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  • 1
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    Energies, Vol. 12, Pages 2064: Applicability of a New Sulfonated Pentablock Copolymer Membrane and Modified Gas Diffusion Layers for Low-Cost Water Splitting Processes (2019)
    MDPI
    In: Energies
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: The aim of this work is to evaluate the possible use of Nexar™ polymer, a sulfonated pentablock copolymer (s-PBC), whose structure is formed by tert-butyl styrene, hydrogenated isoprene, sulfonated styrene, hydrogenated isoprene, and tert-butyl styrene (tBS-HI-SS-HI-tBS), as a more economical and efficient alternative to Nafion® membrane for proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis cells. Furthermore, we have studied a new methodology for modification of gas diffusion layers (GDL) by depositing Pt and TiO2 nanoparticles at the cathode and anode side, respectively, and a protective polymeric layer on their surface, allowing the improvement of the contact with the membrane. Morphological, structural, and electrical characterization were performed on the Nexar™ membrane and on the modified GDLs. The use of modified GDLs positively affects the efficiency of the water electrolysis process. Furthermore, Nexar™ showed higher water uptake and conductivity with respect to Nafion®, resulting in an increased amount of current generated during water electrolysis. In conclusion, we show that Nexar™ is an efficient and cheaper alternative to Nafion® as the proton exchange membrane in water splitting applications and we suggest a possible methodology for improving GDLs’ properties. These results meet the urgent need for low-cost materials and processes for hydrogen production.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1073
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 2
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    Mount Etna volcano (Italy) as a major “dust” point source in the Mediterranean area (2016)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-01
    Print ISSN: 1866-7511
    Electronic ISSN: 1866-7538
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
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    Degassing and Cycling of Mercury at Nisyros Volcano (Greece) (2019)
    Hindawi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: Nisyros Island (Greece) is an active volcano hosting a high-enthalpy geothermal system. During June 2013, an extensive survey on Hg concentrations in different matrices (fumarolic fluids, atmosphere, soils, and plants) was carried out at the Lakki Plain, an intracaldera area affected by widespread soil and fumarolic degassing. Concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), together with H2S and CO2, were simultaneously measured in both the fumarolic emissions and the atmosphere around them. At the same time, 130 samples of top soils and 31 samples of plants (Cistus creticus and salvifolius and Erica arborea and manipuliflora) were collected for Hg analysis. Mercury concentrations in fumarolic gases ranged from 10,500 to 46,300 ng/m3, while Hg concentrations in the air ranged from high background values in the Lakki Plain caldera (10-36 ng/m3) up to 7100 ng/m3 in the fumarolic areas. Outside the caldera, the concentrations were relatively low (2-5 ng/m3). The positive correlation with both CO2 and H2S in air highlighted the importance of hydrothermal gases as carrier for GEM. On the other hand, soil Hg concentrations (0.023-13.7 μg/g) showed no significant correlations with CO2 and H2S in the soil gases, whereas it showed a positive correlation with total S content and an inverse one with the soil pH, evidencing the complexity of the processes involving Hg carried by hydrothermal gases while passing through the soil. Total Hg concentrations in plant leaves (0.010-0.112 μg/g) had no direct correlation with soil Hg, with Cistus leaves containing higher values of Hg with respect to Erica. Even though GEM concentrations in the air within the caldera are sometimes orders of magnitude above the global background, they should not be considered dangerous to human health. Values exceeding the WHO guideline value of 1000 ng/m3 are very rare (
    Print ISSN: 1468-8115
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-8123
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Hindawi
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  • 4
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    Degassing and Cycling of Mercury at Nisyros Volcano (Greece) (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-07
    Description: Nisyros Island (Greece) is an active volcano hosting a high-enthalpy geothermal system. During June 2013, an extensive survey on Hg concentrations in different matrices (fumarolic fluids, atmosphere, soils and plants) was carried out at Lakki Plain, an intra-caldera area affected by widespread soil and fumarolic degassing. Concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), H2S and CO2, were simultaneously measured in both the fumarolic emissions and the atmosphere around them. At the same time, 130 samples of top soils and 31 samples of plants (Cistus Creticus and Salvifolius and Erica Arborea and Manipuliflora) were collected for Hg analysis. Mercury concentrations in fumarolic gases ranged from 10,500 to 46,300 ng/m3, while Hg concentrations in the air ranged from high background values in the Lakki Plain caldera (10-36 ng/m3) up to 7100 ng/m3 in the fumarolic areas. Outside the caldera, the concentrations were relatively low (2-5 ng/m3). The positive correlation with both CO2 and H2S in air highlighted the importance of hydrothermal gases as carrier for GEM. On the other hand, soil Hg concentrations (0.023-13.7 µg/g) showed no significant correlations with CO2 and H2S in the soil gases, whereas it showed a positive correlation with total S content and an inverse one with the soil-pH, evidencing the complexity of the processes involving Hg carried by hydrothermal gases while passing through the soil. Total Hg concentrations in plant leaves (0.010-0.112 μg/g) had no direct correlation with soil Hg, with Cistus leaves containing higher values of Hg respect to Erica. Even though GEM concentrations in air within the caldera are sometimes orders of magnitude above the global background, they should not be considered dangerous to human health. Values exceeding the WHO guideline value of 1000 ng/m3 are very rare (〈0.1%) and only found very close to the main fumarolic vents, where the access to tourists is prohibited.
