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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (47)
  • GENERAL  (5)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964  (52)
  • 1961  (52)
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Schlagwörter
Verlag/Herausgeber
Erscheinungszeitraum
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964  (52)
Jahr
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Viscoelastic factors in the strength of elastomers under complex stress by a puncture methodPresented at the Tenth Canadian High Polymer Forum, Ste. Marguerite, Quebec, September 7-9, 1960.Contribution No. 262 from the research laboratory of the Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company. (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 442-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Investigations of the viscoelastic aspects of the mechanical behavior of polymers have been limited almost exclusively to relatively simple conditions of homogeneous stress, that is, to tension or shear loadings. In the present work a study has been made from the viscoelastic standpoint of the response of several elastomers to a much more complex type of stress distribution arising from penetration up to failure by a cylindrical indentor for a range of temperatures and rates of penetration. The failure or “puncture point” was determined by a dip in the recorded curve of load versus depth of penetration. The puncture strength values were reduced to 25°C. by applying the ratio of absolute temperatures and plotted against the logarithm of the reciprocal of the rate of penetration. These curves were then shifted on the time scale to give a master curve after the manner of Tobolsky and of Ferry. The logarithms of the shift factors thus obtained were related to the reciprocal of the absolute temperature over the range studied. The results indicate a broader generality for the viscoelastic principle of time-temperature equivalence than has usually been supposed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051610
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Digital recording and automatic computation of film tensile stress-strain dataPresented at ASTM Committee D-20 Meeting, Detroit, Michigan, October 3, 1960. (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 527-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A system is described for automatic collection of stress-strain data for polymeric films on magnetic tape for subsequent automatic data reduction and computation of a variety of stress-strain parameters. Two shaft analog-to-digital encoders attached to a conventional tensile tester feed digital information to an incremental pulse recorder which stores all stress and strain data in two channels on 0.625-in. magnetic tape. Specimen information and test constants are inserted by the operator through a keyboard located at the tensile tester. The tape is subsequently fed into a standard digital computer through a special incremental pulse magnetic tape reader. The data pulses are internally stored and converted by means of a special program into eight significant stress-strain parameters for polymeric film samples, plus averages and standard deviations for groups of replicate determinations. These parameters include: corrected length of specimen, initial maximum tensile modulus, offset yield stress, strain at break, strain at maximum stress, maximum tensile stress, tensile stress at break, and work to break. While the program described applies to polymer film testing, both it and the digital recording equipment accessories are applicable with suitable modification, to any analog experimental data. Significant savings in man-hours and increased information output result from use of this system.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051705
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Isomorphism phenomena in macromolecules (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 51 (1961), S. 527-539 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Through x-ray and infrared examinations of stereoregular polymers and copolymers of vinylaromatic monomers, the occurrence of chain isomorphism phenomena, together with many cases of a new type of isomorphism between monomeric units, have been proved. Isomorphism of macromolecules, allowing true solid solutions, has been observed when melting and crystallizing mixtures of homopolymers (i.e., isotactic polystyrene) and of crystalline copolymers (i.e., styrene-p-methylstyrene) having the same identity period and differing very little in lattice constants. Isomorphism among monomeric units occurs in copolymerizing monomers that have a chemical nature and shape slightly different one from the other, e.g., styrene and o-fluorostyrene. This allows the formation of crystallizable copolymers in the entire composition range. They show physical properties (lattice constants, melting temperatures, etc.) continuously varying between those of the pure homopolymers. The occurrence of isodimorphism phenomena has been observed in crystalline copolymers obtained from monomers the homopolymers of which have different crystalline structures (e.g., styrene-p-fluorostyrene), and also in copolymerizing styrene with monomers (e.g., p-methyl, p-chlorostyrene) giving only amorphous homopolymers. In the latter case, of course, the copolymers show crystallinity only in a limited composition range.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1961.1205115610
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Graft copolymers of p-isopropylstyrene and methyl methacrylate (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 49 (1961), S. 533-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The preparation of a completely isopropylated polystyrene by polymerization of p-isopropylstyrene monomer is described. This polymer was autoxidized in cyclohexane with lauroyl peroxide to give a material of good reproducibility and high purity. Methyl methacrylate was successfully grafted to the polymeric hydroperoxide by using a sugar-containing recipe. Homopolymer was separated from the graft copolymer by extraction. Evidence for grafting was obtained from solubility and fractionation behavior, as well as from light-scattering and viscosity measurements.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1961.1204915232
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Changes in fine structure and mechanical properties induced by cyanoethylation of cotton yarns. II. Reacted without longitudinal shrinkagePaper presented before the 138th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, September 11-16, 1960. (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 163-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The cellulose of cotton yarns was reacted with acrylonitrile under conditions preventing their longitudinal contraction. Changes taking place in the fine structure of the fiber were studied by means of optical microscopy, density measurements, x-ray diffraction, and thermal stress behavior measurements. The results indicate that in spite of the strong tensions developed in the yarns, the reaction proceeds in both the accessible and the crystalline regions with considerable volume expansion and eventual disappearance of crystalline structure. Suggestions of a glass transition temperature appear at substitutions slightly above D.S. = 1. Annealing becomes possible at substitutions above D.S. = 2 with the development of the cyanoethyl cellulose crystal structure and over 40% increase in tensile strength. Changes in tenacity, ultimate elongation, energy of rupture, and immediate elastic recovery were also observed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051406
