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  • GEOPHYSICS  (15)
  • 78.30.Fs  (2)
  • Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Micro-Raman spectroscopy in polycrystalline CuInSe2 formation (1994)
    Springer
    Applied physics 58 (1994), S. 125-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.30.Fs ; 68.55Nq ; 81.15.Cd
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystalline formation of CuInSe2 thin films has been investigated using micro-Raman spectroscopy and AES composition analysis. It is confirmed that the Raman peaks are stongly dependent on the surface morphology and the Cu:In:Se ratio. In the films annealed at 315°C, crystalline grains larger than 2 μm show Raman peaks at 174 cm−1 and 258 cm−1. The In content is very low and the Cu:Se ratio is about 1:1 in these grains. The low In concentration is thought to be due to the formation of In2O3 on the surface. On the other hand, random structures of 1–2 μm grains found in films annealed at temperatures below 305°C show peaks at 174 cm−1 and 186 cm−1 instead of 258 cm−1 and have a Cu:In:Se ratio of 1:1:3–4. Thus the 186 cm−1 peak is thought to be related to a Cu, In-deficient phase when compared to stoichiometric CuInSe2. The optimum annealing condition was found by analyzing the Raman spectra and composition of different crystalline CuInSe2 grains. Films annealed under this condition exhibited a clear Raman peak at 174 cm−1 and consisted of clusters of crystals less than 1 μm in size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00332168
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical properties of laser-processed In x Ga1−x As (1994)
    Springer
    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 617-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.30.Fs ; 68.55.Nq ; 61.70.At
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Various spots in GaAs, In-diffused with the 1.064 μm line of pulsed Nd:YAG laser with several energy densities, have been characterized and compared with samples prepared by the conventional rapid thermal annealing method. Of the energy densities used, the spot processed with an energy density of 7 J/cm2 shows In x Ga1−x As phases with an indium concentration of 60% and below. An abrupt boundary in the indium concentration is observed at the edge of the laser-annealed spot. The diffusion depth is found to be less than 1000 Å. The spot processed with an energy density of 14 J/cm2 shows considerable damage from the irradiation resulting in strain in the lattice. The samples prepared by the thermal annealing method show similar results to the laser-diffused samples. However, these thermally annealed samples suffer from arsenic loss unlike the laser-processed samples. It can be concluded that laser-induced alloying of indium into GaAs can be achieved with less arsenic loss than the thermal annealing method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331922
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfuric acid pretreatment for the simultaneous GC screening of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in herbal essential oils (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 587-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides ; Herbal medicine ; Essential oils ; Sulfuric acid treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A rapid and new clean-up method utilizing sulfuric acid treatment is demonstrated to identify and quantify the level of organochlorine (OC) and organophosphorus (OP) pesticide residue concentrations in herbal essential oils by gas chromatography (GC). Essential oils fortified with pesticides, that are extracted from herbs by steam distillation are partitioned with 65% acetonitrile/water(v/v) and treated with sulfuric acid at different reaction times and sulfuric acid concentrations. Optimal conditions, to avoid interference from essential oils in gas chromatographic analysis, is 17% (v/v) of a mixed phase ratio of sulfuric acid to organic solvent (hexane/ethyl ether=9∶1, v/v) and a reaction time of 30s. The response of the flame ionization detector (FID) is linear for all pesticides determined. Recovery of pesticides from fortified herbs studied are in the range of 75% to 111% (RSD, 4% to 11%) for OC, and 72% to 116% (RSD, 2% to 11%) for OP. Although sulfuric acid treatment destroys carbamate and some organophosphorus pesticides, this method has efficiently reduced matrix interference and provides a rapid, economical clean-up method with excellent linear data having low coefficients of variation for the GC analyses of BHC isomers, DDD, DDE, DDT, chlorothalonil, chloropyrifos, tetradifon, fenitrothion, malathion, and parathion in matrices of herbal essential oils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467500
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of multi-component pesticide residues in herbal medicines by GC-MS with electron impact ionization and with positive- and negative-ion chemical ionization (1999)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 49 (1999), S. 525-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides ; Herbal medicines ; Selective-ion monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Multicomponent pesticide residues in herbal medicines have been analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with electron impact (EI) ionization and positive- and negative-ion chemical ionization (PCI and NCI). Herbal medicines (5 g) were extracted with 65∶35 (%,v/v) acetonitrile-water, and partitioned with hexane-diethyl ether (1∶1) and hexane-dichloromethane (1∶1). The organic phase of the extracted fraction was cleaned on a Florisil column and analyzed by GC-MS with selected-ion monitoring (SIM). Method detection limits for 27 pesticides were tens of picograms for ECD, NPD and EI-SIM MS, and a few picograms for NCI-SIM MS. The calibration curve for the pesticide standard solution was linear within the range 0.003–30 pg for EI-SIM MS, PCI-SIM MS, and NCI-SIM MS. Mean recoveries of pesticides from spiked herbal medicines (0.75, 1.5, 3 pg) were 61–125% (RSD1–32%) for NCI-SIM MS and 74–121% (RSD 4–12%) for EI-SIM MS. Detection sensitivity and specificity of NCI-SIM MS were better than for ECD and NPD. Parallel use of EI-SIM MS, PCI-SIM MS and NCI-SIM MS was an excellent complementary method for identification and confirmation of multi-component pesticide residues in variety of herbal medicines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467753
