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  • 1
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    Degassing and Cycling of Mercury at Nisyros Volcano (Greece) (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-07
    Description: Nisyros Island (Greece) is an active volcano hosting a high-enthalpy geothermal system. During June 2013, an extensive survey on Hg concentrations in different matrices (fumarolic fluids, atmosphere, soils and plants) was carried out at Lakki Plain, an intra-caldera area affected by widespread soil and fumarolic degassing. Concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), H2S and CO2, were simultaneously measured in both the fumarolic emissions and the atmosphere around them. At the same time, 130 samples of top soils and 31 samples of plants (Cistus Creticus and Salvifolius and Erica Arborea and Manipuliflora) were collected for Hg analysis. Mercury concentrations in fumarolic gases ranged from 10,500 to 46,300 ng/m3, while Hg concentrations in the air ranged from high background values in the Lakki Plain caldera (10-36 ng/m3) up to 7100 ng/m3 in the fumarolic areas. Outside the caldera, the concentrations were relatively low (2-5 ng/m3). The positive correlation with both CO2 and H2S in air highlighted the importance of hydrothermal gases as carrier for GEM. On the other hand, soil Hg concentrations (0.023-13.7 µg/g) showed no significant correlations with CO2 and H2S in the soil gases, whereas it showed a positive correlation with total S content and an inverse one with the soil-pH, evidencing the complexity of the processes involving Hg carried by hydrothermal gases while passing through the soil. Total Hg concentrations in plant leaves (0.010-0.112 μg/g) had no direct correlation with soil Hg, with Cistus leaves containing higher values of Hg respect to Erica. Even though GEM concentrations in air within the caldera are sometimes orders of magnitude above the global background, they should not be considered dangerous to human health. Values exceeding the WHO guideline value of 1000 ng/m3 are very rare (〈0.1%) and only found very close to the main fumarolic vents, where the access to tourists is prohibited.
    Description: Published
    Description: ID 4783514
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Fumarolic mercury ; Atmospheric mercury ; Soil mercury ; Plant mercury ; Mercury output ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Geothermal Gases Shape the Microbial Community of the Volcanic Soil of Pantelleria, Italy (2020)
    AMER SOC MICROBIOLOG
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-09
    Description: Volcanic and geothermal environments are characterized by low pH, high temperatures, and gas emissions consisting of mainly CO2 and varied CH4, H2S, and H2 contents which allow the formation of chemolithoautotrophic microbial communities. To determine the link between the emitted gases and the microbial community composition, geochemical and metagenomic analysis were performed. Soil samples of the geothermic region Favara Grande (Pantelleria, Italy) were taken at various depths (1 to 50 cm). Analysis of the gas composition revealed that CH4 and H2 have the potential to serve as the driving forces for the microbial community. Our metagenomic analysis revealed a high relative abundance of Bacteria in the top layer (1 to 10 cm), but the relative abundance of Archaea increased with depth from 32% to 70%. In particular, a putative hydrogenotrophic methanogenic archaeon, related to Methanocella conradii, appeared to have a high relative abundance (63%) in deeper layers. A variety of [NiFe]-hydrogenase genes were detected, showing that H2 was an important electron donor for microaerobic microorganisms in the upper layers. Furthermore, the bacterial population included verrucomicrobial and proteobacterial methanotrophs, the former showing an up to 7.8 times higher relative abundance. Analysis of the metabolic potential of this microbial community showed a clear capacity to oxidize CH4 aerobically, as several genes for distinct particulate methane monooxygenases and lanthanide-dependent methanol dehydrogenases (XoxF-type) were retrieved. Analysis of the CO2 fixation pathways showed the presence of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, and the (reverse) tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the latter being the most represented carbon fixation pathway. This study indicates that the methane emissions in the Favara Grande might be a combination of geothermal activity and biological processes and further provides insights into the diversity of the microbial population thriving on CH4 and H2IMPORTANCE The Favara Grande nature reserve on the volcanic island of Pantelleria (Italy) is known for its geothermal gas emissions and high soil temperatures. These volcanic soil ecosystems represent "hot spots" of greenhouse gas emissions. The unique community might be shaped by the hostile conditions in the ecosystem, and it is involved in the cycling of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, and nitrogen. Our metagenome study revealed that most of the microorganisms in this extreme environment are only distantly related to cultivated bacteria. The results obtained profoundly increased the understanding of these natural hot spots of greenhouse gas production/degradation and will help to enrich and isolate the microbial key players. After isolation, it will become possible to unravel the molecular mechanisms by which they adapt to extreme (thermo/acidophilic) conditions, and this may lead to new green enzymatic catalysts and technologies for industry.
