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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 82 (1979), S. 55-62 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Molekulargewichtsabhängigkeit der Depolarisierung wurde für Polystyrol- und Oligostyrollösungen in Butanon gemessen. Drei wesentliche Ergebnisse wurden erhalten: (1)Die Depolarisationen ϱu der Polystyrol- und Oligostyrollösungen in Butanon zeigen ein Minimum bei einer charakteristischen Konzentration im Gegensatz zu einer Styrollösung in Butanon.(2)Das Depolarisationsminimum fällt mit steigendem Polymerisationsgrad des Oligostyrols und erreicht einen konstanten Wert für Polystyrollösungen von ϱu = 0,0148. In den Oligostyrollösungen stimmt die Depolarisation mit einer theoretischen Berechnung überein, während in Polystyrollösungen eine Beeinflussung durch intra- und intermolekulare Wechselwirkung zu beobachten ist.(3)Die der minimalen Depolarisation zuzuordnende Konzentration C* fällt mit P-½ für Polystyrollösungen und fällt mit P- 1 für Oligostyrollösungen. Dies hängt mit der von einer Gauß-Verteilung abweichenden Verteilung der Oligomersegmente zusammen.
    Notes: The molecular weight dependence of depolarization was measured for polystyrene and styrene oligomer solutions in butanone. Three evident results were obtained: (i)the depolarizations ϱu of polystyrene and styrene oligomer solutions in butanone show a minimum value at a characteristic concentration inspite of that the depolarization of a styrene monomer mixture with butanone shows no minimum value.(ii)the minimum value of depolarization ϱu* decreases with the degree of polymerization, P, for styrene oligomer solutions and reaches a constant value for polystyrene solutions, that is ϱu* = 0.0148. In oligomer solutions the depolarization conforms to the theoretical equation, but in polystyrene solutions the depolarization is affected by both intra-and intermolecular interferences.(iii)the characteristic concentration C*, corresponding to the minimum depolarization ϱu*, decreases with P-1/2 for polystyrene solutions and decreases with P-1 for styrene oligomer solutions. This fact is concerned with the deviation from a Gaussian distribution of oligomer segments.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 48 (1975), S. 175-183 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Eine theoretische Gleichung zur Beschreibung der mittels Lichtsteruung gemessenen Abhängigkeit des scheinbaren Molekulargewichts vom Lösungsmittel wurde im Hinblick auf die Heterogenität der Zusammensetzung abgeleitet. Terpolymere mit einem partiellen Azeotrop wurden aus Styrol, Acrylnitril und Methylmethacrylat hergestellt. Die Molenbrüche betrugen in der angegebenen Reihenfolge 0,55; 0, 16; 0,29. Das mittels Lichtstreuung bestimmte Molekulargewicht erwies sich als vom eingesetzten Lösungsmittel unabhängig. Daraus wurde auf eine homogene Zusammensetzung des Terpolymeren geschlossen. Das Verhältnis zwischen dem Molekulargewicht des Terpolymeren und dem Volumenbruch des Fällungsmittels γ in dem Lösungsmittelgemisch am Fällungspunkt in einem Butanon-Methanol-Terpolymer-System folgte, wie experimentelle Untersuchungen zeigten, der Gleichung worin γ0 und b′ Konstanten bedeuten. Zwischen dem Molekulargewicht und der Viskositatszahl [η] des Terpolymeren gelten die folgenden Beziehungen bei 35°C: und
    Notes: A theoretical equation for the dependence of the apparent molecular weight measured by light scattering on the solvent used has been derived with regard to the composition heterogeneity. Terpolymers corresponding to a partial azeotrope were synthesized from styrene, acrylonitrile, and methyl methacrylate with mole fractions of 0.55, 0.16, and 0.29, respectively. The molecular weight measured by light scattering was found to be independent of the solvent used. Therefore the terpolymer was concluded to be apparently homogeneous in composition. The relationship between the molecular weight M of the terpolymer and the volume fraction of the nonsolvent γ in the solvent mixture at the precipitation point in a butanone-methanol-terpolymer system was experimentally proved to follow the equation where γ0 and b′ are constants. Between the molecular weight and the limiting viscosity number [η] of the terpolymer the following relationships are valid at 35°C: and
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Previously it was found that casting could be carried out efficiently without strain formation by radiation-induced polymerization of glass-forming monomers. Two types of strain were observed in casting: thermal stream type, which was studied previously, and remained stress type. In this report, the effect of various factors on the formation of remaining stress-type strain in radiation-induced casting polymerization was studied. It was found that the molecular weight of prepolymer did not affect strain formation, while prepolymer concentration and viscosity of the system had a serious influence on strain formation. It could be deduced that this type of strain formed as a result of remaining inner stress due to poor relaxation of the shrinking stress. It was realized that less volume shrinkage of glass-forming monomers accompanying casting polymerization reduced the strain formation of this type in radiation-induced casting polymerization at low temperatures.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The applicability to radiation-induced cast polymerization of polyfunctional monomers or systems including them was studied. Most of polyfunctional monomers could be glassified and were applicable to radiation casting. The effect of tetraethylene glycol diacrylate on inner-plasticized comonomer systems was studied in detail. It was found that the glass-forming property increased by the addition of tetraethylene glycol diacrylate and that heat durability improved satisfactorily. The formation of optical strain in casting was relatively easier in polyfunctional monomers including systems due to inner stress, although the merit of radiation casting was still obvious.