants ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The bimolecular rate constants kq for quenching of singlet oxygen (1Δg state) by 26 different natural and novel synthetic carotenoids were determined at 37 °C in a mixture of chloroform and ethanol. The steady-state technique used involves the generation of 1O2 by thermal decomposition of disodium 3,3′-naphtalene-1,4-diyl-dipropionate endoperoxide (NDPO2) and the detection of its luminescence intensity at 1270 nm. Excitation energies (π,π*, 11Ag → 11Bu) and absorption maxima (430-590 nm) vary in the broadest range. Deeply coloured blue carotenoids are also included in the studies for the first time. An empirical correlation between the π,π* (11Ag → 11Bu) excitation energy and carotenoid structure (effective chain length Neff) was found: E(S) = 12642 cm-1 + 92027 cm-1 × 1/Neff. The quenching ability of the investigated carotenoids depends on the excitation energy of their transition at long wavelengths in a characteristic way showing as limiting factors either the thermal Arrhenius activation or the diffusion-controlled rate. This dependence and the suspected relationship between singlet E(S) and triplet E(T) energies, respectively, are discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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