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  • Springer  (166)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (22)
  • American Geophysical Union  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 113 (1972), S. 170-190 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. 29 garden warblers(Sylvia borin) and 27 blackcaps(S. atricapilla) were kept for 3 years in 3 constant photoperiods (LD 10 : 14, LD 12 : 12, and LD 16 : 8). Most of the birds were taken from the nest at an age of 2–9 days and then raised by hand. Data on body weight, nocturnal restlessness and molt were recorded throughout the experiment. With the exception of 4 garden warblers and 5 blackcaps all birds exhibited an endogenous annual rhythm in at least one of the 3 processes investigated (fig. 1, 2). The average period length of this rhythm deviated with about 320 days in both species from that of the natural year to such an extent that it seems extremely unlikely to be caused by uncontrolled environmental factors (fig. 6, 5). It may therefore be called circannual. 2. Garden warblers hat a persistent circannual rhythmicity in all 3 processes throughout the 3 year experiment. Only few blackcaps, in contrast, showed to some extent rhythms in body weight (fig. 3, 8). Further, by the end of the second year, the rhythm of nocturnal restlessness and molt ceased in all blackcaps which were kept in LD 16 : 8 (fig. 2). These and other similar observations suggest that the endogenous control of the processes investigated is less rigid in the blackcap than in the garden warbler. In addition they indicate that long-day conditions are less favourable for the expression of endogenous annual rhythms than short-day conditions or an LD 12 : 12 in these species. 3. Onsets and ends of the processes investigated were initially clear but became less obvious as the experiment progressed (fig. 4). In all cases molt was the best indicator of a circannual periodicity. 4. There were changes in the phase-relationships between the processes investigated, mainly during the second part of the experiment. This could lead to inversions of the sequence in which the processes normally proceed (fig. 1). Such observations might indicate that the processes are controlled by more than one circannual rhythm. Several anomalies (e. g., the fact that wing and tail feathers were sometimes replaced during a molt in which normally only the body feathers are renewed) can be explained on the basis of such an assumption. 5. There were minor differences between the 4 experimental groups and small differences between the two species in the average duration of the second and third period under constant conditions. In contrast, the duration of the first period varied as a function of the photoperiod to which the birds were transferred (fig. 1, 2, 6, 7). This shows that changes of the photoperiodic condition have an effect on the phase of the circannual rhythms.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. 29 Gartengrasmücken(Sylvia borin) und 27 Mönchsgrasmücken(S. atricapilla), zum größten Teil handaufgezogen, sind 3 Jahre lang in 3 konstanten Licht-Dunkel-Verhältnissen (LD 10 : 14, LD 12 : 12 und LD 16 : 8) gehalten und auf die Jahresperiodik des Körpergewichtes, der Nachtunruhe und der Mauser untersucht worden. Mit Ausnahme von 5 Mönchsgrasmücken und 4 Gartengrasmücken haben alle Vögel eine endogene Jahresperiodik in wenigstens einem der 3 untersuchten Vorgänge gezeigt. Die mittlere Dauer der endogenen Periodik ist bei beiden Arten mit ungefähr 320 Tagen erheblich von der Dauer des natürlichen Jahres abgewichen, womit nachgewiesen ist, daß die untersuchten Rhythmen nicht durch unkontrollierte jahresperiodische Umweltfaktoren verursacht worden sind. Sie können deshalb circannual genannt werden. 2. Bei den Gartengrasmücken hat die Periodik aller 3 Vorgänge unter allen Versuchsbedingungen über die gesamte Versuchszeit von 3 Jahren fortbestanden. Die Mönchsgrasmücken sind hingegen im LD 16 : 8 vom Ende des 2. Versuchsjahres an im Hinblick auf alle 3 Vorgänge arhythmisch gewesen. Nur bei wenigen Mönchsgrasmücken ist eine Periodik des Körpergewichtes über die gesamte Versuchszeit angedeutet gewesen, obwohl freilebende SW-deutsche Mönchsgrasmücken während des Wegzuges regelmäßig ihr Körpergewicht erhöhen. Diese und andere ähnliche Beobachtungen sprechen dafür, daß die endogene Kontrolle der untersuchten jahresperiodischen Vorgänge bei der Mönchsgrasmücke weniger starr ist als bei der Gartengrasmücke und daß die endogene Periodik unter Langtagbedingungen weniger gut zum Ausdruck kommt als unter den Bedingungen eines LD 10 : 14 und LD 12 : 12. 