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  • 1
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    Nutritional questions relevant to space flight (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This historical review of nutritionally related research in the U.S. and Soviet space programs discusses the uses of nutrition as a countermeasure to the effects of microgravity, with respect to body composition and to exercise. Available information is reviewed from space and ground research in the nutritional requirements for energy, protein, fluids, electrolytes, vitamins, and minerals. Past, present, and future systems for nutrient delivery in space are described, and finally, future directions and challenges are presented.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Annual Review of Nutrition (ISSN 0199-9885); 12; 237-258
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Energy requirements for space flight (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Both the United States and the Soviet Union perform human space research. This paper reviews data available on energy metabolism in the microgravity of space flight. The level of energy utilization in space seems to be similar to that on earth, as does energy availability. However, despite adequate intake of energy and protein and in-flight exercise, lean body mass was catabolized, as indicated by negative nitrogen balance. Metabolic studies during simulated microgravity (bed rest) and true microgravity in flight have shown changes in blood glucose, fatty acids and insulin concentrations, suggesting that energy metabolism may be altered during space flight. Future research should focus on the interactions of lean body mass, diet and exercise in space, and their roles in energy metabolism during space flight.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Nutrition (ISSN 0022-3166); 122; 13-18
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Metabolic consequences of fluid shifts induced by microgravity (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effects of fluid redistribution induced by weightlessness on the fluid and electrolyte regulation, the maintenance of optimum nutritional status, and on pharmacodynamics (i.e., the absorption, distribution, and elimination of pharmacologic agents) are examined on the basis of published data on flights aboard Skylab and Space Shuttle. Data are presented on changes in plasma osmolarity and the content of antinuclear factor, serum glucose, and the salivary scopolamine concentrations after oral administration before and during space flights.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 33; S-16 to
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  • 4
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    Metabolic energy requirements for space flight (1992)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The international space community, including the USSR, Japan, Germany, the European Space Agency, and the US, is preparing for extended stays in space. Much of the research planned for space will be tended by humans, thus, maintaining adequate nutritional status during long stays in space has lately become an issue of much interest. Historically, it appears that minimum nutritional requirements are being met during stays in space. Thus far, crewmembers have been able to consume food adequate for maintaining nominal performance in microgravity. The physiological data obtained from ground-based and flight research that may enable us to understand the biochemical alterations that effect energy utilization and performance. Focus is on energy utilization during the Apollo lunar missions, Skylab's extended space lab missions, and Space Shuttle flights. Available data includes those recorded during intra- and extravehicular activities as well as during microgravity simulation (bed rest). Data on metabolism during flight and during bed rest are discussed, with a follow-up on human gastrointestinal function.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-TM-107933 , NAS 1.15:107933
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Shuttle-food consumption, body composition and body weight in women (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An experiment is conducted to determine whether the NASA Space Shuttle food system can provide the food and fluid required to mitigate weight loss and physical decomposition in 12 female subjects for 28 days. Subjects receive only foods from the Space Shuttle system for four weeks within an 11-wk monitoring period. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is employed throughout the trial period to study lean body mass, percent body fat, and energy-intake levels with attention given to differences the experimental diet and the subjects' typical diet. Percent body fat is found to change significantly with losses of less than 0.05 percent, whereas energy intake based on autonomous diet choices by the participants does not vary significantly. Lean body mass remains unchanged throughout the study in which the subjects receive a relatively low-fat and low-protein menu. The 100 items on the space shuttle list of approved food items are shown to provide a palatable dietary framework for maintaining the health of female astronauts.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: IAF PAPER 92-0892
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    Cardiovascular adaptation to O-G (Experiment 294) - Instrumentation for invasive and noninvasive studies (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Many astronauts returning from space have difficulties regulating blood pressure, some to the point of fainting during quiet standing. Experiment 294 was designed to study this and other cardiovascular effects of adaptation to microgravity and to understand the mechanisms behind it. To accomplish this several cardiovascular variables had to be measured accurately. Heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output (blood pumped by the heart each minute), stroke volume (blood pumped by the heart with each beat), limb flow, limb compliance, heart size and central venous pressure all had to been recorded during various stresses to understand fully the adaptation to space and the readaptation to earth's gravity. Numerous pieces of equipment were used. Some were purpose-built for the Spacelab mission and others were derived from commercial hardware. Developing spaceflight hardware is challenging and costly, but can lead to significant new information in the unique environment of space.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: SAE PAPER 911563
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Role of atrial natriuretic peptide in systemic responses to acute isotonic volume expansion (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A hypothesis is proposed that a temporal relationship exists between increases in cardiac filling pressure and plasma artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentration and also between ANP elevation and vasodilation, fluid movement from plasma to interstitium, and increased urine volume (UV). To test the hypothesis, 30 ml/kg isotonic saline were infused in supine male subjects over 24 min and responses were monitored for 3 h postinfusion. Results show that at end infusion, mean arterial pressure (RAP), heart rate and plasma volume exhibited peak increases of 146, 23, and 27 percent, respectively. Mean plasma ANP and UV peaked (45 and 390 percent, respectively) at 30 min postinfusion. Most cardiovascular variables had returned toward control levels by 1 h postinfusion, and net reabsorption of extravascular fluid ensued. It is concluded that since ANP was not significantly increased until 30 min postinfusion, factors other than ANP initiate responses to intravascular fluid loading. These factors include increased vascular pressures, baroreceptor-mediated vasolidation, and hemodilution of plasma proteins. ANP is suggested to mediate, in part, the renal response to saline infusion.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology (ISSN 8750-7587); 73; 4; p. 1218-1226.
    Format: text
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