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  • Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration  (8)
  • *Evolution, Planetary  (3)
  • 1
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    The global topography of Mars and implications for surface evolution (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-29
    Description: Elevations measured by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter have yielded a high-accuracy global map of the topography of Mars. Dominant features include the low northern hemisphere, the Tharsis province, and the Hellas impact basin. The northern hemisphere depression is primarily a long-wavelength effect that has been shaped by an internal mechanism. The topography of Tharsis consists of two broad rises. Material excavated from Hellas contributes to the high elevation of the southern hemisphere and to the scarp along the hemispheric boundary. The present topography has three major drainage centers, with the northern lowlands being the largest. The two polar cap volumes yield an upper limit of the present surface water inventory of 3.2 to 4.7 million cubic kilometers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, D E -- Zuber, M T -- Solomon, S C -- Phillips, R J -- Head, J W -- Garvin, J B -- Banerdt, W B -- Muhleman, D O -- Pettengill, G H -- Neumann, G A -- Lemoine, F G -- Abshire, J B -- Aharonson, O -- Brown, C D -- Hauck, S A -- Ivanov, A B -- McGovern, P J -- Zwally, H J -- Duxbury, T C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 28;284(5419):1495-503.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Earth Sciences Directorate, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. dsmith@tharsis.gsfc.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10348732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Evolution, Planetary ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; *Mars ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Ancient geodynamics and global-scale hydrology on Mars (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-03
    Description: Loading of the lithosphere of Mars by the Tharsis rise explains much of the global shape and long-wavelength gravity field of the planet, including a ring of negative gravity anomalies and a topographic trough around Tharsis, as well as gravity anomaly and topographic highs centered in Arabia Terra and extending northward toward Utopia. The Tharsis-induced trough and antipodal high were largely in place by the end of the Noachian Epoch and exerted control on the location and orientation of valley networks. The release of carbon dioxide and water accompanying the emplacement of approximately 3 x 10(8) cubic kilometers of Tharsis magmas may have sustained a warmer climate than at present, enabling the formation of ancient valley networks and fluvial landscape denudation in and adjacent to the large-scale trough.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Phillips, R J -- Zuber, M T -- Solomon, S C -- Golombek, M P -- Jakosky, B M -- Banerdt, W B -- Smith, D E -- Williams, R M -- Hynek, B M -- Aharonson, O -- Hauck , S A 2nd -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 30;291(5513):2587-91. Epub 2001 Mar 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11283367" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Carbon Dioxide ; *Evolution, Planetary ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Gravitation ; *Mars ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Internal structure and early thermal evolution of Mars from Mars Global Surveyor topography and gravity (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-10
    Description: Topography and gravity measured by the Mars Global Surveyor have enabled determination of the global crust and upper mantle structure of Mars. The planet displays two distinct crustal zones that do not correlate globally with the geologic dichotomy: a region of crust that thins progressively from south to north and encompasses much of the southern highlands and Tharsis province and a region of approximately uniform crustal thickness that includes the northern lowlands and Arabia Terra. The strength of the lithosphere beneath the ancient southern highlands suggests that the northern hemisphere was a locus of high heat flow early in martian history. The thickness of the elastic lithosphere increases with time of loading in the northern plains and Tharsis. The northern lowlands contain structures interpreted as large buried channels that are consistent with northward transport of water and sediment to the lowlands before the end of northern hemisphere resurfacing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zuber, M T -- Solomon, S C -- Phillips, R J -- Smith, D E -- Tyler, G L -- Aharonson, O -- Balmino, G -- Banerdt, W B -- Head, J W -- Johnson, C L -- Lemoine, F G -- McGovern, P J -- Neumann, G A -- Rowlands, D D -- Zhong, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 10;287(5459):1788-93.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. zuber@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10710301" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Evolution, Planetary ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; Gravitation ; *Mars ; Temperature ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Topography of the northern hemisphere of Mars from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The first 18 tracks of laser altimeter data across the northern hemisphere of Mars from the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft show that the planet at latitudes north of 50 degrees is exceptionally flat; slopes and surface roughness increase toward the equator. The polar layered terrain appears to be a thick ice-rich formation with a non-equilibrium planform indicative of ablation near the periphery. Slope relations suggest that the northern Tharsis province was uplifted in the past. A profile across Ares Vallis channel suggests that the discharge through the channel was much greater than previously estimated. The martian atmosphere shows significant 1-micrometer atmospheric opacities, particularly in low-lying areas such as Valles Marineris.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); Volume 279; 5357; 1686-92
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  • 5
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    Observations of the north polar region of Mars from the Mars orbiter laser altimeter (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Elevations from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) have been used to construct a precise topographic map of the martian north polar region. The northern ice cap has a maximum elevation of 3 kilometers above its surroundings but lies within a 5-kilometer-deep hemispheric depression that is contiguous with the area into which most outflow channels emptied. Polar cap topography displays evidence of modification by ablation, flow, and wind and is consistent with a primarily H2O composition. Correlation of topography with images suggests that the cap was more spatially extensive in the past. The cap volume of 1.2 x 10(6) to 1.7 x 10(6) cubic kilometers is about half that of the Greenland ice cap. Clouds observed over the polar cap are likely composed of CO2 that condensed out of the atmosphere during northern hemisphere winter. Many clouds exhibit dynamical structure likely caused by the interaction of propagating wave fronts with surface topography.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); Volume 282; 5396; 2053-60
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  • 6
