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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Using antisera against the alpha, the beta or the complex of both chains of HLA-DR antigens, we have studied the role of individual chains of HLA-DR antigens in activation of T cells in autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR). Alpha chain-specific antibody, not anti-beta chain serum prevented T cells from acquiring responsiveness to interleukin-2 (IL-2), suppressed the production of 1L-2, and inhibited the T cell proliferative response in both primary and secondary AMLR cultures. However, proliferation of already activated IL-2 reactive T cells supported by IL-2 was not affected by any of the four different types of anti-DR sera used. Fifty to sixty percent of T cells activated by AMLR or by PHA possessed DR antigens and functioned well as stimulator cells in secondary AMLR cultures. Moreover, the stimulatory activity of these DR-positive T cells was suppressed by the anti-alpha chain, not by the beta chain-specific antibody. Since continuous proliferation of T cells requires IL-2 and since nonactivated T cells are not sensitive to IL-2 and are unable to absorb this growth factor, we conclude the following: (1) The alpha, not the beta chain of HLA-DR antigens seems to be the structure responsible for enabling resting T cells to respond to IL-2 and induce production of IL-2 in AMLR. (2) Once T cells have acquired responsiveness to IL-2 and the growth factor has been produced, there is no further requirement for HLA-DR antigens, but the availability of IL-2 determines the level and extent of proliferation of IL-2 sensitive T cells.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 260 (1990), S. 337-348 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Organ culture ; Pinealocytes ; Differentiation ; Melatonin ; Radioimmunoassay ; Chick embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of sensory structures in the pineal organ of the chick was examined by means of scanning electron microscopy from embryonic day 10 through day 12 post-hatching. At embryonic day 10, the wall of the tubules within the pineal primordium is composed of cells with unspecialized luminal surface. Differentiation of sensory structures starts at embryonic day 12 when pinealocytes and supporting cells can be distinguished. Pinealocytes are recognized by virtue of an inner segment only rarely endowed with a cilium, whereas supporting cells exhibit numerous short microvilli. Further differentiation of the sensory apparatus is achieved by development of an oval-shaped, biconcave swelling at the tip of the cilium, 1×2 μm in size, and a collar of long microvilli at the base of the inner segment. Membrane specializations of sensory cilia, however, were not detected. Since during embryonic life new tubules and follicles are continuously formed, all stages of differentiation of sensory structures are found in the chick pineal organ during the second half of the incubation period and the first two weeks after hatching. In 200-μm-thick Vibratome sections of chick-embryo pineal organs cultured in medium BM 86 Wissler for periods up to 13 days the cytodifferentiation parallels the development in vivo. Using an organ-culture system the 24-h release of melatonin into the culture medium was measured by means of radioimmunoassay after solid-phase extraction. At embryonic day 10, the 24-h secretion of melatonin was at the lower range of detection of the RIA (5 pg). The rapid increase in 24-h secretion in melatonin until hatching (∼50 μg) is approximated by an exponential curve.
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  • 3
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2017-07-06
    Description: This Article reports results from a field experiment investigating the influence of volcanic tephra coverage on glacier ablation. These influences are known to be significantly different from those of moraine debris on glaciers due to the contrasting grain size distribution and thermal conductivity. Influences of tephra deposits on glacier ablation have hardly been studied so far. For the experiment, artificial plots of two different tephra types from Eyjafjallajökull and Grimsvötn volcanoes were installed on a snow-covered glacier surface of Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland.Ablation was automatically monitored along with atmospheric variables and ablation on a non-tephra covered reference site over the summer season 2015. For each of the two volcanic tephra types, three plots (~ 1.5 mm, ~ 8.5 mm and ~ 80 mm) were monitored. After limiting the records to a period of reliable measurements, a 50-days dataset of hourly records was obtained, which can be downloaded from the Pangaea data repository (https://www.pangaea.de; https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.876656). The experiment shows a substantial increase of ablation under the ~ 1.5 mm and ~ 8.5 mm tephra plots when compared to uncovered conditions. Only under the thick tephra cover some insulating effects could be observed. This result is in contrast to other studies which depicted insulating effects for much thinner tephra coverson bare-ice glacier surfaces. Differences between the influences of the two different petrological types of tephra exist but are small.