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Isobutylene copolymers of vinylbenzyl chloride and isopropenylbenzyl chloride (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 452-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The styrene derivatives vinylbenzyl chloride and isopropenylbenzyl chloride were prepared and copolymerized with isobutylene and propylene in order to produce polymers with reactive halogens. Vinylbenzyl chloride and isobutylene have relative reactivities such that the copolymer is much richer in isobutylene than the starting mixture, while with isopropenylbenzyl chloride and isobutylene the difference in reactivities is less and is in the opposite direction. Copolymers containing small amounts of the reactive benzylic chlorine were vulcanized, either with amines or with a conventional butyl rubber cure. Permselective membranes were prepared from copolymers rich in benzylic chlorine.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051611
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A comparison of the thermal gradient and elution methods of polymer fractionation (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 354-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The elution method is essentially a single-stage process, whereas the thermal gradient method is a multistage process which depends upon a thermal gradient to bring about reprecipitation of polymer in the fractions. As a test of the effectiveness of the thermal gradient, comparisons have been made of fractionation by these two column methods on high molecular weight polystyrene samples. It was found that the thermal gradient method definitely provides superior resolution and reproducibility, as expected. However, the degree of fractionation obtained by the elution method was surprising, accounting for at least 80% of the sample under the usual conditions and giving complete fractionation with certain modifications of conditions. These results indicate the difference in performance of the two methods is less than expected from an elementary consideration of the operation of the columns, and fractionation by the elution method, as conducted here, exceeds that expected for a single-stage extraction process. Although the reasons for the observed behavior are not clear, the following conclusions have been reached about certain factors which influence fractionation. Alternative methods of controlling the concentration of polymer in the fractions give almost equivalent results but enhanced resolution of the high molecular weight portion of the sample is obtained with extended solvent gradients. The inhibitor, tert-butyl catechol, which it was necessary to add to the solvents to limit degradation of the very high molecular weight sample, plays a specific role in the fractionation due to a reaction with the polystyrene which alters the fractionation behavior without affecting the molecular weight. Also, trace amounts of chemical heterogeneity in the polymers, presumably hydroxyl groups, have a marked adverse effect on fractionation by the elution method and probably account for molecular weight reversals observed in some fractionations by the thermal gradient method. It is suggested that adsorption on the surface of the beads is responsiblp for the adverse effect of chemical heterogeneity on the fractionation and that possibly an adsorption which increases with molecular weight contributes to fractionation by the elution and thermal gradient methods.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051516
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Der Einfluß von Wasserstoffsuperoxyd auf die Korrosion von Messing (1961)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 422-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The influence of hydrogen peroxide on the corrosion of brassThe corrosion behaviour of brass 80/20 and 59/41 in acetic acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, malic acid, lactic acid and tartaric acid as well as in buffered hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride in the presence of small additions of hydrogen peroxide is investigated. In general, the intensity of corrosion was found to be considerably increased thereby. In the case of α-brass, the de-zincking process in suppressed to such an extent that decopperization is already encountered. With α/β-Brass, the zinc-rich β-phase is attacked first, followed by an attack on the α-Phase so that the overall result is an intensified corrosion attack. In the case of tartaric acid, passivation phenomena were encountered which were, however, not investigated in detail.
    Notizen: Das Korrosionsverhalten von Messing 80/20 und 59/41 in Essigsäure, Phosphorsäure, Citronensäure, Äpfelsäure, Milchsäure und Weinsäure sowie gepufferter Salzsäure und Ammoniumchlorid wird in Gegenwart geringer Wasserstoffsuperoxydzusätze untersucht. Dabei wird im allgemeinen der Angriff wesentlich verstärkt. Bei α-Messing wird die Entzinkung gleichzeitig soweit zurückgedrängt, daß schon Entkupferung vorliegt, während bei α/β-Messing zunächst die zinkreiche β-Phase und erst nachher auch die α-Phase angegriffen wird, so daß sich im Endeffekt verstärkter Gesamtangriff ergibt. Im Falle der Weinsäure treten nicht näher untersuchte Passivierungserscheinungen auf.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19610120704
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Kinetic analysis of thermogravimetric dataThe work described in this paper was done under United States Air Force Contract AF 33(616)-5576. The work was monitored under the direction of the Nonmetallic Materials Laboratory, Materials Central, Wright Air Development Division, Air Research and Development Command, with Dr. G. F. L. Ehlers as Project Engineer. (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Thermogravimetric data are generally more extensive than are comparable isothermal aging data, and therefore afford preliminary kinetic information in greater abundance. The kinetic analysis of the thermogram, by use of either its exact equation or a more convenient approximation formula, is straightforward in cases of volatilization via simple kinetics. Application of the analytical procedure to the thermogram for the zero-order volatilization of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane yielded an estimate of 11.65 kcal./mole as the average heat of vaporization in the temperature range of 80 to 145°C. The apparent activation energy for the first-order pyrolytic volatilization of 200-mg. samples of pulverized polytetrafluoroethylene was estimated to be 66 to 68 kcal./mole in the temperature range of 520 to 610°C.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051506
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Temperature dependence of dynamic mechanical properties of mixed polymer systems (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 195-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The temperature dependence of the viscous component E2(1/T) of the dynamic modulus is reported for a homologous series of butadiene-styrene copolymers incorporated at various levels in styrene homopolymer. By the use of a vibrating reed technique based on resonance tuning, the frequency of the applied deformation was maintained essentially constant throughout the temperature range which included the glass transitions of the copolymers. It is shown that, when E2(1/T) for such mixed polymer systems is plotted against reciprocal absolute temperature, the area under the peak corresponding to a given copolymer affords a direct measure of the quantity of the copolymer present. Further, the temperature of maximum E2(1/T) is related to the mole fraction of bound styrene in the copolymer, and the shape of the peak is related to the statistical sequence lengths of styrene and butadiene in the copolymer.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051411
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