3. Mit fortschreitender Versuchsdauer hat bei beiden Arten die Erkennbarkeit der Anfänge und Enden der untersuchten jahresperiodischen Vorgänge abgenommen. Stets ist die Periodik der Mauser am deutlichsten zu erkennen gewesen. 4. Besonders gegen Ende der Versuchszeit ist es bei beiden Arten zu Änderungen der Phasenbeziehungen zwischen den untersuchten Vorgängen gekommen. Dies ist z. T. so weit gegangen, daß sich die Reihenfolge, in der diese Vorgänge normalerweise aufeinanderfolgen, umgekehrt hat. Solche Beobachtungen stehen im Einklang mit der Hypothese, daß die untersuchten Vorgänge von mehreren Rhythmen kontrolliert werden, welche unter konstanten Bedingungen ihre ursprüngliche Phasenbeziehung ändern. Verschiedene Anomalien (wie z. B. die Erneuerung des Großgefieders während Mausern, in denen normalerweise nur Kleingefieder erneuert wird) lassen sich mit einer solchen Annahme erklären. 5. Während die mittlere Dauer der 2. und 3. Periode in konstanten Bedingungen in Abhängigkeit von der Art und von der Versuchsgruppe nur wenig verschieden gewesen ist, hat die Dauer der ersten Periode von der Tageslichtdauer abgehangen, in welche die Vögel überführt worden sind. Dies zeigt, daß Änderungen der Tageslichtdauer einen Einfluß auf die Phasenlage der circannualen Periodik haben.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 113 (1972), S. 407-417 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. 16 blackcaps(Sylvia atricapilla) and 12 garden warblers(S. borin) were kept for 3 years under 3 different constant conditions (LD 10 : 14, LD 12 : 12, and LD 16 : 8). The majority of birds was taken from the nest at an age of 2–9 days and then raised by hand. Testicular size was established by laparotomy throughout the experiments. With the exception of 3 garden warblers and 1 blackcap all birds exhibited an endogenous annual rhythm in testicular size (fig. 1–3). As a rule, the period length of this rhythm deviated from that of the natural year. Therefore it seems extremely unlikely that it was caused by uncontrolled environmental factors. The rhythm, therefore, may becalled circannual. 2. Blackcaps showed a persistent circannual rhythmicity under all 3 photoperiodic conditions. In contrast, the rhythm of the garden warblers ceased in LD 16 : 8 by the end of the 2nd year of the experiment (fig. 1). 3. In both species, molt, nocturnal restlessness, and migratory disposition could be coincident with all phases of the gonadal cycle (fig. 1–3). Thus the rigid temporal relationship between these events known from wild birds does not persist under constant conditions. 4. The circannual testicular rhythms were more variable in the blackcaps than in the garden warblers. 6 blackcaps exhibited 2 cycles of testicular size within one calendar year. This may indicate that for this species there are 2 endogenously programmed testicular cycles per year. If this is true, one would have to assume that one of these cycles is suppressed by environmental factors in wild conspecifics.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. 16 Mönchgrasmücken(Sylvia atricapilla) und 12 Gartengrasmücken(S. borin), zum größten Teil handaufgezogen, sind 3 Jahre lang in 3 konstanten Licht-Dunkel-Verhältnissen (LD 10 : 14, LD 12 : 12 and LD 16 : 8) gehalten und mit Hilfe der Laparotomie auf die Jahresperiodik der Hodengröße untersucht worden. Mit Ausnahme von 3 Gartengrasmücken und 1 Mönchsgrasmücke haben alle Vögel eine endogene Jahresperiodik der Hodengröße gezeigt. Die Dauer der endogenen Periodik ist bei beiden Arten in der Regel von der Dauer des natürlichen Jahres abgewichen, womit nachgewiesen ist, daß die untersuchten Rhythmen nicht durch unkontrollierte jahresperiodische Umweltfaktoren verursacht worden sind. Sie können deshalb circannual genannt werden. 2. Bei den Mönchgrasmücken hat die Periodik unter allen Versuchsbedingungen über die gesamte Versuchszeit von 3 Jahren fortbestanden. Die Gartengrasmücken sind hingegen im LD 16 : 8 nach dem 3. Versuchsjahr arhythmisch gewesen. 3. Bei beiden Arten sind Mauser, Nachtunruhe und Zugdisposition in allen Phasen des Gonadenzyklus aufgetreten. Die aus dem Freiland bekannte feste zeitliche Zuordnung der einzelnen Vorgänge zueinander ist somit unter konstanten Versuchsbedingungen verlorengegangen. 