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  • Wiley  (38)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (6)
  • 1
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    The response of mesospheric NO to geomagnetic forcing in 2002-2012 as seen by SCIAMACHY (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-23
    Description: Daily NO number density, retrieved from measurements of the SCanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) from 2002-2012 for polar summer in the mesosphere, are used to investigate the response of NO to geomagnetic activity, as expressed by the Aurora Electrojet (AE) index. Applying the superposed epoch analysis, we observe a clear response of NO to strong geomagnetic forcing at geomagnetic latitudes 55-75 ∘ N/S and altitudes above 66 km. The 27-day solar rotation cycle is observed, indicating that some of the observed geomagnetic events are related to solar coronal holes. We find a linear relationship between anomalies of AE and NO at geomagnetic latitudes 55-70 ∘ N/S and 70-74 km altitude. A clear auroral oval-like structure is observed on days of strong geomagnetic forcing in both hemispheres, with small longitudinal inhomogeneities, which might be related to the South Atlantic Anomaly or the magnetic local time. The NO lifetime and production rate per AE anomaly has been derived from a least-squares fit to the observations. Comparisons of results from a simple model using this empirical NO production and a lifetime varying from 1.2 days in summer to 10 days in winter to SCIAMACHY observations show good agreement. In particular, the strength and interannual variability of the wintertime maximum is well captured. This suggests that direct production of NO in the upper mesosphere above 72 km contributes substantially to the so-called energetic particle precipitation (EPP) indirect effect .
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Inkjet-Printed Metal-Insulator-Metal Capacitors for Tunable Microwave Applications (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-02
    Description: A Ba 0.6 Sr 0.4 TiO 3 –ZnO–B 2 O 3 composite ink was prepared and used for the manufacturing of fully inkjet-printed metal-insulator-metal varactors. The dielectric thick films were co-fired with printed silver electrodes at 850°C and show a fine grained microstructure. The films have a relative permittivity of ε r  = 129 and a dielectric loss of tan δ = 0.043 at f  =   3 GHz. Printed varactors with different dielectric film thickness were prepared. The characterization of the printed structures and 3D electromagnetic simulations of the layout reveal the strong influence of electrode inductance and fringing effects on the properties of the components. The printed varactors reach tunabilities between 14.4% and 16.4% by applying a tuning field of 5 V/μm. To demonstrate the capability of the inkjet printing process for the preparation of tunable microwave devices, a fully inkjet-printed phase shifter was fabricated. It is based on seven pairs of the printed varactors and reaches a phase shift of 180° and a figure of merit of 19°/dB at 3.4 GHz.
    Print ISSN: 1546-542X
    Electronic ISSN: 1744-7402
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 3
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    Natural variability and anthropogenic change in equatorial Pacific surface ocean pCO2 and pH (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-23
    Description: [1]  The equatorial Pacific is a dynamic region that plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. This region is the largest oceanic source of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) to the atmosphere, which varies interannually dependent on the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and other climatic and oceanic drivers. We present high-resolution observations of surface ocean CO 2 partial pressure ( p CO 2 ) at four fixed locations in the Niño 3.4 area with datasets encompassing 10 ENSO warm and cold events from 1997 to 2011. The mooring observations confirm that ENSO controls much of the interannual variability in surface seawater p CO 2 with values ranging from 315 to 578 µatm. The mooring time series also capture the temporal variability necessary to make the first estimates of long-term pH trends in the equatorial Pacific, which suggest the combination of ocean acidification and decadal variability create conditions for high rates of pH change since the beginning of the mooring record. Anthropogenic CO 2 increases play a dominant role in significant observed seawater p CO 2 trends of +2.3 to +3.3 µatm yr -1 and pH trends of -0.0018 to -0.0026 yr -1 across the full time series in this region. However, increased upwelling driven by increased trade winds, a shallower thermocline, and increased frequency of La Niña events also contribute an average of 40% of the observed trends since 1998. These trends are higher than previous estimates based on underway observations and suggest that the equatorial Pacific is contributing a greater amount of CO 2 to the atmospheric CO 2 inventory over the last decade.