    Description: Published
    Description: ID 4783514
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Fumarolic mercury ; Atmospheric mercury ; Soil mercury ; Plant mercury ; Mercury output ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    Volcanogenic particulates and gases from Etna volcano (Italy) (2015)
    ProScience
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Volcanic emissions represent one of the most relevant natural sources of trace elements to the troposphere. Due to their potential toxicity they may have important environmental impacts from the local to the global scale and they can severely affect the atmospheric and terrestrial environment also at timescales ranging from a few to million years. Etna volcano is known as one of the largest global contributors of magmatic gases (CO2, SO2, and halogens) and particulate matter, including some toxic trace elements. The aim of this study was to characterize the chemical composition and the mineralogical features of the volcanogenic aerosol passively emitted from Mt. Etna. Nine samples were collected by using the filtration technique at different sites on summer 2010 and 2011. Chemical and mineralogical analyses allowed to discriminate two main constituents: the first is mainly referable to the silicate component in the volcanic plume, like lithic and juvenile fragments, crystals (e.g., plagioclases, pyroxenes, oxides) and shards of volcanic glass; the second one is linked to the soluble components like sulfosalts or halide minerals (sulfates, chlorides and fluorides). These investigations are especially important in the study area because the summit of Mt. Etna is yearly visited by nearly one hundred thousand tourists that are exposed to potentially harmful compounds.
    Description: Published
    Description: Castellaneta Marina (TA), Italy
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: open
    Keywords: Volcanic emissions ; Volcanic aerosols ; trace elements ; environmental impact ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 6
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    The use of moss-bags technique for volcanic aerosols investigation on Mt. Etna (Italy) (2015)
    ProScience
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Explosive eruptions and volcanic passive degassing inject large quantities of gas and particles into the atmosphere that are ultimately deposited at the Earth’s surface through wet or dry deposition processes, affecting the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the biosphere. Mount Etna (Italy) is one of the most prodigious and persistent sources of gases and particles to the troposphere. Volcanic emissions were studied at Etna volcano by using moss-bags technique. Mosses (Sphagnum species) were exposed around the volcano at different distances from the active vents to evaluate the impact of its emissions into the atmosphere and in the local surrounding. The results confirmed the huge amount of silicates, sulfates and halides compounds emitted into the atmosphere from Mount Etna. X-ray microanalysis showed that chemical composition of the particles is mostly defined by silicate (from pure silica to metal-rich silicate composition) and sulfate/halide compounds. The contents of major and trace elements in the Sphagnum moss-bags significantly increased after their exposure to volcanic emissions, confirming mosses as efficient accumulators. Metals uptake rate rapidly decreases with the distance from the volcanic emission vents. The elements that showed the greatest accumulation after exposition were S, Na, Fe, Al, Cu, V, As, Cd, Li, Se, Sc, Th, Bi and Tl. This study confirmed the marked environmental impact of volcanic emissions in the eastern sector of Etna, leading to an intense “geochemical anomaly” of volatile major and trace elements due to the fumigation by the volcanic plume, in agreement with passive biomonitoring studies reported by previous authors. Finally, moss-bags techniques provide a cheap and efficient method to investigate quantitatively in space and time the environmental impact of volcanogenic atmospheric deposition.