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  • 5
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    Spectroscopic measurement of HO2, H2O2, and OH in the stratosphere (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Stratospheric concentrations of HO2, H2O2, and OH have been retrieved simultaneously from the far-infrared emission spectra obtained with a balloon-borne Fourier transform spectrometer in June 1983 at 32 deg N latitude. Retrieved concentrations of HO2 and H2O2 are reported, along with vertical distributions of OH which were reported in an earlier paper for the afternoon, sunset, and nighttime periods for altitudes from 26 to 38 km. HO2 distributions are obtained with uncertainties that are about the same as OH for the same vertical range and for the afternoon and sunset periods. H2O2 concentration is obtained at an altitude of 30 km for the period that covers afternoon and sunset hours. The retrieved concentrations of these HO(x) species agree well with other individually measured results and the steady state photochemical predictions. The ratio HO2/OH at around 32 km seems to increase from the afternoon period to the sunset period.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 96; 22
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    Infrared spectroscopic measurements of halogenated sink and reservoir gases in the stratosphere with the ATMOS instrument (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) instrument recorded 19 sets of interferograms during solar occultations in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres over the course of the Spacelab 3 mission. The resulting IR spectra furnish concentration profiles for over 25 atmospheric species. Attention is presently given to the volume mixing ratio profiles for HCl and HF in the 15-60-km altitude region, retrieved from northern sunsets and southern sunrises. The HF/HCl ratios deduced are in good agreement with model predictions. The total atmospheric chlorine at 50 km is nearly all in the form of HCl.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 9851-985
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Detection of carbonyl fluoride in the stratosphere (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Infrared solar absorption spectra of the stratosphere recorded at a resolution of 0.01/cm by the ATMOS (Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy) instrument from onboard Spacelab 3 (04/30 to 05/6/85) have revealed the existence of many previously unobserved absorption features in the 1925 to 1960/cm and 1249 to 1255/cm regions and one at 774/cm. On the basis of comparisons with laboratory spectra, these features have been identified as belonging to the nu1, nu4, and nu6 bands of carbonyl fluoride, respectively. Volume mixing ratios of COF2 between 17 and 40 km have been deduced from analysis of the nu1 and nu6 bands.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 13; 769-772
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    Spectroscopic detection of Ch3Cl in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Absorptions due to the nu1 band of CH3Cl have been identified for the first time in infrared solar absorption spectra of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The spectral data were obtained with the ATMOS Fourier transform spectrometer on board Spacelab 3 in May 1985 during four solar occultation events near latitudes of 30 deg N, 26 deg N, 25 deg N, and 49 deg S. Volume mixing ratio profiles of CH3Cl retrieved for the altitude range 12 to 23 km at these four latitudes do not show appreciable differences. Vertical mixing ratio distributions vary from 6 x 10 to the -10th at 12 km to 3 x 10 to the -10th at 23 km with an average uncertainty of about 25 percent. The retrieved mixing ratio does not decrease with altitude as rapidly as the data obtained by in situ techniques.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 13; 765-768
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    Evidence for the presence of the 802.7/cm band Q branch of HO2NO2 in high resolution solar absorption spectra of the stratosphere (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Stratospheric solar absorption spectra recorded at about 0.01/cm resolution by the ATMOS (Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy) Fourier transform spectrometer during the Spacelab 3 Shuttle mission (4/30-5/6/85) show a weak absorption feature covering about 802.5-803.3/cm. This feature is identified as the unresolved Q branch of the 802.7/cm band of HO2NO2 and profiles for 31 deg N and 47 deg S are reported.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 13; 761-764
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  • 10
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    ATMOS Spacelab science investigation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Upper Atmopshere Res. Program; p 201-202
    Format: text
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