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 4
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    Real time monitoring of moment magnitude by waveform inversion (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-01-28
    Description: An instantaneous measure of the moment magnitude (Mw) of an ongoing earthquake is estimated from the moment rate function (MRF) determined in real-time from available seismic data using waveform inversion. Integration of the MRF gives the moment function from which an instantaneous Mw is derived. By repeating the inversion procedure at regular intervals while seismic data are coming in we can monitor the evolution of seismic moment and Mw with time. The final size and duration of a strong earthquake can be obtained within 12 to 15 minutes after the origin time. We show examples of Mw monitoring for three large earthquakes at regional distances. The estimated Mw is only weakly sensitive to changes in the assumed source parameters. Depending on the availability of seismic stations close to the epicenter, a rapid estimation of the Mw as a prerequisite for the assessment of earthquake damage potential appears to be feasible.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    Fully Screen-Printed Tunable Microwave Components Based on Optimized Barium Strontium Titanate Thick Films (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-06-19
    Description: The composite system Ba 0.6 Sr 0.4 TiO 3 –ZnO–B 2 O 3 for thick film preparation has been modified via copper–fluorine codoping of BST to make it suitable for the fabrication of co-fired metal-insulator-metal (MIM) components. Based on the resulting improvement of the thick films, MIM varactors and phase shifters were produced by subsequent screen-printing of silver and BST pastes as well as co-firing. Microstructural investigations showed the compatibility of silver and BST with neither chemical reaction nor cracking of the layers. The microwave characterization revealed good results regarding tunability and quality factor of the varactors and high figure of merit of 70°/dB at 1.72 GHz for the phase shifter.
    Print ISSN: 1546-542X
    Electronic ISSN: 1744-7402
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 6
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    Direct experiments on the ocean disposal of fossil fuel CO2 (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-05-13
    Description: Field experiments were conducted to test ideas for fossil fuel carbon dioxide ocean disposal as a solid hydrate at depths ranging from 349 to 3627 meters and from 8 degrees to 1.6 degrees C. Hydrate formed instantly from the gas phase at 349 meters but then decomposed rapidly in ambient seawater. At 3627 meters, the seawater-carbon dioxide interface rose rapidly because of massive hydrate formation, forcing spillover of the liquid carbon dioxide from the container. A strong barrier between the liquid carbon dioxide and interaction with the sediments was observed. A pool of liquid carbon dioxide on the sea floor would expand in volume more than four times, forming hydrate, which will dissolve.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brewer -- Friederich -- Peltzer -- Orr Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 7;284(5416):943-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Post Office Box 628, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA. School of Earth Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10320370" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Biological and chemical response of the equatorial pacific ocean to the 1997-98 El Nino (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-11
    Description: During the 1997-98 El Nino, the equatorial Pacific Ocean retained 0. 7 x 10(15) grams of carbon that normally would have been lost to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. The surface ocean became impoverished in plant nutrients, and chlorophyll concentrations were the lowest on record. A dramatic recovery occurred in mid-1998, the system became highly productive, analogous to coastal environments, and carbon dioxide flux out of the ocean was again high. The spatial extent of the phytoplankton bloom that followed recovery from El Nino was the largest ever observed for the equatorial Pacific. These chemical and ecological perturbations were linked to changes in the upwelling of nutrient-enriched waters. The description and explanation of these dynamic changes would not have been possible without an observing system that combines biological, chemical, and physical sensors on moorings with remote sensing of chlorophyll.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chavez -- Strutton -- Friederich -- Feely -- Feldman -- Foley -- McPhaden -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 10;286(5447):2126-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA. E-mail: chfr@mbari.org. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10591638" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Ancient DNA reveals key stages in the formation of central European mitochondrial genetic diversity (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-12