    Description: Published
    Description: e00517-20
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: geothermal ; hydrogen ; metagenomics ; methane ; methanogenesis ; methanotroph ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Metagenome Assembled Genome of a Novel Verrucomicrobial Methanotroph From Pantelleria Island (2021)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-14
    Description: Verrucomicrobial methanotrophs are a group of aerobic bacteria isolated from volcanic environments. They are acidophiles, characterized by the presence of a particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) and a XoxF-type methanol dehydrogenase (MDH). Metagenomic analysis of DNA extracted from the soil of Favara Grande, a geothermal area on Pantelleria Island, Italy, revealed the presence of two verrucomicrobial Metagenome Assembled Genomes (MAGs). One of these MAGs did not phylogenetically classify within any existing genus. After extensive analysis of the MAG, we propose the name of "Candidatus Methylacidithermus pantelleriae" PQ17 gen. nov. sp. nov. The MAG consisted of 2,466,655 bp, 71 contigs and 3,127 predicted coding sequences. Completeness was found at 98.6% and contamination at 1.3%. Genes encoding the pMMO and XoxF-MDH were identified. Inorganic carbon fixation might use the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle since all genes were identified. The serine and ribulose monophosphate pathways were incomplete. The detoxification of formaldehyde could follow the tetrahydrofolate pathway. Furthermore, "Ca. Methylacidithermus pantelleriae" might be capable of nitric oxide reduction but genes for dissimilatory nitrate reduction and nitrogen fixation were not identified. Unlike other verrucomicrobial methanotrophs, genes encoding for enzymes involved in hydrogen oxidation could not be found. In conclusion, the discovery of this new MAG expands the diversity and metabolism of verrucomicrobial methanotrophs.
    Description: Published
    Description: 666929
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Verrucomicrobia ; acidophilic ; methanotroph ; Ca. Methylacidithermus pantelleriae ; volcanic soil ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Draft genome of a novel methanotrophic Methylobacter sp. from the volcanic soils of Pantelleria Island (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-14
    Description: The genus Methylobacter is considered an important and often dominant group of aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria in many oxic ecosystems, where members of this genus contribute to the reduction of CH4 emissions. Metagenomic studies of the upper oxic layers of geothermal soils of the Favara Grande, Pantelleria, Italy, revealed the presence of various methane-oxidizing bacteria, and resulted in a near complete metagenome assembled genome (MAG) of an aerobic methanotroph, which was classified as a Methylobacter species. In this study, the Methylobacter sp. B2 MAG was used to investigate its metabolic potential and phylogenetic affiliation. The MAG has a size of 4,086,539 bp, consists of 134 contigs and 3955 genes were found, of which 3902 were protein coding genes. All genes for CH4 oxidation to CO2 were detected, including pmoCAB encoding particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) and xoxF encoding a methanol dehydrogenase. No gene encoding a formaldehyde dehydrogenase was present and the formaldehyde to formate conversion follows the tetrahydromethanopterin (H4MPT) pathway. "Ca. Methylobacter favarea" B2 uses the Ribulose-Mono-Phosphate (RuMP) pathway for carbon fixation. Analysis of the MAG indicates that Na+/H+ antiporters and the urease system might be important in the maintenance of pH homeostasis of this strain to cope with acidic conditions. So far, thermoacidophilic Methylobacter species have not been isolated, however this study indicates that members of the genus Methylobacter can be found in distinct ecosystems and their presence is not restricted to freshwater or marine sediments.
