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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 37 (1991), S. 2165-2188 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Anschlu\ an vorangehende Arbeiten zur Messung sinnvoller Aktivierungsenergien und zur Anwendung von CRTA bei der Bestimmung kinetischer Parameter untersuchen wir hier weitere Fehlerquellen bei der Bestimmung der Aktivierungsenergien und stellen überlegungen zur Form der Alpha-Funktion bzw. zum Wert von A an. Ausgehend von theoretischen Argumenten, die auf der Theorie des übergangszustandes basieren, schlossen wir darauf, da\ es unter Berücksichtigung bedeutender Drücke der in der Reaktionsumgebung auftretenden gasförmigen Produkte zu sehr hohen Werten für die scheinbaren Aktivierungsenergien kommt. Es sei bemerkt, da\, obwohl dies in der Praxis für Calciumkarbonat beobachtet werden kann, es in keiner Weise die Anwendung der Arrheniusschen Gleichung bei Feststoff-Zersetzungsreaktionen in Frage stellt, vorausgesetzt, man vermeidet diese Art von Beeinflussung der Versuchsergebnisse. Für die Zersetzung von Calciumkarbonat versuchten wir, die Alpha-Funktion unter Anwendung von Daten zu bestimmen, die einer Reihe verschiedener Temperaturprogramme und Reaktionsbedingungen entstammen. Man fand, da\ die scheinbare Alpha-Funktion von der angewendeten Methode und den Versuchsbedingungen abhÄngt. Es wird eine ErklÄrung dafür vorgeschlagen und vorlÄufig eine neue Betrachtungsweise für derartige Reaktionen eingeführt. Bei einer Durchsicht der Literatur konnte darauf geschlossen werden, da\ zwar sehr viele Varianten für die Aktivierungsenergie von Calciumkarbonat existieren, da\ aber eine kritische EinschÄtzung zu einer guten übereinstimmung derjenigen Werte führt, denen gute Versuchspraktiken und eine zuverlÄssige Datenverdichtung zugrunde liegen. Die scheinbaren Unterschiede der Ergebnisse können unter Berücksichtigung der vorgebrachten theoretischen Argumente und leicht verstÄndlicher experimenteller Fehlerquellen erklÄrt werden.
    Notes: Abstract Following previous work on the measurement of meaningful activation energies and the application of Constant Rate Thermal Analysis (CRTA) to the determination of kinetic parameters [1, 2], here we further examine sources of error in determining activation energies and go on to consider the form of the alpha function and the value ofA. Using theoretical arguments based on transition state theory, we conclude that allowing significant pressures of product gas to appear in the reaction environment will lead to very high values for apparent activation energies. We note that, although this is observed in practice for calcium carbonate, it in no way invalidates the application of the Arrhenius equation to solid state decomposition reactions, provided care is taken to avoid this type of distortion of experimental results. We attempt to determine the alpha function for the decomposition of calcium carbonate using data gathered from a variety of different types of temperature programme and reaction conditions. We find that the apparent alpha function depends on the method adopted and the experimental conditions used. We propose an explanation of why this occurs and tentatively introduce a new way of looking at the development of a reaction interface for this type of reaction. We review the literature and conclude that, while significant variations for the activation energy for the decomposition of calcium carbonate exist, a critical appraisal leads to good agreement amongst values that follow good experimental practice and reliable methods of data reduction. The apparent divergence of results can be explained in the light of the theoretical arguments advanced and the easily understood sources of experimental error.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 39 (1993), S. 97-118 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: thermogravimetry ; Japanese school ; life of Honda
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird kurz die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Chemie in Japan behandelt, gefolgt von einer ausführlichen Beschreibung der Honda Thermowaage und der erhaltenen Ergebnisse. Die Arbeit schließt mit einer kurzen Biographie von Honda, verbunden mit einer Sammlung von Fotographien, welche Honda's privates und wissenschaftliches Leben darstellen.
