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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (3,698)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural and electrical characterization of heteroepitaxial lead zirconate titanate thin films (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 393-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: PbZrxTi1−xO3 films have been grown heteroepitaxially onto (001)SrTiO3 and SrRuO3/(001)SrTiO3 by organometallic chemical vapor deposition. As a start, the microstructure of PbZrxTi1−xO3 films on (001)SrTiO3 was studied as a function of the zirconium fraction, x. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, including channeling experiments, and transmission electron microscopy have shown that the microstructure is dominated by the crystal structure of the PbZrxTi1−xO3. In the case of tetragonal PbZrxTi1−xO3 the films may contain a-axis oriented regions. These regions have not been observed for films with a composition giving a rhombohedral unit cell. Despite the rather large mismatch of rhombohedral PbZrxTi1−xO3 with the (001)SrTiO3, values as low as 4% for the minimum channeling yield have been obtained. For a rhombohedral film the ferroelectric properties have been measured. To this end a single crystalline PbZr0.8Ti0.2O3 film was grown onto (001)SrTiO3 provided with a heteroepitaxial SrRuO3 electrode grown by pulsed-laser deposition. A heteroepitaxial top electrode was grown onto the PbZrxTi1−xO3 using the same technique. The channeling minimum yield of the heteroepitaxial stack was 11%. The hysteresis loop saturates already at 1 V. Endurance up to 1012 cycles was observed without severe degradation of the ferroelectric properties. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360843
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the current emitted by Taylor cone-jets of electrolytes in vacuo: Implications for liquid metal ion sources (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 83 (1998), S. 2428-2434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Approximate scaling laws for the charge and size of the drops ejected from the apex of Taylor cones run in the cone-jet mode (electrospray) are now available for highly conducting electrolytes (10−4 S/m〈K〈1 S/m) electrosprayed at atmospheric pressure. In order to confirm that such laws do also apply to Taylor cones in vacuo, the current versus liquid flow rate curves I(Q) characteristic of a given liquid are investigated both in vacuum and in atmospheric pressure air. Although the sprays of drops differ profoundly in both cases, the two corresponding I(Q) curves are nearly identical for relatively involatile liquids such as tributyl phosphate. A discussion on the possible relation between the behavior of Taylor cones of electrolytes of organic liquids and liquid metal ion sources (K∼106 S/m) is attempted, yielding insights on the role of space charge. However, the electrical conductivity variable which dominates the behavior of liquid cones of electrolytes appears to be irrelevant in liquid metals. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.367002
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perpendicular giant magnetoresistance of microstructures in Fe/Cr and Co/Cu multilayers (invited) : 38th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 6709-6713 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We discuss the fabrication and microstructuring techniques of pillar structures made of high vacuum sputtered Fe/Cr multilayers and of molecular beam epitaxy evaporated Co/Cu multilayers, for which we measured the giant magnetoresistance effect with the current perpendicular to the multilayer plane from 4 K to 300 K. Using optical lithography and reactive ion etching techniques we obtained structures with a typical height of 0.5 μm and a width ranging between 3 and 10 μm. For both Fe/Cr and Co/Cu multilayers we find an enhanced magnetoresistance with respect to the in-plane case. The perpendicular magnetoresistance of the Fe/Cr pillars strongly decreases with temperature, while for the Co/Cu samples the temperature dependence is weaker, indicating electron-magnon scattering processes of different strength.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.356847
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Superconducting resonator circuits at frequencies above the gap frequency (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 1795-1804 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The frequency response of three superconductive niobium resonating circuits, formed by a Nb microstrip and a Nb tunnel junction, is measured and analyzed at frequencies above the superconducting gap frequency. The circuits are placed in a waveguide system and the frequency response is determined with a Fourier transform spectrometer. The calculated and measured resonance frequencies and bandwidths are in good agreement with the extreme anomalous limit of the Mattis–Bardeen theory on the anomalous skin effect in superconductors [D.C. Mattis and J. Bardeen, Phys. Rev. 111, 412 (1958)]. The observed loss is higher than predicted by this theory, in agreement with previous observations on Nb films. The use of other materials for striplines as tuning circuits for heterodyne superconducting tunnel junction mixers is analyzed. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358876