    Description: Published
    Description: 313-324
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Methane ; Methanotroph ; Volcanic soil ; Metabolic potential ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Methanotrophy in geothermal soils, an overlooked process: The example of Nisyros island (Greece) (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-13
    Description: A multidisciplinary field campaign was carried out at Nisyros Island (Greece). Hydrothermal gases were sampled and analysed, and CH4 and CO2 fluxes from the soils were measured with the accumulation chamber method. The sampling area (Lakki plain) covers an area of about 0.08 km2, and includes the main fumarolic areas of Kaminakia, Stefanos, Ramos, Lofos and Phlegeton. Flux values measured at 130 sites range from −3.4 to 1420 mg m−2 d−1 for CH4 and from 0.1 to 383 g m−2 d−1 for CO2. The fumarolic areas show very different CH4 degassing patterns, Kaminakia showing the highest CH4 output values (about 0.8 t a−1 from an area of about 30,000 m2) and Phlegeton the lowest (about 0.01 t a−1 from an area of about 2500 m2). The total output from the entire geothermal system of Nisyros should not exceed 2 t a−1. Previous indirect estimates of the CH4 output at Nisyros, based on soil CO2 output and CH4/CO2 ratios in fumarolic gases, were more than one order of magnitude higher. The present work further underscores the utmost importance of direct CH4 flux data because indirect methods totally disregard methanotrophic activity within the soil. Ten soil samples were collected for CH4 consumption experiments and for metagenomic analysis. Seven of the soil samples showed small but significant CH4 consumption (up to 39.7 ng g−1 h−1) and were positive for the methanotrophs-specific gene (pmoA) confirming microbial CH4 oxidation in the soil, notwithstanding the harsh environmental conditions (high temperature and H2S concentrations and low pH).
    Description: Published
    Description: 119546
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Methanotrophy ; Soil degassing ; Hydrothermal systems ; Methane output ; Greenhouse gases ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    CO2 release to the atmosphere from thermal springs of Sperchios Basin and northern Euboea (Greece): The contribution of “hidden” degassing (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-13
    Description: Greece is a region characterised by intense geodynamic activity that favours the circulation of hydrothermal fluids in the crust transporting volatiles from either the deep crust or the mantle to the surface. Elevated heat flow values are detectable at Sperchios Basin and North Euboea (central Greece), two areas defined by a system of deeply rooted extensional faults and Quaternary volcanic activity. This setting contributed to the formation of numerous hydrothermal systems, which are mostly expressed as CO2-rich thermal springs with intense bubbling. The CO2 output from six bubbling pools has been determined by flux measurements with the use of the floating chamber method. The highest bubbling CO2 output has been found at Thermopyles and Psoroneria (0.6 and 0.84 t/d, respectively), where the outgoing channels have an elevated flow (〉250 l/s) of gas-charged water (〉15 mmol/l of CO2). Although no bubbling is noticed along the stream, the CO2 content decreases by an order of magnitude after few hundreds of metres, indicating an intense degassing from the water. Taking into account the water flow and the amount of CO2 lost to the atmosphere, the CO2 output of the outgoing channels is quantified in 12.5 t/d for Thermopyles and 9.23 t/d for Psoroneria. Output estimation has also been made for the other springs of the area. The diffuse CO2 release from the outgoing channels has always been higher respect to that of the visible bubbling, suggesting that most of the degassing is “hidden”. Furthermore, the loss of CO2 from the water has determined a shift in dissolved carbonate species as demonstrated by the pH increase along the channel that led eventually to an oversaturation in carbonate minerals and therefore travertine deposition. The total CO2 output to the atmosphere of the study area is estimated at ~27 t/d, with the major contribution deriving from the degassing along the outflow channels of the thermal springs. Such output is comparable to that of the single active volcanic systems along the South Aegean Active Volcanic Arc and highlights the importance of “hidden” degassing along CO2-oversaturated streams.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104660
