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  • 1
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    A closer look at water-related geologic activity on Mars (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-09-22
    Description: Water has supposedly marked the surface of Mars and produced characteristic landforms. To understand the history of water on Mars, we take a close look at key locations with the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, reaching fine spatial scales of 25 to 32 centimeters per pixel. Boulders ranging up to approximately 2 meters in diameter are ubiquitous in the middle to high latitudes, which include deposits previously interpreted as finegrained ocean sediments or dusty snow. Bright gully deposits identify six locations with very recent activity, but these lie on steep (20 degrees to 35 degrees) slopes where dry mass wasting could occur. Thus, we cannot confirm the reality of ancient oceans or water in active gullies but do see evidence of fluvial modification of geologically recent mid-latitude gullies and equatorial impact craters.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McEwen, A S -- Hansen, C J -- Delamere, W A -- Eliason, E M -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Keszthelyi, L -- Gulick, V C -- Kirk, R L -- Mellon, M T -- Grant, J A -- Thomas, N -- Weitz, C M -- Squyres, S W -- Bridges, N T -- Murchie, S L -- Seelos, F -- Seelos, K -- Okubo, C H -- Milazzo, M P -- Tornabene, L L -- Jaeger, W L -- Byrne, S -- Russell, P S -- Griffes, J L -- Martinez-Alonso, S -- Davatzes, A -- Chuang, F C -- Thomson, B J -- Fishbaugh, K E -- Dundas, C M -- Kolb, K J -- Banks, M E -- Wray, J J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Sep 21;317(5845):1706-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. mcewen@lpl.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17885125" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; *Mars ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Seasonal erosion and restoration of Mars' northern polar dunes (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-02-05
    Description: Despite radically different environmental conditions, terrestrial and martian dunes bear a strong resemblance, indicating that the basic processes of saltation and grainfall (sand avalanching down the dune slipface) operate on both worlds. Here, we show that martian dunes are subject to an additional modification process not found on Earth: springtime sublimation of Mars' CO(2) seasonal polar caps. Numerous dunes in Mars' north polar region have experienced morphological changes within a Mars year, detected in images acquired by the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Dunes show new alcoves, gullies, and dune apron extension. This is followed by remobilization of the fresh deposits by the wind, forming ripples and erasing gullies. The widespread nature of these rapid changes, and the pristine appearance of most dunes in the area, implicates active sand transport in the vast polar erg in Mars' current climate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hansen, C J -- Bourke, M -- Bridges, N T -- Byrne, S -- Colon, C -- Diniega, S -- Dundas, C -- Herkenhoff, K -- McEwen, A -- Mellon, M -- Portyankina, G -- Thomas, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 4;331(6017):575-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1197636.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA. cjhansen@psi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21292976" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Carbon Dioxide ; Dry Ice ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Mars
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Atmospheric science on the Galileo mission (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The atmospheric science goals of the Galileo mission, and instruments of the probe and orbiter are described. The current data available, and the goals of the Galileo mission concerning the chemical composition of the Jovian atmosphere; the thermal structure of the atmosphere; the nature of cloud particles and cloud layering; the radiative energy balance; atmospheric dynamics; and the upper atmosphere are discussed. The objectives and operations of the atmospheric structure instrument, neutral mass spectrometer, helium abundance interferometer, nephelometer, net flux radiometer, lightning and radio emission detector, solid state imaging system, NIR mapping spectrometer, photopolarimeter radiometer, and UV spectrometer are examined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews (ISSN 0038-6308); 44; 3-4,
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  • 4
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    Interpretation of the variation of polarization over the disk of Venus (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The polarization of reflected sunlight is computed for model atmospheres of Venus as a function of location on the apparent planetary disk. The calculations are for both homogeneous and layered models, as required to investigate the vertical distribution of particles. The results are compared with available observations. It is shown that the Rayleigh scattering observed in the polarization of Venus originates primarily from within the visible clouds, rather than from above the clouds. The visible 'clouds' are actually a very diffuse hazy region, and this visible-cloud layer extends at least up to the level where the pressure is of the order of 10 mb. The results indicate that the atmosphere behaves more nearly as the so-called 'homogeneous model' than as the 'reflecting-layer model'. However, there is some indication in the data that the turbidity increases with depth into the atmosphere. This conclusion receives stronger support from a comparison of particle number densities obtained from the polarization data with the number densities obtained from other observations which refer on the average to higher and lower levels in the atmosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 32; June 197
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  • 5
