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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-07-14
    Description: The purpose of the project is to improve our understanding about best management practices that can be utilized on diked managed wetlands in Suisun Marsh for reducing the occurrence of low dissolved oxygen (DO) and high methylmercury (MeHg) events associated primarily with fall flood-up practices. Low DO events are of concern because they can lead to undue stress and even mortality of sensitive aquatic organisms. Elevated MeHg levels are of concern because MeHg is a neurotoxin that bio-magnifies up the food chain and can cause deleterious effects to higher trophic level consumers such as piscivorous fish, birds, and mammals (including humans). This study involved two years (2007-2008) of intensive field data collection at two managed wetland sites in northwest Suisun Marsh and their surrounding tidal sloughs, an area with prior documented low DO events. In addition, the study collected limited soils and water quality field data and mapped vegetation for three managed wetland sites in the central interior of Suisun Marsh, for the purpose of examining whether wetlands at other locations exhibit characteristics that could indicate potential for similar concerns. In Year 1 of the study, the objective was to identify the baseline conditions in the managed wetlands and determine which physical management conditions could be modified for Year 2 to reduce low DO and MeHg production issues most effectively. The objective of Year 2 was to evaluate the effectiveness of these modified management actions at reducing production of low DO and elevated MeHg conditions within the managed wetlands and to continue improving understanding of the underlying biogeochemical processes at play. This Final Evaluation Memorandum examined a total of 19 BMPs, 14 involving modified water management operations and the remaining five involving modified soil and vegetation management practices. Some of these BMPs were previously employed and others have not yet been tested. For each BMP this report assesses its efficacy in improving water quality conditions and potential conflicts with wetland management. It makes recommendations for further study (either feasibility assessments or field testing) and whether to consider for future use. Certain previously used BMPs were found to be important contributors to poor water quality conditions and their continued use is not recommended. Some BMPs that could improve water quality conditions appear difficult to implement in regards to compatibility with wetland management; these BMPs require further elaboration and feasibility assessment to determine whether they should be field tested. In practice for any given wetland, there is likely a combination of BMPs that would together have the greatest potential to address the low DO and high MeHg water quality concerns. Consequently, this report makes no sweeping recommendations applicable to large groups of wetlands but instead promotes a careful consideration of factors at each wetland or small groups of wetlands and from that assessment to apply the most effective suite of BMPs.This report also identifies a number of recommended future actions and studies. These recommendations are geared toward improving the process understanding of factors that promote low DO and high MeHg conditions, the extent of these problems in Suisun Marsh, the regulatory basis for the DO standards for a large estuarine marsh, the economics of BMPs, and alternative approaches to BMPs on diked managed wetlands that may address the water quality issues. The most important of these recommendations is that future BMP implementation should be carried out within the context of rigorous scientific evaluation so as to gain the maximum improvement in how to manage these water quality issues in the diked managed wetlands of Suisun Marsh.
    Description: State Water Resources Control Board
    Description: Project Number 06-283-552-0
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Chemistry ; Engineering ; Environment ; Fisheries ; Management ; Pollution ; BMPs ; dissolved oxygen ; mercury ; Suisun Marsh ; managed wetlands ; best management practices ; methyl mercury ; hydrology ; tidal water quality ; Wetlands and Water Resources ; Bachand and Associates ; Suisun Resource Conservation District ; California Department of Fish and Game ; California Department of Water Resources ; University of California Davis ; U.S. Geological Survey
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: monograph
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 353
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 125 (1992), S. 2033-2040 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: 13C NMR, SCS ; Substituent effects ; Imines ; Isomerization, (E,Z) Schiff bases ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sterically congested N-(1,1,3,3-tetraalkyl-2-indanylidene)-amines 8-11, N-(cyclopentylidene)anilines 13-17, and two of their salts are described, together with a short synthesis of 2-imino-1,1,3,3-tetramethylindan (5). Some of these imines show rapid (E,Z) equilibration. Positively and negatively charged nitrogen functions (in 6 and 7) cause opposite 1H- and 13C-NMR chemical shift effects along the C = N bond. Chemical shifts are almost equally affected by the lone electron pair and by the imino N-H bond. Substituent-induced chemical shifts (SCS) have been assigned for all syn and anti positions with respect to methyl, phenyl, and 2,6-dimethylphenyl groups at the imino nitrogen atom. The structurally well-defined, rigid imines recommend themselves as new models for the calibration of theoretical approaches to syn/anti-differentiating SCS.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Diastereotopomerization, (E, Z) ; Imines ; Inversion, nitrogen ; Permethylation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Experimental differentiation between pure C=N double bond rotation and nitrogen inversion in N1-arylimines is possible with a single compound (13b) under the proviso of slow rotation about the N-aryl single bond. Labelling by 1H and 13C nuclei at the diastereotopic faces of the C=N moiety as well as of the N-aryl group is the clue to a successful stereodynamic analysis, as performed by variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy of 13b, a sterically congested and chiral model compound. Interpretation of similar measurements on a second model (13d) is less straightforward. The experimental observation of time-averaged Cs symmetry by NMR coalescences is only compatible with a mechanism of (E/Z) stereomutation either by pure inversion at sp2 nitrogen or by a contribution from C=N rotation together with a synchronized (geared) controtation about the N-aryl single bond. However, the latter combination is concluded to be predominantly inversion-like by comparisons with related imines.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 118 (1985), S. 116-123 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Properties of Tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dithietane S-Oxides and Bis(triflouromethyl)sulfineThe corresponding S-oxides 2-6 could be obtained by oxidation of 2,2,4,4-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dithietane (1). Similar oxidation of 2,2,4,4-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)thiirane (8) yields the episulfoxide 12, but not the episulfone 14. Pyrolysis of 2, 3, 5, and 6 have been investigated and bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfine (7) could be isolated as the first member of perfluoroalkylsulfines as well as the sulfonylfluoride 13 being the product of isomerization of bis(trifluoromethyl)-sulfene (9). 7 could also be obtained by ring opening from 3 with bases and by oxidation of hexafluorothioacetone (11), respectively. Solvolytic ring opening in 5 and 6 yields the sulfones 16 and 17.