    Notes: Abstract The emergence of chemistry in Japan is briefly discussed, followed by a detailed description of the Honda thermobalance and the results obtained. The paper concludes with a short biography of Honda, together with a collection of photographs depicting Honda's private and professional life.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 4 (1972), S. 343-347 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 46 (1996), S. 15-26 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: activated carbons ; gasification reaction ; TG-DTA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In this study gasification in air of activated carbons and carbon blacks is investigated using a simultaneous TG-DTA unit. It is found that a final acid or alkaline treatment can substantially alter their reactivity in the gasification reaction in air. To make a proper assessment of their solid state reactivity with respect to their gasification in air a simple method is advanced which has been used recently in assessing solid state reactivity of other materials. In this method a thermogravimetric (TG) plot is obtained on a reference carbon and then similar TG plots are obtained on the other samples of carbon using identical experimental conditions and the same TG unit. The solid state reactivity is assessed from plots of the αR (the value of αR, the extent of the gasification of the reference carbon) against the sample carbons values of the αS (labeled αS to denote the value of the various carbon samples). The values of appropriate couples of αR and αS at temperaturesT 1,T 2,T 3,...Tn allow an αR-αS plot to be constructed. If the solid state reactivity of the carbon samples matches exactly that of the reference carbon the result will be a linear plot, showing coincidence of αS and αR at all values of αR. If the solid state reactivity of a carbon sample exceeds that of the reference carbon then the lines plotted will be on one side of the coincidence plot, while if they are less than the carbon reference they will lie on the other side. The results show that treatment of a carbon with alkaline or acid may have a significant effect on the reactivity of the carbon sample which is only partly explained by observable differences in surface area.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 46 (1996), S. 1837-1844 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: elastomer composites ; rubber
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The activity of carbon blacks recovered from elastomer systems is determined by use of a temperature jump technique imposed on the carbon blacks in air using a TG unit. The elastomer composites were composed of styrene-butadiene rubber (SRR), fillers, activators, accelerators together with a number of different carbon blacks. The organic content was pyrolyzed away by heating in nitrogen, the atmosphere was changed to air and the activity of the carbons was assessed by the temperature jump method. This enables the Arrhenius parameters to be established for the gasification of the carbons in air. This data was compared with the oxidation rates of carbons before they were introduced into the elastomer system. Nitrogen adsorption surface areas based on a BET analysis showed that the surface area of the carbons was similar before and after incorporation into the composite. The kinetic parameters of the carbons were however somewhat altered by incorporation into the elastomer systems, but their order of activity towards the gasification process as assessed by their relative rate of gasification remained the same. This is explained by postulating that the higher rates of oxidation is associated with the present of edge carbon atoms at the surface compared to the much slower oxidation rates of the “basel” plane carbon atoms. It appears that this surface structure is largely retained in the composite carbon-elastomer system. This enables some speculation regarding the reinforcing action of certain carbon blacks in the composite system.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 595-599 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: methyl benzoate ; perfumes ; TG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ingredients used in the manufacture of perfumes can be investigated by thermogravimetry. In this study the evaporation of methyl benzoate was investigated using a simultaneous TG-DTA unit. A rising temperature method of thermal analysis was used for the study. The rate of evaporation of the ingredient was calculated from a simple plot of percentage mass lossvs. time. A derivative plot of the same was used to calculate the coefficient of evaporation in a controlled atmosphere and regulated air flow rate. In a series of programmed temperature runs on the TGDTA unit it was shown that the evaporation process is zero order, and that the evaporation coefficients at each temperature can be fitted into the Arrhenius equation. The energy of activation, Eact can be calculated from the slope of the line. It was found to be 47 kJ mol−1. This value was compared and shown to approach the enthalpy of vaporization as calculated using the Troutons or Clausius Clapeyron equation
