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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutritional Questions Relevant to Space Flight (1992)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 12 (1992), S. 257-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.12.070192.001353
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The technical logic of research and development programs (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 11 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: During a study of nine major research programs at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Bell Laboratories the standard terminology for describing the stages of research and development was found to be of limited value [1], It was necessary to look behind terms such as ‘basic’ or ‘applied’ to uncover the important characteristics of the research task itself. This article presents a new perspective on the R & D process developed during this research. The framework is described and used to analyze and compare the performance of two of the programs—Bell's Millimeter Waveguide Program and NIH's Artificial Heart Program.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1981.tb00442.x
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  • 3
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    Collagen cross-link excretion during space flight and bed rest (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Extended exposure to weightlessness results in bone loss. However, little information exists as to the precise nature or time course of this bone loss. Bone resorption results in the release of collagen breakdown products, including N-telopeptide and the pyridinium (PYD) cross-links, pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline. Urinary pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline are known to increase during bed rest. We assessed excretion of PYD cross-links and N-telopeptide before, during, and after long (28-day, 59-day, and 84-day) Skylab missions, as well as during short (14-day) and long (119-day) bed-rest studies. During space flight, the urinary cross-link excretion level was twice those observed before flight. Urinary excretion levels of the collagen breakdown products were also 40-50% higher, during short and long bed rest, than before. These results clearly show that the changes in bone metabolism associated with space flight involve increased resorption. The rate of response (i.e. within days to weeks) suggests that alterations in bone metabolism are an early effect of weightlessness. These studies are important for a better understanding of bone metabolism in space crews and in those who are bedridden.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (ISSN 0021-972X); Volume 83; 10; 3584-91
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Nutrition in space (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The authors review studies conducted to define nutritional requirements for astronauts during space flight and to assess nutrition before, during, and after space flight. Topics include space food systems, research and limitations on spacecraft, physiological adaptation to weightlessness, energy requirements, dietary intake during space flight, bone demineralization, gastrointestinal function, blood volume, and nutrition requirements for space flight. Benefits of space-related nutrition research are highlighted.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: Nutrition today (ISSN 0029-666X); Volume 32; 1; 6-12
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Nutrition, endocrinology, and body composition during space flight (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Space flight induces endocrine changes that perturb metabolism. This altered metabolism affects both the astronauts' body composition and the nutritional requirements necessary to maintain their health. During the last 25 years, a combination of studies conducted on Skylab (the first U.S. space laboratory), U.S. Shuttle flights, and Soviet and Russian flights provides a range of data from which general conclusions about energy and protein requirements can be drawn. We have reviewed the endocrine data from those studies and related it to changes in body composition. From these data it appears that protein and energy intake of astronauts are similar to those on Earth. However, a combination of measures, including exercise, appropriate diet, and, potentially, drugs, is required to provide the muscle health needed for long duration space flight.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) (ISSN 0271-5317); Volume 18; 11; 1923-34
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    Energy intake, body weight, and lean body mass are maintained in healthy, active women consuming a US Space Shuttle diet (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Journal of the American Dietetic Association (ISSN 0002-8223); Volume 94; 1; 87-8
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Comparison of ground-based and space flight energy expenditure and water turnover in middle-aged healthy male US astronauts (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Energy requirements during space flight are poorly defined because they depend on metabolic-balance studies, food disappearance, and dietary records. Water turnover has been estimated by balance methods only. The purpose of this study was to determine energy requirements and water turnover for short-term space flights (8-14 d). Subjects were 13 male astronauts aged 36-51 y with normal body mass indexes (BMIs). Total energy expenditure (TEE) was determined during both a ground-based period and space flight and compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) calculations of energy requirements and dietary intake. TEE was not different for the ground-based and the space-flight periods (12.40 +/- 2.83 and 11.70 +/- 1.89 MJ/d, respectively), and the WHO calculation using the moderate activity correction was a good predictor of TEE during space flight. During the ground-based period, energy intake and TEE did not differ, but during space flight energy intake was significantly lower than TEE; body weight was also less at landing than before flight. Water turnover was lower during space flight than during the ground-based period (2.7 +/- 0.6 compared with 3.8 +/- 0.5 L/d), probably because of lower fluid intakes and perspiration loss during flight. This study confirmed that the WHO calculation can be used for male crew members' energy requirements during short space flights.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: The American journal of clinical nutrition (ISSN 0002-9165); Volume 65; 1; 4-12
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    Food and nutrition in space: application to human health (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) (ISSN 0899-9007); Volume 16; 7-8; 534-7
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    Simulated microgravity [bed rest] has little influence on taste, odor or trigeminal sensitivity (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Anecdotal evidence suggests that astronauts' perceptions of foods in space flight may differ from their perceptions of the same foods on Earth. Fluid shifts toward the head experienced in space may alter the astronauts' sensitivity to odors and tastes, producing altered perceptions. Our objective was to determine whether head-down bed rest, which produces similar fluid shifts, would produce changes in sensitivity to taste, odor or trigeminal sensations. Six subjects were rested three times prior to bed rest, three times during bed rest and two times after bed rest to determine their threshold sensitivity to the odors isoamylbutyrate and menthone, the tastants sucrose, sodium chloride, citric acid, quinine and monosodium glutamate, and to capsaicin. Thresholds were measured using a modified staircase procedure. Self-reported congestion was also recorded at each test time. Thresholds for monosodium glutamate where slightly higher during bed rest. None of the other thresholds were altered by bed rest.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: Journal Of Sensory Studies (ISSN 0887-8250); Volume 16; 1; 23-32
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    Pyridoxic acid excretion during low vitamin B-6 intake, total fasting, and bed rest (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Vitamin B-6 metabolism in 10 volunteers during 21 d of total fasting was compared with results from 10 men consuming a diet low only in vitamin B-6 (1.76 mumol/d) and with men consuming a normal diet during bed rest. At the end of the fast mean plasma concentrations of vitamin B-6 metabolites and urinary excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid tended to be higher in the fasting subjects than in the low-vitamin B-6 group. The fasting subjects lost approximately 10% of their total vitamin B-6 pool and approximately 13% of their body weight. The low-vitamin B-6 group lost only approximately 4% of their vitamin B-6 pool. Compared with baseline, urinary excretion of pyridoxic acid was significantly increased during 17 wk of bed rest. There was no increase in pyridoxic acid excretion during a second 15-d bed rest study. These data suggest the possibility of complex interactions between diet and muscle metabolism that may influence indexes that are frequently used to assess vitamin B-6 status.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: The American journal of clinical nutrition (ISSN 0002-9165); Volume 62; 5; 979-83
    Format: text
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