    Notes: Durch Oxidation des 2,2,4,4-Tetrakis(trifluormethyl)-1,3-dithietans (1) erhält man dessen S-Oxide 2-6. Auf gleiche Weise gelingt die Oxidation des 2,2,4,4-Tetrakis(trifluormethyl)thiirans (8) zum Episulfoxid 12, nicht jedoch zum Episulfon 14. Die Pyrolysen von 2, 3, 5 und 6 wurden untersucht, wobei als erster Vertreter der Perfluoralkylsulfine das Bis(trifluormethyl)sulfin (7) sowie das Sulfonylfluorid 13 als Isomerisierungsprodukt des Bis(trifluormethyl)sulfens (9) isoliert wurden. 7 entsteht auch durch Ringöffnung aus 3 mit Basen bzw. bei der Oxidation des Hexafluorthioacetons (11). Die Solvolyse von 5 und 6 liefert unter Ringöffnung die Sulfone 16 und 17.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 116 (1983), S. 1623-1630 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Properties of New Perhalogenated 1,3-Dithietane S-OxidesNew perchlorinated and perfluorinated 1,3-dithietanes (4, 6, 7, 12, 14, 15), which are partially oxidized at the sulfur atoms, are described. Pyrolysis of the 1,3-dioxides 7 and 15 leads to the sulfoxides 8 and 16, X2C = S = O (X = Cl, F). respectively. Two new oxidizing agents are used: trifluoromethane- and nonafluorobutanepersulfonic acid.
    Notes: Die neuen perchlorierten und perfluorierten, am Schwefel partiell oxidierten 1,3-Dithietane 4, 6, 7, 12, 14 und 15 werden beschrieben. Pyrolysen der 1,3-Dioxide 7 und 15 führen zu den Sulfoxiden 8 bzw. 16, X2C = S = O (X = Cl, F). Zwei neue Oxidationsmittel werden angewendet: Trifluormethan- und Nonafluorbutanpersulfonsäure.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Sterically Crowded Cyclohexanes, 3. 4,4,8,8,12,12-Hexamethyltrispiro[2.1.2.1.2.1]dodecane and 4,4,8,8,9,9,10,10-Octamethyldispiro[2.1.2.3]decane - Two Per(cyclo)alkylated Cyclohexanes Adopting a Twistboat ConformationSynthesis, conformation, and dynamics of the title compounds 1 and 8 are described. 1 and [1-13C]-1 were obtained by sequential methylenation and cyclopropanation of 9. The hydrogenation of 1 yielded not only 7 and 8 but also 21 and 22. On the contrary, the hydrogenations of 15 and 19 yielded 16 and 20 exclusively. The conformation and dynamics of 1 followed from an analysis of the 13C DNMR spectra of [1-13C]-1, the conformation and dynamics of 8 from an analysis of the 1H and 13C DNMR spectra of unlabelled material. Both compounds adopt a twistboat conformation. The activation parameters of the twistboat-to-twistboat interconversion of 1 were determined by bandshape analysis, those of 8 by the coalescence method. The results were as follows: 1: ΔH≠ = 8.5 · 0.2 kcal/mol, ΔS≠ = 12.8 ± 1.5 cal/mol · grd, ΔG298≠ = 4.7 ± 0.2 kcal/mol; 8: ΔG300≠ 13.6 kcal/mol. The unusual conformations of 1 and 8 are discussed on the basis of nonbonding interactions.