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: C-cycle ; degassing sources ; stream outgassing ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Hydrogeologic and geochemical survey of aquifers based on chemical and isotopic characterisation of groundwater and rain waters: a case study in the Sisseb el Alem Basin (central-east Tunisia) (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-25
    Description: Chemical and isotopic composition of groundwaters and rain waters in the Sisseb el Alem basin (Tunisia) was monitored to obtain a hydrologic and geochemical characterization of the aquifers. The studied aquifers are the only water resource for domestic and irrigation use in the basin. Two aquifers have been identified by hydrogeologic data, one, shallower, flowing in Plio-Quaternary sediments, the other, deeper, in Miocenic–Oligocenic sediments. Although this area is intensively farmed with widespread fertiliser use and settlements are unsewered, groundwater in the area is relatively uncontaminated by land-use activities. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the sampled waters, which have a meteoric origin, are largely controlled by both the geological signatures of their drainage area and by evaporative processes and water–rock interaction (reverse cationic exchange) phenomena. Geochemical data suggest, on the basis of the Na/Cl, Cl/SO4 ratios and concentrations of Li, Sr, and Mn, that a hydraulic connection exists between two distinctive aquifers. One strongly influenced by Lake Saadine water characterised by Na/Cl 〉 1, high Cl/SO4 and Li, Sr, and Mn 〉 0.1 meq/l, the other, deeper, characterised by Na/Cl 〈 1, low and near constant Cl/SO4 and Li, Sr, and Mn 〈 0.1 meq/l. Despite relatively high salinity and SAR values, all sampled waters are suitable for irrigation in well-draining soils. The isotopic composition of the rain waters highlights the importance of evaporation in controlling the composition of the groundwater.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 346
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Hydrogeochemistry ; Stable isotopes ; Sisseb el Alem Basin (Tunisia) ; Water budget ; Groundwater ; Rain water ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide-Utilizing Kyrpidia spormannii Species From Pantelleria Island, Italy (2020)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-30
    Description: Volcanic and geothermal areas are hot and often acidic environments that emit geothermal gasses, including H2, CO and CO2. Geothermal gasses mix with air, creating conditions where thermoacidophilic aerobic H2- and CO-oxidizing microorganisms could thrive. Here, we describe the isolation of two Kyrpidia spormannii strains, which can grow autotrophically by oxidizing H2 and CO with oxygen. These strains, FAVT5 and COOX1, were isolated from the geothermal soils of the Favara Grande on Pantelleria Island, Italy. Extended physiology studies were performed with K. spormannii FAVT5, and showed that this strain grows optimally at 55°C and pH 5.0. The highest growth rate is obtained using H2 as energy source (μmax 0.19 ± 0.02 h-1, doubling time 3.6 h). K. spormannii FAVT5 can additionally grow on a variety of organic substrates, including some alcohols, volatile fatty acids and amino acids. The genome of each strain encodes for two O2-tolerant hydrogenases belonging to [NiFe] group 2a hydrogenases and transcriptome studies using K. spormannii FAVT5 showed that both hydrogenases are expressed under H2 limiting conditions. So far no Firmicutes except K. spormannii FAVT5 have been reported to exhibit a high affinity for H2, with a Ks of 327 ± 24 nM. The genomes of each strain encode for one putative CO dehydrogenase, belonging to Form II aerobic CO dehydrogenases. The genomic potential and physiological properties of these Kyrpidia strains seem to be quite well adapted to thrive in the harsh environmental volcanic conditions.