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 37 (1991), S. 2103-2107 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 879-886 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: enthalpy of vaporization ; Ibuprofen ; zero order reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ibuprofen has been subjected to a TG/DTA study over the temperature range of 30 to 350°C in a flowing atmosphere of nitrogen. The heating rate and the flow rate were varied. The DTA shows a melting at around 80°C and boiling point range from 212 to 251°C depending upon the heating rate. The mass loss in the TG data confirms the evaporation of Ibuprofen between them.p. and the normalb.p. Evaporation is limited to the surface area, which is a constant in the crucible holding the sample. The DTG plot shows clearly a zero order process which is consistent with the process of evaporation. The enthalpy of vaporization (Δvap H) calculated by Trouton's rule is found to be in the range of 42.7–46.1 kJ mol−1. TheE act for the zero order reaction is in the range of 81.8–87.0 kJ mol−1 and is calculated by use of the derivative method. The value ofE act is about twice that for ΔH vap in Ibuprofen and differs from other compounds, whereE act ≈Δ H vap . It is suggested that the Ibuprofen molecule is existing as a dimer in the liquid state and dissociates to a monomer in the vapor state.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 2 (1970), S. 229-250 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On communique les résultats de l'étude de 25 oxalates par analyse thermique différentielle, dans l'oxygène et dans l'azote. On montre que pour certains d'entre eux, dans l'azote, le métal se forme, et que pour d'autres l'oxyde correspondant à la valence la plus faible apparaît; d'autres encore donnent le même oxyde dans l'azote et dans l'oxygène. Dans l'oxygène, et pour le premier groupe, il se forme l'oxyde, tandis que l'oxyde supérieur apparaît pour le second groupe; dans le premier cas, une réaction ultérieure du métal avec l'oxygène de l'atmosphère est mise en jeu. Un autre groupe d'oxalates donne des enregistrements d'ATD caractéristiques en raison de la formation de carbonate comme produit de décomposition initial. Ces oxalates se déshydratent en donnant des pics endothermiques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden 25 verschiedene Oxalate durch DTA in Stickstoff- und Sauerstoffatmosphäre untersucht. In einigen Fällen wurde in Stickstoff das Metall gebildet, in anderen das Oxyd von niedrigster Wertigkeit. Es kommt auch vor, daß das gleiche Produkt in beiden Gasen entsteht. Beide erwähnten Produkte werden in Sauerstoff entsprechend oxydiert. Bei einigen Oxalaten erhielt man charakteristische Spitzen, die zeigten, daß das erste Zersetzungsprodukt Karbonat war. Die Dehydration dieser Oxalate zeigte sich durch endothermische Spitzen.
    Notes: Abstract Differential thermal analysis (DTA) of some 25 oxalates are reported in atmospheres of oxygen and nitrogen. It is shown that in some cases in nitrogen the metal is formed, in other cases the oxide of lowest valency state is produced, while a third group give the same oxide product in nitrogen and oxygen. The production in oxygen of the oxide for the first group, and of a higher oxide in the second group is a phenomenon which in the first case involves a further reaction of the metal with the oxygen atmosphere. Another group of oxalates produce characteristic DTA curves due to the formation of carbonate as the initial decomposition product. The dehydrations of these oxalates are marked by endothermic peaks.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 13 (1978), S. 473-487 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La cinétique de la transition polymorphe de la vatérite en calcite et celle de l'aragonite en calcite ont été suivies par ATD. Cette méthode élimine l'opération de broyage nécessaire avec les autres techniques analytiques, ce qui présente un avantage certain. Les deux transitions peuvent être décrites par l'équation cinétique suivante: $$\frac{{\partial \alpha }}{{\partial t}} = \frac{4}{3}k[ - \ln (1 - \alpha )]^{3/4} (1 - \alpha ).$$ Les valeurs de l'énergie d'activation ont été trouvées égales à 452±19 kJ mol−1et 208±8 kJ mol−1 pour les transitions respectives de l'aragonite et de la vatérite, par un procédé permettant le calcul des paramètres cinétiques à partir d'un essai effectué à température croissante.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Übergangskinetik der polymorphen Änderungen von Vaterit zu Calcit und Aragonit zu Calcit wurde unter Anwendung der DTA-Technik verfolgt. Bei der Methode erübrigt sich der bei anderen analytischen Verfahren notwendige Mahlprozess, was von gewissem Vorteil ist. Für die Beschreibung der Prozesse beider Übergänge wurde folgende kinetische Gleichung gefunden: $$\frac{{\partial \alpha }}{{\partial t}} = \frac{4}{3}k[ - \ln (1 - \alpha )]^{3/4} (1 - \alpha ).$$ Als Aktivierungsenergien wurden Werte von 452±19 KJ Mol−1 und 208±8 KJ Mol−1 für die Übergänge von Vaterit bzw. Aragonit gefunden. Hierzu wurde eine Methode eingesetzt, die die Berechnung der kinetischen Parameter aus einem Versuch mit steigender Temperatur gestattet.
    Notes: Abstract The polymorph transition kinetics of the changes vaterite to calcite and aragonite to calcite have been followed using a DTA technique. The method eliminates the grinding process present in other analytical techniques and so has certain advantages. For both transitions the kinetic equation describing the process is found to be: $$\frac{{\partial \alpha }}{{\partial t}} = \frac{4}{3}k[ - \ln (1 - \alpha )]^{3/4} (1 - \alpha ).$$ Values of activation energy were found to be 452±19 KJ mole−1 and 208±8 KJ mole−1 for aragonite and vaterite transitions respectively using a procedure which enabled the calculation of kinetic parameters from a rising temperature experiment.
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