    Notes: Synthese, Konformation und Dynamik der Titelverbindungen 1 und 8 werden beschrieben. 1 und [1-13C]-1 wurden durch Methylenierung und anschließende Cyclopropanierung von 9 erhalten. Die Hydrierung von 1 lieferte neben 7 und 8 auch 21 und 22. Die Hydrierungen von 15 und 19 lieferten dagegen ausschließlich 16 bzw. 20. Die Konformation und Dynamik von 1 ergab sich aus einer Analyse der 13C-DNMR-Spektren von [1-13C]-1, die Konformation und Dynamik von 8 aus einer Analyse der aH- und 13C-DNMR-Spektren unmarkierten Materials. Beide Verbindungen liegen in einer Twistbootkonformation vor. Die Aktivierungsparameter der Twistboot-Twistboot-Inversion wurden bei 1 über eine Bandenformanalyse, bei 8 nach der Koaleszenztemperaturmethode bestimmt. Danach ergaben sich folgende Werte: 1: ΔH≠ = 8.5 ± 0.2 kcal/mol, ΔS≠ = 12.8 ± 1.5 cal/mol · grd, ΔG298≠ = 4.7 ± 0.2 kcal/mol; 8: ΔG300≠ = 13.6 kcal/mol. Die ungewöhnlichen Konformationen von 1 und 8 werden auf der Grundlage nichtbindender Wechselwirkungen diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: hydrolysis ; esterification ; Humicola lanuginosa ; Rhizomucor miehei ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Humicola lanuginosa lipase (HIL) and Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RrnL), isolated from commercial preparations of Lipolase and Lipozyme, respectively, were solubilized in AOT-stabilized water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions in n-heptane and aspects of their hydrolysis and condensation activity examined. The temperature dependence of HIL hydrolysis activity in unbuffered R = 10 microemulsions matched very closely that for tributyrin hydrolysis by Lipolase in an aqueous emulsion assay. Apparent activation energies were measured as 13 ± 2 and 15 ± 2 kJ mol / respectively. Condensation activity, however, was essentially independent of temperature over the range 5° to 37°C. The stability of HIL over a 30-day period was very good at all pH levels (6.1, 7.2, 9.3) and R values studied (5, 7.5, 10, 20), except when high pHs and low R values were combined. The excellent stability was reflected by the linearity of the productivity profiles which facilitate system optimization. The temperature dependence of RmL hydrolysis activity toward pNPC4 showed a maximum at 40°C and an apparent Eact = 20 ± 2 kJ mol-1 was calculated based on the linear region of the profile (5° to 40°C). RmL esterification activity showed only a slight dependence on temperature over the studied range (0° to 40°C) and an apparent Eact = 5 ± 1 kJ mol-1 was measured for octyl decanoate synthesis. Both RmL and HIL, therefore, have potential for application in low temperature biotransformations in microemulsion-based media. The stability of RmL over a 30-day period was good in R = 7.5 and R = 10 microemulsions containing pH 6.1 buffer, and this was reflected in the linearity of their respective productivity profiles. RmL stability was markedly poorer at more alkaline pH, however, and proved to be sensitive to relatively small changes in the R value. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Proline excretion from proline overproducing strains of E. coli K12 has been studied as a model chemical production system. We have isolated proline overproducing mutants of E. coli and have shown that uncontrolled synthesis is not sufficient to cause excretion of this amino acid. An episomal mutation causing proline over production has been introduced into a series of otherwise isogenic strains that bear well defined, chromosomal lesions affecting the active uptake and catabolism of L-proline. A syntropism test reveals that L-proline is excreted by overproducing strains only if transport and/or catabolism are impaired. Dansyl derivatization and chromatographic analysis of culture supernatants shows that proline is the only amino acid excreted. Batch cultures of an excreting strain in an amino acid production medium yield culture supernatants containing 1 g proline/L, whereas no proline is detectable in supernatants derived from cultures of an overproducing strain with normal transport and catabolic activities. These data reveal that genetic lesions eliminating active uptake can be used to specifically enhance metabolite excretion.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 26 (1984), S. 1140-1140 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: catabolite repression ; protein A ; membrane proteins ; continuous culture ; protein expression ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Although widely used in experimental and industrial situations, genetically engineered plasmids containing the lac promoter from Escherichia coli are subject to catabolite repression when grown in glucose-containing media. Several methods of overcoming this problem have been investigated by studying the expression of the protein A gene from Staphylococcus aureus under the control of the Escherichia coli lac promoter. When glycerol is used as a sole carbon source, the plasmid is unstable and is rapidly lost from the culture. When the bacteria are grown in chemostats under glucose limitation, the plasmid is maintained, even at high dilution rates, and the expression of protein A is similar to that observed when glycerol was used. The balance between metabolic load and protein A expression seems to be maintained by reducing the gene dose to a tolerable level. Depending on the metabolic conditions prevailing in the culture, this is achieved, either by reducing the copy number of the plasmid or in extreme cases by removing the plasmid altogether.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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