    Description: The processes that shaped modern European mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation remain unclear. The initial peopling by Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers ~42,000 years ago and the immigration of Neolithic farmers into Europe ~8000 years ago appear to have played important roles but do not explain present-day mtDNA diversity. We generated mtDNA profiles of 364 individuals from prehistoric cultures in Central Europe to perform a chronological study, spanning the Early Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age (5500 to 1550 calibrated years before the common era). We used this transect through time to identify four marked shifts in genetic composition during the Neolithic period, revealing a key role for Late Neolithic cultures in shaping modern Central European genetic diversity.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4039305/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4039305/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brandt, Guido -- Haak, Wolfgang -- Adler, Christina J -- Roth, Christina -- Szecsenyi-Nagy, Anna -- Karimnia, Sarah -- Moller-Rieker, Sabine -- Meller, Harald -- Ganslmeier, Robert -- Friederich, Susanne -- Dresely, Veit -- Nicklisch, Nicole -- Pickrell, Joseph K -- Sirocko, Frank -- Reich, David -- Cooper, Alan -- Alt, Kurt W -- Genographic Consortium -- R01 GM100233/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 11;342(6155):257-61. doi: 10.1126/science.1241844.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany. brandtg@uni-mainz.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24115443" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/history ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics/history ; Europe ; *Genetic Drift ; *Genetic Variation ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Population/*genetics ; Transients and Migrants
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Southern Ocean iron enrichment experiment: carbon cycling in high- and low-Si waters (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-04-17
    Description: The availability of iron is known to exert a controlling influence on biological productivity in surface waters over large areas of the ocean and may have been an important factor in the variation of the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide over glacial cycles. The effect of iron in the Southern Ocean is particularly important because of its large area and abundant nitrate, yet iron-enhanced growth of phytoplankton may be differentially expressed between waters with high silicic acid in the south and low silicic acid in the north, where diatom growth may be limited by both silicic acid and iron. Two mesoscale experiments, designed to investigate the effects of iron enrichment in regions with high and low concentrations of silicic acid, were performed in the Southern Ocean. These experiments demonstrate iron's pivotal role in controlling carbon uptake and regulating atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coale, Kenneth H -- Johnson, Kenneth S -- Chavez, Francisco P -- Buesseler, Ken O -- Barber, Richard T -- Brzezinski, Mark A -- Cochlan, William P -- Millero, Frank J -- Falkowski, Paul G -- Bauer, James E -- Wanninkhof, Rik H -- Kudela, Raphael M -- Altabet, Mark A -- Hales, Burke E -- Takahashi, Taro -- Landry, Michael R -- Bidigare, Robert R -- Wang, Xiujun -- Chase, Zanna -- Strutton, Pete G -- Friederich, Gernot E -- Gorbunov, Maxim Y -- Lance, Veronica P -- Hilting, Anna K -- Hiscock, Michael R -- Demarest, Mark -- Hiscock, William T -- Sullivan, Kevin F -- Tanner, Sara J -- Gordon, R Mike -- Hunter, Craig N -- Elrod, Virginia A -- Fitzwater, Steve E -- Jones, Janice L -- Tozzi, Sasha -- Koblizek, Michal -- Roberts, Alice E -- Herndon, Julian -- Brewster, Jodi -- Ladizinsky, Nicolas -- Smith, Geoffrey -- Cooper, David -- Timothy, David -- Brown, Susan L -- Selph, Karen E -- Sheridan, Cecelia C -- Twining, Benjamin S -- Johnson, Zackary I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 16;304(5669):408-14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039-9647, USA. coale@mlml.calstate.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15087542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Biomass ; Carbon/analysis/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/metabolism ; Chlorophyll/analysis ; Diatoms/growth & development/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; *Iron/analysis/metabolism ; Nitrates/analysis/metabolism ; Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; Oceans and Seas ; Photosynthesis ; Phytoplankton/*growth & development/metabolism ; Seawater/chemistry ; *Silicic Acid/analysis/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    High Nitrite Levels off Northern Peru: A Signal of Instability in the Marine Denitrification Rate (1986)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-09-12
    Description: During February and March 1985, nitrite levels along the northern (approximately 7 degrees to 10 degrees S) Peruvian coast were unusually high. These accumulations occurred in oxygen-deficient waters, suggesting intensified denitrification. In a shallow offshore nitrite maximum, concentrations were as high as 23 micromoles per liter (a record high). Causes for the unusual conditions may include a cold anomaly that followed the 1982-83 El Nino. The removal of combined nitrogen (approximately 3 to 10 trillion grams of nitrogen per year) within zones of new or enhanced denitrification observed between 7 degrees to 16 degrees S suggests a significant increase in oceanic denitrification.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Codispoti, L A -- Friederich, G E -- Packard, T T -- Glover, H E -- Kelly, P J -- Spinrad, R W -- Barber, R T -- Elkins, J W -- Ward, B B -- Lipschultz, F -- Lostaunau, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Sep 12;233(4769):1200-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17756872" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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