4. Die Hodenzyklen der Mönchsgrasmücken haben stärker variiert als die der Gartengrasmücken. Neben circannualen Rhythmen der Hodengröße sind bei 6 Mönchsgrasmücken circasemiannuale Rhythmen aufgetreten. Es ist offen, ob diese Rhythmen auf 2 endogen programmierte Gonadenzyklen im Jahr bei dieser Art hinweisen, wovon der eine möglicherweise im Freileben im Herbst nur durch Umweltfaktoren weitgehend unterdrückt wird.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Lambda hyperons fromv p and $$\bar v$$ p charged current interactions have been analysed for polarization. A significant polarization is observed for Λ particles in the quasi-elastic region for both types of interactions. Part of this polarization is due to the decay of highly polarized Σ(1385) resonances. The results are compared with simple predictions of the quark parton model.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The production of the neutral strange particlesK 0, Λ and $$\bar \Lambda $$ invp and $$\bar vp$$ charged current interactions is studied in an experiment with the Big European Bubble Chamber. Mean multiplicities are measured as a function of the event variablesE v,W 2 andQ 2 and of the hadron variablesx F,z andp T 2 .K *± (892) and∑ *± (1385) signals are observed, whereas there is no evidence for∑ *- (1385) production invp scattering. Forward, backward and total mean multiplicities are found to compare well with the predictions of an empirical model for deep-inelastic reactions in the case of the strange mesonsK 0 andK *± (892) but less so for the strange baryons Λ, $$\bar \Lambda $$ and∑ *± (1385). The strange baryon multiplicities are used to obtain the decuplet to octet baryon production ratio and to assess the probabilities of auu orud system to break up.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 255 (1977), S. 927-927 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A sample of over 25,000 fully measured neutrino and antineutrino charged current interactions in BEBC includes 192 dilepton candidates. The prompt signal after subtraction of background is 41 ±7µ+ e -, 35±7µ+µ- events from $$\bar v$$ interactions, and 32±7µ-µ+ events from ν interactions. There are 2 trileptons, µ-µ- e + and µ-µ-µ+. Results are compared with other experimental data and with the standard model. Limits to prompt like sign µ+ e +, µ+µ+ and µ-µ- signals are given and compared with other experiments and with theoretical calculations.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Usind data from avp and $$\bar v$$ p experiment with BEBC at CERN, the rates for inclusive production ofD *+,Λ c + andD 0 invp scattering and ofD *− in $$\bar v$$ p scattering are measured. Some examples of the exclusive production ofD *+,Λ c + and∑ c ++ are given. The cross section for the reactionvp→μ − c ++ is estimated.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 14 (2000), S. 371-376 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Keywords: PACS. 61.16.Ch Scanning probe microscopy: scanning tunnelling, atomic force, scanning optical, magnetic force, etc. - 68.35.Bs Surface structure and topography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract: We report here a preparation for thin gold films on mica substrates. We have investigated the influence of the substrate temperature and the evaporation rate on the morphology of the films. After careful outgasing of the substrate, 100 nm of Au is evaporated onto the mica surface maintained at high temperature. After slow cooling, ex situ characterizations are performed using AFM and STM. For our purposes, the best compromise between roughness and grain size is found to occur for an evaporation rate of 2 Ås-1 onto a mica substrate maintained at 460 C. We have used these substrates for STM and AFM study of decanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). We present results for gold samples immersed for a few seconds in decanethiol solutions, revealing an incomplete organization of the films. The organization process is discussed through comparison between AFM and STM data recorded on the SAMs. Then we present molecular resolution STM pictures of ordered SAMs for longer immersion times.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 30 (1978), S. 230-230 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 27 (1971), S. 399-399 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary InSylvia borin andS. atricapilla, circannual rhythmicity was found in moult, migratory restlessness and in changes of body weight and gonad size under constant photoperiodic conditions.
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