    Description: Published
    Description: Article 951
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: CO ; H2 ; Kyrpidia spormannii ; [NiFe]-hydrogenases ; phylogeny ; thermoacidophilic ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Degassing at the Volcanic/Geothermal System of Kos (Greece): Geochemical Characterization of the Released Gases and CO2 Output Estimation (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-13
    Description: Forty five gas samples have been collected from natural gas manifestations at the island of Kos, the majority of which is found underwater along the southern coast of the island. On land, two anomalous degassing areas have been recognized. These areas are mainly characterised by lack of vegetation and after long dry periods by the presence of sulfate salt efflorescences. Carbon dioxide is the prevailing gas species (ranging from 88 to 99 %), whilst minor amounts of N2 (up to 7.5 %) and CH4 (up to 2.1 %) are also present. Significant contents of H2 (up to 0.2 %) and H2S (up to 0.3 %) are found in the on-land manifestations. Only one of the underwater manifestations is generally rich in N2 (up to 98.9 %) with CH4 concentrations up to 11.7 % and occasionally extremely low CO2 amounts (down to 0.09 %). Isotope composition of He ranges from 0.85 to 6.71 R/RA, indicating a sometimes strong mantle contribution; the highest values measured are found in the two highly degassing areas of Paradise Beach and Volcania. C-isotope composition of CO2 ranges from -20.1 to 0.64 ‰ vs V-PDB, with the majority of the values being concentrated around -1 ‰ and therefore proposing a mixed mantle – limestones origin. Isotope composition of CH4 ranges from -21.5 to +2.8 ‰ vs V-PDB for C and from -143 to +36 ‰ vs V-SMOW for H, pointing to a geothermal origin with sometimes evident secondary oxidation processes. The dataset presented in this work consists of sites that were repeatedly sampled in the last few years, with some of which being also sampled just before and immediately after the magnitude 6.6 earthquake that occurred on the 20th of July 2017 about 15 km ENE of the island of Kos. Changes in the degassing areas along with significant variations in the geochemical parameters of the released gases were observed both before and after the seismic event, however no coherent model explaining those changes was obtained. CO2-flux measurements showed values up to about 104 g×m-2×d-1 in the areas of Volcania and Kokkinonero, 5×104 g×m-2×d-1 at Paradise beach and 8×105 g×m-2×d-1 at Therma spring. CO2 output estimations gave values of 24.6, 16.8, 12.7 and 20.6 t×d-1 respectively for the above four areas. The total output of the island is 74.7 t×d-1 and is comparable to the other active volcanic/geothermal systems of Greece (Nisyros, Nea Kameni, Milos, Methana and Sousaki).
    Description: Published
    Description: ID 3041037
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide ; geothermal systems ; CO2 fluxes ; seismic activity ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Chemical characterisation of the gases released at Gyali Island, Dodecanese, Greece and preliminary estimation of the CO2 output (2021)
    SGI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: Greece belongs to the most geodynamically active regions of the world and as such, it has to be considered an area of intense geogenic degassing. In terms of carbon, the territory is characterized by the high hydrothermal and volcanic activity of the South Aegean Active Volcanic Arc (SAAVA), and by widespread geological seeps of buried carbon dioxide and methane. In the present work, we investigate the island of Gyali located in the volcanic system Kos-Gyali-Nisyros. Nine gas samples have been collected on the island of Gyali in areas found both on land, in a small lake (~2000 m2) along its beach, and in the sea close to the shore at shallow depths (〈20 m). Results show that CO2 is the prevailing gas species with concentrations above 833,000 μmol/mol, whilst minor enrichments in N2 are noticed in some of the samples. Helium isotope ratio suggests an up to 70% mantle origin (considering a MOR type source) with the contribution of the atmospheric component being negligible, whereas C presents a mixed mantle-limestone origin with organic sediment being unimportant. Such isotope values fall in the range that characterizes the Kos-Gyali-Nisyros Volcanic Field. First estimations on the CO2 release suggest an output in the range from 18 to 28 t/d for Gyali Island, which is much lower than the total output of Kos ~75 t/d and Nisyros ~100 t/d. However, such results highlight that Gyali is an active system and, despite its small size, its degassing is not trivial.
    Description: Published
    Description: 16-28
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: flux measurements ; carbon degassing ; SAAVA ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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