    Electronic ISSN: 1866-3591
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2018-01-10
    Description: We report results from a field experiment investigating the influence of volcanic tephra coverage on glacier ablation. These influences are known to be significantly different from those of moraine debris on glaciers due to the contrasting grain size distribution and thermal conductivity. Thus far, the influences of tephra deposits on glacier ablation have rarely been studied. For the experiment, artificial plots of two different tephra types from Eyjafjallajökull and Grímsvötn volcanoes were installed on a snow-covered glacier surface of Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland. Snow-surface lowering and atmospheric conditions were monitored in summer 2015 and compared to a tephra-free reference site. For each of the two volcanic tephra types, three plots of variable thickness (∼ 1.5, ∼ 8.5 and ∼ 80 mm) were monitored. After limiting the records to a period of reliable measurements, a 50-day data set of hourly records was obtained, which can be downloaded from the Pangaea data repository (https://www.pangaea.de; doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.876656). The experiment shows a substantial increase in snow-surface lowering rates under the ∼ 1.5 and ∼ 8.5 mm tephra plots when compared to uncovered conditions. Under the thick tephra cover some insulating effects could be observed. These results are in contrast to other studies which depicted insulating effects for much thinner tephra coverage on bare-ice glacier surfaces. Differences between the influences of the two different petrological types of tephra exist but are negligible compared to the effect of tephra coverage overall.
    Print ISSN: 1866-3508
    Electronic ISSN: 1866-3516
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-01-02
    Description: Snow depths and bulk densities of the annual snow layer were measured at 69 different locations on glaciers across Nordenskiöldland, Svalbard, during the spring seasons of the period 2014–2016. Sampling locations lie along nine transects extending over 17 individual glaciers. Several of the locations were visited repeatedly, leading to a total of 109 point measurements, on which we report in this study. Snow water equivalents were calculated for each point measurement. In the dataset, snow depth and density measurements are accompanied by appropriate uncertainties which are rigorously transferred to the calculated snow water equivalents using a straightforward Monte Carlo simulation-style procedure. The final dataset can be downloaded from the Pangaea data repository (https://www.pangaea.de; https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.896581). Snow cover data indicate a general and statistically significant increase of snow depths and water equivalents with terrain elevation. A significant increase of both quantities with decreasing distance towards the east coast of Nordenskiöldland is also evident, but shows distinct interannual variability. Snow density does not show any characteristic spatial pattern.
    Electronic ISSN: 1866-3591
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2020-02-18
    Print ISSN: 1437-3254
    Electronic ISSN: 1437-3262
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 69-110 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary I) The basic principles of computing the colour of the sky are outlined. Scattering of light by air molecules and its dependence of direction and wavelength is well known. From recent papers the dependence of scattering by aerosol, supposed to consist of waterdroplets (refractive numberm=4/3), of the angle of dispersion and of the wavelenght is known. The variation with the refractive index of the droplets assumed to consist of highly diluted solutions of salt can be estimated. The scattering function of a non-homogeneous aerosol consisting of a spectrum of different radii of droplets has been deduced on the assumption that the droplets show an average distribution of size as found byJunge. So we obtain the scattering function depending on wavelenght and amount of dust. It is used when computing the primary radiation scattered from a point of the sky.-II) For 7 wavelenghts in the visible spectrum the intensities of primary light scattered from points of the sky situated on the vertical through the sun and its opposite at zenith distances of 90, 85, 60, 30, and 0°, further from points at 10° distance above and below the sun have been computed. All these calculations have been made for two different altitudes of the sun and for four different degrees of turbidity. Applying the «Farbdreieck» (= colorimetric diagram) the wavelength of equivalent colour, the colour saturation, and the brightness are obtained, further the variation of these characteristic figures of the sun's vertical with turbidity of the atmosphere are discussed.-III) The influences of secondary scattering within the atmosphere, of illumination of the atmosphere by radiation reflected from the ground, and of multiple scattering are determined. For this purpose the method of vertical radiation flux (from which the azimuth dependence of secondary scattering cannot be found), and further the direct computation of secondary scattering from the atmosphere and ground are used. Because of the multiple numerical integration this latter procedure is rather tedious. However, it only allows for accurate estimations for the region of the sky close to the sun. The effect of secondary scattering is shown for three points of the sky. In the vicinity of the sun it is about 30%, and at greater distances it rises to about 50% of the sky light. Thus this effect is of great importance for accurately considering the shade of colour and its saturation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung I.