    Description: Published
    Description: Castellaneta Marina (TA), Italy
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: open
    Keywords: trace elements ; volcanic emissions ; atmospheric deposition ; biomonitoring ; geochemistry ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 7
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    Passive degassing at Nyiragongo (D.R. Congo) and Etna (Italy) volcanoes (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Volcanoes are well known as an impressive large natural source of trace elements into the troposphere. Etna (Italy) and Nyiragongo (D.R. Congo) are two stratovolcanoes located in different geological settings, both characterized by persistent passive degassing from their summit craters. Here, we present some results on trace element composition in volcanic plume emissions, atmospheric bulk deposition (rainwater) and their uptake by the surrounding vegetation, with the aim to compare and identify differences and similarities between these two volcanoes. Volcanic emissions were sampled by using active filter-packs for acid gases (sulfur and halogens) and specific teflon filters for particulates (major and trace elements). The environmental impact of the volcanogenic deposition in the area surrounding of the crater rims was investigated by using different sampling techniques: bulk rain collectors’ gauges were used to collect atmospheric bulk deposition, and biomonitoring was carried out to collect gases and particulates by using endemic plant species. The estimates of the trace element fluxes confirm that Etna and Nyiragongo are large sources of metals into the atmosphere, especially considering their persistent state of passive degassing. The large amount of emitted trace elements is clearly reflected on the chemical composition of rainwater collected at the summit areas both for Etna and Nyiragongo. Moreover, the biomonitoring results highlight that bioaccumulation of trace elements is extremely high in the proximity of the crater rim and decreases with the distance from the active craters.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1 - 6
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: volcanic emissions ; filter-packs ; trace elements ; biomonitoring ; bulk deposition ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.03. Pollution ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 8
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    Mount Etna volcano (Italy) as a major “dust” point source in the Mediterranean area (2016)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-09
    Description: Volcanic emissions represent one of the most relevant natural sources of trace elements to the troposphere. Due to their potential toxicity, they may have important environmental impacts from local to global scale. They can also severely affect the atmospheric and terrestrial environment at timescales ranging from a few to millions of years. Mt. Etna volcano is known as one of the largest global contributors of magmatic gases (CO2, SO2, and halogens) and particulate matter, including some toxic trace elements. Aim of this study is to characterize the chemical composition and the mineralogical features of the volcanogenic aerosol passively emitted from Mt. Etna. Twenty-five samples were collected by filtration technique from different sites between 2008 and 2014. Chemical and mineralogical analyses allowed to discriminate two main constituents: the first is mainly referable to the silicate component in the volcanic plume, like lithic, juvenile fragments or glass shards and crystals (e.g. plagioclases, pyroxenes, oxides); the second constituent consists of soluble compounds like sulfosalts or halide minerals (sulfates, chlorides and fluorides). Fluxes of major and trace metals emitted in the atmosphere have been estimated. By comparing the Etnean trace elements with those from European anthropic emissions, we conclude that Mt. Etna is the main persistent point source of major and trace metals in the Mediterranean region. Results gathered from this investigation is a fundamental importance due to the exposure and potential impact harmful chemical compounds for hundred thousand tourists visit each year the summit of Mt. Etna.
    Description: Published
    Description: 219
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: volcanic emissions; aerosol; trace elements; environmental impact. ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 9
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    Trace elements mobility in soils from the hydrothermal area of Nisyros (Greece) (2015)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-09
    Description: Nisyros Island, Greece, is a stratovolcano known for its intense hydrothermal activity. On June 2013, during a multidisciplinary field campaign, soil samples were collected in the caldera area to determinate the main mineralogical assemblages and to investigate the distribution of trace element concentrations and the possible relationship to the contribution of fluids of deep origin. Soil samples were analysed with XRD and for the chemical composition of their leachable (deionized water) and pseudo total (microwave digestion) fraction both for major and trace elements. The results allow to divide the samples in 2 groups: Lakki Plain and Stefanos Crater. The latter, where a fumarolic area is located, shows a mineralogical assemblage dominated by phases typical of hydrothermal alteration. Their very low pH values (1.9 – 3.4) show the strong impact of fumarolic gases which are probably also the cause of strong enrichments in these soils of highly volatile elements like S, As, Se, Bi, Sb, Tl and Te.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2SR. VULCANI - Servizi e ricerca per la Società
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Trace elements ; Hydrothermal alteration ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.06. Hydrothermal systems ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.01. Geochemical exploration ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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