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Casting of methyl methacrylate prepolymer by irradiation at relatively low temperatures was studied. It was difficult to completely glassify the methyl methacrylate monomer and prepolymer, and so the casting was carried out at temperatures above its melting point (-48°C). The optical strain formed in this stream remained of the stress type, and optical strain formation was reduced with increasing prepolymer concentration and decreasing temperature.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 2127-2137 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A new method of polymerization of the N-carboxy anhydride (NCA) of glutamic acid is presented by which poly(glutamic acid) is obtained directly from the NCA without protecting its carboxyl group. The principle underlying is that by adjusting the mole ratio of the initiator butylamine, [I], to the monomer, [A], butylamine can be used as protecting agent for the carboxyl group of the NCA so that the rest of butylamine acts as initiator in the heterogeneous polymerization in acetonitrile. Quantitative conversion was obtained for an [A]/[I] ratio of 1. In analogy to other heterogeneous polymerizations of NCAs in acetonitrile, this is due to the formation of the helix during polymerization, which was confirmed by IR absorption and X-ray diffraction measurements. As the [A]/[I] ratio increases, the conversion, the helix content of the resultant polymer, and the amount of butylamine combined with it decrease drastically. It is suggested that “copolymerization” of the amine-protected and unprotected NCAs occurs, giving rise to a partially helical chain, whose contents of the amine-protected side chains and accordingly of the helix are the higher the smaller the [A]/[I] ratio.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 176 (1975), S. 2251-2261 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die reversible Oxygenierung des synthetischen polymeren Pyridin-Häm-Komplexes wurde bei Zimmertemperatur in wäßriger Lösung untersucht. Das polymere Hämochrom wurde durch die Koordination des partiell quartären Poly(4-vinylpyridin)s (QPVP) an der axialen Position des Protohäms in Wasser synthetisiert. Die Gleichgewichtskonstanten von Hämichrom und Hämochrom waren 2,60·102 und 2,77·104 dm3mol-1, und die Koordinationszahl der axialen Liganden (Pyridingruppen) war sowohl im Fall von Hämichrom als such im Fall von Hämochrom ca. 1,0.Die Kinetik der elementaren Prozesse der Oxygenierung, d. h. der “Adsorption von O2” bzw. der “irreversiblen Oxydation des resultierenden Sauerstoff-Komplexes” wurde als Funktion des lokalen Feldes um das Häm herum untersucht. Die Geschwindigkeit des irreversiblen Oxydationsprozesses des Häm-Sauerstoff-Komplexes wurde durch Hydrophobieren der Umgebung des Häm stark verringert. Diese Effekte wurden ausgelöst durch die stärkere Knäuelung von QPVP-Molekülen durch die Addition von Salzen {Natriumchlorid, Natriumdodecylsulfat und Poly[1-(natrium sulfonatophenyl)-äthylen]} oder durch die Komplexierung von QPVP mit Polymethacrylsäure. Das Redoxpotential des zentralen Metallions des Häms wurde infolge der Zunahme der Hydrophobie um das Häm verringert. Andererseits war die Geschwindigkeit des Adsorptionsprozesses an-nähernd konstant und unabhängig von der Veränderung der Mikroumwelt um das Ham.
    Notes: The reversible oxygenation of a synthetic polymeric pyridine-hemochrome was studied in aqueous solution at room temperature. The polymeric hemochrome was synthesized by coordination of partially quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine), (QPVP), to the axial site of protoheme in water. The equilibrium constants of hemichrome and hemochrome were 2,60.102 and 2,77.104dm3 mol-1, respectively, and the coordination number of axial ligands (pyridine groups) both in the complexation of heme and hemin was approximately 1,0.The kinetics of the elementary processes of oxygenation, i.e. “adsorption of O2” and “irreversible oxidation of the resulting oxygen complex”, were studied as a function of the local field around heme. The rate of the irreversible oxidation process of the heme oxygen complex was greatly lowered as a result of situating the active site of heme inside the hydrophobic environment formed by shrinking QPVP with adding a salt {sodium chloride, sodium dodecylsulfate, and poly[1-(sodium sulfonatophenyl)-ethylene]} or by complexing QPVP with poly(methacrylic acid). The redox potential of the central metal ion of heme was lowered by increasing the hydrophobicity around heme. On the other hand, the rate of the adsorption process was approximately constant, regardless of the microenvironmental change around heme.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 179 (1978), S. 1643-1646 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Further investigations on the chemistry of catharanthine have provided information, valuable in the estimation of reactivity and steric requirements of the skeleton. Specific hydroxylations at C(3), C(4) and C(18) have allowed the preparation of several derivatives including (3R, 4 R)-3-hydroxy-3, 4-dihydrocatharanthine (7); (3R,4 R)-3, 4-dihydroxycatharanthinic acid lactone (15); 18-decarbomethoxy-18-hydroxycatharanthine (40).
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The general reactivity of various sites in the vindoline series has been investigated. The facility of electrophilic substitution at C(15) and the effect of steric crowding on reactions at C(4) are discussed. At the basic nitrogen sites, oxidations with mercuric acetate and potassium permanganate are also discussed.
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