-Es werden die Grundlagen für eine Berechnung der Farbe des Himmels zusammengestellt. Die Lichtstreuung an Luftmolekülen ist nach Richtungs- und Wellenlängenabhängigkeit bekannt. Für das Aerosol, das aus Wassertröpfchen (Brechungszahlm=4/3) bestehend angenommen wird, ist die Abhängigkeit der Streuung vom Streuwinkel und von der Wellenlänge durch neuere Arbeiten bekannt; die Veränderung mit dem Brechungsindex der Tröpfchen kann für den Fall, dass diese aus stark verdünnten. Salzlösungen bestehen, abgeschätzt werden. Die Streufunktion für ein nicht homogenes sondern aus einem Spektrum verschiedener Tropfengrössen bestehendes Aerosol wird unter der Annahme abgeleitet, dass die vonJunge im Mittel gefundene Tropfenverteilung vorliegt. Damit ergibt sich die Abhängigkeit der Streufunktion von Wellenlänge und Dunstgehalt. Sei findet ihre Verwendung in der Formel für die primäre Streustrahlung eines Himmelspunktes.-II.-Es werden für 7 Wellenlängen im sichtbaren Spektrum die Intensität des primären Streulichtes der im Sonnen- und im Gegenvertikal in 90, 85, 60, 30 0° Zenithdistanz, sowie beiderseits der Sonne in 10° Abstand gelegenen Himmelspunkte bei 2 Sonnenhöhen und vier verschiedenen Trübungszuständen der Atmosphäre gerechnet. Durch Auswertung im Farbdreieck werden hieraus die farbtongleiche Wellenlänge, die Farbsättigung und die Leuchtdichte bestimmt und die Veränderung dieser charakteristischen Grössen im Sonnenvertikal mit dem Trübungszustand der Atmosphäre diskutiert.-III.-Die Einflüsse der zweifachen Streuung innerhalb der Atmosphäre, der Beleuchtung der Atmosphäre durch Reflexstrahlung des Bodens und der Vielfachstreuung werden bestimmt. Hierfür finden einmal die Methode der vertikalen Strahlungsströme (die die Abhängigkeit der sekundären Streuung von Azimuth nicht zu erkennen gestattet), zum zweiten die direkte Berechnung der Sekundärstreuung aus der Atmosphäre und vom Erdboden Verwendung. Letzteres, Verfahren ist wegen der notwendigen mehrfachen numerischen Integrationen sehr langwierig. Es gestattet jedoch allein klare Abschätzungen für den sonnennahen Himmelsteil. An drei berechneten Punkten wird gezeigt, dass die Wirkung der sekundären Streuung in Sonnennähe etwa 30%, an sonnenfernen Himmelspunkten etwa 50% des Himmelslichtes ausmacht, und dass sie für die korrekte Erfassung des Farbtones und der Farbstättigung wesentlich ist.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 26 (1953), S. 141-152 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Using formulas given in a former investigation (1), we computed the colour, saturation and brightness of the whole sky. With this, the secondary scattering of a turbid atmosphere was exactly determined. It is shown that wrong values will result by use ofWiener's method of approximating the multiple scattering by a geometrical series of primary, secondary a.s.o. scattering, because at some parts of the sky the proportion of secondary: primary is 〉1. In the horizontal circle through the sun, colour shade and saturation are constant and only the brightness varies, if either only molecular scattering (unturbid atmosphere) or only haze scattering (strong turbidity, small distance from the sun) dominates. Further, the influence of variations of the seize distribution of the aerosol is investigated.
    Abstract: Résumé En utilisant les formules communiquées dans une publication antérieure (1) la couleur, la saturation et la luminosité du ciel entier sont calculés en tenant compte de la réfraction secondaire dans une atmosphère brumeuse. On constate que l'essai deWiener etBernhardt d'approcher la réfraction multiple par une progression géométrique pour la réfraction primaire, secondaire etc. doit mener à des faux résultats parce que la proportion de secondaire: primaire devient en partie 〉1. Dans le plan horizontal passant par le soleil, la couleur et la saturation restent de même; seulement la luminosité change dans le cas ou seul la réfraction moléculaire (atmosphère non troublée) ou seul la réfraction brumeuse (beaucoup de brume, tout près du soleil) sont efficaces. L'influence d'une autre répartition de grandeur de l'aérosole est examinée.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Unter Verwendung der in einer früheren Untersuchung(1) mitgeteilten Formeln werden Farbton, Sättigung und Leuchtdichte des gesamten Himmels unter exakter Berechnung der sekundären Streuung in einer dunstgetrübten Atmosphäre bestimmt. Es zeigt sich dabei, dass der vonWiener undBernhardt gemachte Versuch, die Vielfachstreuung durch Einsetzen und Summieren einer geometrischen Reihe für primäre, sekundäre usw. Streuung zu approximieren, fehlerhafte Ergebnisse liefern muss, weil das Verhältnis sekundär: primär stellenweise〉1 wird. In dem durch die Sonne gehenden Horizontalkreis bleiben Farbton und Sättigung konstant und nur die Leuchtdichte ändert sich in den Fällen, dass lediglich die molekulare Streuung (ungetrübte Atmosphäre) oder lediglich die Dunststreuung (grosse Trübung, nahe der Sonne) wirksam ist.—Der Einfluss einer geänderten Grössenverteilung des Aerosols wird untersucht.
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