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ac-Josephson effect above the gap frequency (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 8016-8021 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The rf-power dependence of the ac-Josephson steps is measured at 720 GHz, using small area Nb tunnel junctions. This frequency is well above the gap frequency of Nb. The junction is placed in a waveguide, and connected to a superconducting stripline, which effectively tunes out the junction capacitance and facilitates the coupling of the radiation to the junction. We observe three Josephson steps, and the first step crosses the zero current axis over a considerable range of rf-power. This indicates the possible application of THz Josephson steps in voltage standards. The data are compared to the theory and we find clear evidence for the predicted intrinsic roll-off of the Josephson current amplitude above the gap frequency. © 1994 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357919
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oscillation of the interlayer coupling in Co/Au(111)/Co : 38th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 6440-6442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An oscillatory interlayer coupling in Co/Au(111)/Co has been obtained from polar Kerr hysteresis loop measurements on a molecular-beam-epitaxy-grown 50 A(ring) Au/2 A(ring) Co/0–40 A(ring) Au wedge/7 A(ring) Co/20 A(ring) Au sample deposited on a Cu(111) single crystal. The period of the coupling is seen to increase from 11 to 14 A(ring) with increasing Au thickness, indicating a preasymptotic behavior. The asymptotic period of 14±1 A(ring) is larger than the theoretically expected period of 11.4 A(ring). The observation of coupling up to 40 A(ring) Au will be discussed in relation to the general absence of coupling in evaporated Co/Cu(111)/Co samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.356955
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low noise high-Tc superconducting bolometers on silicon nitride membranes for far-infrared detection (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 82 (1997), S. 4719-4726 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: High-Tc GdBa2Cu3O7−δ superconductor bolometers with operation temperatures near 89 K, large receiving areas of 0.95 mm2 and very high detectivity have been made. The bolometers are supported by 0.62 μm thick silicon nitride membranes. A specially developed silicon-on-nitride layer was used to enable the epitaxial growth of the high-Tc superconductor. Using a gold black absorption layer an absorption efficiency for wavelengths between 70 and 200 μm of about 83% has been established. The noise of the best devices is fully dominated by the intrinsic phonon noise of the thermal conductance G, and not by the 1/f noise of the superconducting film. The temperature dependence of the noise and the resulting optimum bias temperature have been investigated. In the analysis the often neglected effect of electrothermal feedback has been taken into account. The minimum electrical noise equivalent power (NEP) of a bolometer with a time constant τ of 95 ms is 2.9 pW/Hz1/2 which corresponds with an electrical detectivity D* of 3.4×1010 cm Hz1/2/W. Similar bolometers with τ=27 ms and NEP=3.8 pW/Hz1/2 were also made. No degradation of the bolometers could be observed after vibration tests, thermal cycling and half a year storage. Measurements of the noise of a Pr doped YBa2Cu3O7−δ film with Tc=40 K show that with such films the performance of air bridge type high-Tc bolometers could be improved. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.366327
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterodyne mixing with Nb tunnel junctions above the gap frequency (1994)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 64 (1994), S. 3039-3041 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The noise and gain of a heterodyne waveguide mixer employing Nb/Al2O3/Nb superconducting tunnel junctions with an on-chip integrated tuning element are measured and analyzed at 680–750 GHz and at 840 GHz. The lowest receiver noise temperatures are 400 K (double side band) at 720 GHz and 1500 K (3000 K including the beam splitter loss) at 840 GHz. We compare data of the pumped I–V curves with the quantum theory of mixing and demonstrate good agreement at frequencies well above the gap frequency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.111399
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of colloidal metal particles in protein blotting (1987)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 8 (1987), S. 403-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two procedures are described for staining the overall protein pattern on transfer membranes. Both methods involve the use of colloidal metal particles. AuroDye staining is based on the interaction of anionic colloidal gold particles with cationic proteins at low pH. The method is highly sensitive, but limited to nitrocellulose and polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. FerriDye comprises an incubation in a cationic iron (hydrous) oxide sol and subsequent intensification with potassium hexacyanoferrate in acidic medium. FerriDye is of intermediate sensitivity, but there are no limitations concerning membranes. It can be used on nitrocellulose-, nylon-and polyvinylidene difluoride-based membranes. An immunodetection procedure is described which uses colloidal gold-labelled secondary antibodies to visualize antigen-antibody interactions. This signal can be significantly enhanced by silver. The procedure explained uses a new light-insensitive and user-friendly silver enhancement system.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150080907
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Untersuchung von Elektronentransferprozessen mit neuartigen, spaltenbildenden PorphyrinenWir danken Prof. J.-P. Sauvage und Prof. A. Harriman für wertvolle Diskussionen. (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 109 (1997), S. 396-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Elektronentransfer ; Porphyrinoide ; Supramolekulare Chemie ; Wirt-Gast-Chemie ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19971090422
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