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    The global topography of Mars and implications for surface evolution (1999)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Elevations measured by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter have yielded a high-accuracy global map of the topography of Mars. Dominant features include the low northern hemisphere, the Tharsis province, and the Hellas impact basin. The northern hemisphere depression is primarily a long-wavelength effect that has been shaped by an internal mechanism. The topography of Tharsis consists of two broad rises. Material excavated from Hellas contributes to the high elevation of the southern hemisphere and to the scarp along the hemispheric boundary. The present topography has three major drainage centers, with the northern lowlands being the largest. The two polar cap volumes yield an upper limit of the present surface water inventory of 3.2 to 4.7 million cubic kilometers.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); Volume 284; 5419; 1495-503
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  • 7
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    Crustal Structure of Mars from Mars Global Surveyor Topography and Gravity (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: In this analysis we invert global models of Mars' topography from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) and gravity from Doppler tracking obtained during the mapping mission of Mars Global Surveyor (MGS). We analyze the distribution of Martian crust and discuss implications for Mars' thermal history.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Science XXXI; LPI-Contrib-1000
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  • 8
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    A Procedure for Determining the Nature of Mercury's Core (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: We review past assertions that the determinations of the four parameters, C(20), C(22), theta, phi, are sufficient to determine the size and state of Mercury's core. C(20) and C(22) are gravitational harmonics, theta is Mercury's obliquity and phi is the amplitude of the forced, 88 day period libration in longitude. The upcoming MESSENGER orbiter mission to Mercury with onboard instrumentation capable of measuring these four parameters, and the possibility of precision measurements of Mercury's spin geometry with radar interferometry techniques make a reexamination of this proposal particularly relevant. The two necessary conditions on the core-mantle interaction for the experiment to work are: 1. The core must not follow the 88 day physical librations of the mantle. 2. The core must follow the mantle on the time scale of the 250,000 year precession of the spin in Cassini state 1. We shall assume these two conditions are satisfied to develop the method and later establish the constraints on the core viscosity for which they are satisfied. Proposed mechanisms of core mantle coupling other than a viscous coupling do not frustrate the first condition. The physical libration of the mantle about the mean resonant angular velocity arises from the periodically reversing torque on the permanent deformation as Mercury rotates relative to the Sun. Additional information is contained in the original extended abstract.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Mercury: Space Environment, and Surface and Interior; 73-74; LPI-Contrib-1097
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  • 9
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    The Crust of the Moon as Seen by GRAIL (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-23
    Description: High-resolution gravity data obtained from the dual Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) spacecraft show that the bulk density of the Moon's highlands crust is 2550 kilograms per cubic meter, substantially lower than generally assumed. When combined with remote sensing and sample data, this density implies an average crustal porosity of 12% to depths of at least a few kilometers. Lateral variations in crustal porosity correlate with the largest impact basins, whereas lateral variations in crustal density correlate with crustal composition. The low-bulk crustal density allows construction of a global crustal thickness model that satisfies the Apollo seismic constraints, and with an average crustal thickness between 34 and 43 kilometers, the bulk refractory element composition of the Moon is not required to be enriched with respect to that of Earth.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN6865 , Science (ISSN 0036-8075) (e-ISSN 1095-9203); 339; 6120; 671-675
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  • 10
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    Estimating the Libration of Mercury by Remote Sensing of Gravity and Altimetry (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: One of the most intriguing scientific questions about Mercury is whether the planet possesses a liquid core. One way that this can be ascertained is through the measurement of the longitudinal libration of Mercury about its rotation axis. The MESSENGER (Mercury Surface, Space, Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging) mission to Mercury will attempt this measurement by deriving the rotation of the planet from remotely sensed observations of the Mercury gravity field and the planet's shape. For a fully fluid core the libration is expected to be an approximately 350-m-amplitude oscillation (at the equator) about the mean rotation of the planet. Thus, the shape of the planet undergoes a librational oscillation in the same way that features on the surface participate in the motion. In this sense altimetric topography can be considered analogous to imaging, with the important exception that for altimetry, the long wavelengths corresponding to low degrees and orders in a spherical harmonic expansion, can be precisely determined from orbital measurements. The rotation of the planet thus introduces a time dependence of the topographic image in an inertial (i.e. fixed) reference frame and the libration is a variation in the planetary rotation rate, manifest as an oscillation of the topographic image. Similarly, gravity measures the distribution of mass within a planet and as such can be viewed as providing a vertically integrated 'image' of the internal density structure. For a librating planet the gravitational field will also reveal a variation in the rotation rate, manifest as an oscillation of the field with respect to an inertial reference frame. While the long-wavelength gravity field contains contributions from the radial distribution of mass with depth, the long wavelength terms are most sensitive to the mass distribution of the deep interior. Thus, both the topography and the gravity independently can be used to determine the (irregular) rotation of a planet, although the topographical method measures the rotation of the crust while the gravity measures the rotation of the distributed mass, and these are not necessarily identical. For example, for a planet that contains a fluid outer core that is effectively decoupled from the mantle the gravity field will not librate in the manner of a solid body. The libration obtained from the variable rotation of the gravity field will represent a combination of contributions due to a librating mantle and a differentially rotating fluid core. Differential rotation of the Earth's inner core had been theoretically predicted from three dimensional geodynamical models and subsequently reported from seismic observations. A difference between the libration of the lithosphere as determined from altimetry and the deep interior as determined from gravity, if it could be detected, might provide further insight into the nature of core-mantle coupling. Additional information is contained in the original extended abstract.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Mercury: Space Environment, and Surface and Interior; 90-91; LPI-Contrib-1097
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