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    The clouds of Venus (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The current state of knowledge of the Venusian clouds is reviewed. The visible clouds of Venus are shown to be quite similar to low level terrestrial hazes of strong anthropogenic influence. Possible nucleation and particle growth mechanisms are presented. The Pioneer Venus experiments that emphasize cloud measurements are described and their expected findings are discussed in detail. The results of these experiments should define the cloud particle composition, microphysics, thermal and radiative heat budget, rough dynamical features and horizontal and vertical variations in these and other parameters. This information should be sufficient to initialize cloud models which can be used to explain the cloud formation, decay, and particle life cycle.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; May 1977
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  • 6
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    Dynamics, winds, circulation and turbulence in the atmosphere of Venus (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: With the possible exception of the lowest one or two scale heights, the dominant mode of circulation of Venus' atmosphere is a rapid, zonal, retrograde motion. Global albedo variations in the ultraviolet may reflect planetary scale waves propagating relative to the zonal winds. Other special phenomena such as cellular convection in the subsolar region and internal gravity waves generated in the interaction of the zonal circulation with the subsolar disturbance may also be revealed in ultraviolet imagery of the atmosphere. We discuss the contributions of experiments on the Orbiter and Entry Probes of Pioneer Venus toward unravelling the mystery of the planet's global circulation and the role played by waves, instabilities and convection therein
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 20; June 197
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  • 7
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    The Voyager mission photopolarimeter experiment (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A general purpose filter photometer/polarimeter capable of measuring the intensity and linear polarization of scattered light at eight wavelengths in the 2350-7500 A spectral region has been adopted for the Voyager mission photopolarimeter experiment. Objectives of the experiment include determination of the vertical atmospheric aerosol distributions for Jupiter, Saturn and Titan, definition of cloud micro- and macro-structures, and identification of any regular crystalline particles in the clouds. In addition, the density of the satellite atmospheres will be assessed, and the sodium vapor distributions near Io and in the Jovian magnetosphere will be mapped. Particle size and optical depth of Saturn's rings will also be investigated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 21; Nov. 197
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  • 8
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    A fast invariant imbedding method for multiple scattering calculations and an application to equivalent widths of CO2 lines on Venus (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The invariant imbedding method considered is based on an equation which describes the change in the reflected radiation when an optically thin layer is added to the top of the atmosphere. The equation is used to treat the problem of reflection from a planetary atmosphere as an initial value problem. A fast method is discussed for the solution of the invariant imbedding equation. The speed and accuracy of the new method are illustrated by comparing it with the doubling program published by Hansen and Travis (1974). Computations are performed of the equivalent widths of carbon dioxide absorption lines in solar radiation reflected by Venus for several models of the planetary atmosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 216
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  • 9
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    Jupiter's atmospheric composition and cloud structure deduced from absorption bands in reflected sunlight (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spectrum of sunlight reflected by Jupiter is analyzed by comparing observations of Woodman (1979) with multiple-scattering computations. The analysis yields information on the vertical cloud structure at several latitudes and on the abundance of CH4 and NH3 in the atmosphere of Jupiter. The abundances of CH4 and NH3 suggest that all ices and rocks are overabundant on Jupiter by a factor of 2 or more, providing an important constraint on models for the formation of Jupiter from the primitive solar nebula. The pressure level of the clouds, the gaseous NH3 abundance, the mean temperature profile, and the Clausius-Clapeyron relation suggest that these clouds are predominantly ammonia crystals with the cloud bottom at 600-700 mb. A diffuse distribution of aerosols exists between 150 and 500 mb, and the spectral variation of albedo reflects a changing bulk absorption coefficient of the material composing the aerosols and is diagnostic of the aerosol composition.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; July 197
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  • 10
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    Orbiter cloud photopolarimeter investigation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Polarization measurements by the orbiter cloud photopolarimeter indicate the presence of a planet-wide layer of submicrometer aerosols of substantial visible optical thickness, of the order of 0.05 to 0.01, in the lower stratosphere well above the main visible sulfuric acid cloud layer. Cloud pattern characteristics found by Mariner 10 and by Pioneer are compared. Planetary scale markings, polar region clouds, and cellular features are considered.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 203; Feb. 23
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